Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

Zimbabwe

Malawi

Zambia

Zaire

Burundi

Rwanda

Uganda

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

, //./

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS-

FAO LIBRARY AN: 329977

REGIONAL PROJECT FOR INLAND FISHERIES PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT ANDMANAGEMENT IN EA-STERN/CENTRAL/SOUTHERN AFRICA (LEIF.)

Ii21121 PROJECT

RAF/87/099-TD/46/92 (En) December 1992

Regional Framework for the Management of the Fisheriesof Lake Victoria

RAF/87/099-TD/46/92 (En) December 1992

Regional Framework for the Management of the Fisheriesof Lake Victoria

by

I.G. DunnIFIP Fisheries Consultant

and

G.W. SsentongoFisheries Biologist, IFIP Project

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEBujumbura, December 1992

UNDP/FAO Regional Project RAF/87/099-TD/46/92 (En)for Inland Fisheries PlanningDevelopment and Management inEastern/Central/Southern Africa

The conclusions and recommendations given in this andother reports in the IFIP project series are thoseconsidered appropriate at the time of preparation. Theymay be modified in the light of further knowledge gainedat subsequent stages of the Project. The designationsemployed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion onthe part of FAO or UNDP concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, city or area, or concerning thedetermination of its frontiers or boundaries.

PREFACE

The IFIP project started in January 1989 with the main objective ofpromoting a more effective and rational exploitation of the fisheriesresources of major water bodies of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Theproject is executed by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UnitedNations (FAO), and funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)for a duration of four years.

There are eleven countries and three intergovernmental organisationsparticipating in the project: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaire, Zimbabwe, The Communaute' Economiquedes Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL), The Preferential Trade Area for Eastern andSouthern African States (PTA) and the Southern African DevelopmentCoordination Conference (SADCC).

The immediate objectives of the project are: (i) to strengthen regionalcollaboration for the rational development and management of inland fisheries,particularly with respect to shared water bodies; (ii) to provide advisoryservices and assist Governments in sectoral and project planning; (iii) tostrengthen technical capabilities through training; and (iv) to establish aregional information base.

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

The present document gives a regional framework for the management ofthe fisheries of Lake Victoria. It focuses on the priorities for research; thenecessary management mechanisms and structures; as well as proposals for theestablishment of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Commission (LVFC). This documentis based on the work of I.G. Dunn, IFIP Fisheries Consultant and on theconclusions and recommendation of three national management seminars organizedby G.W. Ssentengo, UNDP/FAO IFIP Project Fisheries Biologist.

IFIP PROJECTFAO

B.P 1250BUJUMBURABURUNDI

Telex : FOODAGRI BDI 5092 Fax 227705 Tel. 224328

IFIP PUBLICATIONS

Publications of the IFIP project are issued in two series:

A series of technical documents (RAF/87/099-TD) related to meetings,missions and research organized by the project.

A series of working papers (RAF/87/099-WP) related to more specificfield and thematic investigations conducted in the framework of the project.

For both series, reference is further made to the document number (46),the year of publication (92) and the language in which the document is issued:English (En) or French (Fr).

For bibliographic purposes this documentshould be cited as follows:

Dunn I.G. and G. W. Ssentongo, Regional Framework for the1992 Management of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria.

UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland FisheriesPlanning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/46/92 (En): 51p.

i i

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

INTRODUCTION vii

OUTLINE OF THE REPOTRT 1

THE PROBLEM OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ON LAKE VICTORIA 1

2.1 The Resource 1

2.2 Present Status of the Fishery 3

2.3 The Problem to be Addressed 3

2.4 Development of Management Concepts 4

2.5 Management Options 4

AREAS OF CONCERN FOR FISHERIES REGULATION 7

3.1 Changes in the Resources and their Exploitation 7

3.1.1 Changes in catches 7

3.1.2 Changes in gears and fishing techniques 7

3.2 Changes in the Environment 8

3.2.1 Lake ecosystem instability 8

3.2.2 Changes in water quality nutrient status 8

3.2.3 Introductions and plant or animal infestations 8

3.3 Changes in Socio-Economic Conditions 9

3.3.1 Population changes 9

3.3.2 Changes in the commercialisation of the catch 9

IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULATIONS 9

4.1 Major Constraints to Regulations 10

4.1.1 Scope of action 10

4.1.2 Administrative manpower 10

4.1.3 Facilities 10

4.1.4 Lack of clearly defined programmes of administration 10

4.2 Management Priorities 11

4.2.1 Framework of available management activities 11

4.2.2 Short-term management priorities 12

4.2.3 Long-term management actions 12

FISHERIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON LAKE VICTORIA 12

5.1 The Development of Research Programmes 12

5.2 Present Status of Research 13

5.3 The Role of Research and Development Activ ties 13

5.4 Major Fields of Research and Development 14

5.5 Research Priorities 14

5.5.1 Collection of fisheries statistics 155.5.2 Monitoring of fish stocks 16

5.5.3 Monitoring of limnological changes in the lake 16

5.5.4 Pollution monitoring 16

5.5.5 Monitoring of the socio-economics of fishingand the secondary activities 16

5.6 Research Capabilities 16

5.7 Future Organisation of Research Programmes 17

APPENDIX 1 : GUIDELINES FOR A LAKE-WIDE PROGRAMME OFFISHERIES MANAGEMENT 18

INTRODUCTION 18

CORRELATIVES FROM THE THREE NATIONAL FISHERY MANAGEMENT SEMINARS 18

2.1 Summary of Main Conclusions and Recommendations of theNational Seminars as well as Common Management Measuresand Issues 18

2.1.1 Fisheries statistics and socio-economic data 21

2.1.2 The status of stocks 21

2.1.3 Regulating fishing activities 21

2.1.4 Fishery legislation/restrictions 232.1.5 Mechanisms and channels of communication 242.1.6 Infrastructure and services 242.1.7 Environmental protection 242.1.8 Fish species introductions 25

PRIORITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT 25

3.1 Regional Management Related Investigations 253.2 National Regulatory Measures 263.3 National Socio-Economic Interventions 27

PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF REGULATORY MEASURES 27

4.1 Entry into the Fishery 274.2 Licensing of Boats and Fishermen 284.3 Regulation of Fishing Gears and Techniques 284.4 Regulation of Fishig Seasons and Locations 294.5 Regulation of Fish Landing Sites 294.6 Regulation of trading, transport and processing 29

APPENDIX 2 : PROPOSALS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LAKE VICTORIAFISHERIES COMMISSION (LVFC) 31

FUNCTIONS 31

PROPOSED FIELDS OF ACTION 31

STRUCTURE OF THE COMMISSION 32

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ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION 33

4.1 Meetings and Agenda 33

4.2 Scope of activities 33

4.3 Ad hoc Technical Working Committees 33

FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS AND FUNDING 34

5.1 Support for Core Activities 34

5.2 Support for Management Activities 34

5.3 Regulatory activities 34

APPENDIX 3 :PROPOSED LAKE-WIDE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PROJECTS TO BEEXECUTED THROUGH THE LVFC 35

APPENDIX 4 : LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 38

LIST OF IFIP REPORTS 45

INTRODUCTION

This report highlights the concept of a renewed regional approach to thecontrol and management of the fishery resources of Lake Victoria. This concepthas arisen from deliberations of the FAO-CIFA (Committee for the InlandFisheries of Africa), Lake Victoria sub-committee meeting in Mwanza in 1989and subsequent meeting of the sub-committee in Jinja in 1992. The followingsections and appendices outline the issues and requirements for the managementof the resources and the fishery, and present outline proposals for theestablishment of a regional body (Lake Victoria Fisheries Commission -LVFC)to provide a forum for cooperation and harmonisation of the managementactions. It is proposed that the LVFC will also assist in the planning andexecution of investigatory and fishery survey work, undertaken on a lake-widebasis.

Three National Seminars on Lake Victoria fisheries, for the RiparianStates were recommended at the Fifth Session of the FAO Sub-Committee for theDevelopment and Management of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria, held from 12 to14 September 1989. The purpose of the national seminars was to discuss fisherydevelopment and management issues, options and strategies at national levels;and also formulate management plans, for the national sectors, which shouldconstitute a regional plan for the entire lake. This work was undertaken bythe UNDP/FAO IFIP Project in 1991.

The Sixth Session of the Committee for Inland Fisheries in Africa (CIFA)Sub-Committee for the Development and Management of the Fisheries of LakeVictoria was held in Jinja (Uganda) from 10-13 February 1992. The SixthSession considered the priorities for research and management of Lake Victoriaas well as limitation of present management mechanisms and structures. It wasdecided at the meeting that the riparian states of Lake Victoria establish theLake Victoria Fisheries Commission (LVFC). The work of the IFIP FisheriesConsultant (I.G. Dunn) focused on the priorities for research and thenecessary management mechanisms and structures and also on the Lake VictoriaFisheries Commission (LVFC).

The document covers the following aspects of fisheries management:

the problems of fishery resources management;areas of concern for fishery regulations;implementation of regulations;fisheries research and development on Lake Victoria; andproposals for establishment of LFVC (functions, fields of action,structures, activities and financial arrangements)

Analysis of the requirements for implementing major managementrecommendations is made. The legal, institutional and administrativeconstraints to rational management are given. The report presents a managementframeworkPplan' with national and regional components.

This document reflects the original contribution of Dr. I. Dunn asedited by Mr. G.W. Ssentongo to account for and to incorporate the conclusionsand recommendations of the 3 national seminars. Appendices 1 and 2, inparticular, as well as Table 3 giving an overview of the Lake Victoriafisheries regulations were revised by the co-author on this basis.

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1 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

This report is addressed to senior administrators and decision-makersof the three East African countries that border Lake Victoria and share itsfish resources. The concept of a renewed regional approach to the control andmanagement of these resources has arisen from deliberations of the FAO-CIFA(Committee for the Inland Fisheries of Africa), Lake Victoria sub-committee,meeting in Mwanza in 1989. This proposal was further developed at the nextmeeting of the sub-committee in Jinja in 1992. The following sections andappendices outline the issues and requirements for the management of theresources and the fishery, and present outline proposals for the establishmentof a regional body (Lake Victoria Fisheries Commission - LVFC) to provide aforum for cooperation and harmonisation of the management actions. It isproposed that the LVFC will also assist in the planning and execution ofinvestigatory and survey work where this is undertaken on a lake-wide basis.

The report also provides policy guidelines of assistance to developmentorganisations and donor agencies concerned with the development of the fisheryand the associated communities.

The discussions and recommendations presented in this paper are basedon the concept of the exploitation of a regionally shared resource for themaximum economic benefit for all engaged at all stages of the exploitation.Questions of national political philosophies, economic policies andadministrative requirements are therefore considered as secondary to the mainlines of the discussion.

In this paper the assumption is made that the success or failure, ofmanagement actions is reflected in the long-term socio-economic conditions ofthose engaged in the fishing industry. In this context the term fishingindustry refers to the capture as well as all secondary commercialactivities.

There is a considerable body of information and informed discussionresulting from numerous seminars under the auspices of the FAO CIFAprogrammes, particulary the Lake Victoria sub-committee, and IFIP project.What is attempted here is to incorporate the national requirements into apractical and realistic regional management plan capable of being implemented,with clear and delimited goals. This necessarily will lead to the downgradingof many proposals which are intended to support the current functions of thevarious interested national organisations and will call into question thefunctions of some of the present elements the national fisheriesadministrations and the associated bodies.

2 THE PROBLEM OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ON LAKE VICTORIA

2.1 The Resource

Lake Victoria is a large (68,800 km2) relatively shallow lake (maximumdepth 84 m; mean depth 40 m) lake straddling the equator (altitude 1,136 m;0°20'1\1-3°O'S;31°39'-34°54'E; water temperature range 23°-28°). The waters ofthe lake are divided between the three riparian countries Kenya (4,100km2;6%); Tanzania (33,700 km2;49%) and Uganda (31,000 km2;45%). From theaspect of the natural productivity and catch levels, the area of accessibleshallow coastal waters is of far greater significance than total water area.

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aspect of the natural productivity and catch levels, the area of accessibleshallow coastal waters is of far greater significance than total water area.

A starting point for conventional fisheries management proposals is anassessment of the resource. This is achieved by investigations designed toestimate the exploitable biomass, combined with assessments of the amount ofthis biomass that can be removed without damaging future stock levels. It isof value to consider this approach in the light of conditions prevailing onLake Victoria.

Fish stock assessment is based on the results of experimental fishingand demands an intensive (and costly) effort to produce results which arenotoriously variable and at the best can be only indicative. Infrequent andsketchy assessments can only indicate trends and thus possibly lend supportfor other inferences.

The size of the fish stocks and their annual production is a functionof the lake environment. Of importance is the overall biological productivityof the waters which is a reflection of temperature, depth and nutrient status;the presence or absence of fish species occupying the available trophicniches; the presence of adequate areas of breeding and feeding; and theeffects of exploitation.

Any fish stock assessment can only be relevant to the needs offisheries management if these environmental conditions are relatively stable.However since the commencement of detailed scientific investigations on thefisheries of Lake Victoria in the early 1960s, the lake environment has beenin a state of continual change. The first major effect was the stabilisationof the lake levels by the construction of the Owen Falls Dam in the mid-1950s,followed by the abnormally high lake levels after the heavy rains in the early1960s with the concomitant flooding of the edge areas. Since this time therehas been a period of complete biological instability with the establishmentof the introduced species, particularly the Nile perch (Lates niloticus).Against this pattern of intrinsic environmental instability must be setincreased human impact which is not only manifest in the fishing activity, butalso in the effect on the watershed by increased deforestation and theintensifying of agricultural activities. There is also the possible effectsof development of the lake-edge areas by drainage, impoundment and theestablishment or growth of urban and industrial areas.

This history of change and instability must not be ignored whenevaluating the biological indicators which are, by their very nature,imprecise. Any evaluation of apparent changes must take into account the wholerange of unstable environmental conditions

In view of this, it is relevant to consider the recent history of theexploitation of the Nile perch stocks. When the fishery for this speciesstarted, the initial catch rates were high and very large fish were the norm.This would be expected from a first exploitation of a species that was in anexplosive phase of growth at the commencement of its successful invasion ofa hospitable ecosystem. It c'an be expected that there will be oscillations inthe population sizes of the various co-existing and competing species, withgradually decreasing amplitudes, until the species-mix stabilises for a givenset of environmental conditions and a relatively stable level of fishingeffort. This move to stability may take several decades. Should environmentalconditions change in any great degree, it can be expected that another period

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of species population instability will occur. In this respect it is

significant that in the last few years we have seen a return of species thathad effectively disappeared from the catches.

2.2 Present Status of the Fishery

The total landings reflect the partitioning of the shallow water areas.Published statistics for 1989 gives the following total landings; Kenya135,400 t,29% (1989); Tanzania 205,500 t,43% (1989); Uganda 132,400 t,28%(1990). These statistics are somewhat distorted by the movement of fish toareas of market opportunity. This effect increases the apparent size of theKenyan landings compared with the other two riparian countries. Of thesecatches some 50% (Kenya), 60% (Tanzania) and 70% (Uganda)are made up of Nileperch. See Figures 1 - 4.

Over the last 4 or 5 years the total catch appears to have stabilisedat a level of between 400,000 and 500,000 t per year. The fisheries of LakeVictoria therefore contribute a quarter to a third of the total catches fromfreshwaters for the whole of the African continent. These yields have of valueof about US$ 200,000,000 at the landings and about US$ 300,000,000 at themarkets. The economic benefits of the fishery are well dispersed as theexploitation and post-catch activities are for the most part at an artisanalscale, involving a large number of small units. The industry providesemployment to some 100,000 fishermen and 300,000 in secondary associatedoccupations (see Table 2). A conservative estimate suggests that between 1.5and 2 million individuals are dependent upon the fishery for their livelihood.

There is a rapidly developing processing sector which provides frozenNile perch to overseas markets. Currently this activity is principally basedin Kenya which processes a tonnage equivalent to its total recorded catch ofthis species. Thus some 18% of the total lake-wide catch of Nile perch isprocessed for the export trade,of which some 17,000 t, or 6%, is actuallyexported. The hard currency value of these exports is in the region of US$34,000,000. After processing approximately 70% of the fish is recovered forsale on the local markets. It must be noted that official statistics presenttotals that are approximately 50% of these estimates.

2.3 The Problem to be Addressed

The fish resources of any water body represent a biological resourcewith a well defined, if variable, annual rate of production. In a mature andstable fishery it is theoretically possible to harvest the fish in quantitiesequal to this annual production. The stock which remains will generate asimilar surplus production in following years which is available to beharvested on a continuous basis. This is the concept of "sustainable yield".To determine the level of exploitation which will be sustainable and to definethe means of exploiting to this level is the target of fisheries managementactions.

Over the last 20 years, a number of attempts have been made to assessthe total potential sustainable annual yield from the lake. These assessmentshave varied from about 120,000 t to 200,000 t. As indicators for fisheriesmanagement purposes this range of figures is of little value and becomesmeaningless in view of the continually changing fish populations. It is

significant that over the last few years the total catches have been in theregion of double the maximum forecast (see Figure 1).

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Theoretical management programmes are hampered by a number of practical

constraints:

the inexact state of fish resources information;

the difficulty of obtaining accurate data upon whichassessments can be made;

the continual changes that occur in the lake environmentand biological systems; and

the socio-economic needs of the populations and commercialinterests reliant on the fishery.

Practical management is constrained not only by the poor theoreticalbase for the definition of management actions, but where empirical regulationsare considered or promulgated, the administrations responsible have fewresources to implement them.

2.4 Development of Management Concepts

The functions of management are to provide information about futuretrends in the resource and its potential yield, and to advise on regulatorymeasures that may be required to maintain the value and sustainability of theresource.

The artisanal fishing communities need to be provided with informationthat allows them to respond to periods of glut or scarcity. Investors andentrepreneurs need to have indicative information upon which they may makeconsidered investment decisions.

It must be emphasised again that even under the best of predictiveconditions such information cannot be other than indicative. Care should betaken to dispel the idea that accurate forecasts can readily be madeavailable.

On Lake Victoria it is only some 60 years since the first considerationswere given to controlling exploitation of what was, effectively, a totallyunknown resource. The ecosystem thus presented magnificent challenges toscientists, who during last 30-40 years provided the fundamental knowledge ofthe lake and it fish populations. This work benefitted from the concurrentdevelopment of the theory and techniques for the assessment and forecastingof fish resources and their exploitation.

Going hand-in-hand with this historical development has been a

governmental concept of administrative regulation of populations throughcensus, organisation and taxing for revenue. For regulations to have anyresult it follows that they must be enforced and thus a large part ofmanagement resources are devoted to policing and enforcement activities. Lackof finance and the priority given to development activities has meant that thefisheries administrations have little ability to carry out these functions.

2.5 Management Options

With some minor exceptions discussed below, in practice, there isvirtually no active control possible that will have any effect on the fish

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stocks and their annual production. It follows that any detailed plans forspecific approaches to the exploitation of the resource is at risk to changesin the ecosystem that for the most part, cannot be forecast or modified. Atthe most we are able to identify trends and indicate the probability of theforecasts that can be made from trend assumptions.

There are specific actions that can be taken to modify observed changesin the environmental condition, such as reduction in polluting inputs. Hereit should be noted that not all inputs considered as polluting are necessarilybad for overall lake production. Increased nutrient loading of the lake couldlead to increased biological production and thus increased fish biomass andresulting available yields. Maintenance of the physical breeding requirementsof anadromus fish and protection of these from human interference will be ameans of maintaining stocks of these species.

In general the regulatory policies should err on the side of caution.Changes should be prudently controlled so that any actions that are seen tobe essential can be taken in time.

The replacement of shortfalls in the yields of a capture fishery byfishculture is often considered as a reasonable approach to maintainingsupplies of fish under conditions where declining catches lead to shortagesof fish on the markets. However, the scale of any feasible fishcultureactivities is far too small to make any significant impact.

If an average harvest of 2 t/ha/year is assumed (this implies goodmanagement and some form of feed stuff input) it follows that to supply ashortfall of 1000 t will require some 5 km2 of pond surface. This is

equivalent to a marginal impoundment 100 m broad along a 5 km stretch of thecoast. Feedstock/fertiliser, management and capital construction andmaintenance costs will generally make the market value of the productuncompetitive close to the lake, even at very low levels of capture fisherylandings.

The concept of the technical management of a fishery has been based onthe idea of a controlled exploitation of a resource, or resources. With anestimation of the sustainability of the yield, stability of yield will beachieved by the control of the exploitation with respect to the sizes andquantities of the fish species that can be taken throughout a given period.

Management of a resource encompasses a number of requirements which maybe mutually conflicting. The demands of political, commercial and otheroutside forces, may work against the strict technical requirements for

managing a renewable biological resource.

Management aims may include any combination of the following:

long-term maintenance of optimum yields;

maximising yields in the short-term;

maximising the economic benefits to the fishermen;

maximising the benefits to support elements of theprocessing-marketing chain;

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maintaining supplies of cheap fish for lakeside populationsand the populations (typically urban) away from the lake;

maximising exports for foreign currency;

revenue raising from the fishing activities and theprocessing and marketing chain; and

administrative control and manipulations of the fisherfolkand their communities.

These aims, singly or in combination, are achieved by a regulatoryframework of national laws. The basis of these regulations and the need torespond to continually changing conditions is supported by investigationswhich aim at forecasting the changes that may take place and documenting thechanges that have already occurred throughout the lifetime of the exploitationof the fishery.

The major fields of management actions through regulation are:

updating fishery regulations periodically;

provision of adequate funds, boats, vehicles and manpower forsurveillance;

a revenue collecting function to sustain management.

The major fields of investigation to provide management information are:

collection of statistics in order to build up a historicalrun of standardised data;

basic biological research into the biology of the fish andthe behaviour of the fishery; and

basic research into the condition of the aquaticenvironment and the effects of external pressures on this.

In this section we shall consider only regulatory management with theinvestigatory aspects being discussed in Section 4.

Regulations which define the management of the resource have inevitablybeen conservative and difficult, to change in response to revised ideas andanalyses. With the prevailing economic stringency there is a need to evaluatethe effects of any management measure with respect to the financial andmanpower resources that may be available. In effect, if we consider thedominant activities of the management authorities (i.e. national fisherydepartments) we discover that throughout the period when the exploitation ofthe lake has been theoretically controlled, the regulations have proved almostimpossible to apply with any degree of comprehensiveness.

It is true to say that, in practice, throughout the life of theexploitation of the fisheries of Lake Victoria the fish stocks have beenexploited with virtually no effective regulation imposed. This fact must beborne in mind when the statistics of the fishery are evaluated.

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Where a resource is dispersed throughout a waterbody shared by severalcountries, it is imperative that management be carried out through anintegrated and cooperative programme. This involves cooperation in the

standardisation of the management techniques employed to harmonise theindividual countries approach to the conservation and exploitation of theshared stock.

3 AREAS OF CONCERN FOR FISHERIES REGULATION

The need to manage a fishery by regulation of the fishing and post-harvest activities is a response to three main problem areas:

practical problems arising from changes in the resource and itsexploitation;

potential long-term effects of changing environmentalconditions; and

economic changes.

It is obvious that these areas of action interact and must beconsidered as a complete matrix of causes, effects and interdictions. Anyproposed management actions must be evaluated for the effects that may resultin all areas of the fishing industry and the associated socio-economicenvironment.

3.1 Changes in the Resources and their Exploitation

3.1.1 Changes in catches

Changes in the species composition of the catch, the total catch, or thechanges in the work (effort) necessary to catch a given quantity of preferredfish, are a reflection of the amount of fish available and the intensity inwhich these stocks are exploited.

Changes in catches, as indicated by the statistics gathered by thefisheries departments and the results of fishery research surveys, have showncontinual changes in the sizes of the fish and the contribution of the variousspecies to the total catch. These fluctuations still exist. As changes in thenatural conditions cannot be forecasted, it is virtually impossible to managea fishery to provide totally stable year-on-year catches. Any changes willhave inevitable effects on the social and economic conditions of the fishermenand the fishing communities and the secondary activities associated with thefishery and the supplies to the consumers.

3.1.2 Changes in gears and fishing techniques

Throughout the period of intensive exploitation of the fish resourcesthere has been a constant change in the techniques and the specifications ofthe gear used by the artisanal fishery (this sector is responsible for themajor part of the total catch) in response to the changes in the fishpopulations available. It is necessary to be aware of possible destructivemethods that may come into use or any conflict of interest between gearoperators (e.g. gill netters versus trawlers).

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3.2 Changes in the Environment

Observed or suspected changes in the environment give rise todiscussions of the potential effect of these changes on the fishery. It isnecessary to be sure that the changes considered are real and not illusory.In this context it should be noted that any consideration of changes must bemade in the knowledge that since the lake had been scientifically observed ormonitored, the ecosystem has been in a constant state of change.

3.2.1 Lake ecosystem instability

In the mid 1950s the Owen Falls Dam, at the exit of the lake waters tothe Nile near Jinja in Uganda, was completed. This barrage stabilised lakelevels to a higher average than previously. This event was followed by thehigh lake levels and edge-flooding resulting from the heavy rainfalls of 1961-62 and again in 1972. As the effects of these high water levels began tostabilise, the fish ecosystem then entered a period of large-scale change withthe adaptation and population explosion of the introduced Nile perch and, toa lesser extent, Nile tilapia. The establishment of these species hadconsequential effects on the populations of the other species in the lake. Thechange in fish populations has possibly caused'changes in other components ofthe food chain.

It should be emphasised that we have no sure knowledge of what could becalled the "normal" status of a stable lake ecosystem. In fact the veryconcept of a stable state may not be appropriate to this shallow tropical lakeenvironment.

3.2.2 Changes in water quality and nutrient status

Currently there are concerned comments on the probable change in thenutrient status of the lake reflected in a tendency to increasedeutrophication, increased phytoplankton biomass, and an increase in the anoxicbottom layers. There is a demand for management measures to be taken tomitigate these effects which are considered to derive from increased inputsof nutrient rich drainages. The actual situation and the definition of anychange is by no means clear. With the paucity of reliable and comparablesamples over the last 30 years since investigations began, and the almostcomplete lack of any programme of regular, lakewide monitoring, there appearsto be no scientific justification for accepting these changes as fact.

The locality most likely to show such changes would be the enclosedwaters of the Kavirondo Gulf in Kenya. This area is bounded by areas ofintensive agriculture and a relatively high rainfall and therefore run off.However there does not appear to be any records of a change in the nutrientstatus of these waters.

3.2.3 Introductions and plant or animal infestations

The recent introduction of the aquatic flowering plant the waterhyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) has resulted in its establishment at variouslocations throughout the lake. This plant species is a native of South Americanow well established in waters throughout Africa. Here it has environmentalconditions which are excellent for its growth and little natural predators ordisease to control its numbers. This has given rise to explosive populations

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which may be inimical for the fish populations and present a hazard tofishing, navigation and health.

It is still too early to know whether this plant will be any more thana local nuisance in Lake Victoria. There are few practical methods of control.The most efficacious is likely to be control by introduced predators. If

successful this can only be expected to reduce, but not eliminate the plant.

3.3 Changes in Socio-Economic Conditions

3.3.1 Population changes

The three riparian countries have high rates of population growth (±3.5% per annum). Increasing population numbers effect the fishery by

increasing the pressure for the entry of individuals into fishing and fisheryrelated occupations, especially the landless young men. The increasedpotential for exploitation is supported by an increased demand for fish,particularly low-value species and sizes. The overall effect is an increasedfishing pressure on the available stocks.

3.3.2 Changes in the commercialisation of the catch

The changes in demand created by access to new markets, the decline ofestablished markets, or commercial responses to changes in the availableresources; all will have an effect on the fishing activity, techniques and thepattern of availability and prices to the consumer.

4. IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULATIONS

Throughout the period when the lake fishery has been under some form ofmanagement control the implementation of the regulations and other managementactions has been poorly carried out or carried out in an ad hoc manner. Inaddition many regulations have been put in place and implemented, which havefunctions other than the technical management of the resource (e.g. revenueraising, administrative control of populations, commercial considerationsetc.).

The approach to fisheries management has been by the regulation ofeffort through the control of access and gear efficiency. These actionscontrolling exploitation have been supported by socio-economic interventionsthrough the provision of financial support to fishing activities and

downstream processing.

In order to implement the regulations and carry out the necessaryfunctions, a hierarchy of agents has been established by the fisheriesdepartments to carry out what is primarily a policing function with someattention being given to extension work.

The fisheries administrations are unable to enforce the detailedregulations and .to oversee their agents in the field. There is lack of goodinteraction between policing agents, field staff and the fishing communities.

Table 3 provides an overview of the regulations currently prevailing forthe Lake fishery, with comments on their applicability to the currentconditions and management requirements.

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4.1 major Constraints to Regulations

The need to carry out activities over a large area, and among manysmall, often mobile, units around the lake is necessarily labour intensive andas a high demand in terms of manpower and its mobility.

4.1.1 Scope of action

The fisheries of Lake Victoria are widely dispersed along a baseshoreline of some 3,440 km and numerous scattered islands. Access to many ofthe centres of activity is poor, many of the participants in the industry aredifficult to locate and, near national boundaries, the administrativeresponsibilities becomes ill-defined.

4.1.2 Administrative manpower

In all the riparian countries there is no significant lack of personnelat the required grades. In fact there is evidence of overmanning at mostlevels. This overmanning has come about through government policy pressuresto provide staff places at the professional level to newly qualified personneland a slow growth in the numbers of the lower cadres. The quality of the workof the personnel available is variable due to the difficulties of carrying outtheir duties through the lack of facilities, mobility, supervision and thecurrent low levels of pay.

4.1.3 Facilities

The financial stringencies faced by the fisheries departments leavelittle opportunity for them to develop efficient organisations. The bulk ofthe annual budget provides for staff salaries. There is therefore littlefinance available for essential mobility (land and water transport) orequipment (office or scientific).

4.1.4 Lack of clearly defined programmes of administration

The fisheries administrations of the riparian countries have evolvedover the last 50 years or so. This fisheries policy has been in an ad hocfashion in response to the changes in political conditions, fish stocks,fishing techniques and markets. There has also been the need to respond tonumerous development initiatives. In consequence the pattern of authority,management responsibilities, and functions of the various departments andindividuals is in need of considerable reorganisation. It is now becomingnecessary for the fisheries administrations to become more aware of the higheconomic value of the fishing industry as it exists and to elaboratestrategies for maintaining this as an important asset of each of the riparianstates. In future it is anticipated that there will be less concentration onthe implementation of development projects and economic intervention in thefishing industry and more emphasis on fisheries management.

4.2 Management Priorities

Faced with the above constraints, it is evident that a set of prioritiesshould be established to maximise the use of the available facilities. In

addition the individual departments must rationalise their operations to focustheir limited capacities on the essentials of the management of the fisheriesresources. The major fields of action can be categorised as "short-term" and"long-term" actions.

4.2.1 Framework of available management activities

The essential regulatory activities, within the capabilities of thefisheries departments are:

statistical monitoring of the fish landings and theestimations of activity and catches;

the licensing of fishing activities;

the control and licensing of commercial post-harvestoperations;

extension work services to provide information, technicaltraining and education of those engaged in the fishingindustry; and

tax and revenue collection.

The scientific work should primarily devolve on the scientificorganisations, or where appropriate academic and private bodies, of each ofthe riparian states. These organisations should work to integrated programmeswith the fisheries administrations.

In a lake-wide context this work will include:

preparation of the statistical analyses derived from fielddataproduction of fisheries forecasts and evaluations of thechanges in the resource;

monitoring of socio-economic conditions of those engaged atall levels of the fishing industry;

monitoring of market economics and the patterns of trade;

lake-wide regular monitoring of limnological conditions andinflows; and

regular test fishing to monitor the quantitative andqualitative changes in the fish populations.

Work which does not necessarily require a regional approach willinclude:

identified basic biological and limnological researchneeds;

11

1 2

the identification and evaluation of technical developmentsin the fishing industry and secondary activities; and

assistance to the fisheries departments in the preparationof national extension and training programmes.

4.2.2 Short-term management priorities

The dominant policy for the short-term management actions should be thatof a prudent development of the exploitation of the resource. Regulatoryactions which control the rates of change will avoid possible disastrouschanges in the resource with concomitant effects on the economies of thefishing communities and the artisanal and industrial operations they support.

Care through the control of the speed of development will be manifestin the phasing in of new gears, the controlled increase in processingcapacity, possible local restrictions in the entry into the fishing industryetc. This approach will be flexible and will go hand-in-hand with educationand sensitising of the fishermen, and other occupations, to the need for suchactions.

4.2.3 Long-term management actions

These will be based on the results of the investigatory work that hasbeen carried. It is on the basis of this information that public investmentsin infrastructure or private investment in gear, equipment, plant or manpowercan take place. In addition to the long-range planning there may be the needfor strict regulation of particular elements of the fishery (e.g. net meshsize,or gear type) which will be based on definite technical and scientificinformation. In the long-term management activities it will also be essentialto educate those affected by any changes in order to ensure their cooperation.

5. FISHERIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON LAKE VICTORIA

5.1 The Development of Research Programmes

Throughout the four decades in which major programmes of research havebeen undertaken on the lake, the major emphasis has been on fundamentalresearch. Initially the major research programmes were undertaken by the EastAfrican Freshwater Fisheries Research Organisation (EAFFRO) which wasconcerned with basic limnology, taxonomy and the biology of the major species.When the first intensive fishery investigations commenced in the late 1960s,these were mainly concerned with the identification of fish populations forpossible exploitation. In particular these investigations paid much attentionto what was seen as the very large stocks of small haplochromines and ways inwhich these could be exploited commercially. Later intensive research in theearly 1980s again was chiefly concerned with the question of changes in thehaplochromine stocks.

Much of the basic research has been accepted as defining the base,stable, state of the lake limnology and the biological status of its animalsand plants. However, we have seen (Section 3.2.1) that throughout the periodin which detailed scientific investigations have been carried out, the lakeecosystem has not been in a stable state.

1 3

5.2 Present Status of Research

The present programmes of research on the lake are mainly undertaken bythe three fisheries research organisations (KMFRI,TAFRI,and UFFRO). Thesegovernment organisations are all underfunded. In fact the greatest proportionof their budget is required to pay staff salaries with virtually no budget forequipment, materials, literature or costs of vehicles or boats. The researchis not only constrained by finance to programmes that emphasise laboratory andshort-term investigations, but also reflects the historical emphasis on basic,as opposed to "fishery" orientated research. Much of this is repetition ofwork already in the literature, and of which the researchers may be ignorant.Even the good research work is not published to enable practical applicationof the results.

Where fisheries orientated research is supported (e.g. the HESTprogramme, EC project) this appears to have concentrated on the standardmarine fisheries techniques, and the use of theoretical marine fish stockassessment tools both of which have doubtful practical value for themanagement of the lake fisheries. In consequence the research vesselsprovided, and under construction, are survey trawlers, not designed forgeneral lake survey work and the use of other methods of fish stock monitoring(particularly gill-netting). These "research" boats do have a secondaryfunction of fishing for the market to provide funds to the researchorganisations, but this use can have little scientific value.

5.3 The Role of Research and Development Activities

The function or R & D in fisheries management is to provide informationopen which policies, priorities and actions can be based. Three major areasof information are essential. In order of importance these are:

reliable monitoring of the major trends in the fishery(fishing activity, fish populations, the lake ecosystem);

the development of practical techniques to improve socialand economic programmes of the fishery sector; and

investigations of specific problems as these areidentified.

It is essential to consider these three aspects of information about thelake and its exploitation as a coherent whole. For administrative andhistorical reasons the various knowledge gathering functions and theirpractical applications have tended to be divided between separate elements ofthe government sector in the three riparian countries. For example theimportant task of data collection and analysis tends to primarily carried outwithin the main fisheries department, technical development of gear andequipment have tended to be the responsibility of fisheries departments andtraining schools. Basic research is primarily carried out by the threeresearch organisations and to a lesser extent by other academic institutionsor specialised bodies (e.g. food technology, environment, taxonomy), with someinput from outside bodies.

1 4

5.4 Major Fields of Research and Development

The major management tool for any fishery is a run of information thatidentifies the changes that have occurred, or are currently occurring, in thefishery. In particular changes in the overall yields, the partitioning of theyields between the species exploited, the change in size and biologicalcondition of the fish caught. The value of this information increases with thelength of the historical run of comparable data. This information allows aknowledge of the status of the fishery and will allow some attempt atforecasting the immediate future trends. This information on the trends in theexploitation will be complemented by information that defines any long-termchanges in the limnological conditions of the lake.

Secondary to this basic input of year-on-year data which describes thefishery resource is a continual updating of the knowledge about the social andeconomic conditions arising from the exploitation of the resource. Thiscomplex of factors which will include fishing community organisation, economicviability of fishing activities, "downstream" activities and the effect at amicro- and macro-economic level etc. It is important to realise that anychanges in the fishery whether due to natural causes or management actionswill have a knock-on effect on a considerable number of individuals andcommercial operations.

In addition changes in socio-economic conditions can have an effect onlevels of exploitation with concomitant changes in the fish stocks.

The development of fishing and processing technologies and theevaluation of their worth under practical conditions, is an essential elementin the maximising of the economic advantages of the exploitation of theresource. This requirement should be seen against a background of a constantlychanging pattern of fishing and marketing activity.

Fundamental research will be required to provide explanations ofobserved phenomena (e.g. species population changes, trophic structureanalyses, etc), with a view to indicating any management interventions thatmight be applicable.

5.5 Research Priorities

The scope of all investigatory and monitoring activities has beenseverely restricted due to lack of finance. This reduces access toinformation, the adequacy of equipment and the mobility of personnel

This has had the general effect of:

restricting effort in the collection of data on thestate and performances of the fisheries;

restricting investigations into technical needs of thefishery and the dissemination of any results throughtraining and information programmes;

restricting research staff to the investigation of minorphenomena in a laboratory environment and this carried outwith inadequate equipment and lack of access to up-to-date

1 5

information or contacts with workers in the same field ofresearch; and

lack of adequate and frequent contact between researchersand investigators and the fishing communities and thecommercial trades involved in the sector.

It follows that research programmes must take into account theserestrictions and develop a strict set of priorities for the use of theavailable resources. The information required should defined by the immediateneeds of fisheries management. Investigations should be justified by the waythey will provide answers to specific questions.

The definition of priorities will involve:

identifying the important information needed for managementdecisions;

reconsidering the methodology of collecting this

information; and

through the identification of specific information needs,establish goal-oriented programmes of investigation with arestricted time-table.

There are several discrete fields of investigation that need to bepursued as open-ended programmes of repeatable and comparable work which willeventually build up a valuable historical run of data upon which futuremanagement decisions may more reliably be based. A detailed programme ofrecommendations is considered in Appendix 1. The programmes are summarisedbelow.

5.5.1 Collection of fisheries statistics

The purpose of collecting fishery statistics is to provide an indicationof the year-on-year changes in the yields, and the changes that take place inthe numbers of fishermen, their location and the fishing techniques they use.For fisheries management purposes this will provide an indication of trendsin the overall catch and will indicated changes in the fishing effort that isneeded. From these data it is possible to indicate the level of exploitationwith respect to the rate of renewal of the resource.

Most systems for the collection of fisheries statistics have beenplanned round programmes (typically frame surveys) which are intended toprovide statistically precise results. As a result the tend to be toocomplicated, too costly to carry out, and the presumed precision of theresults is of no great value against large-scale changes in the ecosystemwhich supporEs the resource. As a result, due to the financial constraintsindicated above, such surveys are carried out infrequently. Less precisesurveys (e.g. aerial survey with spot ground-truth checks; secondary data fromtransport information, market surveys, customs records etc.) are more readilycarried out and can be repeated and collated to give adequate indication ofthe important trends in the pattern of exploitation and provide censusinformation upon which socio-economic decisions can be based.

5.5.2 Monitoring of fish stocks

Apart from the information on the exploitable stocks that can be derivedfrom the records of the catches landed, it is essential that a regularprogramme of experimental fishing be carried out using standard techniqueswith a standard range of gear greater than that used by the fishermen. Thismonitoring should be considered as a long-term programme and should involverepeated fishing in a comparable manner at a number of representative sites.

Test fishing results will enable a more accurate interpretation of thefishery statistics, identify stocks that may be exploited, identify changesin the fish stocks indicative of long-term trends which will effect thefishery.

5.5.3 Monitoring of limnological changes in the lake

There are indications of possible long-term and fundamental changes inthe condition of the lake such as the nutrient level of the water, thechemical condition of the water layers, and the make up of the bottom sub-strata. It is impossible to be sure of the reality of these effects withoutcomparable year-on-year monitoring of the conditions. Sampling should be donein a repeatable manner and to take into account seasonal effects at a

representative selection of sites.

5.5.4 Pollution monitoring

Lake Victoria has a very long period of renewal for its waters and isthus at risk to the build up of pollutants or response to the changes in thenutrient load of the inflows. A programme should be set up to monitor atregular periods throughout the year, the waters of the major inflow streamsand the lake adjacent to possible sources of pollution (particularly urbanareas). This work should be carried out as a series of comparable standardsamples and should be repeatable year-on-year. This programme should besupplemented by additional sampling should pollution incidents arise or theeffect of particular inflows require monitoring.

5.5.5 Monitoring of the socio-economics of fishing and the secondaryactivities

The socio-economics of the fishing industry, at all levels, should beelucidated and regularly updated to provide information on the dynamics of theindustry and its performance e.g. investment, markets, benefits from thefishery on the local and national economies. This monitoring should take intoaccount the complex reactions between the various elements involved, i.e.fishermen, processors, traders, transporters, processing factories, boat andequipment suppliers etc.

This information is essential where changes, both natural and man-induced, may cause social and economic effects that require mitigatingactions.

5.6 Research Capabilities

Currently research is undertaken by governmental research organisationsof the three riparian states, with some small input from University academicresearchers, both national to the riparian states and from outside East

16

1 7

Africa. For the most part the programmes of investigation are carried outindependently by the national organisations and there is no coherent plan fora lakewide programme of investigation.

The major constraint to the development of research and development isthe run-down state of the individual research centres, and the lack of financeto undertake long-term programmes of research. As would be expected from itslonger history of research activity, UFFRO appears to have the greatestcapability and is most actively engaged on a programme of research. In partthis is due to rehabilitation and support from outside sources such asCanadian aid, EC aid, and interest from outside academic bodies, currently MSU(Michigan State University). Current EC assistance for the rehabilitation ofequipment lakewide, particularly research vessels does not appear to

adequately address the problems of maintenance and running costs.

Lack of trained manpower does not present an important problem. Thereis however imbalance between the number of professionals and support staff.Each of the states has a different problem in this respect. Lack of abilityto carry out programmes of work also lead to lack of motivation on the partof the professional staff.

Lack of resources also leads to the concentration on research taskswhich are laboratory oriented and which, in some cases, may have littlerelevance to the needs of the fishing industry and its management.

5.7 Future Organisation of Research Programmes

It is evident that research and development with direct relevance to theneeds of the lakewide fisheries must be a coordinated venture between theriparian states. This cooperation should extend to the programmes of work,shared expertise and staff, shared facilities and a free flow of data.

A route to this cooperation will be through the direction of workthrough the proposed Lake Victoria Fisheries Commission (LVFC). The Commissionwould be advised by specialist Technical Working Committees charged with thedirection of the research programmes. As, for the foreseeable future,

programmes of research will necessarily be partially supported by financialaid from outside donors, it is recommended that such committees should advisethe LVFC on the allocation of these funds. This is further discussed inAppendix 2.

It should be noted that collaborative work with organisations andindividuals from outside the riparian countries is currently subject to abureaucratic machinery of control and acceptance. This bureaucracy is at alevel that must deter researchers at all levels of experience, with aresulting loss of contacts, cross-fertilisation of ideas, inputs of equipmentand literature and (possibly) bench fees.

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APPENDIX 1: GUIDELINES FOR A LAKE-WIDE PROGRAMME OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENTINTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The following recommendations provide guidelines for the adoption of aregional management plan for the exploitation of the fisheries of LakeVictoria. The areas of management concern are summarised and practical actionsassessed. Were necessary "traditional" management practices are evaluated andreconsidered in the light of practical needs and constraints.

The recommendations cover two main areas of activity; those managementactions which have a comprehensive lake-wide dimension and which should becarried out on a regional basis, and those management actions which have astrictly localised effect and which are chiefly relevant to the local ornational requirements (see Section 3).

It should be realised that for the foreseeable future all fisheriesregulation and management measures will be implemented through the applicationof national laws. These will be enforced by the administrations of theindividual riparian states. Therefore, initially, any regulatory function ofa regional body such as the Lake Victoria Fisheries Commission can be onlyadvisory and consultative.

The policy behind the following recommendations is to reduce the amountof control and regulation of the Lake Victoria fisheries to the minimum thatis considered necessary. When only the most pertinent regulations are in placeit will provide more scope for their enforcement using the restricted meansthat the fisheries administrations have at their disposal.

Any regulatory framework must also be flexible in its response tochanging conditions. The constant provision of data which should be part ofa regional activity will provide the necessary information to enable thecurrent regulations to be continually assessed and modified.

CORRELATIVES FROM THE THREE NATIONAL FISHERY MANAGEMENT SEMINARS

The UNDP/FAO Regional Fisheries Planning Project (IFIP) organised threenational fishery management seminars for the Riparian states of Lake Victoriain 1991. These national seminars came out with similar management objectivesas indicated by conclusion and recommendations.

2.1 Summary of Main Conclusions and Recommendations of the NationalSeminars as well as Common Management Measures and Issues

The common management issues and measures derived from the nationalseminars are provided in Table 1. A brief assessment of limitations andharmonization of these measures is made from section 2.1.1 to section 2.1.8.

MANAGEMENT MEASURES

KENYA'S POSITION

TANZANIA'S POSITION

UGANDA'S POSITION

1. Statistics and socio-

economic data collection

strengthen/harmonize/

collaborate recommended

strengthen/harmonize/

collaborate recommended

strengthen/harmonize/

collaborate recommended

2. Studies on Lates/

recommended

recommended

recommended

tilapia/Dagaa

3. Gillnet mesh size

limits

:

a. Nile perch

b. Oreochromis

recommended

127 mm (5")

127 mm (5")

10 mm

not considered

recommended

127 mm (5")

to be determined

10 mm

not considered

recommended

127 mm (5")

127 mm (5")

10 mm

127 mm (5")

c. Dagaa/Rastrineobola

d. Bagrus/Clarias/

Protopterus

4. Mosquito netting for

Dagaa

beyond 200 m from the

shoreline

total ban

total ban

5. Beach seines

banned

banned

banned

6. Trawling

total ban

allowed beyond 20 m

still experimenting

7. Use of long lines for

Lates

not considered

not considered

encouraged

8. Traps and weirs across

rivers/river mouth

Total ban

not considered

total ban

9. Use of cast nets

not considered

not considered

recommended a ban

10. Small-scale purse

seining "Tycoon" and

"Sekeseke"

not considered

not considered

phase out and prohibit

11. Use of lift nets for

Rastrineobola (10 mm)

recommended

a fishery exists

recommended

Table 1

THE COMMON MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR LAKE VICTORIA DERIVED FROM

THE THREE NATIONAL

SEMINARS ORGANIZED BY THE FAO/IFIP PROJECT IN 1991

Table

1:Continued

12. Fishery Legislations

Restrictions

a.

closed areas

recommended

24 closed areas gazetted

recommended

b.

Closed seasons for

anadromous species

recommended

recommended

recommended

13. Interaction between

policy makers,

researchers & fishermen

recommended

recommended

recommended

14. Appropriate Fisheries

Infrastructure & services

a.

Cooperatives

recommended

recommended

recommended

b.

Credit schemes

recommended

recommended

recommended

c.

Processing plants

capacity control

considered

development encouraged

controlled expansion

recommended

MANAGEMENT MEASURES

KENYA'S POSITION

TANZANIA'S POSITION

UGANDA'S POSITION

15. Environmental

Protection:

a. Pollution control and

silting

b. Aquatic weed control

(Hyacinth)

c. Mbita Causeway

highly recommended

recommended

recommended

Its demolition in future

considered

highly recommended

recommended

recommended

not applicable

highly recommended

recommended

recommended

not applicable

16. Budgetary Provisions

significant financial

support for fisheries

adm

inis

trat

ion

and

research recommended

significant financial

support for fisheries

administration and

research recommended

significant financial

support for fisheries

administration and

research recommended

2.1.1 Fisheries statistics and socio-economic data

Recognizing that the Fisheries statistics are still inadequate and awareof the fact that the Fisheries Departments are developing systems to maintainconsistent statistical data collection, it was recommended that thestatistical methodology should be standardized, harmonized and the scopewidened to enable the required information to be extracted.

2.1.2 The status of stocks

Realizing that commercial landings from Lake Victoria have increased dueto increased landings of Lates, O. niloticus and R. argentea, but the landingsof the other species have declined; and noting that there is currently highfishing pressure and heavy industrial investment in the fishery sector withoutclear knowledge of the magnitude of the stocks, it was recommended that (a)stock assessment be carried out to define the magnitude of the stocks bothinshore and offshore; (b) the building of more fish processing plants to becontrolled until the magnitude of the stocks has been defined; (c) and thatthe production of existing plants be monitored so that they do not expandtheir existing capacity; and (d) the quality of the fish products from theexisting plants must be strictly controlled to meet the establishedinternational standards.

2.1.3 Regulating fishing activities

Gillnets:

It was recommended in Kenya that the mesh size restriction of 88.9 - 127mm gillnets targeted to tilapias be enforced. It was also recommended that forthe Nile perch fishery, gillnets must have a mesh size greater than 127 mm.

Realising the damage caused by small mesh size gillnets to the majorfishes of commercial importance (viz. Lates and Oreochromis it was recommendedin Uganda that small gillnets (less than 5 inches or 127 mm) should be banned.

Realising the economic importance of Lates and Oreochromis and the needto protect the fishery it was recommended in Uganda that the minimum size offish permitted by law should be specified as 11 inches (280 mm), 20 inches(500 mm) for Oreochromis niloticus and Lates respectively.

Concerning gillnet fisheries in Tanzania, the following measures wererecommended:

21

Nile perch:

Tilapiines:

Dagaa:

the minimum mesh size for the gillnet fishery forNile perch be 5" and above (stretched) that is 127mm.

TAFIRI should conduct studies to determine theminimum mesh size for the Oreochromis gillnetfishery.

The minimum mesh size for the dagaa fishery should be10 mm (stretched)

The various gillnet mesh size limits in the 3 riparian states should beharmonized and implemented.

Beach Seines:

22

Recognising the destructive effect of beach seines to spawning stocks,juveniles and breeding grounds (leading to poor recruitment), a total ban onbeach seining was strongly recommended in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. However,beach seines are still operated around the lake. The beach seine restrictionmight be difficult to enforce without a unified approach.

Mosquito Netting Material for Dagaa (Rastrineobola)

Noting with concern that the use of mosquito seines in fishing for Dagaais destructive, it was recommended in Uganda and Tanzania that mosquito seinesbe banned in the waters of Lake Victoria.

However, in Kenya it was recommended that 10 mm mesh size nets to beused provided that these nets are targeted at R. argentea and that they areoperated at not less than two hundred meters from the nearest shoreline.

The restriction against use of mosquito netting for Rastrineobola(Dagaa) is controversial. There is a need for harmonization on the basis ofresearch results.

Trawling:

Considering the incompatibility of trawling with gillnet fisheries, atotal ban on trawling in Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria was recommended.

Noting the existence of two pairs of trawlers conducting trawlingoperations on experimental basis and aware that the fishery of L. Victoria isconflicting with artisanal fisherfolk would not be desirable, it recommendedin Uganda that:

experimental trawling could continue but should be restricted tooffshore waters beyond specified distances from the land;

commercial trawling should only be permitted after obtainingstock assessment results; and

in the event of allowing commercial trawling the number oftrawlers should be determined according to the data from stockassessment.

It was noted that trawling could be a useful method of fishing on LakeVictoria but trawling can be destructive in the shallow habitats. Hence, itwas recommended in Tanzania that trawling be confined to deeper offshorewaters of more than 20 m.

There is no general agreement on the control of trawling on LakeVictoria. There is need for harmonization at least in the deeper waters (ofmore than 20 m). The control of this industrial fishery should not provedifficult.

Cast Nets:

Realising that cast nets destroy Oreochromis breeding grounds andrapidly deplete their brood stocks, it was recommended for Uganda waters that

23

the use of cast nets be prohibited. No opinion on this fishing method wasexpressed by Kenya and Tanzania. There is, therefore, a need for the threecountries to agree on a common approach to this fishing method.

Small-scale Purse Seining

(a) Small-scale purse seining methods such as "Tycoon" and "Sekeseke" shouldbe gradually phased out and eventually prohibited after researchers haveexamined their destructive nature.

Longlines:

Regarding longlines it was noted that small sized hooks in practicecatch immature Nile perch and Tilapia; the economically important species, thefishing of which should be protected. It was recommended that while the useof longlines particularly with large hooks should be allowed to continue,studies should be carried out to determine the minimum size of hook to beestablished by law.

Traps and Weirs:

These were regarded as harmless in the open lake, but it was recommendedthat their use across rivers and river mouths be prohibited. This restrictionhas always been around but there has not been effective enforcement.

The Envisaged new fishery using lift nets:

It was recommended in Uganda and Kenya that the use of lift nets bycatamaran should be encouraged particularly to exploit Rastrineobola. Thosefishing for Rastrineobola should be encouraged to use light after gettingpermission from the relevant authorities. The minimum mesh size for the liftnet should be 10 mm. It was further recommended that research should beconducted to establish the exact optimum mesh size for the purpose.

2.1.4 Fishery legislation/restrictions

Noting that the present Fisheries Legislation and Restriction areadequate, it was agreed that these provisions be implemented, enforced andregularly reviewed by the Riparian states.

Closed Areas:

It was noted that the principle of closed area is applicable in someareas of Lake Victoria. It was therefore recommended that these areas beidentified, specified and gazetted. Permanently closed areas are difficult toenforce. Closed areas must be linked to closed seasons.

Closed Season:

It was generally noted that good legal provisions exist for protectingthe principle of closed season for catadromous fish species. It was,

therefore, recommended that these provisions be strictly enforced around LakeVictoria. Closed seasons should only be enforced in specified closed areas.

Fish species introductions:

Aware of the fact that the ecosystem of Lake Victoria has changed dueto species introductions, it was recommended by Tanzania that no other fishspecies be introduced in Lake Victoria without the consent of all the Riparianstates.

2.1.5 Mechanisms and Channels of Communication

In full agreement that there was no adequate institutional interactionamong fishery policy makers (Fisheries Departments), researchers (ResearchInstitutes) and the fishermen, it was strongly recommended in Kenya, Ugandaand Tanzania that institutions concerned take immediate initiatives tocollaborate and ensure continuous and effective interaction among them.

2.1.6 Infrastructure and services

Village Fishing Facilities:

In view of inadequate infrastructure and facilities in fishing villages,it was strongly recommended that the required social amenities be provided tofishing communities of the three riparian states.

Fishermen Cooperatives:

Noting that the organization and management of fishermen cooperativesare inadequate, the participants recommended urgent restructuring andstrengthening of cooperatives with a view of making them more efficient indispensing various services like credit schemes.

2.1.7 Environmental protection

Pollution:

Realising that there are potential sources of pollutants from industrialeffluents, agricultural pesticides and urban effluents, it was generallyrecommended that (i) industrial complexes construct effluent treatment plantsor else they should not be licensed, and those industries without treatmentplants should be closed down; (ii) there is need to set up standards foracceptable levels of pollutants that can be discharged in water systems; (iii)Fisheries researchers should be allowed free access to factories to monitoreffluents discharged and should be allowed to monitor chemicals or pollutantsoriginating from chemical agricultural inputs. The environmental protectionmeasures ought to be coordinated around Lake Victoria.

Water Hyacinths Control:

Water Hyacinths was observed to be spreading around the lake and thisweed was a threat to the fisheries. It was proposed to use all acceptableavailable means; physical, chemical or biological to stop the spread of theweed. At a regional level, a single country's effort cannot succeed on itsown. It was therefore recommended that the three Riparian states be involvedin controlling this weed and also abate the introduction of other dangerousweeds.

24

Silting Control Measures:

It is generally accepted by the riparian states (Kenya, Tanzania andUganda) that silting should be abated around Lake Victoria. Nevertheless,there are no legislations and specific provisions on this issue in the threecountries. It would also appear that control of silting is not easy to enforcein several areas around the lake.

Mbita Causeway:

In view of the general concern about the ecological effect of the MbitaCauseway on the ecosystem of the Gulf, the National Seminar recommended thecollection of ecological data to assess and determine its effects to theecosystem, which might necessitate its demolition and the subsequent

construction of an appropriate bridge.

2.1.8 Fish Species Introductions:

The riparian states have provisions concerning fish speciesintroductions. However, exotic fish species still escape into the lake basinfrom the surrounding watersheds. This common issue still needs regionalharmonisation and strict implementation.

3. PRIORITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT

3.1 Regional Management Related Investigations

These investigations concern fishery management requirements that havea lake-wide dimension, for which national borders have no significance andwhich tend to affect all parts of the lake. Any actions that are taken withrespect to these activities will be implemented on a national basis but witha close cooperation between the riparian states and, in some instances, mayinvolve administrations of non-riparian states which are associated with thelake drainage area.

The major areas of action that require a regional approach are:

an assessment of the status of the fish populations and adefinition of any trends in the status of the stocks;

an assessment of the limnological status of the lake andthe definition of any changes with time;

an assessment of the fishing activity lake-wide and thedefinition of any changes that occur; and

monitoring and assessment of the socio-economics of thefishing industry and of the economics of all levels oftrading activities.

In addition to these general surveys which will build up an importanttime-series of data as a valuable management tool, there will be a need toaddress particular problems and activities which have a lake-wide dimensionand which demand concerted action on the part of the riparian states.

The following activities are currently identified:

25

26

identification and evaluation of sources of pollutionaffecting the quality of the lake waters, and thepresenting proposals for their mitigation;

identification and evaluation of destructive fishingmethods with recommendations for appropriate actions at thenational level;

assessment of particular problems with a lake-widedimension (e.g. water hyacinth infestation) andpresentation of proposals for mitigation; and

carrying out trials and technical development to establishthe optimum fishing operations for the exploitation of theRatrineobola stocks.

3.2 National Regulatory Measures

These regulatory measures fall into two broad categories: those whichregulate the activities of the fishermen as the primary producers; and thosewhich regulate downstream commercialisation of the catch. In each of thesecases the regulation can be either restrictive or supportive.

A conflict arises because, in the free market economy which is nowcommon to each of the riparian states, any active regulation tends to berestrictive (tending towards the reduction in pressure on the availableresources). Increased activity and efficiency will arise only from privateindividual or commercial initiatives, possibly supported by the creation ofinfrastructure, technical advice and training services.

At the level of the fishery most regulations initially tend to makefishing less efficient (i.e. the fisherman work harder for the same return),or impose an additional cost, which has the same effect and the activity istherefore less profitable in the short-term. In consequence regulators haveto cope with a continual evasion of the regulations. Enforcement, especiallyunder the conditions typical of a predominantly artisanal fishery, is costlyin terms of manpower, facilities and finance. Care has to be taken to ensurethat the enforcement of any of the regulations is of positive economic benefitto the country concerned. In this respect regulation should be the minimumrequired to achieve the specific management aims.

Industrial and semi-industrial fishing (e.g. trawling and purse-seining), fish processing and trading activities are easier to regulate. Itis also easier to assess the effects that these activities will have on theresources, and the economic benefits of their activities.

Post-catch activities may require regulation to modify the demand, andtherefore the fishing pressure on the resources (e.g. minimum fish-sizeregulations at the markets). These activities will also benefit from anypositive inputs such as improved techniques which will minimise losses andincrease value of the fish caught. Regulatory measures applied to this sectormay also relate to questions of public health, the environment and foodsupply.

Although often an integral part of regulatory activities, the raisingof revenue from the fishing industry (e.g. licence fees, market fees, tax on

27

transfer and regulated prices) should not be confused with the regulationswhich are intended to manage the stocks for optimum yields, although these canbe used for such a purpose.

3.3 National Socio-Economic Interventions

The ultimate goal of fisheries management is to optimise the benefitsderived from the fishery in terms of the socio-economic conditions of allthose engaged in the industry, the consumers and the national economy. Inconformity with national social and economic policies it follows thereforethat there will be intervention in the industry in the form of aid to theindividuals and their communities. This usually takes the form of communityinfrastructure development, support to cooperatives, access to credit etc. Inthe case of most of these interventions there is effectively a transfer ofnational resources to the fishermen and their communities, with little concernfor the effect that this may have on other aspects of the management of thefishery (e.g. easier credit to purchase nets at the same time as the fishingis restricted through regulation of the use of nets).

Intervention at the level of the actual fishermen and the artisanaltrades of processing and marketing has usually been through the encouragementof cooperatives, installation of schemes for the provisions of equipment,materials and subsidised credit. Historically such schemes have a poor recordof sustained success and in many instances have retarded the eventuallydevelopment of an improved, stable local economy.

Apart from the direct transfer of resources as a means of supporting thecommunities, it is important that use is made of the social and decision-making structures within the fishing communities in order to improve theobservance and acceptance of the measures necessary for the management of thefishery. This will require the development of new policies for programmes oftraining and education of fishermen and fishery associated occupations, witha view to these individuals taking an increased responsibility for themanagement and the use of the resource.

4. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF REGULATORY MEASURES

4.1 Entry into the fishery

In the future an evaluation of local, sectorial, or lake-wide trends incatches, changes in the stocks, environmental conditions or economic patterns,may indicate that regulatory intervention is necessary.

At the present time, even if the average size of fish in the catch isdeclining, there is no basis for a general restriction to entry of artisanalfishing units into the fishery. There should also be some restrictions to thenumbers of industrial fishermen, processors and traders. Limited entry couldbe considered at a later stage but will be difficult to implement and enforce.

For reasons of potential damage to nursery and artisanal fishing groundsand social conflict with the fishermen, it is recommended that trawling shouldbe banned throughout the lake (except for experimental purposes). Technicallyit should present no management problem to allow trawlers to work the open-waters of the lake. However, the trawlers are uneconomic when working the mid-lake zone and in practice, assisted by the lack of enforcement measures,inevitably undertake illegal fishing along the lake margins.

28

In the absence of large fishing units, and because of the restrictedrange of the artisanal fishing units, the mid-lake area will support anunexploited fish resource available, in principle, to offset any localdepletions that may occur due to the activities of the artisanal fleet. Thescale of any such migration of stocks is currently unknown, but it is presumedto be important.

The development of techniques for fishing the mid-lake Ratrineobola(e.g. purse seining) stocks and the regulation of these activities may requireappropriate legislation.

It is recommended that for the present entry remains 'free' for

artisanal units and that trawling is prohibited.

4.2 Licensing of Boats and Fishermen

Licensing of boats for a fee provides a revenue to the state in exchangefor the individuals benefit from access to a share in a common resource. Inaddition the administration of licensing and fee collection provides astatistical input which allows for an assessment of trends in this sector ofthe industry and the scale of the needs for any social and economicinterventions.

It is noted that fishing licence is at present very low (just a token)in all the three countries. This means that access to a common pUblic resourceis not adequately paid for. It is recommended that the licence be inclusiveof an access fee which could be used to partially cover the cost ofmanagement. Licensing should be systematic and more expensive.

Should regulation of entry be required in the future the licensing ofboats and fishermen will be an essential tool in enforcing this.

4.3 Regulation of Fishing Gears and Techniques

Legislations concerning fishing gears and techniques exist in the 3states. The complete banning of destructive methods should be strictlyenforced. This ban includes explosives, poisons and electro-fishing.

It might be true that cast-nets, seine-nets and beaten gill-nets aredestructive gears. This is apparently based on inadequate evidence. It isrecommended that a competent technical evaluation of these methods relativeto the effect they will have, in practice, on the overall fish stocks, isundertaken before there is total prohibition of these fishing methods.

Traps and barrier nets are currently proscribed, because of thedevastating effect that they may have on the migrating stocks of certainspecies. This problem is one of season and location and should properly beconsidered under these headings.

Cast-nets, beaten gillnets, beach and mosquito seine nets are known tobe destructive but there is little evidence of their real impact. Anassessment of exact impact should be made as soon as possible.

Regulation of mesh-sizes of gillnets and Rastrineobola seines has a longhistory on the lake. During the period of exploitation of the lake fisheries,the regulations have either been suspended or ignored. Mesh size limits are

29

difficult to implement and enforce. Nevertheless, we feel that minimum meshsize is important for Nile perch at least. It is therefore recommended thata minimum mesh size for Lates of 7 inches (178 mm) be established and enforcedaround the lake.

We feel that mesh size limit for the Rastrineobola fishery is not apriority at this time.

4.4 Regulation of Fishing Seasons and Locations

The fishing of the migrating stocks of fish at the river mouths,especially if carried out with barrier nets of block traps, is especiallydestructive of the stocks and is probably the primary reason for the declinein the populations (and therefore the catches) of the major anadromous species(Barbus, Labeo etc.). The banning of fishing at these locations in the seasonof spate of the inflow rivers should be strictly enforced.

Apart from this fishing of migratory stocks, it has not been shownconclusively that the fishing over particular locations, considered to bebreeding or nursery grounds, has any effect on the overall fish stocks. Inview of the long, or continuous, breeding season for most of the importantfish groups, it does not appear to be necessary to impose further control bylocation or season.

The present legislations are appropriate and it is recommended thatthese be enforced.

4.5 Regulation of Fish Landing Sites

There should be restriction of the landings of catch at particularlocations. The landing and collection of the catches should be allowed todevelop along the most commercially economic for reasons of administrativeconvenience.

There is a need for quality control of fish products and for regulatingfish landing sites, giving due consideration to economic and commercialrequirements.

4.6 Regulation of trading, transport and processing

There are two separate sectors involved in these activities; theindustrialised sector involved in supplying high value, often export, markets,and an "artisanal" sector involving many small operatives and supplyingextensive local markets

In view of the importance to the national economies of the cross-bordertrade and hard currency earning capacity of the industrialised sector it isnecessary to apply some control and regulation. This regulation should providefor a licensing for statistical purposes and revenue raising and control. Inaddition, in view of the importance of the export trade as a hard currencyearner, there should be a requirement to maintain minimum quality standards.

Currently consideration is given to the control of the capacity for theprocessing of high value Nile perch (and Nile tilapia). It should be notedthat the demand from the industrialised sector creates a good market for thefish to the benefit of the fishing communities. The demand is selective for

30

larger sizes and thus encourages the fishermen to target these size-groups.The fish removed from the local markets is not necessarily lost to the localconsumers as a secondary processing operation has grown up in recent years andreturns the by-products of the processing (about 70% of the whole) to thelocal markets as a processed product with an enhanced "shelf life".

Lack of control on fishing and processing capacity will lead toincreased conflicts between local and foreign consumers, between industrialprocessors and small scale traders. There might be large scale displacementof fisherfolk and higher fish prices.

It is recommended that fish processing capacity be regulated and thatthe minimum size of fish landed (at least for Nile perch) be controlled.

The artisanal sector is an old established network of processing,transporting and marketing. It is highly labour intensive and provides thelow-value product required by the poorer consumers. There is no regulationnecessary within this sector, although it might be considered nationalgovernment policy to raise revenue by taxing the various transfers of the fishproducts.

Throughout the operations of this artisanal sector of the post-catchtrade, there is a considerable loss due to damage, pests and spoilage. Anintervention is called for to assist in the application of any techniques thatare developed to mitigate these losses.

There should not be limited entry for artisanal fisherfolk but higherfees for artisanal processors and traders.

31

APPENDIX 2: PROPOSALS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIESCOMMISSION (LVFC)

1. FUNCTIONS

It is essential to define clearly the limits of the proposed LakeVictoria Fisheries Commission (LVFC). The Commission should carry out thefollowing basic functions:

provide a high level forum for the discussion of fisheriesmatters common to the riparian countries; and supplyreliable technical advice to the participating Governments;and

initiate and support actions regarded as essential anddirectly pertinent for the optimum management of the

resource.

The LVFC will replace or complement the current functions of the CIFALake Victoria Sub-Committee and provide an expanded forum at a high governmentlevel with the ability to initiate and coordinate the necessary managementactivities.

2. PROPOSED FIELDS OF ACTION

The joint nature of the fisheries resources and the behaviour of thelake as a biological unit, demands a harmonised approach to any actions thatmay be taken with regard to the control and management of these resources. Inview of the fact that many actions taken by administrative authorities and thecontrols imposed on fishing activities are not strictly related to the actualmanagement of the exploitable resource, it is necessary to define the fieldsof action that should come under the competence of the LVFC. To enable theCommission to function adequately as a regional organisation its fields ofaction should be clearly defined and restricted within a framework ofpractical needs. The Commission should not be concerned with those activitieswhich are functions of local and national administrations and which aresubject to the policies and political considerations of the national and localgovernments and their agencies.

Activities that should be regarded as of lakewide importance anddemanding a harmonised approach should be restricted to:

regulation of fishing activities e.g. restrictions on gearand fishing methods, restrictions by locality and season,licensing and documentation of fishermen and fishing units;

collection and analysis of statistics which indicate thetrends in the fishery and the socio-economic conditions ofthose engaged in all levels of fishing and

commercialisation;

monitoring of conditions in the lake, water quality,pollution effects, climatic effects, the changes in theexploitable stocks;

32

the actions necessary, including scientific investigations,for the control of actual or potential problems that arepresent or might arise from infestation with weeds (e.g.the water hyacinth);

research and development activities where the applicationof new techniques or the exploitation of currently unusedresources is seen to be a possibility; and

the Commission should also engage in activities which thenational authorities request. These could possibly includethe preparation of training programmes, staffingprogrammes, preparation of project proposals for outsidefunding, management of specific research projects, liaisonwith international, bilateral agencies, NG0s, etc.

Unless the Commission is specifically required to do so by membergovernments it is not foreseen that it should be concerned with:

tax and fiscal policies as applied to the fishing industry;

organisation and financing of fishermen and other elementsin the chain of marketing to the consumers;

the direct control of the development of infrastructure,processing plants etc.

manpower policies and training at all levels in theindustry; and

export of fish and fish products or the import of materialsand equipment for the fishing industry.

3. STRUCTURE OF THE COMMISSION

The following comments take into account the position paper presentedby Mr W.A.M. Sichone at the CIFA, Lake Victoria Sub-Committee meeting held inJinja, February 1992. These notes expand on the proposals made. It has beenconsidered that the composition of the Board should take into account thereduced role that will be played by scientific research in the futuredevelopment of the lake fisheries. Taking, as a model, the original LakeVictoria Fisheries Commission, constituted in July 1973, it was proposed thatthe new Commission will have Board of 12 members of which 6 would beprofessional scientists. In addition of the other Board members the threeDirectors of Fisheries will also certainly have a background in fisheriesscience. Thus 9 of the 12 Board members would be scientists by professionaltraining. It is here proposed to reduce the Board membership and allow for therequired specialist inputs to be provide by Technical Working Committees asthese are specifically required.

It is proposed that the Commission is composed of:

(a) A Management Board will have a total of seven members. Sixmembers appointed ex-officio, or alternates, from the threeparticipating Governments.

33

The national representation will include representatives from theexecutive branches of the three Governments who will be at leastPermanent Secretary rank, or its equivalent, in the appropriateMinistries. The national administrations will be represented bythe Senior Civil Servants responsible for the fisheries(Directors of the Fishery Departments or their equivalent).

The General Secretary of the Secretariat will be ex-officio amember of the Board.

The Chairman of the Board will be elected by the Board toundertake a two-year period of office

A Secretariat responsible for the administration of theCommission's activities. This will be composed of a smallexecutive body headed by a salaried General Secretary withsupporting administrative personnel.

Ad hoc Technical Working Committees will be formed for afixed period by resolution of the Board to undertakespecific terms of reference and report as required.Membership of this Technical Working Committees will be byco-option at the discretion of the Board.

4. ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION

4.1 Meetings and agenda

The board will meet in full session twice a year and shall be recalledat such other times as the need arises. The agenda for these meeting will beprepared by the Secretariat after consultation with the board members.

4.2 Scope of activities

To provide a forum for the discussion of questionspertaining to the management of the lake stocks andtheir exploitation. Arising from these discussions toprovide advice to the member Governments.

Organise the activities of major concern for fisheriesmanagement (survey and monitoring, provision of statistics,R and D, etc.)

Provide technical advice on the formulation of fisherydevelopment projects.

Provide advice and act as liaison and as a conduit for thedistribution of donor funds to support specific managementactivities.

4.3 Ad hoc Technical Working Committees

These will be the means of providing technical advice, evaluate researchand survey work carried out on behalf of the Commission, preparing proposals,programmes of work and evaluating and reporting back to the Commission.Recruitment will be by co-option of the appropriate and qualified personnel

34

from all organisations (private and public). They will effectively act asindependent consultancy groups with specific terms of reference and clearlydefined time-tables for reporting back to the Commission. A major source oftechnical expertise will be the Fisheries Departments, the Fisheries ResearchOrganisations and the Universities of the three participating countries. Othersources expertise (e.g commercial experts, representatives of the fishingindustry, non-national experts, consultancy companies, etc.) will be includedas appropriate.

It is anticipated that initially Technical Committees will be requiredto advise on a programme of monitoring for water quality, fish populationsassessment, pollution assessment and monitoring, regulatory measures, therequired research and development programmes, market assessment and theregulation of commercial developments.

5. FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS AND FUNDING

5.1 Support for core activities

It is important that the Commission is funded in a manner that will besustainable over a long period. Short-term actions are of little use in thecontext of fisheries management where continuity of action and the provisionof long runs of information are essential. It follows that the core Commissionactivities i.e. the support for the Board and its meetings, and the runningcosts of the Secretariat and Technical Working Committees should be whollyfunded by subvention from the participating states.

5.2 Support for management activities

The necessary field activities of survey work, test fishing, pollutionassessment and control etc. will usually be undertaken by the present researchorganisations around the lake. This will be appropriate as these organisationsare now being rehabilitated through the current EC Project and its follow-upphase.

The terms of reference and financial arrangements for carrying out theseactivities will result from the activities of the appropriate TechnicalWorking Committee. It is assumed that the finance to support this work willbe derived from external donors. It will be necessary to have nationalagreements to manage and finance such activities through the Commission andnot in the current piecemeal fashion of national project components.

5.3 Regulatory activities

The functions of the Commission with respect to the regulation offisheries activities will be restricted to harmonising the regulationsapplicable in each of the riparian states. In this task it will be assistedby a Technical Working Committee. The Commission will have no regulatoryfunction. This function will be the responsibility of the individual nationalfisheries administrations.

3 5

APPENDIX 3: PROPOSED LAKE-WIDE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PROJECTS TO BE EXECUTEDTHROUGH THE LVFC

As the body responsible for the overall coordinated management of thelake fisheries, the LVFC should be directly concerned in those areas wherethere is a need to build up a reliable lake-wide database of informationrelevant to decision making on the part of the national fisheriesadministrations. Efficient and relevant long-term fisheries developmentplanning and needed short-term critical interventions can only be carried outon the basis of information available from a long run of reliable data. Thisinformation is not currently available.

The execution of the projects outlined below would be carried out bynational government organisations, academic bodies, and private concerns asappropriate. The day-to-day planning and control would be through a projectmanagement unit responsible to a Technical Working Committee of the LVFC.

It is recommended that the following projects should be considered forexecution under the direct auspices of the LVFC.

(a) LAKE VICTORIA FISHERY RESOURCES SURVEY

Aims:

To provide a continually updated inventory of conditions throughout thelake to indicate any long-term changes that may take place and the relevanceof these changes to the fishing activities and their management.

Activities:

Lake-wide investigations of the basic limnological parametersincluding biological conditions in the water body and thesubstrate;

Recording of meteorological data from shore stations in supportof the limnological survey;

Identification of problems associated with pollution andinfestation within the lake basin; and

Experimental fishing to determine the nature of the fishpopulations and any changes that may take place.

(b) MANAGEMENT OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES

Aims:

To identify the fish resources that are available to the artisanalfishery and the techniques that are appropriate to their sustainableexploitation and commercialisation. To carry out technical investigations tosupport any regulatory measures.

36

Activities:

Evaluation of the efficacy of current fishing techniques;

Evaluation of the social and economic effects of the currentfishing and post-harvest activities;

Investigation of the effects of regulatory measures withreference to socio-economic effects and the future stocks offish;

Investigation of fish resources currently not optimally exploitedand carry out technical evaluations of appropriate fishingmethods;

Carry out technical evaluation and the development of appropriatetechniques for the handling and commercialisation of the catch;

Provisions of advice and material the education and training offishermen in relation to conservation and exploitation of thestocks.

(c) MONITORING OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY

Aims:

To provide a regularly updated survey of the fishing industry, theefforts and techniques involved and its social and economic importance.

Note: Current methods of collection and collation of "fisheriesstatistics" at the national level have proved to be too difficult to carryout, and frequently update, in a reliable manner

Activities:

Regular (at least once a year) inventory of fishing units, thesize of fishing communities etc. using aerial survey techniquessupported by ground/lake-based investigations.

Assessment of the processing, transporting and marketingactivities.

Assessment of major markets and identification of marketopportunities, both local and international.

Collection and publication of the fishery statistical data to beused by the fisheries administrations of the riparian countries.

(d) LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIES INFORmATION SERVICE

Aims:

To provide to administrators and investigators concerned with themanagement and development of the fishery and fish resources of the lake,published analyses of statistics, research results and general information.

Activities:

To provide a centre for the collection and editing of theavailable information; and

To provide resources for the publications and dissemination ofthis information.

(e) SUPPORT TO LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT PLANNING

Aims:

To provide to national administrations a regular up-date of the statusof the fisheries resources and the fishing industry with the definition ofindicative lake-wide planning needs.

Activities:

(1) Review of management goals;

(ii) Prepare regular assessments of the current managementframework and evaluate the ongoing activities; and

(iii) Provide advisory services to administrations, research andcommercial organisation with regard to fishery managementorientated activities.

38

APPENDIX 4: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

PAGE

Figure Total catch from Lake Victoria (1968-1989) 39

Figure 2: Total landings recorded for Kenya (1968-1989) 39

Figure 3: Total landings recorded for Uganda (1968-1989) 40

Figure 4: Total landings recorded for Tanzania (1968-1989) 40

Table 1: The Common Management Measures for Lake Victoriaderived from the three national managementseminars 19

Table 2: Employment in the Fisheries Sector 41

Table 3: An overview of Lake Victoria Fisheries Sector 42

-

250

uJu

50

CatCh (000 :

t

68 52 70 71

ti72 73 7.: 7^7 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 8,5 87 88, 89

Year

+Uganda

Figure 1 : Total Catch from Lake Victoria (1968 - 1989) based on

Reynolds, Greboval and Mannini (in prep.)

Kenya

Catch (1000 i)

75 76 77 78 79 EC El 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

Yéar

. niloticus ar.. -,:c-,tea O. niloticus EM Other War:).

P. eethiopicusi FicetschromisIM a doemee M Others

Figure 2 : Total Landings recorded for Kenya (1968 - 1989) based on

DoF statistical bulletins

(.;y, t-1 CI,')0(.7)

»0) 1

(,;(1

-

;

-

r7.7

,

O

75 76 77 78

Uganda

;

7

Figure 4 : Total Landings recorded for Tanzania (1968 - 1989) based

on DoF statistics reports.

77 78 79 80 81 597 85 86 87 67 75

cu s EL: R. 6,1g,- ; /,3,-,c; A E. aocr77:::7

h'aolochromis h: E.,-

Figure 3 : Total Landings recorded for Uganda (1968 - 1989) based on

DoF records

Tanzania

82 63 84 85 86 87 88 89Year

79 80 61

M Other tilepM Others

L niioticus 1M P. aroentea f O. nitoticus

E P. aethiopicus[ J Haplochromis I B. docmac

I Source: DOF statistics; Hoekstra et al. (1991) for Kenya.

2 Source: DOF statistics for Tanzania; Kanyike (1972) for Uganda; CIFA (1992).Note: Crew size includes boat owner who manages the unit although seldom fisheshimself.

3 Actual landings divided by number of canoes.

4 Ratio typically between 2 and 3 for small scale fisheries in Africa (FAOFisheries Country Profiles), and estimated at 4 for Uganda in 1991 (Reynolds andKirema-Mukasa, 1991). Very conservative estimates, further account for the likelyimpact of the large increase in catch per boat on this ratio.

5 It is assumed that each person employed supports 4 dependants on average,further considering that one dependent is also involved in fisheries relatedactivities (e.g. fisherman's wife involved in processing or retail).

TABLE 2 : EMPLOYMENT IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR

Employment Circa 1975 Circa 1989

Number of canoes1 11,000 21,987

Crew size2 4.4 4.8

Catch per canoe (t/year)3 7.91 23.06

Secondary to primary

employment ratio4 2 3

Employment (fishermen) 52,800 105,500

Employment (secondary) 105,600 316,500

Total employment 158,400 422,000

Fisherfolks and dependents

whose livelihood depend on

the fisheries sectors 475,200 1,266,000

FISHING GEAR AND TECHNIQUES

(a) Restrictionstrawlers

42

TABLE 3: AN OVERVIEW OF LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIES REGULATIONS

The following is a general consideration of the current fisheries regulation applicable to the fisheriesof Lake Victoria. The regulatory framework for Uganda is still under consideration. It is understood that somechanges can be expected in the legislation for Tanzania. The lecislation of Kenya has been upgraded recently(1989). The drawing up comprehensive fisheries regulation is difficult when both marine and freshwateractivities have to be combined in the same legal framework, and some anomalies exist because of this.

All the national regulations have an "enabling" section whicn allows for any mob "ication at thedecision of the Director of Fisheries.

REGULATION/CONTROL ASSUMED RESULT/EFFECT

in the activities of This is proposed by Kenya and Uganda The catch rates of trawlers operating in th,but not currently by Tanzania. open-waters of the lake have been found tc

be uneconomically low and there is litlecommercial interest in the use of thitechnique. In consquence it is not forsee,

that trawlino will have a significant effect

on the fish stocks in the centre of trflake. Unfortunately, where trawlersoperating the need to work the richgrounds brings them into direct conflimíwith the artisanal fishermen exploitindimishallow lake margins and also causes damagfto substrata of importance as breeding anmnursery grounds (especially for tilab44nand haplochromine species).

(b) Restrict ons in the mesh size of Uganda has apparently gillnet meshgillnets size restrictions; Kenya has a limit

of 88.9 - 127 mm for gillnets"targetted" at tilapia and >127 mmmesh for the Nile perch nets;Tanzania has a similar restrictionfor Nile perch nets but no

restriction for tilapia nets.

Restriction of mesh size of nets used There is general agreement, althoughin the Rastrineobola fishery still inadequate supporting

scientific information, that thesenets should be restricted to aminimum mesh size of 10 mm.

Restriction in the use of seine nets Kenya limits seine nets to a minimummesh of SO mm. Tanzania and Ugandaare considering the banning of seinenets, except for Ratrineobola.

EVALUATION

Trawling with single boats or pairs smbe made illegal throughout the lake, e, -

for the purposes of scie-7í-

investigations.

Two aspects of mesh regulations rmf-:::

considered; great difficulty of enfor.miand doubtful value in terms of the efi-:L.

the fish stocks. This particularly re e,where the fishery is exploiting a mu:-species stock. In restricted areas, wh,im-localised over-fishing is a risk, tht,r,

should be some restrictions but these sr,better enforced by voluntary comblia,Icethrough education of the fishermen.

This mesh size regulation should becarefully evaluated with research results.With the development of other techniques cm

catching Rastrineobola it is likely thatthese assumptions will be modified.

Seine nets are generally considered to bedestructive to the fish stocks by damagingthe breeding grounds and the breeding fish.

It would be of value to investigate the truescope of this damage to potential stocksbefore restrictions are codified.

Thisrethodisconsideredtodamagebreedinggrounds and interfere with breedingbehaviour, particularly of cichlids. .Thefish are entangled and the selectivity ofgillnets is cancelled.

Restriction in the use of beaten nets Uganda forbids the use of thistechnique, the other two countriesare not specific

Fish barriers and traps

Destructive fishing methods: such aspoisons, explosives,electro-fishing,light attraction.

2. CONTROL OF FISHING AREAS AND SEASONS

43

(f) Restriction in the use of cast nets Although not specifically mentionedin the regulations, there is a

general opinion in the fisheriesadministrations that this techniqueis destructive, especially of theyoung stages, and should be banned.

The legislation for all threecountries considers restrict ons onthe use of these methods

These are generally banned in all

three countries, with the exceptionthat light attraction is being

considered as a techniques for thedeveloping Ratrineobola fishery.

The use of this method is generallrestricted to subsistence fishing and thuprobably has little significant effectthe fish stocks. It is however a verimportanttothe local subsistenceeconomieand therefore to ban it unecessarily woullead to some privatation.

It is necessary to distinguish two uses fcthese techniques. Where traps are used fcsmall scale, subsistence; and wheretheyarused as a barrier to catch fish aggregatefor breeding migrations, then the intensitof fishing can have a considerable effect c

the survival of the future stocks of fishControl of this method is really control

the locations in which it is used and ncthe method per se (closed areas).

The extensive use, the unselective ar

destructive nature of these methods can lea

to long-term deterioration of the fisstocks. The use of poisons can lead t

health problems among the consumers of fis

so caught. It is possible that ligh

attraction will provide an efficier

technique for the catching of Ratrineobolwith no significant effects on the stock

This is a technique already widely used. Iany regulations an exception should be mad

for the development of this technique.

The preservation from exploitationinshore edge areas thought to be importarfor the breeding and recruitment of fish tthe exploitable stocks might be of littl

benefit unless spawning areas ar

identified.

With banning of trawling in the edge zones

and an eventual banning of trawling lakewide, there will effectively be createdcentral deep-water zone where there i

little exploitation of the fish stock

(except possibly for Ratrineobola). Howeverin the deeper waters there is increasiranoxia.

Certain locations, such as river mouthswith fish mass during the breedin

migrations. At these times they are at risto destructive fishing of the stocks. Thareas should be permanently excluded frefishing activities.

Apart from the requirement to protec

seasonally migrating species, in generamost species breed continually throughouthe year and there is no rationale for anrestrictions unless particular localitieare shown to be at risk.

Control of fishing areas All three countries have, or intend,legislation which will allow the

designation of controlled or bannedfishing areas.

Control of fishing seasons All three countries have or intendlegislation on the restriction of

fishing in particular seasons.

3. CONTROL OF ENTRY INTO THE FISHERY

Licensing of fishermen

Licensing of fishing vessels

4. CONTROL OF POST-CATCH ACTIVITIES

(a) Control of landings

44

Uganda is proposing to reintroduce a It is not forseen that limitation of entry'fishermen licencing scheme. Kenya and into the artisanal fishery of Lake Victoria

Tanzania have fishermen licence would be relevant to the current needs ofregulations. the resource management. The licencing of

fishermen does provide for an eventual,

future control of their activities, and

provides a statistical input indicative ofthe trends in the levels of exploitation. It

is also reasonable that the fishermen shouldpay a fee for the ultimate benefits fromwhat is a shared national resource.

All three countries have legislation Control of the numbers of artisanal fishingrelative to the licensing and for units engaged in the fishery is not easilyKenya the surveying of vessels and enforceable. However, it is advisable that,

their equipment. with the fishery reserved for the artisanal

and subsistence sectors, there is a control

of the types of vessels and fishing

capacity.

It should be noted that a regulation ofboats on the lake is required in view of the

many uses (legal and illegal) that theseboats are put to.

Kenya restricts the landing of the Control of landing sites facilitates

catches to specific locations, monitoring of illegal nets, small sized

Tanzania and Uganda have no such and prohibited gears. Hence a useful measurelegislation. difficult to enforce. Fishermen will tend tc,

land in response to the ease and economiesof the commercialisation of their catches.Administrators should go to the sites offishing activities not vice versa.

(b) Licensing of traders, processors etc. All countries do or intend to licence Regulations allow for the control anc

these post-catch activities. numeration of those active in the post-harvest trades are of value in maintainincstatisitics that will indicate trendsin thZindustry. The recording of these activities

allow for control of these activities should

economic policies and conditions allow.

45

LIST OF IFIP REPORTS - LISTE DES RAPPORTS PPEC

I. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS / DOCUMENTS TECHNIQUES

Gréboval D , A. Bonzon, M. Giudicelli and E. Chondoma, Baseline Survey1989 report (1987) on inland fisheries planning, development and

management in Eastern/Central/Southern Africa. UNDP/FAO RegionalProject for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/01/89(En): 104p.

Gréboval D., A. Bonzon, M. Giudicelli et E. Chondoma, Rapport de l'étude de1989 base (1987) sur la planification, le développement et

l'aménagement des pêches continentales en Afrique Orientale/Centrale/Australe. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planificationdes Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/01/89 (Fr): 110p.

Gréboval D., and B. Horemans (eds), Selected Papers presented at the1989 , SADCC/FAO Training Workshop on Fisheries Planning, Victoria

Falls, Zimbabwe, 15-24 Novembre 1988. UNDP/FAO Regional Projectfor Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/02/89 (En):138p.

Horemans B., et Maes M. (éds), Rapport de la Consultation technique sur les1989 lacs Cohoha et Rweru partagés entre le Burundi et le Rwanda

(Bujumbura, 13 et 14 Décembre 1989). Projet Regional PNUD/FAOpour la Planification des Pêches Continentales (PPEC).

RAF/87/099-TD/03/89 (Fr): 94p.

Greboval D., Management of the New Fisheries of Lake Victoria: Major socio-1989 economic issues. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries

Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/04/89 (En): 25p.

Gréboval D. (ed), Principles of fisheries management and legislation of1990 relevance to the Great Lakes of East Africa: Introduction and

case studies. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland FisheriesPlanning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/05/90 (En): 41p.

Report of the IFIP/SWIOP Workshop on Economic Aspects of Fisheries1990 Development and Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/07/90 (En): 22p.

Corsi F., Evaluation des pêcheries zairoises des lacs Idi Amin/Edouard et1990 Mobutu Sese Seko. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification

des Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (Fr): 64p.

Corsi F., Evaluation of the Zairian Fisheries of Lakes Edward and Mobutu.1990 UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),

RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (En): 60p .

46

Rapport de la première reunion du Comité consultatif du projet regional1990 pour la planification des pêches continentales. Projet Regional

PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Peones Continentales (PPEC).RAF/87/099-TD/09/90 (Fr): 24p.

Report of the First Meeting of the Advisory Committee of the Regional1990 Project for Inland Fisheries Planning. UNDP/FAO Regional Project

for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/09/90 (En):22p.

Report of the Symposium on Socio-economic aspects of Lake Victoria1990 Fisheries. A Symposium organized by the IFIP Project under the

framework of the CIFA Sub-comittee for Lake Victoria, 24-27April, Kisumu, Kenya, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for InlandFisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/10/90 (En): 24p.

Maes M. (ed), Report on the Technical Consultation on Lake Mweru shared by1990 Zaire and Zambia, 08-10 August, Lusaka, Zambia, UNDP/FAO Regional

Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/1 1/90(En): 44p.

Maes M. (ed), Rapport de la Consultation technique sur le lac Mweru partage1990 entre le Zaire et la Zambie, 08-10 août, Lusaka, Zambie, Projet

Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Péches Continentales(PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/11/90 (Fr): 45p.

Papers presented at the IFIP/SWIOP Workshop on Economic Aspects of1990 Fisheries Development and Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project

for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/12/90 (En):122p.

Case studies presented at the IFIP/SWIOP Workshop on Economic Aspects of1990 Fisheries Development and Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project

for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/13/90 (En):115p.

Ssentongo G.W. (ed), Report of the First Workshop on Fisheries Statistics and1990 Information Systems for Lake Victoria. UNDP/FAO Regional Project

for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/14/90 (En):72p.

Rapport de la consultation Technique sur l'aménagement des pêcheries des1990 lacs Edouard et Mobutu, 17-21 septembre 1990, Kampala, Ouganda,

Projet R6gional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des PêchesContinentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/15/90 (Fr): 30p.

Report of Technical Consultation on Management of the Fisheries of Lakes1990 Edward and Mobutu, 17-21 September 1990, Kampala, Uganda,

UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),RAF/87/099-TD/15/90 (En): 26p.

Report of the National Workshop on Fishery Statistics and Information1990 Systems, 22-26 October 1990, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, UNDP/FAO

Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),RAF/87/099-TD/16/90 (En): 33p.

47

Machena C. and V. Kanondo, A Review of the Fisheries of Lake Kariba and1991 their Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries

Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/17/91 (En): 58p.

Rapport de la deuxième reunion du Comité consultatif du projet regional1991 pour la planification des peches continentales. Projet Regional

PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Péches Continentales (PPEC)-RAF/87/099-TD/18/91 (Fr): 25p.

Report of the Second Meeting of the Advisory Committee of the Regional1991 Project for Inland Fisheries Planning. UNDP/FAO Regional Project

for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/18/91 (En):23p.

Prado J., Beare R.J., Siwo Mbuga J., Oluka L.E. A catalogue of fishing1991 methods and gear used in Lake Victoria. UNDP/FAO Regional Project

for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/19/91 (En):104p.

Biribonwoha A.R. A Review of Fisheries Inputs in Kenya, Tanzania and1991 Uganda. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning

(IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/20/91 (En): 65p.

Rapport de la deuxième Consultation technique sur l'amenagement des1991 pêcheries des lacs Edouard et Mobutu Sese Seko. Projet Regional

PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Peches Continentales (PPEC).RAF/87/099-TD/21/91 (Fr): 27p.

Report of the Second Technical Consultation on the Management of the1991 Fisheries of lakes Edward and Mobutu, 27-29 May 1991, Kinshasa,

Zaire. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning(IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/21/91 (En): 28p.

Leendertse K. and B. Horemans. Socio Economic Characteristics of

1991 the Artisanal Fishery in Kigoma region, Tanzania. UNDP/FAORegional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),

RAF/87/099-TD/22/91 (En): 104p.

Hanek G, K. Leendertse and B. Farhani. Socio-Economic Investigations of1991 Lake Kivu Fisheries. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/23/91 (En): 55p.

Report on the Regional Training Course on Fish Stock Assessment, 21 January1991 - 15 February 1991, Kariba, Zimbabwe. Denmark funds-in-trust FI:

GCP/INT/392/DEN-Act. Rep. No 29 and UNDP/FAO Regional Project forInland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/24/91 (En): 29p.

Bellemans M., Structural characteristics of the Burundi Fisheries in 19901991 and Historical Review. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/25/91 (En): 26p.

Hoekstra T.M., A. Asila, C. Rabuor, O. Rambiri. Report on the census of1991 fishing boats and gear in the Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria.

UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),RAF/87/099-TD/26/91 (En): 36p.

48

Ssentongo G.W. and J.D. Nfamara. Report of a National Seminar on the

1991 Development and Management of the Kenyan Fisheries of Lake

Victoria. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning(IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/27/91 (En): 124p.

Reynolds J.E., P. Mannini and D. F. Gréboval. Obscure Waters: The Fisheries

1991 of the Mweru/Luapula Complex, Zambia - Report of an IFIP ReviewMission. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning(IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/28/91 (En): 87p.

Maes M., G. Ntakimazi et J. Ruremesha. Situation générale des lacs Cohoha

1991 et Rweru et propositions d'aménagement. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO

pour la Planification des Péches Continentales (PPEC).

RAF/87/099-TD/29/91 (Fr): 61p.

Rapport de la deuxieme Consultation technique portant sur l'aménagement des

1991 pécheries des lacs Cohoha et Rweru. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO

pour la Planification des Peches Continentales (PPEC).

RAF/87/099-TD/30/91 (Fr): 47p.

Ssentongo G.W. and F.L. Orach-Meza (eds.), Report of a National Seminar on

1992 the Development and Management of Ugandan fisheries of LakeVictoria. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning(IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/31/92 (En): 137p.

Greboval D. et M. Maes, Caractéristiques et evolution des pêcheries des

1991 lacs partagés d'Afrique centrale. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pourla Planification des Peches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/32/91 (Fr) : 35p.

Ssentongo G.W. and N. Dampha (eds), Report of the Technical Consultation

1992 between Malawi and Mozambique on Lakes Malawi, Chilwa and Chiuta.UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP).RAF/87/099-TD/33/92 (En): 89p.

Leendertse K. et M. Bellemans, Caractéristiques socio-économiques des

1991 patrons de pêche artisanale et coutumière dans la partie

burundaise du lac Tanganyika. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour laplanification des pêches continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-

TD/34/91 (Fr): 87p.

Ssentongo G.W. (ed.), Report on the National Seminar on the Development and

1992 Management of the Tanzanian Fisheries of Lake Victoria. UNDP/FAO

Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),

RAF/87/099-TD/35/92 (En): 86p.

Horemans B. and M. Hoekstra, Economic appraisal of the pelagic fishery of

1992 Lake Kariba. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland FisheriesPlanning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/36/92 (En): 37p.

Leendertse, K et Mambona Wa Bazolana, Caractéristigues socio-économigues de

1992 la pêche zairoise de la partie nord du lac Tanganyika. Projetrégional PNUD/FAO pour la planification des pèches continentales(PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/37/92 (Fr): 76p.

Mannini P.1992

49

(ed.), The Lake Victoria Dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea). Report ofthe First Meeting of the Working Group on Lake VictoriaRastrineobola argentea, 9-11 December 1991, Kisumu, Kenya.UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),RAF/87/099-TD/38/92 (En): 84p.

Hoekstra T.M., The Artisanal Capture Fisheries of Lake Victoria, Kenya: major1992 socioeconomic characteristics of its fishermen and their fishing

units. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning(IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/39/92 (En): 78p.

Horemans B., Analyse economigue des pêcheries burundaises du lac Tanganyika.1992 Projet r'égional PNUD/FAO pour la planification des pêches

continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/40/92: 69p.

Hoekstra T.M. and J. Lupikisha, The artisanal Capture Fisheries of Lake1992 Tanganyika, Zambia: major socioeconomic characteristics of its

fishermen and their fishing units. UNDP/FAO Regional Project forInland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/41/92 (En): 93p.

Socio-economic investigations (Bukoba Region, Tanzania). UNDP/FAO Regional1992 Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/42/92

(En): in preparation

Horemans B., Report of the Sub-regional Workshop on Fishery Bio-Economic1992 Modelling, 17-21 February 1992, Kariba, Zimbabwe. UNDP/FAO

Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),RAF/87/099-TD/43/92 (En): in preparation

van der Hoeven J.J. and Y.L. Budeba, A marketing study on the Tanzanian part1992 of Lake Victoria: the Mwaloni Kirumba market, Mwanza, and the

export market for fresh fish and fillet. UNDP/FAO RegionalProject for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/44/92(En): in preparation

Gr6boval D., (ed.), Report of a Regional Meeting for the Management of Lake1992 Victoria and the Creation of a Lake Victoria Fisheries

Commission. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland FisheriesPlanning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/45/92 (En): 68p.

Dunn I.G. and G. W. Ssentongo, Regional Framework for the Management of the1992 Fisheries of Lake Victoria. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/46/92 (En): inpreparation

Hanek G. and D. Gr6boval, Report of the Meeting of Project Managers for the1992 Coordination of Stock Assessment Work on East African Lakes.

UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP).RAF/87/099-TD/47/92 (En): 51p.

Coenen E.J., Report on the Symposium on Biology, Stock Assessment and1992 Exploitation of Small Pelagic Fish Species in the African Great

Lakes Region. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland FisheriesPlanning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/48/92 (En): 29p.

50

II. WORKING PAPERS / DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL

Bean C.E., Selected abstracts of basic references and current literature in1989 fisheries economics. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/01/89 (En): 51p.

Ssentongo G. W., Fish and fisheries of shared lakes of Eastern/Central/1990 Southern Africa. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries

Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/02/90 (En): 19p.

Nfamara J.D., Recent observations on the fisheries of lake Tanganyika. UNDP1990 /FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP),

RAF/87/099-WP/03/90 (En): 16p.

Sen S., Planning structure and procedures: a case study of Malawi (Restricted1991 Distribution). UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries

Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/04/91 (En): 21p.

Proceedings of the Symposium on Socio-economic aspects of Lake Victoria1990 Fisheries. Volume 1 (unedited papers 1-7). UNDP/FAO Regional

Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/05/90(En): 114p.

Nfamara J.D., Improved method for smoking fish in the Kigoma region of Lake1990 Tanganyika, Tanzania. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/06/90 (En): 23p.

Proceedings of the Symposium on Socio-economic aspects of Lake Victoria1991 Fisheries. Volume 2 (unedited papers 8-12). UNDP/FAO Regional

Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/07/91(En): 88p.

Greboval D. et Diquelou J., Experimentation de la senne tournante

1991 et coulissante dans les eaux burundaises du lac Tanganyika: Etudede pré-faisabilitê. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la

Planification des Pèches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-

WP/08/91 (Fr): 20p.

Maes M., Leendertse K. et Mambona Wa Bazolana, Recensement des unités de1991 pêche zaYroise dans la partie nord du lac Tanganyika. Projet

Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales(PPEC). RAF/87/099-WP/09/91 (Fr): 61p.

Maes M. (ed.), Recueil de documents prêsentés à la Consultation technique1991 des lacs Edouard et Mobutu partagés entre le ZaYre et l'Ouganda.

Projet Régional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des PêchesContinentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-WP/10/91 (Fr): 112p.

Ssentongo G.W. (ed.), Compilation of papers presented at the technical1992 consultation on Lakes Edward and Mobutu shared between Zaire and

Uganda. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning(IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/10/92 (En): 86p.

51

Nfamara, D., Introduction du Fumoir de type "Chorkor" au Burundi. Projet1992 Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales

(PPEC). RAF/87/099-WP/11/92 (Fr): 25p.

Nfamara D., Fish processing in the Kagera Region of Lake Victoria: a review.1992 UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP).

RAF/87/099-WP/12/92 (En): 32p.

Pearce M.J., The Results of a Survey of the Fisheries of the Zambian waters1992 of Lake Tanganyika. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland

Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-WP/13/92 (En): 44p.

Mughanda M., Etat actuel de l'exploitation des pêcheries zaYroises du lac1992 Edouard/Idi Amin : vers la destruction des populations

piscicoles. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification dePêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-WP/14/92 (Fr): 36p.

Gréboval D., 'The fisheries of Lake Victoria : summary of project activities1992 to date'. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning

(IFIP). RAF/87/099-WP/15/92 (En): 24p.

Gréboval D. and P. Mannini, 'The fisheries of Lake Victoria : Review of basic1992 data. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning

(IFIP). RAF/87/099-WP/16/92 (En): 46p.