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ر المُناخي في التَغَي�الوطن العربي:
آليات الدفاع والمواجهة
2012
2012
ISBN 978 9950 333 03 1
2950755 51352 –2986796 2954451 2986698
http www maan ctr orgE mail maan@maan ctr org
516508 2823712 08 2837033
E mail maang@maan ctr org
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24 .................................. COP 17
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35 .......................................
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47 ...................................................................................
48 .......................................................
50 ................................................................
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57 ........................................................................
59 .............................................................................................
61
63
5
2012
30%
70%
6
2012
8
2100 1990
1
2050 20302
3
.155-160 2007 1
6 2009 2
3
57 4
9
2009
2004
.5
2010
2010
.6
2010
2012-2011
2012
31 297
0.1
26
258 1947
1992 1969
24
24 1969
1 9 1992
300 250
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6
.42 7
8
9
2 1.5
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2011
1998
2011 27
60% 300
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*
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199224
201226
*
2011
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2011-2010
27 13
2011
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10
11
12
13
14
11
2100 2000
12.5
20
4 3
8 7
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25%
.23
.24
.19 22
23
24
.25
.Richter, 2011, pp. 40-46 -25
12
7
19
2012
2012
22
31
.2012
13
40
.26 50
.27
28 2010
201029
2010
.30
2010
2009
Lobell et al., 2010, p. 63 -26
.Ibid -27
31 28
29
30
.31
1967
32
31
Lobell et al., 2010, pp. 18-26 -32
14
trifluoride nitrogen
33
Richter, 2011, p. 24 -33
1734
35 1978 30
IPCC
2050 2007
.36 150
2009
2008
37
19 34
35
Boano et al., 2007 -36
.21 37
15
.38
IISD
160
2008 2007
.39
IISD
.40
-clima
change ic
.41
.2002 1970
Boano -38
21 39
40
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0.8
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.44
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42
43
44
45
16
1990 20%
2020
2025
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2025
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.48 1.03
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2000
2006
196750
.51
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47
.2012 48
64 49
50
51
700 600
500
200
52
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1948
1103 1948
453
650
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453) 80%
25%
118 20%
.54 1967
53
54
1103 1948
453
650
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18
19
530
.55
250,000
.56
ARIJ, 2007, p. 134 -55
.4 56
21
22
95
53 64
46 59
49
.60
24 59
60
4.6 2012
61 3.3 1.3
4
.2012 61
1990
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64
65
22
D)
.66 D
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.67
Green Global International Cross Green
USA
.200968 18%
25% 15
.2020
Green Cross, 2008) -66
.Ibid -67
.29 68
1%
.69
69
D-)
24
70
17 2008 70
2015
2011
2015
2020
25
2012 2017
2015
2020
2017
2015
71
2015
2020
2015
2015
.41 71
72
.2015
73
2020
2100
0.7
0.7%
2020 trade and cap
3%
72
73
26
28
660
0.7 2020
74
2011
75
409 2010
200976 312
2010 193
91
.77
4% 2020
.78
5%
2013
0.3%
2.5%
.79
2011
IEA, 2011 -74
.Ibid -75
.Ibid -76
.Ibid -77
Ibid -78
29 79
1986
431
27
2010
80
81
Baer et al., 2007 -80
.Ibid -81
28
82
9,000
750
.83
15%
.84
.Ibid -82
.Ibid -83
.Ibid -84
3% 185
86
.Ibid -85
.Ibid -86
29
CFCs
87
.88
.Ibid -87
.Ibid -88
30
500
51
188
.11489
40%90
1999
.91
.Ibid -89
90
91
1500092
.2004 92
63%
3%
31
32
80%93
.31 93
94 10%-5%
Adger et al., 2010, pp. 197-204 -94
33
LEED
30%
.95
.96 20%
.Ibid -95
.Ibid -96
1967
34
ROI
25- 40%97 40%
30%98
HVAC)
Richter, 2011, pp. 110-121 -97
.Ibid -98
ROI
40%
.99
.Ibid -99
35
100
100
2012
2012 20
Climate Works Foundation, 2010
36
.50%101-40%
.33 101
17
25
.47%102
40% 30
.103
102
103
38
39
60%
.104
90%
.105
Richter -104
ibid -105
40
70%
106
.22 106
.107 25%
40%108
15-20%
10%
.109
10
15%
.110 15% 10
80%
10 6.5
107
108
109
.28 110
41
8
111
100
80 20
144
1800
.112 365
1967
4%
.113
7%
.114
111
112
28 113
114
115 50 40
116
.117
.118
115
.32 116
117
118
42
LED
4
2 32
15
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5000
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43
2
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20
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.121 25 20
2012
122
120
121
.2012 5 28 122
44
15
50 15
20
20%
20%
20%
20%123
2001
34%124 20%
20%
.125 25-15
20%
25 123
124
125
45
2012
5%126 2020
10%
5%
.127 22%
15128
70% 60
129
126
127
128
.2009 129
30
.130
31 130
46
47
2300
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48
2000
270
49
50
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.131 81%
.15 131
51
12 27.8%
.132
132
52
50% 2020 25%
.2050
2020 25%
50%
.2050
53
133
Richter, pp.173-183 and p. 188 -133
134
.135
136
.137
.Ibid -134
.Ibid -135
.Ibid -136
.Ibid -137
54
.138
139
.Ibid -138
.Ibid -139
140
.Ibid -140
55
2008 2007
.141
142
100%
.143 2008 - 2007
.144
-141
.Ibid -142
.Ibid -143
.Ibid -144
145
.146
.Ibid -145
.Ibid -146
56
147
148
149
.150
.151
.152 8 3
.Ibid -147
.Ibid -148
.Ibid -149
.Ibid -150
.Ibid -151
.Ibid -152
57
2006
18%158
.Ibid -158
18%153
.154 15155
130
70%156
.157
Steinfeld et al., 2006 -153
.Ibid -154
.Ibid -155
.Ibid -156
.Ibid -157
58
2009
.159
.160 75%
World
Watch
18%
.161 2006
19 159
160
20 161
37%
.162
33
23
.163
162
163
130
59
5.42
.164 2800
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24
150
.170 164
169 165
166
167
18
.168
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22 120
12KW
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.171
.2 168
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60
.172
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173
174
.175
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PSI
177
4178
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.32-35 174
.28-31 175
.6 176
www.wattan.tv -177
178
179
61
62
63
.2008
.
.2007
.2011
.2008
)
.2009
Adger ,W .Neil et al Adapting to Climate
Change New York Cambridge University
Press.2010 ,
the Environment in the Occupied Palestinian
-
rich Böll Stiftung, 2007.
-
2011.
e
2008 7 6 4
20 19 15
29 28 25 24 22 21 2009
2010
34 33 32 31
45 42 41 2011
2012
3 2
2004
2010 23
.2012 5 28
www.wattan.tv
2009
.2010
2012
WWF
.2012
2012
2012
17-18
.2004
GTZ
.2009
-
between Environmental change, Livelihoods
Studies Center, University of Oxford, 2007.
-
-
-
0599 821716