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IHTE-1800 Research methods:Case and action research
Sari Kujala, spring 2007
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Contents• Introduction• Case study research
- What it is? When to apply?- Process- Improving the quality
• Action study- What it is? When to apply?- Process
• Literature
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Introduction
• Case and action research strategies are among the best in human-centered design research- Investigating holistic and meaningful
characteristics of real-life events- Makes the research practical and ensures
that the developed methods and processes are usable in practice
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
What is case study research?
• A case study is an empirical inquiry within its real-life context, particularly when the boundaries between phenomena and context are not clearly evident (Yin, 1994)
• A common research strategy in different disciplines (social and organizational sciences, economics)
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Case study research in practice
• The researcher has a role of detached observer
• Small sample• Data gathering methods can be both
quantitative and qualitative
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Case studies -when to apply?
• Answering to “how” or “why” questions• Broad and complex phenomenon• A phenomenon cannot be studied outside
the context in which it occurs • To find relevant issues for theory• To capture process, time related data
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Single-case design (Yin, 2003)
• Critical test of existing theory - Are a theory’s propositions correct or are
alternative explanations more relevant• Extreme, unique, representative, typical,
revelatory (phenomenon previously inaccessible) or longitudinal case
• Holistic vs. embedded case design (more than one unit of analysis)
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Multiple-case designs (Yin, 2003)
• Each case either (a) predicts similar results (a literal replication)
• Or (b) predicts contrasting results but for predictable reasons (a theoretical replication)
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Multiple case studies (Dubé and Paré, 2003)
• Helps to understand the influence of variability of context and to gain more general research results
• Within-case analysis: individual cases are analyzed- Gives a rich familiarity with each case, which
accelerates cross-case comparison• Cross-case analysis: the results of multiple
cases are compared and combined
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Investigator skills (Yin, 2003)
• Asks good questions• Is a good listener• Is adaptive and flexible• Has a firm grasp of the issues being
studied• Is unbiased by preconceived notions
(sensitive and responsive to contradictory evidence)
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Preparing for data collection (Yin, 2003)
• Prepare a case study protocol- Goals, procedures, questions and instructions
for the case• Select case study “sites” or individuals• Pilot case study and refine your data
collection plans
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Collecting data: sources
• Documentation- Existing measures and evaluations
• Statistics• Interviews and surveys• Direct or participant-observation (e.g.
meetings)• Physical artifacts
- Testing the resulting product
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Example of measured attributes (Kujala, 2002)
Ease of use
Correctness
Completeness
Costs
Development time
Attributes
Usability
Quality of requirements
Product development performance
Factors
…
…
…
…
...
Expl. of attributes
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Three principles of data collection (Yin)
1. Use multiple sources of evidence- Called triangulation (data sources,
investigator, theory, methodological)2. Create a case study database
- Case study notes (incl. exact phrases)- Documents
3. Maintaining a chain of evidence
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Data analysis strategies (Yin, 2003)
• Relaying on theoretical propositions• Thinking about rival explanations• Developing a case description
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Data analysis techniques (Yin, 2003)
• Pattern matching- Comparing empirical pattern with a predicted
• Explanation building• Time-series analysis• Logic models• Cross-case synthesis
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Improving the quality of case studies (KalleLyytinen)• Define research questions, anchor into theory• Use within and between case analysis• Be clear about sampling• Validate/test your instruments• Identify natural controls• Use multiple sources of data for triangulation• Search for alternative explanations• Report your data collection process, threats to reliability, method
bias• Use all data, including field notes• User study protocol and methods to map data to constructs• Use quotes or other field data
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Action research
• Combines practical problem-solving and scientific research - Includes intervention and investigating its effects- Situational, collaborative, participatory and self-
evaluative• Researcher actively involved and collaborating
with practitioners• Roots on educational, social and organizational
sciences
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Action research – when to apply?
• To address complex real-life problems• To understand social practices and the
change processes in social systems (Hult and Lennung, 1980)
• To enhance the competence of the respective actors, training
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Action research process
Action planning
Action intervention
Evaluating
Specifying learning
Problem diagnosing (identifying and defining
problems)
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Criticism of action research (Tuomi & Sarajärvi, 2002)
• Situation specific, sample not representative, no control of experiments
• Goals and methods can be unclear• Difficult to keep distant and neutral, no
equal dialog between the researcher and the object
• Researchers may search solutions to their own problems in which practitioners are not interested
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Case study research
• Yin, R.K. (2002) Case study research: Design and Methods (3rd ed.) Sage Publications.
• Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 4, 532-550.
• Dubé and Paré, G. (2003). Rigor in information systems positivist case research: Current practices, trends, and recommendations. MIS Quarterly, 27, 4, 597-636.
http://www.cs.tut.fi/ihte
Action research literature• Avison, D., Lau, F., Myers, M. and Nielsen, P. A. (1999) Action
research. Communications of the ACM, 42, 1, 94-97.• Baskerville, R. (1997) Distinguishing action research from
participative case studies. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 1, 1, 25-45.
• Hult, M. and Lennung, S. (1980) Towards a definition of action research: An note and bibliography. Journal of Management Studies, 17, 241-250.
• Järvinen, P. (2007). Action research is similar to design science. Quality & Quantity, 41, 37-54.
• Stringer, E.T. (1999) Action Research, second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Kuula, A. (1999) Kenttätyötä ja muutospyrkimyksiä. Tammer-paino, Tampere.