IJERI Vol3 N1 Spring 2011

7/30/2019 IJERI Vol3 N1 Spring 2011

1/86

Ec~i{cg~edcgb @dy{cgb df

Icjecii{ecj [i}ig{ma

& Eccdvg~edc

]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;79:

D c b e ci E]]C0 ;79 ; (>769


2/86

Fecgbbu" zi g{i ~gboecj gkdy~ GFFD[NGKBI \[EMI

WYGBEÛ" gcn MY]^DHEPGÊDC# Gcn zi g{i ~gbo

ecj gkdy~ igma df ~aih g~ ~ai }ghi ~ehi#

Ku ~ai zgu" udy ndc*~ agvi ~d ki g mdh|y~i{

jiio ~d y}i dy{ }u}~ih}# Zi agvi g mdy|bi ~aih

gcn ~aiu zebb nd gbb ~ai ~imacemgb hyhkd `yhkd

fd{ udy# Zi gb}d agvi g fiz }ibim~ |id|bi f{dh

gmgnihem} beoi udy" gcn ~aiu ocdz zag~ udy nd

Udy `y}~ {ibgq gcn ic`du dy{ }u}~ih}#

Ef udy g{i }~ebb {ignecj ~ae} gn" magcmi} g{i udyg{i ec~i{i}~in ec dy{ }u}~ih} d{ }i{vemi}# ]d

ve}e~ y} g~ zzz#gmghinem}#mdh# Zaebi udy g{i

~ai{i" maimo ~ai cghi} df dy{ mbeic~} g} zibb

Hd}~ df ~aih g{i wye~i fghebeg{" gcn ~ai be}~ e}

wye~i bdcj ~d |y~ ai{i#

f udy g{i cd~ y}ecj ~ai Ec~i{ci~" |big}i }oe|

~ae} gn gcn ic`du ~ai {i}~ df ~ai `dy{cgb#

âi gvi{gji ky{nic df {ignecj ~ae} gn e}

~zd hecy~i}" zaema hgu gnn ~zd hdc~a}

df |{dnym~eve~u ~d udy{ gmgnihem befi# ]i{edy}bu'

Zai~ai{ udy d{jgcepi g mdcfi{icmi" |ykbe}a g

`dy{cgb" d{ }i{vi dc g mdhhe~~ii ~d mdbbim~ gcn

{iveiz g||bemg~edc}" udy mgc y}i ~ai Ec~i{ci~ ~d

hgoi udy{ befi ig}ei{# Zi g{i cd~ ~gboecj gkdy~

ihgeb}# Zi g{i ~gboecj gkdy~ }~g~i(df(~ai(g{~ dcbeci}u}~ih} ~d mdbbim~ }ykhe}}edc}" g}}ejc ~aih ~d

{iveizi{}" gcn fecgbbu hgoi g nime}edc gkdy~ igma

}ykhe}}edc# Zi g{i ~gboecj gkdy~ vgbyi(gnnin }i{(

vemi}" }yma g} |guhic~ gcn {ije}~{g~edc }u}~ih}

~d mdbbim~ {ije}~{g~edc fii} dcbeci# Zi g{i ~gboecj

gkdy~ neje~gb ndmyhic~ }i{vemi}" }yma g} |{dmiin(

ecj} MN$NVN nivibd|hic~ gcn ny|bemg~edc" d{

m{ig~ecj |{dfi}}edcgb bddoecj neje~gb ndmyhic~}#

ÊHI^DMAGCJI AIZGUGMGNIHEM]ZD[O4

^[UGMGHINEM]'

Gmghinem}#mdh >> ]~{gzki{{u Aebb Gvi ]ye~i :K" ]~ghfd{n" M^ :>1 }gbi}Lgmghinem}#mdh

E


3/86

ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ

[I]IG[MA GCN ECCDVGÊDC

ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA GCN ECCDVGÊDC

ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA GCN EC(

CDVGÊDC !E@I[E% e} gc ecni|icnic~ gcn cdc|{dfe~ |ykbemg~edc zaema geh} ~d

|{dveni ~ai icjecii{ecj mdhhyce~u ze~a g {i}dy{mi gcn fd{yh fd{ }madbg{bu iq(|{i}}edc gcn {ifbim~edc#

E@I[E e} |ykbe}ain ~zemi gccygbbu !Fgbb gcn ]|{ecj e}}yi}% gcn ecmbyni} |ii{(

{iveizin {i}ig{ma g{~embi}" ine~d{egb}" gcn mdhhic~g{u ~ag~ mdc~{eky~i ~d dy{ ycni{(

}~gcnecj df ~ai e}}yi}" |{dkbih}" {i}ig{ma g}}dmeg~in ze~a ~ai icjecii{ecj gcn {i(

bg~in feibn}# âi `dy{cgb icmdy{gji} ~ai }ykhe}}edc df hgcy}m{e|~} f{dh |{evg~i"

|ykbem" gcn gmgnihem }im~d{}# âi veiz} iq|{i}}in g{i ~ad}i df ~ai gy~ad{}" gcn nd

cd~ cimi}}g{ebu {ifbim~ ~ai d|ecedc} df ~ai E@I[E d{ e~} ine~d{}#

INE^D[EGB DFFEMI0

Hg{o [g`ge" \a#N#Ine~d{(Ec(MaeifDffemi0 !171% 6::(9


4/86

ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;


5/86

INE^D[] CDÎ0 [IFBIMÊDC] DC EG@M GCN ÂI ;


6/86

> ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;


7/86

Y]ECJ ]EQ ]EJHG FD[ MDCÊCYDY] EH\[DVIHIC^ EC ICJECII[ECJ ÎMACDBDJU 9

Y]ECJ ]EQ ]EJHG FD[ MDCÊCYDY] EH\[DVIHIC^

EC ICJECII[ECJ ÎMACDBDJU]g{ge Ainji}" Ycevi{}e~u df Mecmeccg~e? Ve{jeceg Zi}~aieni{" Ycevi{}e~u df Mecmeccg~e

Gk}~{gm~

G j{g}}{dd~} ~igh g~ ~ai Mdbbiji df G||bein ]meicmi" Yce(vi{}e~u df Mecmeccg~e" fd{hin ~d y}i ]eq(]ejhg hi~adndbdju"gc ecny}~{u(fghebeg{ |{dmi}}" ~d nivibd| gc eh|{dvin g}(}i}}hic~ |bgc ~ag~ e} {i}|dc}evi ~d ~ai îmacdbdju Gmm{ine(~g~edc Mdhhe}}edc neve}edc df ~ai Gmm{ine~g~edc Kdg{n fd{Icjecii{ecj gcn îmacdbdju !GKI^$^GM% gmm{ine~g~edc{iwye{ihic~}# Y}ecj ]eq ]ejhg ec ~ai ivgbyg~edc |{dmi}} fe~}cemibu ze~a ~ai icjecii{ecj ~imacdbdju |{dj{gh} gcn zg}{ignebu gmmi|~in ku fgmyb~u#

âi }md|i df ~ai |{dìm~ fdmy}in dc eh|{dvecj ~ai g}(}i}}hic~ df GKI^$^GM M{e~i{eg =a !befibdcj big{cecj% gcn

mdc~ecydy} eh|{dvihic~ ec gmmd{ngcmi ze~a ~ai ndmyhic~in|{dmi}}# Ec ]eq ]ejhg |{dmi}} eh|{dvihic~" g |{dmi}} ~ag~zd{o} g~ g ]eq ]ejhg Bivib dcbu ag} g||{dqehg~ibu =#>

nifim~} |i{ hebbedc d||d{~yce~ei}# âe} |g|i{ ni}m{eki} ~ai|{dìm~ }ibim~edc" nifece~edc df ~ai |{dmi}}" mgbmybg~edc df ~ai}ejhg bivib" eh|bihic~g~edc df ~ai NHGEM hi~adn" gcn ~aibivib df }ymmi}} df ~ai ~igh ec eh|{dvecj ~ai |{dmi}} df g}(}i}}ecj j{gnyg~i} gkebe~ei} ~d {imdjcepi ~ai ciin fd{ gcn ~dicjgji ec befibdcj big{cecj#

Ec~{dnym~edc

]eq ]ejhg" }~g{~in ec 7516 ku Hd~d{dbg" ag} kiic nifecinec cyhi{dy} zgu}# E~ ag} kiic mgbbin g |aebd}d|au" g hi~a(dndbdju" gcn g }i~ df ~ddb} _7X# Dci df ~ai hd{i mdcme}i nif(ece~edc} e} g ne}me|becin" ng~g(n{evic g||{dgma gcn hi~adn(dbdju fd{ ibehecg~ecj nifim~} ec gcu |{dmi}} (( f{dh hgc(yfgm~y{ecj ~d ~{gc}gm~edcgb gcn f{dh |{dnym~ ~d }i{vemi_;X#]eq ]ejhg e} cdz icnihem ~d ecny}~{ugy~dhd~evi" maihe(mgb" fecgcmegb" hgcyfgm~y{ecj gcn {i~geb" ~d cghi g fizf{dh Ghi{emgc Iq|{i}} ~d JI" Gnvgcmin Hem{d Nivemi} ~dQi{dq" gcn e} m{ine~in ze~a }gvecj hebbedc} df ndbbg{} zaebieh|{dvecj |{dnym~ d{ }i{vemi wygbe~u gcn my}~dhi{ }g~e}fgm(~edc#

Ec @yci df ;


8/86

6 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ; }y{viu} ec ~ai ]E\DM negj{gh fdycn~ag~ ec ;


9/86

Y]ECJ ]EQ ]EJHG FD[ MDCÊCYDY] EH\[DVIHIC^ EC ICJECII[ECJ ÎMACDBDJU :

^gkbi 7# ]E\DM Negj{gh

D{ejecgb \{dmi}}0

]y||bei{ Ec|y~ \{dmi}} Dy~|y~

Mg{ii{ \bgmihic~ Dffemi Gbyhce ]y{viu

G}}i}}ecj J{gnyg~i}

Gkebe~ei} ~d [imdjcepi ~aiCiin fd{ gcn ~d Icjgji ec

Befibdcj Big{cecj

J{gnyg~i}* {i}|dc}i}MG] Dffemi df \{dfi}}edc(

gb \{gm~emiIh|bdui{ \\ ]y{viu]~ynic~ \\ ]y{viu

Ih|bdui{}* {i}|dc}i} ]~y(nic~}* {i}|dc}i}

]~ynic~ ]i{vemi}!yc~eb # M{e~emgb ~d Wygbe~u Mag{gm~i{e}~em} !M^WM% ^{ii

âi nime}edc ~d hig}y{i dcbu gc eh|{dvihic~ ec ~ai {i(}|dc}i {g~i fd{ ~ai Gbyhce ]y{viu zebb ki ne}my}}in ec ~aiGcgbupi }im~edc df ~ae} {i|d{~# âi d~ai{ ~zd M^WM}fdbbdzecj ~ai Ki~~i{ ]y{viu}" zi{i mad}ic ze~a ~ai mdc(}yb~g~edc df ~ai Mdbbiji G}}i}}hic~ Mdhhe~~ii" ~ag~ ag}hihki{} f{dh ~ai }y||bei{} df ~ai }y{viu ec}~{yhic~}" ~ad}i

fghebeg{ ze~a ~ai GKI^$^GM {iwye{ihic~}" gcn ~ad}i ecmdc~gm~ ze~a }~ynic~} |g}~ gcn |{i}ic~# âi bg}~ M^WM ec(vdbvecj ~ai |{dmi}} fbdz mag{~ zg} {ihdvin f{dh ~ai |{dìm~gf~i{ ~ai gccdycmihic~ df g Mdbbijeg~i [i}~{ym~y{ecj Ece~eg(~evi ec zaema ~ai Mdbbiji df G||bein ]meicmi zg} ~d kihi{jin ze~a gcd~ai{ mdbbiji# G} ~ai }~{ym~y{i df ~ai mdbbiji


10/86

1 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;X# Fgeby{i ~d hii~ GKI^ gmm{ine~g~edc {iwye{ihic~} hgubign ~d bd}} df gmm{ine~g~edc" agvecj }ejcefemgc~ gcn gnvi{}igffim~} dc ~ai}i |{dj{gh} g} fd{ ih|bdui{}" j{gnyg~i

}maddb}" gcn bemic}y{i" mi{~efemg~edc" gcn {ije}~{g~edc kdg{n}"j{gnyg~edc f{dh gc gmm{ine~in |{dj{gh }ejcefei} gniwyg~i|{i|g{g~edc fd{ ic~{u ec~d ~ai |{dfi}}edc# Ec fgm~" hgcu df~ai}i j{dy|} {iwye{i j{gnyg~edc f{dh gc gmm{ine~in |{dj{ghg} g hecehyh wygbefemg~edc _9X# Aicmi" e~ e} gc ycni{}~g~i(

hic~ ~d }gu ~ag~ hgec~gececj GKI^$^GM gmm{ine~g~edc gcngmaeivecj |d}e~evi {iveiz} f{dh GKI^$^GM ivgbyg~d{} g{ieh|d{~gc~ ~d ~ai mdbbiji#

âi ;% }y{viu} g~ MG] ~ag~ mdc~gecwyi}~edc} ~ag~ g}}i}} befibdcj big{cecj g~ big}~ ~d }dhi iq~ic~#

âiu g{i y}in ec vg{edy} zgu} gcn gnhece}~i{in ku vg{edy}kdnei}# Ec ;


11/86

Y]ECJ ]EQ ]EJHG FD[ MDCÊCYDY] EH\[DVIHIC^ EC ICJECII[ECJ ÎMACDBDJU 5

nifim~} |i{ hebbedc d||d{~yce~ei}# ^gkbi} ; gcn = }adz ~ai~igh} nifece~edc} df Nifim~}" Yce~}" gcn D||d{~yce~ei} gcn

~ai mgbmybg~edc} fd{ ~ai N\HD gcn ]ejhg Bivib#

Gb~adyja d{ejecgbbu y}in fd{ mdc~ecydy} {g~ed ng~g" ec mdc(md{ngcmi ze~a }~g~e}~emgb ~aid{u" ~ae} ~imacewyi e} mdhhdcbuy}in fd{ ne}m{i~i" d{ g~~{eky~i ng~g# Ec ~ae} |{dìm~" ~ai gy~ad{}fdmy}in dc ~ai |{d|d{~edc df kgn !nifemeicmu d{ zigoci}}%

GKI^$^GM ivgbyg~d{ {g~ecj} fd{ GKI^$^GM m{e~i{edc =a"kecdhegb ng~g# ^d mgbmybg~i ~ai }ejhg bivib fd{ }yma ng~g"~ai f{gm~edc df kgn {g~ecj} zg} ~{ig~in g} ~ai gb|ag df ~aicd{hgb ne}~{eky~edc gcn ~aic g mdcvi{}edc ~gkbi zg} y}in ~dni~i{heci ~ai }ejhg bivib# âi 7#9 ]ejhg ]aef~ zg} g mdc(vic~edc ~ag~ g}}yhin ~ag~ ~ai |{dmi}} zdybn }aef~ dvi{ ~ehi#

âi ece~egb |{dmi}} df g}}i}}ecj befibdcj big{cecj }adzin|bic~u df {ddh fd{ eh|{dvihic~ g~ g kg}ibeci ]ejhg Bivibdf 7#;#

^gkbi ;# N\HD Nifece~edc}

NIFECEÊDC] G}}i}}ecj GKI^$^GM M{e~i(

{edc =Nifim~ {g~ecj df Zigoci}} d{ Nife(

meicmu

Yce~ MG] |{dj{gh {iveizin kuGKI^$^GM

D||d{~yce~u 7 |i{ |{dj{gh

^gkbi =# N\HD gcn ]ejhg Bivib Mgbmybg~edc}MGBMYBGÊDC] G}}i}}ecj

GKI^$^GM M{e(

~i{edc =

Nifim~} 9

D||d{~yce~ei} 1

N\HD !9$1%7"# Ivgbyg~d{ [g~ecj Mdni}

Ivgbyg~d{

[g~ecj

Mdni

Nifemeicmu 7Zigoci}} ;Mdcmi{c =Dk}i{vg~edc >]~{icj~a 9

âi ae}~dj{gh ec Fejy{i 9 ebby}~{g~i} gbb ivgbyg~d{ {g~ecj}

dvi{ gbb GKI^$^GM(gmm{ine~in |{dj{gh} {imievin ny{ecj~ai ;

;

9 9 75

Mdc}e}~icmu df Mdhhycemg~edc f{dhG}}i}}hic~ Mh~ 9 9 9 > 75

Mdc}e}~icmu df Mdhhycemg~edc f{dhGnhece}~{g~edc 9 9 9 > 75

Y}i df GKI^ fiinkgmo ku fgmyb~u 9 9 > 9 75]~ynic~} Ndc*~ [i}|dcn ~d ]y{viu} 9 > 9 9 75

\dd{ Ndmyhic~g~edc ~d GKI^ = = = = 7;

[i|d{~ Cd~ [igngkbi = 9 9 = 76

[i|d{~ Ndi}c*~ Y}i êhibu G}}i}}(hic~ Ecfd > 9 = ; 7>

]y{viu Ec}~{yhic~} Mdc~gec G||{d(|{eg~i =a Wyi}~edc} 9 9 9 9 ; 9 75

GKI^ Fecnecj} Cd~ \{dvenin ecêhibu Hgcci{ Fdbbdzecj Ve}e~ 9 9 7 7 7;

GKI^ [iwye{ihic~} Ycmbig{ 7 9 7 7 1[i|d{~ecj ]mainybi Vg{u Zenibu fd{]y{viu} 9 9 7 7 7;

\dd{$Cdciqe}~ic~ Mdc~ecydy} Eh(|{dvihic~ Fiinkgmo Bdd| 9 9 > 9 75

Fiz$\dd{ Wygbe~u Bgk Fgmebe~ei} 7 7 7 7 >

Fiz$\dd{ Wygbe~u Bek{g{ei} 7 7 7 7 >

Fiz$\dd{ Wygbe~u Kyebnecj} = 7 7 7 6

Cd~ Icdyja Fgmyb~u Beci} ; 7 7 7 9

Cd~ Icdyja$Cd~ G||{d|{eg~i Mdy{}iDffi{ecj} 7 7 7 7 >


14/86

7; ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;

âiu }gu e~ e} dy~ df ~aie{ |y{veiz#

Zau4 9âiu zgc~ gcd~ai{ dffemi ~d ~goi dvi{ ~ag~ ~g}o#Mgc zi ji~ gcd~ai{ mdbbiji dffemi ~d nd e~4

Ui}((~ai Mdbbiji Ne{im~d{ df G}}i}}hic~ zebb ~goie~ dvi{ gcn fgmebe~g~i ~a{dyja G}}i}}# Mh~# ~d gng|~IMI^ ]iced{ ]y{viu ~d gbb GKI^$^GM |{dj{gh}# Adz

Eh|{dvihic~ \ag}i

Ec ~ae} |ag}i" ~ai ~igh eh|bihic~in }dby~edc} gehin g~md{{im~ecj ~ai |{dkbih} ~ag~ zi{i nifecin" hig}y{in" gcngcgbupin ec ~ai |{ivedy} |ag}i}# ^ddb} y}in zi{i g Md{{im(~edc Gm~edc Hg~{eq gcn g }~g~e}~emgb au|d~ai}e} ~i}~ ~d vi{efugcn hig}y{i eh|{dvihic~#

âi ~igh eh|bihic~in gc gm~edc |bgc ~d eh|{dvi ~ai }y{(viu} ~ag~ ecmbynin m{ig~ecj dci ]iced{ ]y{viu fd{ gbbGKI^$^GM(gmm{ine~in |{dj{gh} ze~aec MG]" gnn(ecj$y|ng~ecj befibdcj big{cecj wyi}~edc} ec ~ai Gbyhce ]y{(viu gcn Ih|bdui{ \\ ]y{viu gcn ~ai ]iced{ ]y{viu" magcj(ecj ~ai gnhece}~i{ecj kdnu fd{ ~ai Gbyhce ]y{viu ~d ~aiNe{im~d{ df G}}i}}hic~" gcn y|ng~ecj ~ai gnhece}~{g~edchi~adndbdju fd{ ~ai Gbyhce ]y{viu# âi gm~edc |bgc {ibg~i}~d ~ad}i fgm~d{} {g~in hd}~ aejabu ec ~ai ]ejcefemgc~ Fgm~d{]ibim~edc Hg~{eq !^gkbi 9%" ze~a ~ai iqmi|~edc df eh|{dvecj~ai fiinkgmo bdd|# Fy{~ai{ ni~geb} df ~ai gm~edc |bgc fd{ eh(|{dvihic~ g{i ec ~ai Md{{im~edc Gm~edc Hg~{eq !^gkbi :%#

^gkbi :# Md{{im~evi Gm~edc Hg~{eq

Md{{im~evi Gm~edc Hg~{eq

Gm~edc Magh|edc

Eh|bihic~g~edc

^g{ji~ Ng~i

Iffim~evi4

!ui}" cd%

Hig}y{i df Iffim(

~evici}}

My{{ic~

]~g~y}

M{ig~i dci ]iced{ ]y{viu g}}i}} mh~ @yc(


15/86

Y]ECJ ]EQ ]EJHG FD[ MDCÊCYDY] EH\[DVIHIC^ EC ICJECII[ECJ ÎMACDBDJU 7=

âi Ih|bdui{ \{dfi}}edcgb \{gm~emi }y{viu {i}yb~} }adzin g{i}|dc}i {g~i df 69#7) fd{ ;


16/86

7> ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;


17/86

VIAEMBI \[DFEBI NI]EJC VI[]Y] ]DBG[ ICI[JU MDBBIMÊDC0]ÛBECJ MDC]ENI[GÊDC] 79FD[ ]DBG[(\DZI[IN \I[]DCGB MDHHYÎ[ VIAEMBI]

VIAEMBI \[DFEBI NI]EJC VI[]Y] ]DBG[ICI[JU

MDBBIMÊDC0]ÛBECJ MDC]ENI[GÊDC] FD[

]DBG[(\DZI[IN \I[]DCGB MDHHYÎ[VIAEMBI]

Ue(a}egcj Magcj" Mgbefd{ceg \dbu~imacem ]~g~i Ycevi{}e~u

Gk}~{gm~

Zaebi my{{ic~ |ad~dvdb~gem !\V% iffemeicmei} behe~ ~ai fig(}ekebe~u df g }dbg{(|dzi{in |i{}dcgb mdhhy~i{ viaembi }ehe(bg{ ec }epi gcn }ag|i ~d my{{ic~ jg}dbeci |dzi{in gy~dhd(kebi}" {i}ig{ma ec~d nivibd|ecj g auk{en ni}ejc ag} kiicj{dzecj# âi |{i}ic~ fdmy} df \V ~imacdbdjei} ec ~ai gy~d(hdkebi ecny}~{u e} ne{im~in ~dzg{n} m{ig~ecj g auk{en y}ecj g}hgbb jg}dbeci hd~d{ ec mdc`ycm~edc ze~a \V mibb}# ]dbi y}idf }dbg{ ici{ju fd{ |dzi{ecj gy~dhdkebi} mgc ki }iic ec}ivi{gb }dbg{(mg{ {gmecj ivic~}" ky~ ~ai ndhecg~ecj ni}ejc}~icn ~d fdmy} dc hgqehyh ici{ju ag{vi}~$y~ebepg~edc iffe(meicmei} gcn }~{ighbecin ni}ejc}" zaema {i}yb~} ec g fbg~ vi(aembi |{dfebi# âe} }~ynu bddoin g~ gb~i{ecj ~ai |{dfebi ~dihybg~i ~ai my{vin ni}ejc df ~dngu} mevebegc gy~dhdkebi}#Y}ecj ~zd neffi{ic~ |{dfebi}" ~ae} }~ynu }ehybg~in g mg{ kiecj|g{oin ec g {gcndh d{eic~g~edc ny{ecj g jevic |i{edn df~ehi# âi {i}yb~} zi{i iqghecin ~d ni~i{heci ~ai iffim~ ~ag~gb~i{ecj ~ai |{dfebi zebb agvi dc dvi{gbb }dbg{ ici{ju mdbbim(~edc ycni{ neffi{ic~ zig~ai{ mdcne~edc}#

Ec~{dnym~edc

\ad~dvdb~gem !\V% ~imacdbdju ag} kiic g{dycn fd{ dvi{ g

79< uig{}" ky~ e~ zg} cd~ yc~eb ~ai }ymmi}}fyb nihdc}~{g~edcdf g }ebemdc \(C `ycm~edc }dbg{ mibb ec 759> ~ag~ e~} zeni(}|{ign y}gji zg} {igbepin _7X# Ze~a ~ai ecm{ig}ecj ciin dfgb~i{cg~evi ici{ju" gcn ~ai mdc~ecydy} eh|{dvihic~ df \V|i{fd{hgcmi" e~ e} beoibu ~ag~ }dbg{ |dzi{ zebb kimdhi maig|(i{ gcn hd{i |{ivgbic~# F{dh e~} y}i ec mdc}yhi{ nivemi}"adhi gcn j{en |dzi{ jici{g~edc" beja~ecj" ~d }~gcn(gbdcimdhhycemg~edc" zg{cecj" gcn hdce~d{ecj }u}~ih}" ~ai |i{(vg}evi y}i df \V e} ehhecic~ _;X#

Zaebi y}ecj }dbg{ ici{ju ec ~{gc}|d{~g~edc e} kimdhecjhd{i df g {igbe~u" be~~bi ivenicmi iqe}~} ~ag~ hg`d{ gy~dhdkebihgcyfgm~y{i{} g{i }adzecj ec~i{i}~ ec fybb(}mgbi |{dnym~edcdf }dbg{(n{evic viaembi}# G} g {i}yb~" ~ai nivibd|hic~ df}dbg{ mg{} e} hgecbu bin ku |g{~eme|gc~} ec ivic~} }yma g} ~aiGhi{emgc ]dbg{ Magbbicji gcn d~ai{ }dbg{ {gmi} zd{bnzeni_=X# Ec ~ae} ~u|i df mdh|i~e~edc" hgcu df ~ai viaembi} ze~a}ehebg{ ni}ejc} zi{i gkbi ~d }ymmi}}fybbu fece}a ~ai {gmi# âiviaembi ni}ejc e} kdycn ku g mi{~gec }i~ df {ybi}" zaema behe~e~ih} }yma g} hd~d{ }epi" g{ig df }dbg{ |gcib}" ghdyc~ dfkg~~i{ei}" gcn ~u|i df kg~~i{u# Ze~a g jdgb df ~{gvibecj y| ~d

7"9


18/86

76 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;


19/86

VIAEMBI \[DFEBI NI]EJC VI[]Y] ]DBG[ ICI[JU MDBBIMÊDC0]ÛBECJ MDC]ENI[GÊDC] 7:FD[ ]DBG[(\DZI[IN \I[]DCGB MDHHYÎ[ VIAEMBI]

g~~ih|~ecj ~ai kyebn gcn fybb(}mgbi |{dnym~edc df g mdhhy~i{viaembi |dzi{in }dbibu ku g \V }u}~ih# Ku gnd|~ecj ~ima(cdbdjei} }yma g} hyb~e(`ycm~edc |gcib} ze~a iffemeicmei} dfcig{bu =9) mdybn ivic~ygbbu {i}yb~ ec gc gbb(}dbg{ |dzi{inmg{ _7>X#

]dbg{(|dzi{in \i{}dcgb Mdhhy~i{

Viaembi

\d}e~edcecj g }dbg{ g{{gu ~d hecehepi GDE gcn {inymi {i(fbim~gcmi {i}yb~} ec ki~~i{ y~ebepg~edc df ~ai gvgebgkbi }dbg{e{{gnegcmi# G hg`d{e~u df \V ~imacdbdju e} y}in fd{ jici{g~(ecj ibim~{eme~u fd{ kyebnecj} gcn ady}i}# âi}i g||bemg~edc}~icn ~d {ibu dc ie~ai{ feqin d{ ~{gmoecj }u}~ih}? ~ai fd{hi{ e}

jici{gbbu }i~ ki~ziic ;


20/86

71 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;" igma df ~ai fdy{ |{dfebi} agn fevi ~d~gb}dbg{ hdnybi}" gcn ~ai fevi neffi{ic~ }im~edc} zi{i ze{in ec}i{ei}# ]epin ec 9


21/86

VIAEMBI \[DFEBI NI]EJC VI[]Y] ]DBG[ ICI[JU MDBBIMÊDC0]ÛBECJ MDC]ENI[GÊDC] 75FD[ ]DBG[(\DZI[IN \I[]DCGB MDHHYÎ[ VIAEMBI]

7:6F gcn agn g hgqehyh dy~|y~ df 7#1Z# Gbb ic~{u |dec~}zi{i }igbin y}ecj mbig{ }ebemdc ~d |{ivic~ hde}~y{i# âi \V|gcib(adbnecj }~{ym~y{i} zi{i mdc}~{ym~in ec ;q; gcn ;q=Ndyjbg} fe{# âi }i{ei} ze{ecj df ~ai}i }dbg{ |gcib {i}yb~in ecigma df ~ai |{dfebi} agvecj g hgqehyh vdb~gji {g~ecj df 1 ; ;==;#79

J{dy|

Gvi{gji

J{dy|

Gvi{gji

]i~\{dfebi

\{dfebi\g{oecj D{eic~g~edc

Fejy{i 6 ebby}~{g~i} ~ai ec~i{gm~edc ki~ziic |{dfebi gcn d{e(ic~g~edc" gcn ki~ziic |{dfebi gcn }i~# Ec iqghececj ~ai |{d(febid{eic~g~edc |bd~" e~ e} mbig{ ~ag~ ~ai{i zg} g neffi{icmi ec~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ jici{g~edc ki~ziic my{vin |{dfebi} |g{oinec Ig}~$Zi}~ gcn my{vin |{dfebi} |g{oin ec Cd{~a$]dy~a d{e(

ic~g~edc}# âi{i zg} hyma bi}} neffi{icmi ki~ziic ~ai ~d~gbngebu ici{ju jici{g~in ku fbg~ |{dfebi} |g{oin ec ie~ai{ d{eic(~g~edc# Ec kd~a d{eic~g~edc}" fbg~ |{dfebi} jici{g~in hd{i ~d~gbngebu ici{ju ~agc my{vin |{dfebi}# G} }iic ec ~ai \{dfebi]i~ec~i{gm~edc |bd~" ~ai{i zg} g neffi{icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gbngebu ici{ju mdbbim~in ki~ziic neffi{ic~ |{dfebi} ze~aec kd~a}i~ 7 gcn }i~ ;# \{dfebi} ec }i~ 7" adzivi{" agn hyma bi}}neffi{icmi ec ngebu ici{ju mdbbim~edc ~agc |{dfebi} ec }i~ ;#

799;>9 ;:5#17


24/86

;; ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ; hd{i zg~~} |i{ ngu ~agcgc my{vin |{dfebi ec g Cd{~a$]dy~a d{eic~g~edc#

Zaic bddoecj g~ gbb |ge{ze}i mdh|g{e}dc} ghdcj bivib} df|{dfebid{eic~g~edc" g bivib df 59) mdcfenicmi mgc ki y}in~d }~g~i ~ag~ g fbg~ |{dfebi ec g Cd{~a$]dy~a d{eic~g~edc |{d(nymi} ki~ziic =5=#5 gcn 6:6#; hd{i zg~~} |i{ ngu ~agcgc my{vin |{dfebi ec g Cd{~a$]dy~a d{eic~g~edc#

Fecgbbu" ~ai{i e} cd }ejcefemgc~ neffi{icmi ki~ziic ec ~ai~d~gb |dzi{ jici{g~in ku fbg~ |{dfebi ec gc Ig}~$Zi}~ d{eic(~g~edc" d{ fbg~ |{dfebi ec g Cd{~a$]dy~a d{eic~g~edc#

âi ~i}~ df au|d~ai}i} e} ne}my}}in ec ~ai fdbbdzecj0

A70 Ny{ecj gc 1(ady{ ec~i{vgb" ~ai{i e} g }ejcefemgc~ neffi{(icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{dnymin ku ~aimy{vin gcn fbg~ |{dfebi}#

g# Ad0 my{vin 8 fbg~

Ag0 my{vin fbg~k# G~ ~ai 9) }ejcefemgcmi bivib" Ad e} {iìm~in gcn" ~ai{i(

fd{i" ~ai |{dfebi }ag|i e} g}}dmeg~in ze~a g }ejcefemgc~neffi{icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{dnymin#

A;0 Ny{ecj gc 1(ady{ ec~i{vgb" ~ai{i e} g }ejcefemgc~ neffi{(icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{dnymin ki(~ziic my{vin |{dfebi} |g{oin ec Ig}~$Zi}~ gcn ecCd{~a$]dy~a d{eic~g~edc}#

g# Ad0 ig}~$zi}~ 8 cd{~a$}dy~a

Ag0 ig}~$zi}~ cd{~a$}dy~ak# G~ ~ai 9) }ejcefemgcmi bivib" Ad e} {iìm~in gcn" ~ai{i(

fd{i" ~ai d{eic~g~edc e} g}}dmeg~in ze~a }ejcefemgc~ nef(fi{icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{dnymin ku~ai my{vin |{dfebi#

A=0 Ny{ecj gc 1(ady{ ec~i{vgb" ~ai{i e} g }ejcefemgc~ neffi{(icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{dnymin ki(~ziic fbg~ |{dfebi} |g{oin ec Ig}~$Zi}~ gcn ecCd{~a$]dy~a d{eic~g~edc}#

g# Ad0 ig}~$zi}~ 8 cd{~a$}dy~a

Ag0 ig}~$zi}~ cd{~a$}dy~a

k# G~ ~ai 9) }ejcefemgcmi bivib" Ad e} cd~ {iìm~in gcn"~ai{ifd{i" e~ e} cd~ fge{ ~d mdcmbyni ~ag~ d{eic~g~edc eh(|gm~} }ejcefemgc~bu ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{d(nymin ku ~ai fbg~ |{dfebi#

A>0 Ny{ecj gc 1(ady{ ec~i{vgb" ~ai{i e} g }ejcefemgc~ neffi{(icmi ec ~ai ghdyc~ df ~d~gb ngebu |dzi{ |{dnymin ku ~ai}dbg{ |{dfebi} ki~ziic neffi{ic~ zig~ai{ |g~~i{c}#

g# Ad0 ngu ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;X [ed{ngc" M# !7559%# ]dbg{ {i}dy{mi mag{gm~i{e}~em}# EcB# \g{~gec !In#% ]dbg{ mibb} gcn ~aie{ g||bemg~edc} !||#>>=(>61%# Ciz Ud{o0 Zebiu(Ec~i{}meicmi \ykbemg~edc#

_9X ]mazg{~p" G# !;:(>6;#

_5X Oecj" N#B#" Kdu}ic" Z# I#" O{g~dmaveb" @# G#" !755:%#

Hig}y{ecj }dbg{ }|im~{gb gcn gcjbi(df(ecmenicmi if(fim~} dc |ad~dvdb~gem hdnybi} gcn }dbg{ e{{gnegcmi}ic}d{}# ;6~a \V]M" 777=(7776#

_7


27/86

MIBBYBG[ GY^DHG^G GCN ]^GÎ ]\GMI [I\[I]IC^GÊDC G\\BEIN ^D Y[KGC BGCN(Y]I HDNIBECJ0CD[FDBO ;9

MIBBYBG[ GY^DHG^G GCN ]^GÎ ]\GMI

[I\[I]IC^GÊDC G\\BEIN ^D Y[KGC BGCN(Y]I

HDNIBECJ0CD[FDBOâdcjmage \age{da" Ve{jeceg ]~g~i Ycevi{}e~u? Gudniè Nihy{ic" Dbn Ndhecedc Ycevi{}e~u? Oie~a Zebbegh}dc" Ve{jeceg ]~g~i Ycevi{}e~u

Gk}~{gm~

âi mdhkecg~edc df mibbybg{ gy~dhg~g !MG% gcn }u}~ihnucghem} zi{i y}in ~d |{inem~ ~ai ivdby~edc df ecnevenygbmdh|dcic~} ec y{kgc j{dz~a# Fig}ekebe~u zg} gb}d mdc}eni{infd{ y}i ec ~ai }~ynu df ecny}~{egb d{ mdhhi{megb j{dz~a ni(vibd|hic~# Cyhi{emgb }ehybg~edc} zi{i |i{fd{hin y}ecj ~aime~u df Cd{fdbo" Ve{jeceg" g} g ~i}~ mg}i# âi }ehybg~edc {i(}yb~} }adz ~ag~ ecny}~{egb gm~eve~ei} g{i ne}~{eky~in g{dycn ~ai{geb{dgn#

Ec~{dnym~edcY{kgc magcji e} g mdh|biq }|g~egb |aicdhicdc mdc~{dbbin

ku hgcu fgm~d{}# âi jidj{g|aemgb mdcne~edc} df g{ig" }dmed(imdcdhem }~g~y}" ecf{g}~{ym~y{i }y||bu" nihdj{g|aem fig~y{i}gcn ~ai |d~ic~egb df |d|ybg~edc j{dz~a" |bgccecj gcn pdcecjmdc}~{gec~}" icve{dchic~gb |{d~im~edc {ijybg~edc} g} zibb g}j{dy| gcn ecnevenygb kiagved{" gbb |bgu g {dbi ec ~ai |{dmi}}df y{kgc nivibd|hic~# âi nivibd|hic~ df g |{inem~evi }me(icmi df y{kgc }~{ym~y{i ag} kiic mag{gm~i{epin ku g hyb~e(~yni df g||{dgmai} f{dh g vg{ei~u df ne}me|becg{u |i{}|im(~evi}# Neffi{ic~ g||{dgmai} g{i ni|icnic~ dc adz ~d ~{ig~y{kgc }~{ym~y{i gcn y{kgc magcji ec ~i{h} df }|gmi gcn ~ehi#

Dci ec~i{i}~ecj hi~adn e} ~ai y}i df mibbybg{ gy~dhg~g !MG%#

Mibbybg{ gy~dhg~g agvi ~zd mag{gm~i{e}~em} ~ag~ hgoi ~aihecai{ic~bu g~~{gm~evi fd{ g||bemg~edc ~d jidj{g|aemgb |{dk(bih}# âi fe{}~ e} ~ag~ ~aiu g{i" g} cd~in" ec~{ec}emgbbu }|g~egb?~ai }imdcn e} ~ag~ ~aiu mgc jici{g~i vi{u mdh|biq fd{h} kuhigc} df vi{u }eh|bi {ybi}# MG zg} mdhkecin ze~a fyppubdjem mdc~{db ~d |{inem~ y{kgc j{dz~a _7X# Fyppu bdjem mdc~{dbzg} y}in ~d mgbmybg~i ~ai nivibd|hic~ df igma mibb# Mgbek{g(~edc e} g ~ehi(mdc}yhecj |{dmi}} ec MG# ^d dvi{mdhi ~ae}"ciy{gb ci~zd{o zg} y~ebepin ze~a MG ~d {inymi ~ai ~ehi {i(wye{ihic~ _;X#

âe} }~ynu y}in ~ai mdhkecg~edc df MG gcn g becig{ }~g~i}|gmi hdnib ~d |{inem~ ~ai nivibd|hic~ df ady}ecj" ecny}~{e(gb" gcn mdhhi{megb gm~eve~ei} ec ~ai g{ig df ec~i{i}~# MG zg}y}in ~d fecn ~ai ~{gc}e~edc |d}}ekebe~u df ~ai mdc}eni{in mibbg} fycm~edc} df e~} dzc }~g~i gcn ~ai }~g~i ec ciejakd{addnmibb}# âi becig{ }~g~i }|gmi iwyg~edc {i|{i}ic~} ~ai nucgh(em} df igma mdh|dcic~ ec ~ai g{ig ycni{ mdc}eni{g~edc#

Mibbybg{ Gy~dhg~g

Zae~i gcn Icjibic _=X y}in MG ~d |{inem~ ~ai ivdby~edc dfbgcn(y}i nivibd|hic~# âi g{ig zg} nevenin ec~d }hgbb }yk({ijedc} {ifi{{in ~d g} mibb}# Igma }yk({ijedc agn e~} dzc}~g~i" zaema mdybn ki magcjin ku iffim~} df e~} |{i}ic~ }~g~igcn ~ad}i df ciejakd{addn mibb}# Fd{ iqgh|bi" gc g{ig e}nevenin ec~d g {im~ebecig{ j{en# âi }epi hgu ki vg{ein f{dh7< ~d 9


28/86

;6 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;X y}in ~ai fe{}~(d{ni{ Hg{odvmagec ~d |{inem~ ~ai bgcn y}i ec ~ai Payègcj Nib~g df Maecg"gcn Bd|ip i~# gb#" _9X y}in e~ ~d |{inem~ ~ai bgcn(y}i magcji}ec Hdibeg Me~u" Hiqemd# Ggveo}dd _6X mdh|g{in ~ai fe{}~(gcn }imdcn(d{ni{ Hg{odv magec ~d |{inem~ ~ai |bgc~ mdvi{gcn bgcn(y}i ~u|i}# âi magcjecj df mdh|dcic~} ec ~ai mib(bybg{(gy~dhg~g gcgbu}e} e} mdc~{dbbin ku ie~ai{ Hg{odv magecd{ becig{ }~g~i }|gmi }u}~ih}#

Vdc Ciyhgcc Ciejakd{addn Hdd{ Ciejakd{addnFejy{i 7# Ciejakd{addn Mibb

Y{kgc j{dz~a e} mdc}eni{in ec e~} dzc }~g~i ku adz nivib(d|in e~ e}? e#i#" e} e~ y{kgc" }yky{kgc" d{ {y{gb4 âi fgm~d{} dfec~i{i}~ g{i0 ne}~gcmi ki~ziic gcu jevic mibb gcn zai~ai{ e~e} y{kgc d{ }yky{kgc" g {dgn" iq|{i}}zgu d{ {geb{dgn? ef ~ai{i

g{i ciejakd{addn }~g~i}? gcn" e~} gj{emyb~y{gb }ye~gkebe~u#

Hg{odv Magec

Hg{odv magec} g{i }~dmag}~em |{dmi}}i} ~ag~ mgc ki |g{gh(i~i{epin ku ih|e{emgbbu i}~ehg~ecj ~{gc}e~edc |{dkgkebe~ei}ki~ziic ne}m{i~i }~g~i} ec ~ai dk}i{vin }u}~ih}# Fd{ g Hg{(odv magec df ~ai fe{}~ d{ni{" ~ai ciq~ }~g~i ni|icn} dcbu dc~ai |{i}ic~ }~g~i# Ec g Hg{odv magec df }imdcn d{ aejai{ d{(ni{" ~ai ciq~ }~g~i ni|icn} dc ~ai |{i}ic~ }~g~i gcn dci d{hd{i df ~ai |{ivedy} }~g~i}# âi fe{}~ d{ni{ ~{gc}e~edc hg~{eqmgc ki {i|{i}ic~in _>X?

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29/86

MIBBYBG[ GY^DHG^G GCN ]^GÎ ]\GMI [I\[I]IC^GÊDC G\\BEIN ^D Y[KGC BGCN(Y]I HDNIBECJ0CD[FDBO ;:

~edc ` dc |d|ybg~edc e? e`g e} ~ai ecfbyicmi df |d|ybg~edc ` dc

|d|ybg~edc e? e`k e} ni|icnin dc ~ai |d|ybg~edc#

G} g ne}m{i~i hdnib" e~ mgc ki z{e~~ic g}

%!%!%7! oJoFpop y !;%

âi }~g~i zebb ki cyhki{ df ady}ecj" ecny}~{egb" gcn mdh(hi{megb yce~}# âe} }~ynu y}in ~ai Hg{odv magec df Iwyg~edc!7% gcn ~ai iq~icnin Bd~og(Vdb~i{g hdnib f{dh Iwyg~edc !;%~d mdc~{db ~ai |d|ybg~edc ec ~ai g{ig ycni{ mdc}eni{g~edc#âi }~g~i }~g~y} df igma mibb zg} mgbmybg~in y}ecj ~ai MG#

]~g~i ^{gc}e~edc

âi ciq~ }~g~i df igma mibb zg} mgbmybg~in y}ecj

~ai ~{gc}e~edc |d~ic~egb _5X?

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}~g~i oec ne}~gcmi pdci na 8 ~ai ecniq df mibb} ze~aec g jevic ne}~gcmi pdciEan 8 7" ef ~ai }~g~i df mibb a 8 o" d~ai{ze}iEan8


30/86

;1 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;" 9"gcn 6 }adz ~ai ne}~{eky~edc df ady}ecj" ecny}~{egb" gcn mdh(hi{megb }e~i} g~ ~ai ;


31/86

MIBBYBG[ GY^DHG^G GCN ]^GÎ ]\GMI [I\[I]IC^GÊDC G\\BEIN ^D Y[KGC BGCN(Y]I HDNIBECJ0CD[FDBO ;5

Fejy{i :# ]ehybg~edc ~ehi ae}~d{u df cyhki{ df ady}ecj" ecny}(

~{egb gcn mdhhi{megb

Mdcmby}edc}

Y{kgc bgcn(y}i nucghem} mgc ki nevenin ec~d ~zd |g{~}0mibb }~g~i magcji" zaema e} ni|icnic~ dc ciejakd{addn mibb}"gcn ~ai ~d~gb bgcn y}i df igma mdh|g{~hic~# âi becig{ }~g~i}|gmi hdnib e} hd{i fbiqekbi ~d y}i ~agc ~ai Hg{odv magechdnib fd{ ~ai |{inem~edc df ~ai |g}~ j{dz~a ng~g# Fd{ becig{}~g~i hdnib {i|{i}ic~g~edc" e~ e} ig}u ~d magcji ~ai ciz iwye(bek{eyh df ~ai }~g~i df igma mdh|g{~hic~# Ec ~ae} }~ynu" mib(bybg{ gy~dhg~g zi{i y}in ~d |{inem~ ~ai g{ig df igma mibb gcn}~g~i }|gmi ~d {i|{i}ic~ ~ai cyhki{ df igma mdh|g{~hic~ g~igma |dec~ ec ~ehi# Zaic e~ kimdhi} cimi}}g{u ~d magcji ~aiiwyebek{eyh |dec~}" ~ai }~g~i }|gmi iwyg~edc e} ig}ei{ ~d hg(ce|ybg~i ~agc ~ai Hg{odv magec# Ef hd{i gmmy{g~i |{inem~edc}g{i ciinin" ~ai enic~efemg~edc }adybn ki ndci ~d fecn |g{ghi(

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32/86

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33/86

GY^DHGÊM FGMEGB IQ\[I]]EDC [IMDJCEÊDC Y]ECJ =NFGMI] =7

iq|{i}}edc {imdjce~edc" g ;N fgmegb {imdjce~edc gbjd{e~ahzg} gb}d ih|bduin fd{ ~ai ng~gkg}i#

Ng~g Gmwye}e~edc gcn \{dmi}}ecj

Fd{ |y{|d}i} df ~ae} }~ynu" g ng~gkg}i ecmbynecj ehgji}f{dh =< }ykìm~} zg} kyeb~# Ec ~ae} ng~gkg}i zi{i ecmbynin

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34/86

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35/86

GY^DHGÊM FGMEGB IQ\[I]]EDC [IMDJCEÊDC Y]ECJ =NFGMI] ==

Ec d{ni{ ~d mdh|g{i ~ai =N fgmegb iq|{i}}edc gbjd{e~ahze~a ~ai ;N fgmegb iq|{i}}edc gbjd{e~ah" ~ai md{{i}|dcnecj;N ehgji} zi{i y}in fd{ iq|{i}}edc {imdjce~edc# Fe{}~" ;Nehgji} zi{i m{d||in ~d `y}~ oii| ~ai fgmi |g{~" ibehecg~ecj~ai age{ gcn d~ai{ g{~efgm~} ec ~ai ;N ehgji# âic" ec}~ign dfiq~{gm~ecj fig~y{i} f{dh ;N ehgji} ec~ye~evibu" g} ec =N fgmiiq|{i}}edc {imdjce~edc" \{ecme|gb Mdh|dcic~ Gcgbu}e}!\MG% zg} y}in ~d iq~{gm~ ~ai fig~y{i f{dh ;N ehgji}_7>X#

\MG

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âi nehic}edcgbe~u df vim~d{ eu e} O !O22H%#

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Iq|i{ehic~} gcn [i}yb~}

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36/86

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37/86

\AD^DVDB^GEM ICI[JU ]U]ÎH]0GFIG]EKEBEÛ ]^YNU =9

\AD^DVDB^GEM ICI[JU ]U]ÎH]0

GFIG]EKEBEÛ ]^YNU

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38/86

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39/86

\AD^DVDB^GEM ICI[JU ]U]ÎH]0GFIG]EKEBEÛ ]^YNU =:

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~ai hgqehyh hdnybi d|i{g~ecj ~ih|i{g~y{i _>X#

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40/86

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41/86

\AD^DVDB^GEM ICI[JU ]U]ÎH]0GFIG]EKEBEÛ ]^YNU =5

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Ycni{ ~ai my{{ic~ me{myh}~gcmi" e~ e} fig}ekbi ~d ni}ejc gcd|~ehgb \V }u}~ih ef ~ai jdvi{chic~ ecmic~evi} mdvi{ g~big}~ 6>#>) df ~ai ~d~gb md}~# âi jdvi{chic~ ecmic~evi} fd{~ai ;16#>oZ }u}~ih" ecmbynecj ~ai }~g~i ~gq m{ine~" ghdyc~in~d dcbu 9>) df ~ai }u}~ih md}~# âi{ifd{i" e~ zg} ni~i{hecin~ag~ g }hgbbi{ }u}~ih ze~a g NM {g~ecj df 79;#9oz zdybngmaeivi ~ai d|~ehgb {i}yb~}# âi }ic}e~eve~u gcgbu}e} fd{ ~ae}mg}i e} |{dvenin ec Fejy{i > ec zaema ~ai C\V gcn E[[ zi{ifdycn ~d ki / .="61; !|d}e~evi% gcn :#) gcn{iwye{i} cd hd{i ~agc 69#=7 uig{}#

Mdcvic~edcgb |dzi{ jici{g~edc |bgc~} y}i fd}}eb fyib} ~ag~{ibig}i vg{edy} |dbby~gc~} gcn j{iicady}i jg}}i}# âi

ghdyc~ df maihemgb} ihe~~in fd{ ivi{u 7HZa df ibim~{emici{ju |{dnymin ag} kiic |ykbe}ain ku ~ai Icve{dchic~gb\{d~im~edc Gjicmu !I\G% fd{ vg{edy} {ijedc} df ~ai Yce~in]~g~i}# ^gkbi : }adz} ~ai ghdyc~ df igma maihemgb {ibig}inec ~ai ]I[M {ijedc" zaema ecmbyni} ~ai ]~g~i df Jid{jeg_;5


42/86

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43/86

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44/86

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45/86

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N{evi ]u}~ih ]|imefemg~edc} gcn]ibim~edc df g Mdc~{db ]~{g~iju

]u}~ih ]|imefemg~edc}

âi ecnym~edc hd~d{ mdc}eni{in fd{ ~ai nivibd|hic~ df

~ai ecvi{~i{ gcn e~} mdc~{dbbi{ zg} dci(ad{}i|dzi{ ze~a~a{ii(|ag}i zecnecj} gcn ~zd |dbi}" ivic ~adyja ~ai cyh(ki{ df |dbi} ndi} cd~ gffim~ ~ai jici{gb ni}ejc gcn nivibd|(hic~ g||{dgma dy~becin ec ~ae} |g|i{# âi gm ec|y~ gvgebgkbizg} }ecjbi(|ag}i ie~ai{ ze~a 9< d{ 6


46/86

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47/86

NIVIBD\HIC^ DF G MDH\GM^ Â[II(\AG]I ECNYMÊDC HD^D[ N[EVI ]U]ÎH ZEÂ NE]M[IÎ MDH\DCIC^] >9

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]df~(]~g{~ Me{mye~

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}|iin ec|y~ jgec" A# Zaic V[7 e} ~y{cin ~d e~} hgqehyh

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gn`y}~} ~ai ~d{wyi behe~ f{dh < ~d gkdy~ ;#> |#y## N; ndi} cd~gbbdz cijg~evi ec|y~ vdb~gji}" }ecmi ~ae} e} g dci(wygn{gc~n{evi gcn ~d{wyi mgccd~ ki cijg~evi# âi ~d{wyi e} |{d|d{(~edcgb ~d ~ai }be|? ~ai dy~|y~ df ~ae} me{mye~ e} ~ai mdhhgcnin}be| }|iin ec g cd{hgbepin yce~" }#

Vdb~gji Mdhhgcn Jici{g~edc Me{mye~

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>6 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;%

zai{i vd e} ~ai cd{hgbepin dff}i~ vdb~gji gcn OV e} ~ai cd{(hgbepin f{iwyicmu ~d cd{hgbepin vdb~gji mdc}~gc~# V[1 vg{(ei} vd f{dh < ~d !Q[ ;;#;V Zecm !6%

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â{ii(\ag}i ]eci Zgvi Jici{g~edc Me{mye~

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~a{ii(|ag}i }ecy}dengb zgvifd{h} gmmd{necj ~d ~ai mdh(hgcnin cd{hgbepin }ucma{dcdy} f{iwyicmu gcn ~ai mdh(hgcnin cd{hgbepin vdb~gji# Fejy{i : }adz} ~ai }eci zgvijici{g~d{ kbdmo#

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NIVIBD\HIC^ DF G MDH\GM^ Â[II(\AG]I ECNYMÊDC HD^D[ N[EVI ]U]ÎH ZEÂ NE]M[IÎ MDH\DCIC^] >:

^{egcjybg{ Zgvifd{h Jici{g~edc Me{mye~

âi ~a{ii(|ag}i ecvi{~i{ zg} ni}ejcin ~d d|i{g~i g~ g}ze~maecj f{iwyicmu df f]8 ;#:1oAp# âi{ifd{i" ~ai dy~|y~df g mg{{ei{ f{iwyicmu jici{g~edc me{mye~ ag} ~ai }ghi f{i(wyicmu# Fejy{i 1 }adz} ~ai ~{egcjybg{ mg{{ei{ zgvifd{hjici{g~d{ me{mye~" zaema e} fd{hin g{dycn EM77#

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>1 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;:Z#


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NIVIBD\HIC^ DF G MDH\GM^ Â[II(\AG]I ECNYMÊDC HD^D[ N[EVI ]U]ÎH ZEÂ NE]M[IÎ MDH\DCIC^] >5

Mddbecj Ni}ejc

Kg}in dc ~ai i}~ehg~edc df >:Z bd}}i}" ~ai mdh|gm~ci}}{iwye{ihic~ ec ~ai n{evi |gmogjecj {iwye{i} ~ai }hgbbi}~aig~}eco ze~a fd{min(ge{ mddbecj# G mdh|gm~ aig~}eco" zaemamdybn }g~e}fu gbb ~ai {iwye{ihic~} ecmbynecj ~ai hd}~ m{ymegbdci df bdz(md}~ yc~eb g aig~}eco ze~a nic}i }hgbb ~aec fec}

gcn gbbdzecj g ~y{kybic~ ge{ fbdz" e} y~ebepin ec ~ae} ni}ejcgcn bgudy~ ~d hii~ ~ai mdh|gm~ci}} {iwye{ihic~}#

\MK Bgudy~ Ni}ejc gcn Fecgb G}(}ihkbu

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52/86

9< ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;#=q ;#5q : ecmbynecj aig~}eco gcn fgc

ze~a gc dvi{gbb |gmogjecj vdbyhi df 1: mykem ecmai}" ~ay}}g~e}fuecj ~ai |gmogjecj }|imefemg~edc df bi}} ~agc 7gcn ~ai |{d~d~u|i V]N e} mdh|g{in ze~a ^d}aekg} VF(]Qecvi{~i{ ec Fejy{i 79# âi }epi df ^d}aekg} ecvi{~i{ e} >#7q

9#5q >#: !g||{dqehg~ibu 77> mykem ecmai}% ze~a 7(a| dy~(|y~ {g~ecj gcn mdc~gec} hgcu iq~{g fycm~edc}" zaema g{i cd~cimi}}g{u fd{ ~ai bdz(md}~ fgc$|yh| g||bemg~edc}# âi ni(}ejcin ecvi{~i{ e} mdh|g{gkbi ~d g mdhhi{megb dci ec icmbd(}y{i }epi#

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nghic~gb f{iwyicmu" 6


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NIVIBD\HIC^ DF G MDH\GM^ Â[II(\AG]I ECNYMÊDC HD^D[ N[EVI ]U]ÎH ZEÂ NE]M[IÎ MDH\DCIC^] 97

vdbyhi V]N g||bemg~edc}# âi ni}ejc ni~geb} gcn mdc}eni{g(~edc} df ~ai mdc~{dbbi{" mdcvi{~i{}" ~aie{ bgudy~} gcn |gmogj(ecj" ~ai{hgb ni}ejc gcn dvi{gbb |gmogjecj zi{i }u}~ihg~e(mgbbu nivibd|in ~d g}}e}~ ec ~ai nivibd|hic~ df d~ai{ n{evi}df vg{edy} }epi}# âi dvi{gbb V]N }u}~ih iffemeicmu gcnecnym~edc hd~d{ iffemeicmu g{i dk~gecin gcgbu~emgbbu gcnih|e{emgbbu# Kd~a {i}yb~} zi{i zibb hg~main ze~a igma d~ai{dvi{ ~ai ic~e{i hd~d{ }|iin {gcji# Ec mdcmby}edc" vg{edy}~igmaecj mdh|dcic~} g{i enic~efein fd{ ibim~{em hd~d{ n{evi}mdy{}i}#

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_7X [# O{e}acgc" Ibim~{em Hd~d{ N{evi}0 Hdnibecj"Gcgbu}e} gcn Mdc~{db" \{ic~emi Agbb" ;


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9; ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;


55/86

NUCGHEM] DF G VI[ÊMGB ^GOIDFF GCN BGCNECJ !V^DB%YCHGCCIN GI[EGB VIAEMBI !YGV% 9=

Fd{ iqgh|bi" f{dh ~ai |dzi{in aibemd|~i{ hdni" g }i(bim~gkbi mby~ma e} {ibig}in zaebi ~ai zecj} gcn ~geb fec} g{imdbbim~evibu |e~main !gcgbdjdy} ~d fig~ai{ecj g |{d|ibbi{%yc~eb ec ~ai ge{|bgci(hdni |d}e~edc# âi zecj} gcn ~geb fec}}~d| {d~g~edc }dbibu nyi ~d iq~i{cgb gi{dnucghem fd{mi} gcnnd cd~ {iwye{i ecniqecj d{ k{goecj gcn$d{ g bdmoecj himag(ce}h df gcu oecn# âi }ibim~gkbi mby~ma icjgji} ~ai |{d|ib(bi{ n{evi }agf~ }d ~ag~ |dzi{ mgc ki nibevi{in ~d ~ai |y}ai{|{d|ibbi{ fd{ ~ai ge{|bgci(hdni df fbeja~# âi |{d|ibbi{ e}~ay} d|~ehepin fd{ m{ye}ecj gcn cd~ mdh|{dhe}in beoi hgcud~ai{ feqin(|e~ma |{d|ibbi{ YGV} fd{ ~goi(dff gcn m{ye}imdcne~edc}# Ec ~ai mdcvi{}edc f{dh ge{|bgci ~d aibemd|~i{!f{dh |dzi{in ge{|bgci% hdni" ~ai mby~ma e} {ibig}in gcn ~aizecj gcn ~gebfec} g{i mdbbim~evibu |e~main ~d ~ai gy~d{d~g~edc|d}e~edc# âi zecj} gcn ~geb fec} }|ec y| }dbibu nyi ~d iq~i{(cgb gi{dnucghem fd{mi}# âi }ibim~gkbi mby~ma icjgji} ~ai~geb fec ayk gcn |dzi{ e} ~aic nibevi{in ~d ~ai ~geb fec fd{|dzi{in aibemd|~i{ hdni df fbeja~ zaebi ~ai mdbbim~evi |e~mae} ecm{ig}in ~d |{dveni advi{ecj gcn cd{hgb aibemd|~i{(beoifbeja~ ec ~ai y}ygb hgcci{# ây}" ~ai }~d|({d~d{ ni}ejc e} gcenigb feqin(zecj" ycmdh|{dhe}in ec ~i{h} df |{d|yb}edc gcn

bgcnecj himagce}h hgoecj gvgebgkbi aejai{ zieja~ f{gm~edc}fd{ |gubdgn gcn fyib fd{ bdcji{ icny{gcmi gcn j{ig~i{ |gu(bdgn ~agc mdcvic~edcgb feqin(zecj ni}ejc}# Ec aibemd|~i{hdni" ~ai }~d|({d~d{ m{gf~ e} gc enigb {d~g{u(zecj viaembi"ze~a iffemeic~" }bdz ~y{cecj {d~d{} ze~ady~ g |dzi{({dkkecj~geb {d~d{ fd{ gc~e(~d{wyi#

Hg~aihg~emgb Hdnibecj df ~ai]~d|([d~d{ YGV

Mdc}eni{ ~ai }~d|({d~d{ mdcfejy{g~edc df Fejy{i ;# Ec d{ni{~d nivibd| ~ai hg~aihg~emgb hdnib" ~ai }~d|({d~d{ }~{ym~y{i

e} nevenin ec~d ~ai fdbbdzecj }ykmdh|dcic~}#g% ^geb {d~d{0 âi ~geb {d~d{ e} mdh|{e}in df ~a{ii

enic~emgb ~geb fec}# E~ gm~} g} g {d~d{ ec ~ai aibemd|~i{hdni gcn jici{g~i} bef~#

k% Zecj}0 âi zecj} |{dveni ~ai bef~ ec ~ai ge{|bgcihdni gcn agvi mdc~{db }y{fgmi}# Ec ~ai aibemd|~i{hdni" ~ai zecj} {d~g~i nyi ~d ~d{wyi {igm~edc#

m% Fy}ibgji0 ai fy}ibgji ady}i} ~ai ibim~{d(d|~emgb|gubdgn gcn e} }~g~edcg{u ny{ecj aibemd|~i{ d{ ge{m{gf~hdni#

Ec ~ae} }im~edc" ~ai hg~aihg~emgb hdnib df ~ai }~d|({d~d{ni}ejc e} k{eifbu ne}my}}in# âe} hdnib e} ecmd{|d{g~in ec ~ai

HG^BGK mdni# âi hg~aihg~emgb hdnib e} nivibd|in y}(ecj n*Gbihki{~*} |{ecme|bi mdc}eni{ecj nucghem" j{gve~u" gcngi{dnucghem fd{mi} _7(=X# Fd{ ~ai ece~egb gcgbu}e}" ~ai }~d|({d~d{ ~geb {d~d{ e} g}}yhin ~d ki yc|dzi{in gcn mdcvi{}edcf{dh aibemd|~i{ hdni ~d ge{|bgci hdni e} gmaeivin ku fig~a(i{ecj ~ai zecj}# âi fdbbdzecj mdd{necg~i }u}~ih} g{i y}in~d nivibd| ~ai hdnib g} }adzc ec Fejy{i ;#

Fejy{i ;# ]~d|([d~d{ Mdcfejy{g~edc gcn Mdd{necg~i Gqi}

7# ^geb {d~d{ kdnu feqin mdd{necg~i }u}~ih ~ag~ {d~g~i} ze~a~geb {d~d{#

;# Ayk mdd{necg~i }u}~ih mdecmenecj ze~a ~ai ~geb({d~d{mdd{necg~i }u}~ih ky~ feqin ~d ayk#

=# Zecj mdd{necg~i }u}~ih0 zecj feqin mdd{necg~i }u}~ih{d~g~ecj ze~a zecj ec ~ai aibemd|~i{ hdni#

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9# J{dycn mdd{necg~i }u}~ih eci{~egb mdd{necg~i }u}~ihbdmg~in feqin dc j{dycn#

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}u}~ih ze~a _ " " X?J J Jq u pq zai{i " "J J Jq u p md{{i}|dcn}

~d ne}~gcmi} f{dh ~ai eci{~egb {ifi{icmi f{ghi# âi {ibg~edcki~ziic ~ai mdd{necg~i} ec kd~a ~ai }u}~ih} e} jevic ku

! " " %| q G q !7%

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ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;X

Gb|ag MB MN MH

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NUCGHEM] DF G VI[ÊMGB ^GOIDFF GCN BGCNECJ !V^DB%YCHGCCIN GI[EGB VIAEMBI !YGV% 99

âi zecj }~{ym~y{i zg} ~aic ec|y~~in ec~d CQ : Cg}~{gc_:X" zai{i hi}a" mdc}~{gec~}" gcn bdgn} zi{i g||bein# âiibihic~} }ibim~in fd{ ~ae} gcgbu}e} zi{i ~aec(}aibb Wygn(>"gcn }dben Aiq(1# âi ge{fdeb }oec y}in ~ai ~aec }aibb" zaebi~ai gbyhecyh }|g{ y}in }dben ibihic~}# G ;N hg||in hi}azg} g||bein dc ~ai ge{fdeb }oec" zaebi g =N }zi|~ hi}a zg}g||bein dc ~ai gbyhecyh m{d}}(}im~edc# âe} {i}yb~in ec gycefd{h hi}a ec ~ai gbyhecyh }|g{ gcn ge{fdeb" g} }adzc ecFejy{i =# G fgmi }|be~ zg} y}in dc ~ai ~d| }y{fgmi df ~ai ge{(fdeb ~d m{ig~i g }ecjbi mdc~gm~ |dec~ ze~a ~ai gbyhecyh }|g{#G~ ~ae} bdmg~edc" ~ai }|g{ gcn ge{fdeb }ag{in mdhhdc cdni}gbdcj ~ai }|gc(ze}i ne{im~edc#

Fejy{i =# Zecj }~{ym~y{i gcn FI hi}a _;X

âi bg}~ }~i| ec }i~~ecj y| ~ai gcgbu}e} zg} ~d ec|y~ ~aibdgn} gcn mdc}~{gec~}# âi inji m{ig~in ku ~ai fgmi }|be~ zg}y}in ~d g||bu ~ai bef~ gcn n{gj fd{mi}# âi bef~ fd{mi zg} g|(|bein dc ~ai ~d| }y{fgmi df ~ai ge{fdeb }oec ec ~ai cijg~evi u(ne{im~edc" zaebi ~ai n{gj fd{mi zg} }|be~ ec agbf gcn g||bein~d ~ai ~d| gcn kd~~dh df ~ai }|g{ ec ~ai q(ne{im~edc# âi

hdhic~ zg} g||bein ~d ~ai ecci{ }y{fgmi df ~ai ~yki ec ~ai p(ne{im~edc# âi mdc}~{gec~} y}in fd{ ~ae} gcgbu}e} zi{i |eccinmdc}~{gec~} g~ ~ai gbyhecyh }|g{# âi}i mdc}~{gec~} zi{i}ibim~in ~d }ehybg~i ~ai hdyc~ecj }~{ym~y{i df ~ai zecj# âihi~adn df g||buecj ~ai}i mdc}~{gec~} zg} y}ecj g y}i{(nifecin mdc}~{gec~# âe} zg} ndci ku feqecj ~ai ~{gc}bg~edc}ec ~ai q" u" gcn p ne{im~edc} fd{ }ibim~in cdni} g~ ~ai bdmg(~edc} zai{i ~ai kig{ecj }y||d{~} zdybn ki bdmg~in#

Fd{ ~ae} }~{ym~y{gb gcgbu}e}" ~ai {i}yb~} dk~gecin zi{i fd{nifbim~edc" Vdc He}i} }~{i}}i}" gcn vek{g~edc df ~ai zecj}~{ym~y{i# âe} gcgbu}e} zg} mdcnym~in y}ecj ~ai hgqehyhvgbyi} df bef~" n{gj" gcn hdhic~ fd{mi} |{ivedy}bu dk~gecin#

âi zecj }~{ym~y{i agn g hgqehyh hgjce~yni nifbim~edc df%# âi hecehyh nifbim~edc zg} < ecmai}" }e~yg~in g~ ~aimdc}~{gec~}#

âi hgqehyh gcn hecehyh nifbim~edc} ec ~ai q gcn une{im~edc} g{i jevic ec ^gkbi =0

^gkbi =# Hgqehyh gcn Hecehyh Nifbim~edc ec q gcn u Ne{im(~edc} _>X

Ne{im~edc Hgqehyh Hecehyh

Q(ne{im~edc


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59/86

NUCGHEM] DF G VI[^EMGB ^GOIDFF GCN BGCNECJ !V^DB%YCHGCCIN GI[EGB VIAEMBI !YGV% 9:

Iq|i{ehic~gb Vgbeng~edc df]~d|([d~d{ Mdcvi{}edc

Ec d{ni{ ~d nihdc}~{g~i ~ai mdcvi{}edc" g +kej n{d|+ ~i}~zg} }mainybin# Ec ~ae} n{d| ~i}~" gc yc|dzi{in }~d|({d~d{~i}~ }|imehic zg} n{d||in f{dh g ad~(ge{ kgbbddc ze~a ~ai

zecj} gcn ~geb fec} |e~main fd{ aibemd|~i{ hdni !fd{ gy~d{d~g(~edc%" ~aic nyh| ~ai mdbbim~evi !fig~ai{% ~d gc ge{|bgci(hdni|d}e~edc fd{ ~ai zecj} gcn ~geb fec}" |ybb dy~ df ~ai nevi gcnjbeni kifd{i |y}aecj dvi{ gcn |e~maecj ~ai zecj} gcn ~gebfec} kgmo ec~d ~aie{ |{ivedy} aibemd|~i{ hdni |d}e~edc} gcnbgcn" g} }adzc ec Fejy{i 7 }imdcn}!}ii Fejy{i 7;%#


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91 ECÎ[CGÊDCGB @DY[CGB DF ICJECII[ECJ [I]IG[MA &ECCDVGÊDC rVDB#="CD#7"]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;X H# N{ei{" Ec~{dnym~edc ~d Aibemd|~i{ gcn êb~{d~d{Fbeja~ ]ehybg~edc \ykbe}ain ku GEGG" ;


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J[IIC \BG]ÊM]0GC IHI[JECJ GBÎ[CGÊVI FD[ \I^[DBIYH(KG]IN \BG]ÊM] 95

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myb~ gcn bgkd{(ec~ic}evi |{dmi}}? aicmi dcbu g vi{u }hgbb|i{mic~gji df |bg}~em} g{i {imumbin# âi ecgkebe~u df |i~{dbi(yh(kg}in |bg}~em} ~d kednij{gni e} gb}d m{e~emepin ku icve({dchic~gbe}~}# G} g {i}|dc}i ~d ~ai}i e}}yi}" ~ai{i ag} kiicgc ecm{ig}ecj ec~i{i}~ ec zag~ g{i mgbbin j{iic |bg}~em}#

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Nifece~edc df J{iic \bg}~em}

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zieja~" i~m#

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BIG[CECJ IFFIM^] DF NI]O^D\ VE[^YGB [IGBEÛ !V[%ICVE[DCHIC^] EC MDBBIJI 69GCN MG[II[ ÎMACEMGB ^[GECECJ

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ECÎJ[GÎN [IHDÎ HGCGJIHIC^ FD[ KED(\[DMI]]ECJ IQ\I[EHIC^] :9

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1# Gy~ad{ gcn Gffebeg~edc0 Y}i 7;(|dec~ ehi} Ciz [dhgc#Bigvi dci kbgco beci ki~ziic ~ai ê~bi gcn ~ai +Gy~ad{ gcnGffebeg~edc+ }im~edc# Be}~ dc mdc}imy~evi beci}0 ~ai Gy~ad{*}cghi gcn ~ai Gy~ad{*} Gffebeg~edc# Ef ~ai{i g{i ~zd gy~ad{} fdb(bdz ~ai gkdvi jyenibeci} ku gnnecj dci }|gmi kibdz ~ai fe{}~be}~in gy~ad{ gcn {i|ig~ ~ai |{dmi}}# Ef ~ai{i g{i hd{i ~agc ~zdgy~ad{}" gnn dc beci kibdz ~ai bg}~ be}~in gy~ad{ gcn {i|ig~ ~ai}ghi |{dminy{i# Nd cd~ m{ig~i g ~gkbi d{ ~iq~ kdq gcn |bgmi ~ai+Gy~ad{ gcn Gffebeg~edc+ ecfd{hg~edc ad{epdc~gbbu#

5# Kdnu df ~ai \g|i{0 Y}i 77(|dec~ êhi} Ciz [dhgc# Bigvi

dci kbgco beci ki~ziic ~ai +Gy~ad{*} Gffebeg~edc+ }im~edc gcn~ai kdnu df ~ai |g|i{# Y}i g dci(mdbyhc fd{hg~ ze~a bif~ `y}~e(femg~edc# \big}i nd cd~ y}i }|gmi ki~ziic |g{gj{g|a} gcn y}i


85/86

Mdbbiji df Icjecii{ecj"

imacdbdju" gcn G{mae~im~y{i

Ycevi{}e~u dfAg{~fd{n

NIJ[II] DFFI[IN 0

ICJECII[ECJ YCNI[J[GNYGÎ

Gmdy}~emgb Icjecii{ecj gcn Hy}em !K#]#I%

Kedhinemgb Icjecii{ecj !K#]#I%

Meveb Icjecii{ecj !K#]#M#I%(Icve{dchic~gb Icjecii{ecj Mdcmic~{g~edc

Icve{dchic~ Icjecii{ecj !K#]#I%

Mdh|y~i{ Icjecii{ecj !K#]#Mdh|#I#%

Ibim~{emgb Icjecii{ecj !K#]#I#I#%

Himagcemgb Icjecii{ecj !K#]#H#I#%

( Mdcmic~{g~edc} ec Gmdy}~em} gcn

( Mdcmic~{g~edc} ec Hgcyfgm~y{ecj

ÎMACDBDJU YCNI[J[GNYGÎ

G{mae~im~y{gb Icjecii{ecj îmacdbdju !K#]#%

Gyned Icjecii{ecj îmacdbdju !K#]#%

Mdh|y~i{ Icjecii{ecj îmacdbdju !K#]#%

Ibim~{dcem Icjecii{ecj îmacdbdju !K#]#%

(Mdcmic~{g~edc} ec Ci~zd{oecj$

Mdhhycemg~edc} gcn Himag~{dcem}

Himagcemgb Icjecii{ecj îmacdbdju !K#]#%

J[GNYGÎ

Hg}~i{ df G{mae~im~y{i !H#G{ma%

Hg}~i{ df Icjecii{ecj !H#Icj% Meveb Icjecii{ecj

Ibim~{emgb Icjecii{ecj

Icve{dchic~gb Icjecii{ecj

Himagcemgb Icjecii{ecj

Hgcyfgm~y{ecj Icjecii{ecj

^y{kdhgmaeci{u

=/; \{dj{gh !Kgmaibd{ df ]meicmi gcn

Hg}~i{ df Icjecii{ecj Nij{ii}%

I;H \{dj{gh !Hg}~i{ df Icjecii{ecj gcn

Hg}~i{ df Ky}eci}} Gnhece}~{g~edc%

Fd{ hd{i ecfd{hg~edc |big}i ve}e~ y} g~

zzz#ag{~fd{n#iny$mi~g

Fd{ hd{i ecfd{hg~edc dc ycni{j{gnyg~i |{d(

j{gh} |big}i mdc~gm~ Oibbu Mdfeibb g~

mi~gecfdLag{~fd{n#iny#

Fd{ hd{i ecfd{hg~edc dc J{gnyg~i |{dj{gh}

|big}i mdc~gm~ Bgy{ei J{gcn}~{gcn g~ j{gcn(

}~{gcLag{~fd{n#iny#

^dbb F{ii0 7(1


86/86

]\[ECJ$]YHHI[ ;

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IJERI Vol3 N1 Spring 2011