~ 15 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2018; 6(6): 15-21

E-ISSN: 2321-2187

P-ISSN: 2394-0514

IJHM 2018; 6(6): 15-21

Received: 06-09-2018 Accepted: 08-10-2018

Taj Yousaf Khan

Phytoecology Lab, Department

of Botany, University of

Peshawar, Pakistan

Lal Badshah

Phytoecology Lab, Department

of Botany, University of

Peshawar, Pakistan

Asghar Ali

Govt AKL Post Graduate

College Matta, Swat, Pakistan

Correspondence

Taj Yousaf Khan

Phytoecology Lab, Department

of Botany, University of

Peshawar, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal

plants of area Mandan district Bannu, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Taj Yousaf Khan, Lal Badshah and Asghar Ali

Abstract The present study was conducted to assessed knowledge about important medicinal plants through semi

structured interview and questionnaire in area Mandan district Bannu Pakistan. A total of 4 study trips

were arranged during 2017 and 2018.Asteraceae was the most leading family followed by

Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae and Solonaceae. They used Herbs (29 plants, 61.70%). Shrubs (7 plants,

14.89%) and Trees (11 plants, 23.40%). Similarly part used as whole plant (15 plants, 31.91%), leaves

(16 plants, 34.04%), flower (2 plants, 4.25%), fruit (7 plants, 14.89%), seed (9 plants, 19.14%), shoot (2

plants, 4.25%), bark (2 plants, 4.25%) and gum and branches (1 plant, 2.12%). They used medicinal

plants at different percentage as stomach disorder (6 plants, 12.76%), laxative (4 plants, 8.51%) and

condiments (2 plants, 4.25%). Similarly fodder and fuel (7 plants, 14.89%), Diarrhea and dysentery (5

plants, 10.63%) and diuretic (3 plants, 6.38%).It is concluded that this study will provide a folkloric

claim base for researchers and also assess in treatment of local diseases.

Keywords: Important medicinal plants, diseases, families, Bannu

1. Introduction

Medicinal plants are important in curing of various health problems in remote area, where

modern facilities are lacking [1]. Millions of the people in developing countries commonly

derive their income from different wild plant products [2]. People are using a number of plant

species for the treatment of diseases from ancient time [3]. Most of the plant species of a

particular area can be used as hunting material, foodstuff, fuel, source of income and medicinal

purposes [4]. Plants not only provide food, shelter, fodder, drug, timber, fuel but also provide

different other services such as regulating different air gases, water recycling and control of

different soil erosion [5].About 80% of populations of the developing countries used plants as

medicine for the curing of different diseases [6, 7]. In Pakistan new taxa of vast medicinal

importance have been reported from various places [8]. In Pakistan about 12% of the total flora

are used as medicine [9]. The knowledge of medicinal plants getting power in Pakistan as a lot

of work has been approved out in different medicinal localities of the country [10, 11]. The study

area Bannu is ancient city of KP. It is bounded by Peshawar and Kohat on south and Dera

Ismail Khan on north. Total area of Bannu is about 1,227 km2 and altitude about 371m (1217

feet) from the sea level. Climatically Bannu is semi-arid with hot and dry summer and cool

winter. The average temperature in June is around 36.6 oC while in January 11.7 oC. (Fig 1:

map) The peoples of the area also used different plant species for the cure of various diseases.

The study was carried out to explore important plant species which used by the local peoples

as medicine and about to get threatened either due to overgrazing, deforestation or unwise uses

of available resources.

2. Material and Methods

2.1 Study duration and data collection

The ethno botanical survey was conducted from start of July 2017 to the end of Jun2018. A

total of 4 trips were arranged for data collection. The ethno botanical information were

obtained from local people through semi structured interviews and questionnaire. The plants

were classified into various ethno botanical categories.

2.2 Herbarium specimen preparation

The plant specimen were collected, preserved, identified and mounted on standard herbarium

sheets and were deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany University of Peshawar.

Different apparatus was used during collection and preparation of complete herbarium

~ 16 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine specimens like News halves, press straps, field notebook,

diggers and clippers, maps, camera and GPS etc.

2.3 Identification

The collected plant specimens were identified through

taxonomist and flora of Pakistan [12, 13]. For further references

the specimens were deposited to herbarium Department of

Botany University of Peshawar. KP. Pakistan.

3. Results

The current study of ethnobotanical uses of plants of area

Mandan District Bannu was carried in which 47 plants species

belonging to 28 families were recorded. (Table 1). The results

were obtained through semi structured interviews and

questionnaire. The inhabitant used approximately 47 plants

species for the cure of various diseases e. g., 6 plants used for

Stomach disorder (12.76%), 4 plants used for Laxative

(8.51%), 2 plants for Condiments (4.25%), 7 plants for

Fodder and fuel (14.89%), 5 plants used for Diarrhea and

dysentery (10.63%) and 3 plants used for diuretic (6.38%).

(Fig 2). On the basis of part used 15 plantswere used as a

whole plant (31.91%), 16 plants used for Leaves (34.04%), 2

plants used for Flower (4.25%), 7 plants for Fruit (14.89%), 9

plants for Seed (19.14%), 2 plants used for Bark (4.25%), 2

plants for Shoot (4.25%) and 1 plant used for Gum and

branches (2.12%). (Fig 3). The habit was found as Herbs (29

plants, 61.70%), Shrubs (7 plants, 14.89%) and Trees (11

plants, 23.40%). (Fig 4).

Table 1: Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal Plant of area Mandan District Bannu, Pakistan.

S.

N Species Local name Habit Part used Ethno botanical uses References

Family Amaranthaceae

1 Amaranthus viridis L. Ranzaka Herb Leaves It used for gastro intestinal problem. And

also used as fodder. [25, 28, 30]

Family Arecaceae

2 Phoenix dactylifera L. khajera Tree Whole plant Fruit is laxative, leaves used for mates,

Ropes and basket. [32, 34]

Family Asphodelaceae

3 Aloe vera L. Burm. f. Zargia Herb Leaves

The decoction of leaves is used as anti-

arthritis backache. Extract of leaves is used

for hepatitis and dermatitis.

[29, 30, 33]

4 Calotropis procera Aiton Spalmaka Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. It is also used

as expectorant and anthelmintic.

[5, 20, 23, 24,

25]

Family Alliaceae

5 Allium cepa L. Piaz Herb

Vegetable

bulb and

leaves

It is used as flavouring agent and condiment.

Its juice is used in the cure of irritation

caused by scorpion.

[19, 29, 27]

Family Asteraceae

6 Taraxicumofficinale F. H.

wig Zairgulae Herb

Flower and

fruit It is used in the cure of kidney and liver. [5, 19, 23]

7 Xanthium strumarium L. Aghzikay Herb Leaves Its leaves are used in malaria fever. [20, 19, 5]

8 Conyza canadensis (L.)

Cronquist Kharbita Herb Leaves

It is used as stimulant homeostatic and also

used in diarrhoea and dysentery. [31, 19]

9 Helianthus annus L. Surajmuki Herb Seed and

flower

It is used as laxative and diuretic. Its oil is

best for cooking. [30, 31]

Family Apiaceae

10 Coriandrum sativum L. Danya Herb Seed and

leaves

It is used in condiments. Also used as

diuretic and anti-dyspepsia [5, 19, 22]

11 Ammi visnaga L. Sparkiye Herb Seed It is used as diuretic astringent and

antispasmodic. [19, 34]

12 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sop Herb Seed It increase milk production in women. It is

used as condiment and also as analgesic. [29, 5, 19]

Family Brassicaceae

13 Brassica compestres L. Oiray Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. Its oil is used as

tonic. [20, 19]

Family Cannabaceae

14 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Herb Leaves It is used as expectorant and also used in

fever and pain. [25, 19, 20]

Family Chenopodiaceae

15 Chenopodium album L. Sorma Herb Leaves It is used as fodder. [19, 5, 25]

Family Convolvulaceae

16 Convolvulus arvensis L. Perwtye Herb leaves It is used as purgative and also used in skin

disease. [21, 25, 20, 19]

Family Cucurbitaceae

17 Cucurbita pepo L. Kado Herb Fruit It is used as vegetable and also used in heart

and stomach problem. [31]

18 Momordica charantia L. Karela Herb Fruit It is used as vegetable and also used in

diabetes and blood pressure. [27, 20, 23, 5]

Family Caesalpiniaceae

19 Cassia fistula L. Gardanali Tree Wood and

seed

Wood is used in furniture. Seed is used for

abdominal pain in babies. [24, 5]

~ 17 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine Family Euphorbiaceae

20 Euphorbia Prostrata Aiton. Wermgu Herb Shoot It is used in skin diseases like itching and

ring worm. [34, 30, 31]

21 Euphorbia helioscopiaL. Parpary Herb Shoot It is used as cathartic and anthelmintic. It is

also used as laxative. [20, 19, 32]

22 Ricinus Communis L. Arhand Shrub Seed It is used for sexual disorder. Its oil is used

in treating constipation. [25, 19, 20]

Family Fumaraceae

23 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.)

Pugsley Serguly Herb Whole plant It is used for asthma and paralysis.

[25, 23, 20, 19,

5]

Family Meliaceae

24 Melia azedarach L. Bakanra Tree Whole Plant

It is used for fuel and furniture. Fruit and

leave are used as anthelmintic. Bark is used

for teeth curing.

[24, 20, 5, 19]

Family Mimosaceae

25 Acacia modesta Wall. Palosa Tree Gum and

brunches

Gum is used for dysentery and tonic.

Branches is used for tooth brush. It is also

used for fuel and furniture.

[29, 24, 25]

26 Acacia nilotica L. Kikar Tree Whole plant

It is used as fuel and fodder. It is used in

diarrhoea and dysentery and also used as

expectorant.

[20, 24, 25]

Family Moraceae

27 Morus alba L. Spin toot Tree Whole plant

It is used as fodder and furniture. Fruit are

delicious and tasty. It is also used as

laxative, purgative and emollient.

[5, 19, 20, 22,

24]

28 Morus nigra L. Tor toot Tree Bark and

fruit

Fruit is nutritive and used as laxative. Berk

is used as expectorant and inhibit tumour

formation. It is also used as anthelmintic and

astringent.

[20, 24, 19, 5]

29 Ficus carica L. Toghu Tree Whole plant

Fruit is edible and use for stomach disease. It

is also used as laxative and demulcent. It is

also used for fodder and fuel.

[23, 19, 24]

Family Myrtaceae

30 Euclyptus maculate L. Lochi Tree Leaves It is used as expectorant and antiseptic. Also

used as flavouring agent. [20]

Family Lamiaceae

31 Mentha arvensis L. Podina Herb Leaves

Its leaves used as salad. It is useful in

diarrhoea and dyspepsia. Decoction is used

in mouth wash.

[20, 29]

32 Mentha longifolia L. Velona Herb Leaves

It is mostly used for stomach disorder, Its

dried powder are used for stomach ache and

carminative

[30, 20, 5]

33 Ocimum basilicum L. Baberai Herb Whole plant

It is used as ornamental. Seed is used for

diarrhoea. Its extract is used against ear

ache.

[28, 25, 22]

Family Oxalidaceae

34 Oxalis carniculata L. Terwika Herb Whole plant It is used as anti-diabetic. It is also useful in

case of fever and stomach ache. [19, 5, 20, 25]

Family Plantaginaceae

35 Plantago lanceolata L. Chendy cut Herb Leaves Seed It is used as purgative. Leaves are boiled in

water and used for chest infection [5, 19, 20, 25]

Family Punicaceae

36 Punica granatum L. Anar Tree Fruit and

bark

Fruit is edible which compensate iron

deficiency. Berk is Berk is used for nasal

congestion and also used for dysentery.

[25, 19]

Family Poaceae

37 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Baruwa Herb Stem and

leaves

It is used for ornamental purposes and also

used as fodder. [25, 26, 19]

38 Avena sativa L. Jawdar Herb Seed and

stem

It is used as fodder. Seed is used as nerve

tonic. [24, 28]

Family Rhamnaceae

39 Ziziphus nummularia L. Karkanra Tree Whole plant

It is used for fuel and furniture, branches

used for hedging and fencing. Fruit is used

as tonic and digestive.

[32, 22, 23]

Family Solanaceae

40 Datura innoxia Mill. Batura Shrub Leaves It is used as anti-inflammatory and

Laxative. [20, 30]

41 Datura incanum L. Makoo Shrub Leaves It is used as anti-diabetic [32, 34]

42 Solanum nigrum L. Tor Makoo Herb Leave and

fruit

It is used as vegetable and fruit. The leaves

in the form of paste are applied to skin to [20, 21, 19, 5]

~ 18 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine cure eczema

Family Spindaceae

43 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq Sanaty Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. Leaves are used

as astringent. [20, 24, 24]

Family Tamaricaceae

44 Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.

Karst Ghaz Shrub Whole plant It is used as fuel. It is honey bee plant [25, 30]

Family Zygophyllaceae

45 Peganum harmala L. Spelany Herb Seed and root

It attract honey bee. It is used in pain of

heart and lice killing. It is also used as

superstitious.

[22, 5, 25, 28]

46 Fegonia indica Hadidi spelaghzy Herb Whole plant It is used as anti-inflammatory. Its extract is

used for diabetes and blood purification. [29, 30, 5]

47 Tribulus terrestris L. Makundy Herb Fruit It is used in urinary disease cough and heart

diseases. [20, 21, 25, 19]

Fig 1: Map of the research area

Fig 2: Percentage of medicinal Uses Fig 3: Percentage of Plant part used

Fig 4: Percentage of Plant habit used

~ 19 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine

Chenopodium album L. Calotropis procera Aiton Fegonia indica Hadidi.

Taraxicumofficinale F. H. wig. Tamarix aphylla L. Karst Amaranthus viridis L.

Fumaria indica Hausskn. Plantago lanceolate L. Mentha longifolia L.

Peganum harmala L. Cannabis sativa L. Ricinus communis L.

~ 20 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine

Oxalis carniculata L. Solanum nigrum L. Allium cepa L.

Convolvulus arvensis L. Acacia nilotica L. Conyza Canadensis L.

Plats

4. Discussion

The uses of plants species for the treatments of disorder is

very ancient and this knowledge has been transferred from

generation to generation orally and practically [14]. It has been

reported that about 6,000plant species with potential

medicinal activities are widely distributed in which 600-700

species are being used for medicinal purposes [15]. According

to Hocking (1985) 84% rural population of Pakistan still

practicing from practitioners of traditional drugs [16], either

due to lack of health facilities [17], or experience of elders

from several decades [18]. The present study provide the local

uses of plants species about treatments of various diseases.

The main focus of this study was to assemble knowledge

about the local uses of plants that are used as remedies to treat

diseases. Such as leaves of the Amaranthus viridis used for

the gastro intestinal problems, leaves of Xanthium strumarium

used in malaria fever, flower and fruit of

Traxaxicumofficinale used for the cure of kidney and liver.

Similarly seed of Helianthus annus used as laxative, seed of

Ammi visnage used as diuretic and antispasmodic, leaves of

Canabis sativa used as expectorant and also used in fever and

pain etc.

5. Conclusion

Hopefully this study will create extensive interest in

protecting and preserving important medicinal plants in

District Bannu, KPK Pakistan. The peoples of the study area

were uneducated about the sustainable and wise uses of plant

species as medicine for different aliments. They were

deprived regarding proper collections of plants for health care

needs and marketability. At present time the spread of

knowledge from herbalists to the public had been enormously

decreased. However due to contribution of ethnobotanical

research, awareness in the local community and overall global

trend toward recovery of the spread of knowledge herbalist to

the public has been introduced. Furthermore the present study

proved that most of the indication prescribed which are

related to the society diseases such as diarrhea, asthma,

stomach diseases, diabetes etc. which will be definitely

helpful for the society members in developing country like

Pakistan.

6. References

1. Kamal M, Wazir SM, Hassan M, Subhan M, Khan SU,

Muhammad A et al. Ethnobotanical important plants of

District Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of plant

science. 2009; 15(2):87-93.

2. Maroyi A. Diversity of use and local knowledge of wild

and cultivated plants in the Eastern Cape Province. South

Africa J Ethnobiology Ethno medicine. 2017; 13:43.

3. Qureshi R. Medicinal flora of Hingol National Park

Baluchistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2012;

44(2):725-732.

4. Hamayun M. Ethnobotanical profile of Utror and Gabral

valleys, district Swat, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets,

2005; (1):9.

5. Hussain W, Badshah L, Ullah M, Ali M, Ali A, Hussain

F. Quantitative study of medicinal plants used by the

communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range, northern

Pakistani-Afghan borders. Journal of Ethnobiology and

~ 21 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine Ethno medicine. 2018: 14:30.

6. Calixto JB. Twenty-five years of research on medicinal

plants in Latin America: a personal view. Journal Ethno

pharmacology. 2005; 100:131-4.

7. Health WHOR. Managing complications in pregnancy

and childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors: World

Health Organization, 2003.

8. Ali A, Rashid M, Sultan A, Irfan M. Anisochilus

carnosus (L. f.) Wall. Ex Benth. (Lamiaceae)–a

newgeneric record for Pakistan. Plant Science Today.

2017; 4(3):102-105.

http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2017.4.3.316.

9. Shinwari ZK, Qaiser M. Efforts on conservation and

sustainable use of medicinal plants of Pakistan. Pakistan

Journal of Botany. 2011; 43(1):5-10.

10. Khan SW, Khatoon S. Ethnobotanical studies on some

useful herbs of Haramosh and Bugrote valleys in Gilgit,

northern areas of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany.

2004; 40(1):43.

11. Qureshi R, Waheed A, Arshad M, Umbreen T. Medico-

ethnobotanical inventory of tehsil Chakwal, Pakistan.

Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2009; 41(2):529-538.

12. Stewart RR. Checklist of plants Swat state, Northwest

Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Forestry. 1967; 4(2):457-

528.

13. Stewart RR. History and exploration of plants in Pakistan

and adjoining areas. Pakistan Agriculture Research

Centre Islamabad, 1982, 69-75.

14. Hamayun M, Khan A, Khan MA. Common medicinal

Local recipes of District Buner, NWFP. Pakistan. Journal

of Ethnobotanical Leaflets, SIUC, USA, 2003.

15. Haq I. Medicinal plants. Hamdard Foundation Press,

Pakistan, 1983.

16. Khan N, Ahmed M, Shaukat SS, Wahab M, Siddiqui FM.

Structure, diversity and regeneration potential of

Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. Dominated forests of

District Dir Lower, Pakistan. Frontier of Agriculture

China. 2011; 5(1):106-121.

17. Bhatti GR, Qureshi R, Shah M. Ethnobotany of

Calotropis procera with special reference to the people

of Nara Desert. Science Sindh. 2001; 5:13-22.

18. Qureshi R. Ethnobotany of Rohri Hills, Sindh, Pakistan.

Hamdard Medicos. 2002; 45(3):86-94.

19. Ali A, Badshah L, Hussain F. Ethnobotanical Appraisal

and Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants in

Hindukush Range, District Swat, Pakistan. Journal of

herbs, spices & medicinal plants. 2018.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2018.1510456.

20. Ali F, Khan I, Ullah S, Ihsan M, Khan AB. Traditional

uses of wild medicinally important plants of Batkhela,

KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Phytomedicine.

2017; 9(3):471-478.

21. Abbas Z, Khan SM, Abbasi AM, Pieroni A, Ullah Z,

Iqbal M et al. Ethnobotany of the Balti community,

Tormik valley, Karakorum range, Baltistan, Pakistan.

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2016;

12:38.

22. Ahmadi BB, Bahmani M, Eftekhari Z, Jelodari M,

Mirhoseini M. Overview of medicinal plants used for

cardiovascular system disorders and diseases in

ethnobotany of different areas in Iran. Journal of

HerbMed Pharmacology. 2016; 5(1):39-44.

23. Shaheen H, Qaseem MF, Amjad MS, Bruschi P.

Exploration of ethno-medicinal knowledge among rural

communities of Pearl Valley; Rawalakot, District Poonch

Azad Jammu and Kashmir. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(9).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956.

24. Khan M, Musharaf S. Ethnomedicinal and Conservation

Status of plant species in Tehsil Takht Bhai, District

Mardan, Pakistan. International Letters of Natural

Sciences. 2015; (37):18-29.

25. Qaisar M, Farooq S, Gilani SN, Wasim MA, Kakar M,

Shah SWA et al. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal

Plants Used in Wazir and Daur Tribes of North

Waziristan, Pakistan. Global Veterinaria. 2013;

11(3):285-292.

26. Das R. Biodiversity of ethnomedicinal plants used by the

ethnic tribal people of Barpeta District of Assam, north

east India. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science &

Technology. 2016; 6(1):27-32.

27. Getaneh S, Girma Z. An ethnobotanical study of

medicinal plants in Debre Lisbanos Wereda, Central

Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 2014; 8(7):366-

379.

28. Bibi T, Ahmad M, Tareen RB, Tareen NM, Jabeen R,

Rehman SU et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in

district Mastung of Balochistan province-Pakistan.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2014; 157:79-89.

29. Ullah S, Khan MR, Shah NA, Shah SA, Majid M, Farooq

MA. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat

District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

2014; 158: 412-422.

30. Naz I, Ahmad M, Hassan TU. Ethnobotanical

Investigation of Medicinal Flora used by Indigenous

People in District Attock, Pakistan. Journal of advanced

botany and zoology. 2014; 1(4). ISSN: 2348-7313.

31. Alamgeer, Ahmad T, Rashid M, Malik MNH, Mushtaq

MN, khan J et al. Ethnomedicinal Survey of plants of

Valley Alladand Dehri, Tehsil Batkhela, District

Malakand, Pakistan. International Journal of Basic

Medical Sciences and Pharmacy. 2013; 3(1). ISSN: 2049-

4963.

32. Murad W, Azizullah A, Adnan M, Tariq A, Khan KU,

Waheed S et al. Ethnobotanical assessment of plant

resources of Banda Daud Shah, District Karak, Pakistan.

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2013; 9:77.

http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/77.

33. Parvaiz M. Ethnobotanical studies on plant resources of

Mangowal District Gujrat, Punjab Pakistan. Avicenna

Journal Phytomedicine. 2014; 4(5):364-370.

34. Murad W, Ahmad A, Ishaq G, Khan MS, Khan AM,

Ullah I et al. Ethnobotanical studies on plant resources of

hazarnao forest, District Malakand, Pakistan. Pakistan

Journal of Weed Science and research. 2012; 18(4):509-

527.