IHL Reviewer

7/23/2019 IHL Reviewer

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ar#ed forces and dissident ar#ed forces or ot&er organizedar#ed7roups !&ic& under responsible co##and, exercise such controlover a part of its territory as to enable t&e# to carry out sustainedand concerted #ilitary operations and to i#ple#ent t&is rotocol

t&is is a fairly restrictive denition2 no! 6@@ Statuteprovides an inter#ediary t&res&old of application. 6t doesnot reGuire t&at t&e conict be bet!een 7overn#entalforces and rebel forces t&at t&e latter control part of t&eterritory or t&at t&ere be a responsible co##and. 6t

reGuires a &i7& de7ree of or7aniCation and violence for anysituation to be classied as an ar#ed conict not of aninternational c&aracter.

- ONLY Common Article and!or "rotocol II a##lies- Belli7erent Status if

a. or7aniCedb. identied (e#ble# unifor# or carry ar#s openly)c. territorial controld. respect rules of 6H*

'. Internationali$ed armed conict !it& intervention of 'rdparty state !&o #ust &ave e=ective control as per /icara7ua v S(total or partial dependence in trainin7 eGuippin7 rovidin7lo7istics nancin7 etc.)

-NO% a##licablefor situations of internal violence and tension !&ic& donot #eet t&e t&res&old of non-international ar#ed conicts

On terrorist acts 6H* covers terrorist acts only !&en t&ey are co##itted!it&in t&e fra#e!or: or as part of an ar#ed conict. Acts of terroris#co##itted in situations of internal violence or in ti#e of peace are notcovered by 6H*. Ho!ever acts of terroris# are also pro&ibited by internaland international cri#inal la!. Eiolence does not constitute an ar#edconict si#ply because it is co##itted !it& terrorist #eans.

Belli7erent - States ta:in7 part in ar#ed conicts2/eutral State rotectin7 o!ers Substitutes State not ta:in7 part in

ar#ed conicts

I&. Com#onents ! 'ources of IHL1. @usto#ary *a!Treaties%. Ha7ue *a! (*a! of ar)2 relate to li#itations or pro&ibitions of specic#eans and #et&ods of !arfare

a. 1stHa7ue @onvention (1899) acic Settle#ent of isputes2respect of t&e la!s and custo#s of !ar on landb. %ndHa7ue @onvention (19I;) special e#p&asis on protection ofcivilian #erc&ant and #edical vesselsc. Ha7ue @onvention for t&e rotection of @ultural roperty in t&e3vent of

Ar#ed @onict (195?)

'. Deneva *a! (Hu#anitarian *a!) 2 relate to protection of t&e victi#s ofar#ed conicts

a. 1stDeneva @onvention (19$?) 7round!or: for 6H*b. Deneva rotocol 19%5 - Deneva rotocol for t&e ro&ibition oft&e se of Asp&y4iatin7 oisonous or 0t&er Dases and ofBacteriolo7ical "et&ods of arfarec. 1stDeneva @onvention on 0s (19%9)d. (our )ene*a Con*entions +,/

- I on 0ounded and 'ic1 in t2e (ield

- II on 0ounded3 'ic1 and '2i#wrec1ed at 'ea- III on "risoners of 0ar- I& on Ci*ilians +in t2e 2ands of t2e enemy/

e. Additional rotocols to Deneva @onvention- "rotocol I +,44/- applicable in international ar#edconicts (includin7 national liberation !ars)@ontents - evelop#ent of t&e 19?9 rules

- Adaptation of 6nternational Hu#anitarian*a! to t&e realities of 7uerrilla !arfare- rotection of t&e civilian population

a7ainst t&e e=ects of &ostilities- >ules on t&e conduct of &ostilities

- "rotocol II +,44/- applicable to non-internationalar#ed conicts

@ontents - 34tension and #ore precise for#ulation oft&e funda#ental 7uarantees protectin7 allt&ose !&o do not or no lon7er activelyparticipate in &ostilities- rotection of t&e civilian population

a7ainst t&e e=ects of &ostilities-"rotocol III +5667/ - Adoption of an Additional istinctive

3#ble#Others/ @onvention on ro&ibitions or >estrictions of t&e se of @ertain@onventional eapons (198I)>o#e Statute of t&e 6nternational @ri#inal @ourt (1998)rotocol 66 to t&e @onvention on t&e rotection of @ultural roperty (1999)

>A 9851 - &ilippine Act on @ri#es A7ainst 6nternational Hu#anitarian *a!Denocide and 0t&er @ri#es A7ainst Hu#anity(%II9)

Ar#ed @onict &ases

1. Be7innin7 fro# t&e rst &ostile act2 unresisted occupation%. urin7 6H* does not a=ect t&e le7al status of t&e States involved'. 3nd 7eneral close of #ilitary operations2 ter#ination of occupation

&. Ci*ilians and Combatants

i=erence bet!een @ivilians and @o#batants

@ivilians @o#


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@&aracter all persons ot&er t&an co#batants #e#bers of ar#ed forces(in broad sense)

Activities do not ta:e a direct part in &ostilities ta:e a direct part in &ostilities>i7&ts do not &ave t&e ri7&t to ta:e a direct

part in &ostilities (but &ave t&e ri7&tto be respected)

&ave t&e ri7&t to ta:e a direct part in&ostilities (but &ave t&e obli7ation toobserve 6H*)

unis&able #ay be punis&ed for t&eir #ereparticipation in &ostilities

"ay not be punis&ed for t&eir #ereparticipation in &ostilities

rotection are protected because t&ey do not

participate as civilians in t&e &ands of t&eene#y a7ainst attac:s and e=ects of&ostilities

Are protected !&en t&ey no lon7er

participate if t&ey &ave fallen into t&e po!er oft&e ene#y if !ounded sic: or s&ip!rec:ed if parac&utin7 out of an aircraft indistress are protected a7ainst so#e #eansand #et&ods of !arfare even !&ile7&tin7

Full @o#ple#entarity% types of @o#batants in !ar Cone

1. Lawful combatant a person !&o co##its belli7erent acts and !&encaptured is treated as a 0.%. 8nlawful combatant so#eone !&o co##its belli7erent acts butdoes not Gualify for 0 status under D@666 Articles ? and 5.

@onstitutive 3le#ents of irect articipation in Hostilities- !&en a civilian can be considered as directly participatin7 in &ostilities1.%2res2old of Harm - a specic act #ust be li:ely to adverselya=ect t&e #ilitary operations or #ilitary capacity of a party to an ar#edconict or alternatively to inict deat& inury or destruction on personsor obects protected a7ainst direct attac:

-e9am#les :illin7 and !oundin7 of #ilitarypersonnel sabota7e and ot&er ar#ed or unar#edactivities restrictin7 or disturbin7 deploy#entslo7istics and co##unication- t&e refusal of a civilian to collaborate !it& a partyto t&e conict as an infor#ant scout or loo:out!ould not reac& t&e reGuired t&res&old of &ar#re7ardless of t&e #otivations underlyin7 t&erefusal- in t&e absence of #ilitary &ar# t&e t&res&old canalso be reac&ed !&ere an act is li:ely to inictdeat& inury or destruction on persons or obectsprotected a7ainst direct attac:

%. :irect Causation - a direct causal lin: bet!een a specic act and t&e&ar# li:ely to result eit&er fro# t&at act or fro# a coordinated #ilitaryoperation of !&ic& t&at act constitutes an inte7ral part.

-t&e &ar# in Guestion #ust be brou7&t about inone causal step

-it is neit&er necessary nor su


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reGuired for a Gualication as direct participation in&ostilities.

Funda#ental 0bli7ation of @o#batants to istin7uis& t&e#selves fro#@ivilian population

>ule 1I$ @6H* @o#batants #ust distin7uis& t&e#selves fro# t&e civilianpopulation !&ile t&ey are en7a7ed in an attac: or in a #ilitary operationpreparatory to an attac:. 6f t&ey fail to do so t&ey do not &ave t&e ri7&t to

prisoner-of-!ar status.

Art. ?? (') rotocol 6 6n order to pro#ote t&e protection of t&e civilianpopulation fro# t&e e=ects of &ostilities co#batants are obli7ed todistin7uis& t&e#selves fro# t&e civilian population !&ile t&ey are en7a7edin an attac: or in a #ilitary operation preparatory to an attac:.>eco7niCin7 &o!ever t&at t&ere are situations in ar#ed conicts !&ereo!in7 to t&e nature of t&e &ostilities anar#ed co#batant cannot so distin7uis& &i#self &e s&all retain &is statusas a co#batant provided t&at in suc& situations &e carries &is ar#sopenly

(a) durin7 eac& #ilitary en7a7e#ent and

(b) durin7 suc& ti#e as &e is visible to t&e adversary !&ile &e isen7a7ed in a #ilitary deploy#ent precedin7 t&e launc&in7 of anattac: in !&ic& &e is to participate.

Acts !&ic& co#ply !it& t&e reGuire#ents of t&is para7rap& s&all not beconsidered as perdious

&I. Combatants and "risoners of war

&o are co#batants

A. ule 1I;L @o#batants !&o are captured !&ile en7a7ed in espiona7edo not &ave t&e ri7&t to prisoner-of-!ar status. +&ey #ay not be convictedor sentenced !it&out previous trial.

Krotocol 6 Art. ?$L Any #e#ber of t&e ar#ed forces of a arty to t&econict !&o falls into t&e po!er of an adverse arty !&ile en7a7in7 inespiona7e s&all not &ave t&e ri7&t to t&e status of prisoner of !ar and #ay

be treated as a spy.


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KHa7ue >e7s Art.'IL A spy !&o after reoinin7 t&e ar#y to !&ic& &ebelon7s is subseGuently captured by t&e ene#y is treated as a prisoner of!ar and incurs no responsibility for &is previous acts of espiona7e.

3spiona7e 7at&erin7 or atte#ptin7 to 7at&er infor#ation in territorycontrolled by an adverse party t&rou7& an act underta:en on falsepretense.

5. 'aboteurs not in uniform

- civilian saboteurs2 not protected and liable and to be treated as spies

. ?ercenariesKrotocol 6 Art. ?; (%)LA #ercenary is any person !&o

(a) is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to 7&t in anar#ed conict2(b) does in fact ta:e a direct part in t&e &ostilities2(c) is #otivated to ta:e part in t&e &ostilities essentially by t&edesire for private 7ain and in fact is pro#ised by or on be&alf of aarty to t&e conict #aterial co#pensation substantially in e4cessof t&at pro#ised or paid to co#batants of si#ilar ran:s andfunctions in t&e ar#ed forces of t&at arty2(d) is neit&er a national of a arty to t&e conict nor a resident ofterritory controlled by a arty to t&e conict2(e) is not a #e#ber of t&e ar#ed forces of a arty to t&e conict2and(f) &as not been sent by a State !&ic& is not a arty to t&e conicton oule 1I8L "ercenaries as dened in Additional rotocol 6 do not&ave t&e ri7&t to co#batant or prisoner-of-!ar status. +&ey #ay not beconvicted or sentenced !it&out previous trial.

%errorists 6H* is only applicable once terrorist acts are co##itted !it&infra#e!or: or as part of ar#ed conicts.

?embers of "ri*ate ?ilitary and 'ecurity Com#anies-in t&e elds of lo7istics security intelli7ence 7at&erin7 and protection ofpersons obects and transports-nor#ally do not fall under t&e very restrictive denition of #ercenaries in6H*. "ost of t&e# are not de ure or de facto incorporated into t&e ar#edforces of a party and are t&erefore not co#batants but civilians

&o are risoners of ar

K@6H* >ule 1I$L @o#batants #ust distin7uis& t&e#selvesfro# t&e civilian population !&ile t&ey are en7a7ed in an attac: or in a#ilitary operation preparatory to an attac:. 6f t&ey fail to do so t&ey do not&ave t&e ri7&t to prisoner-of-!ar status.

KBased fro# rotocol 6 Art.??L

Any co#batant !&o falls into t&e po!er of an adverse party s&all be aprisoner of !ar.

Eiolation of rules s&all not deprive a co#batant of &is ri7&t to be aco#batant or of &is ri7&t to be a prisoner of !ar

34ception did not distin7uis& t&e#selves fro# t&e civilianpopulation !&ile t&ey are en7a7ed in an attac: or in a #ilitaryoperation preparatory to an attac: or if for#er not possible did notcarry &is ar#s openly

(a) durin7 eac& #ilitary en7a7e#ent and(b) durin7 suc& ti#e as &e is visible to t&e adversary !&ile&e is en7a7ed in a #il itary deploy#ent precedin7 t&elaunc&in7 of an attac: in !&ic& &e is to participate.

espite failure to #eet reGuire#ents afore#entioned and t&us not entitledto 0 status &e s&all still be 7iven protections eGual to t&ose accordedto prisoners of !ar by t&e +&ird @onvention and by t&is rotocol. ( tried andpunis&ed for any o=ences &e &as co##itted)

Any co#batant !&o falls into t&e po!er of an adverse arty !&ile noten7a7ed in an attac: or in a #ilitary operation preparatory to an attac:s&all not forfeit &is ri7&ts to be a co#batant and a prisoner of !ar by virtueof &is prior activities.

resu#ption of @o#batant and 0 status

Krotocol 6 Art. ?5L 1. A person !&o ta:es part in &ostilities and fallsinto t&e po!er of an adverse party s&all bepresu#ed to be a prisoner of !ar if

-&e clai#s t&e status of prisoner of !ar-&e appears to be entitled to suc& status-if t&e arty on !&ic& &e depends clai#ssuc& status on &is be&alf by notication tot&e detainin7 o!er or to t&e rotectin7o!er.

resu#ed a 0until suc& ti#e as &is status &as been deter#ined by aco#petent tribunal.

%. 6f a person !&o &as fallen into t&e po!er of anadverse arty is not &eld as a prisoner of !ar andis to be tried by t&at arty for an o=ence arisin7out of t&e &ostilities &e s&all &ave t&e ri7&t toassert &is entitle#ent to prisoner-of-!ar statusbefore a udicial tribunal and to &ave t&at Guestionadudicated.

KD@ 666 Article 5L S&ould any doubt arise as to !&et&er persons&avin7 co##itted a belli7erent act and &avin7

fallen into t&e &ands of t&e ene#y belon7 to anyof t&e cate7ories enu#erated in Article ? (0s)


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suc& persons s&all enoy t&e protection of t&epresent @onvention until suc& ti#e as t&eir status&as been deter#ined by a co#petent tribunal.

+reat#ent of 0sa) protected as prisoners of !ar as soon as t&ey fall into t&e po!er of t&e

adverse party

b.) includin7 in e4ceptional circu#stances

Krotocol 6 Art. ?1(')L &en persons entitled to protection as prisoners of!ar &ave fallen into t&e po!er of an adverse arty under unusualconditions of co#bat !&ic& prevent t&eir evacuation as provided for in art666 Section 6 of t&e +&ird @onvention t&ey s&all be released and all feasibleprecautions s&all be ta:en to ensure t&eir safety.

c.) no transfer to a po!er !&ic& is un!illin7 or unable to respect@onvention 666KD@ 666 Art. 1%L risoners of !ar #ay only be transferred by t&eetainin7 o!er to a o!er !&ic& is a party to t&e @onvention and aftert&e etainin7 o!er &as satised itself of t&e !ill in7ness and ability ofsuc& transferee o!er to apply t&e @onvention.

d.) respect for t&eir alle7iance to!ards t&e po!er on !&ic& t&ey depend

e.) no punisent for participation in &ostilitiesf.) rules on treat#ent durin7 intern#entKpertinent rules fro# D@ 666 Arts 1%-81 and @6H* >ules 118-1%' and 1%;L- o#en and c&ildren in separate units.- ersons deprived of t&eir liberty #ust be &eld in pre#ises !&ic& arere#oved fro# co#bat Cones- ersons deprived of t&eir liberty provided !it& adeGuate food !aterclot&in7 s&elter and #edical attention- illa7e of personal belon7in7s of persons deprived of liberty is pro&ibited- ersonal details of persons deprived of liberty #ust be recorded- for 6nternational ar#ed conicts 6@>@ #ust be 7ranted re7ular access2for non-international ar#ed conicts 6@>@ #ay o=er its services to parties

- ersons deprived of t&eir liberty #ust be allo!ed to correspond !it& t&eirfa#ilies- ersons deprived of t&eir liberty #ust be allo!ed to receive visitors aspracticable

7.) rules on penal and disciplinary proceedin7s #ust &ave fair triala=ordin7 all essential udicial 7uarantees

&.) punisent for acts co##itted prior to captureKD@ 666 Art. 85L risoners of !ar prosecuted under t&e la!s of t&e etainin7o!er for acts co##itted prior to capture s&all retain even if convictedt&e benets of t&e present @onvention.

i.) li#its to punisent for escapeKBased on D@ 666 Arts 91-9?L

0 dee#ed successfully escaped !&en &e

(1) &as oined t&e ar#ed forces of t&e o!er on !&ic& &e dependsor t&ose of an allied o!er2

(%) &as left t&e territory under t&e control of t&e etainin7 o!eror of an ally of t&e said o!er2

(') &as oined a s&ip yin7 t&e a7 of t&e o!er on !&ic& &edepends or of an allied o!er in t&e territorial !aters of t&eetainin7 o!er t&e said s&ip not bein7 under t&e control of t&elast na#ed o!er.

6f recaptured #ust t&ereafter be &anded over to co#petent #ilitaryaut&ority0s successful escape - not liable to any punisent in respect of t&eirprevious escape0S unsuccessful escape - liable only to a disciplinary punisent inrespect of t&is act (even if it is a repeated o=ense)2 subect to specialsurveillance

3scape or atte#pt to escape even if it is a repeated o=ence s&all not bedee#ed an a77ravatin7 circu#stance if t&e prisoner of !ar is subected totrial by udicial proceedin7s in respect of an o=ence co##itted durin7 &isescape or atte#pt to escape.

+rans#ission of 6nfor#ationa) capture cards (to be sent to t&e fa#ily and t&e @entral +racin7 A7ency) -upon capture or not #ore t&an one !ee: after arrival at a ca#p KD@ 666Art. ;ILb) notication (to t&e po!er of ori7in t&rou7& t&e @entral +racin7 A7ency)c) correspondence - 0s allo!ed to send and receive letters and cards. 6ft&e etainin7 o!er dee#s it necessary to li#it t&e nu#ber t&en s&all notbe less t&an t!o letters and four cards #ont&ly. KD@ 666 Art. ;1L2 ersonsdeprived of t&eir liberty #ust be allo!ed to correspond !it& t&eir fa#ilies

subect to reasonable conditions relatin7 to freGuency and t&e need forcensors&ip by t&e aut&orities. K>ule 1%5 @6H*L

"onitorin7 by outside #ec&anis#s

1. rotectin7 o!ers%. 6@>@ (6nternational @o##ittee of t&e >ed @ross)

KD@ 666 Art. 1%$L >epresentatives or dele7ates of t&e rotectin7o!ers s&all &ave per#ission to

-7o and &ave access to all pre#ises occupied by0s

-intervie! 0s

- visit 0s (duration and freGuency #ust not berestricted)


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+&e dele7ates of t&e 6nternational @o##ittee oft&e >ed @ross s&all enoy t&e sa#e prero7atives.

>epatriation of 0s

1. urin7 &ostilities KD@ 666 Art. 1I9-11IL - bound to send bac: to t&eir o!ncountry re7ardless of nu#ber or ran: seriously !ounded and seriouslysic: prisoners of !ar after &avin7 cared for t&e# until t&ey are t to travela) #edical cases

b) a7ree#ents bet!een t&e parties

>epatriated direct

(1) 6ncurably !ounded and sic: !&ose #ental or p&ysical tness see#s to&ave been 7ravely di#inis&ed.(%) ounded and sic: !&o accordin7 to #edical opinion are not li:ely torecover !it&in one year !&ose condition reGuires treat#ent and !&ose#ental or p&ysical tness see#s to &ave been 7ravely di#inis&ed.(') ounded and sic: !&o &ave recovered but !&ose #ental or p&ysicaltness see#s to &ave been 7ravely and per#anently di#inis&ed.

Acco##odated in a neutral country

(1) ounded and sic: !&ose recovery #ay be e4pected !it&in one year oft&e date of t&e !ound or t&e be7innin7 of t&e illness if treat#ent in aneutral country #i7&t increase t&e prospects of a #ore certain and speedyrecovery.(%) risoners of !ar !&ose #ental or p&ysical &ealt& accordin7 to #edicalopinion is seriously t&reatened by continued captivity but !&oseacco##odation in a neutral country #i7&t re#ove suc& a t&reat.

+&e conditions !&ic& prisoners of !ar acco##odated in a neutral country#ust fulll in order to per#it t&eir repatriation s&all be 4ed as s&allli:e!ise t&eir status by a7ree#ent bet!een t&e o!ers concerned. 6n7eneral prisoners of !ar !&o &ave been acco##odated in a neutralcountry and !&o belon7 to t&e follo!in7 cate7ories s&ould be repatriated

(1) +&ose !&ose state of &ealt& &as deteriorated so as to fulll t&econdition laid do!n for direct repatriation2

(%) +&ose !&ose #ental or p&ysical po!ers re#ain even after treat#entconsiderably i#paired.

%. At t&e end of active &ostilities KBased on D@ 666 Arts 118-119L 0S#ust be released and repatriated !it&out delay after t&e cessation ofactive &ostilities

+&e costs of repatriation of prisoners of !ar s&all in all cases be eGuitablyapportioned bet!een t&e etainin7 o!er and t&e o!er on !&ic& t&e

prisoners depend.

Any articles of value i#pounded fro# prisoners of !ar and any forei7ncurrency !&ic& &as not been converted into t&e currency of t&e etainin7o!er s&all be restored to t&e#2 despatc&ed to t&e 6nfor#ation Bureau

risoners of !ar s&all be allo!ed to ta:e !it& t&e# t&eir personal e=ectsand any correspondence and parcels !&ic& &ave arrived for t&e2 eac&0 aut&oriCed to carry at least %5 :ilo7ra#s.

risoners of !ar a7ainst !&o# cri#inal proceedin7s for an indictable

o=ence are pendin7 #ay be detained until t&e end of suc& proceedin7sand if necessary until t&e co#pletion of t&e punisent. +&e sa#e s&allapply to prisoners of !ar already convicted for an indictable o=ence.

02en do acti*e 2ostilities endO By a7ree#ent of t&e countries2A7ree#ent on t&e @essation of Hostilities for purposes of Art. 118 K@ase/o. 1$I 3ritreaJ3t&iopia artial A!ard on 0sL

'. 6ntern#ent in neutral countries (supra Art. 11I D@ 666)

&II. "rotection of t2e 0ounded3 'ic1 and '2i#wrec1ed

KBased on D@ 1-% Article 1%L

+&ey s&all be treated &u#anely and cared for by t&e arty to t&e conictin !&ose po!er t&ey #ay be !it&out any adverse distinction founded onse4 race nationality reli7ion political opinions or any ot&er si#ilarcriteria.

0nly ur7ent #edical reasons !ill aut&oriCe priority in t&e order oftreat#ent to be ad#inistered.o#en s&all be treated !it& all consideration due to t&eir se4.

KBased on @usto#ary 6H* >ules 1I9-111L1I9 - arties #ust searc& for collect and evacuate t&e !ounded sic: ands&ip!rec:ed !it&out adverse distinction.11I - arties #ust protect t&e !ounded sic: and s&ip!rec:ed a7ainst ill-

treat#ent and a7ainst pilla7e of t&eir personal property.111 - +&ey #ust receive t&e #edical care and attention reGuired by t&eircondition. /o distinction #ay be #ade a#on7 t&e# ot&er t&an #edicalones.1. Beneciaries provided t&ey refrain fro# any act of &ostilities

a.) #ilitary personnel KD@ 1 P % Art. 1'Lb.) Ke4tension toL civilians

rotocol 6 (?) (a) QoundedQ and Qsic:Q #ean persons!&et&er #ilitary or civilian !&o because of trau#adisease or ot&er p&ysical or #ental disorder or disabilityare in need of #edical assistance or care and !&o refrainfro# any act of &ostility2 (b) QS&ip!rec:edQ #eans persons!&et&er #ilitary or civilian !&o are in peril at sea or in

ot&er !aters as a result of #isfortune a=ectin7 t&e# or t&e


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vessel or aircraft carryin7 t&e# and !&o refrain fro# anyact of &ostility.

%. >espect'. rotection?. @are

a.) eGual treat#ent @6H* >ule 11I2 D@ 1P% Art.1% suprab.) evacuation @6H* >ule 1I9 supra2 D@ 1P% Art.15

6f !ounded sic: or s&ip!rec:ed persons are ta:en onboard a neutral !ars&ip or a neutral #ilitary aircraft it

s&all be ensured !&ere so reGuired by international la!t&at t&ey can ta:e no furt&er part in operations of !ar.

"edical and >eli7ious ersonnel

1. enitiona) #ilitary (per#anent or te#porary) #edical personnelD@ 6 Arts %?-%52 D@ 66 Arts '$-';

-t&ose e4clusively en7a7ed in searc& collection transportor treat#ent prevention of disease ad#inistration of#edical units2 includin7 c&aplains- t&ose specially trained for e#ploy#entas &ospitalorderlies nurses or au4iliary stretc&er-bearerscarryin7 outt&ese duties at t&e ti#e !&en t&ey co#e into contact !it&t&e ene#y-t&ose in s&ips and t&eir cre!s-t&ose assi7ned to t&e #edical or spiritual care of t&epersons

b) civilian #edical personnel assi7ned by a party to t&e conictD@ 6E Art. %I2 6 Art. 8

- re7ularly and solely en7a7ed in t&e operation andad#inistration of civilian &ospitals includin7 t&e t&ose int&e searc& for re#oval and transportin7 of and carin7 for!ounded and sic: civilians t&e inr# and #aternity cases

c) reli7ious personnel attac&ed to t&e ar#ed forces or #edicalunits 6 Art. 8

- #ilitary or civilian persons suc& as c&aplains !&o aree4clusively en7a7ed in t&e !or: of t&eir #inistry andattac&ed to ar#ed forces and #edical units

d) #edical personnel #ade available by t&ird States oror7aniCations (6@>@) to a party to t&e conict 6 Art. 8

-t&ose assi7ned by a arty to t&e conict e4clusively tot&e #edical purposes enu#erated or to t&e ad#inistrationof #edical units or to t&e operation or ad#inistration of#edical transports

e) personnel of a /ational Society reco7niCed and specicallyaut&oriCed by a party to t&e conictD@ 6 Art. %$2 D@ 66 Art. %?2 6 Art. 8

-sta= of /ational >ed @ross Societies and t&at of ot&erEoluntary Aid Societies duly reco7niCed and aut&oriCed byt&eir Dovern#ent-Hospital s&ips utiliCed by /ational >ed @ross Societies byoules %5 and 'IL

>ule %5 - "edical personnel e4clusively assi7ned to#edical duties #ust be respected and protected inall circu#stances. +&ey lose t&eir protection if t&eyco##it outside t&eir &u#anitarian function acts&ar#ful to t&e ene#y.>ule 'I - Attac:s directed a7ainst #edical andreli7ious personnel and obects displayin7 t&edistinctive e#ble#s of t&e Deneva @onventions inconfor#ity !it& international la! are pro&ibited.

a.%) #ay perfor# #edical duties in confor#ity !itedical et&ics

b.) once in ene#y &andsD@ 6 Arts %8-'%Art. %8 - retained only in so far as t&e state of &ealt& t&espiritual needs and t&e nu#ber of prisoners of !ar reGuire2not 0s2 not reGuired to perfor# any !or: outside t&eir#edical or reli7ious dutiesArt. %9 #ilitary #edical personnel s&all be 0s but s&allbe e#ployed on t&eir #edical duties in so far as t&e needarises.Art. 'I if retention is not indispensable s&all be returnedto t&e arty to t&e conict to !&o# t&ey belon72 not 0s

Art. '1 - selection of personnel for return s&all be #adeirrespective of any consideration of race reli7ion orpolitical opinion but preferably accordin7 to t&ec&ronolo7ical order of t&eir capture and t&eir state of&ealt&Art. '% societies of neutral countries #ay not bedetained2 !it& per#ission to return to t&eir country or ift&is is not possible to t&e territory of t&e arty to t&econict in !&ose service t&ey !ere2 pendin7 t&eir releaset&ey s&all continue t&eir !or: under t&e direction of t&eadverse artyb.1) i##ediate repatriationb.%) e#ploy#ent carin7 for prisoners of !ar

c) under control of t&e ene#y


9/22

6 Arts 15-1$ K@6H* >ule %$L - unis&in7 a person forperfor#in7 #edical duties co#patible !it& #edical et&icsor co#pellin7 a person en7a7ed in #edical activities toperfor# acts contrary to #edical et&ics is pro&ibited.c.1) ri7&t to perfor# t&eir #edical #issionc.%) ri7&t not to perfor# acts contrary to #edical et&icsc.') ri7&t to condentiality in patient relations&ips (#edicalprivile7e) e4cept as reGuired by t&e la! of t&eir party

'. uties of #edical personnel

a) no direct participation in &ostilities t&ey #ay be ar#ed but only !it& li7&t !eapons and #ay only use t&e# for t&eir o!n defense of for t&atof t&e !ounded and sic: under t&eir care

b) respect for #edical et&icsc) 7ive care !it&out discri#inationd) respect principle of neutralitye) identication

rotection of "edical Doods and 0bects ( includin7 &ospitals anda#bulances)

1. rotection

KBased on @6H* >ules %8 and %9L"edical units and transports e4clusively assi7ned for #edicalpurposes #ust be respected and protected. rotection is loss ifbein7 used outside t&eir &u#anitarian function to co##it acts&ar#ful to t&e ene#y.

K@6H* >ule 'ILAttac:s directed a7ainst #edical and reli7ious personnel andobects displayin7 t&e distinctive e#ble#s of t&e Deneva@onventions in confor#ity !it& international la! are pro&ibited.

KBased on Art.19 D@ 6L- Fi4ed and #obile #edical units of t&e "edical Service

cannot be attac:ed.- 6f !it& t&e &ands of adverse party t&eir personnel s&allbe free to pursue t&eir duties as lon7 as t&e adverse party&as not itself ensured t&e necessary care of t&e !oundedand sic: found t&erein- "edical establisents and units #ust be situated far aspossible so attac:s a7ainst #ilitary obectives cannoti#peril t&eir safety.

KBased on Art. '5 D@ 6L- +ransports of !ounded and sic: or #edical eGuip#ents&all be protected li:e #obile #edical units.- 6f !it& &ands of adverse party subect to t&e la!s of !ar

on condition t&at t&e adverse party #ust ensure t&e careof t&e !ounded and sic: t&ey contain.

%. *oss of rotection

- &en t&ey are used to co##it outside t&eir &u#anitarian dutiesacts &ar#ful to t&e ene#y. But protection !ill cease only after (1)a due !arnin7 and if un&eeded(%) na#in7 a reasonable ti#e li#itKBased on Article %1 D@ 6L

+&e follo!in7 s&all /0+ be considered to deprive protection of

#edical unitKBased on Art. %% D@ 6La.) personnel are ar#ed usin7 t&e# t&e defense oft&e#selves or of t&e !ounded and sic: in t&eir c&ar7e.b.) unit is protected by a pic:et or by sentries or by anescortin t&e absence of ar#ed orderliesc.) found s#all ar#s and a##unition fro# t&e !oundedand sic: and not yet &anded to t&e proper serviced.)foundveterinary service personnel and #aterial notfor#in7 an inte7ral part t&ereofe.) &u#anitarian activities of units or of personnel e4tendto t&e care of civilian !ounded or sic:

ossible @onstitution of Hospital Safety and /eutraliCed RonesKBased on D@ 6 Art. %'L- !&o #ay establis& in t&eir o!n territory &ospital safety and

neutraliCed Conesa.) &i7& contractin7 parties in ti#es of peaceb.) parties to t&e conict after outbrea: of &ostilities

-upon t&e outbrea: and durin7 t&e course of &ostilities parties #ayconclude a7ree#ents on #utual reco7nition of Cones t&ey &avecreated.- rotectin7 o!ers and t&e 6nternational @o##ittee of t&e >ed@ross are invited to lend t&eir 7ood o


10/22

+&e 3#ble# of t&e >ed @rossJ@rescentJ@rystal-ori7inally ? to7et&er !it& >ed *ion and Sun2 currently '

1. +&ree istinctive Si7nsKD@ 6 Art. '8L As a co#pli#ent to S!itCerland t&e &eraldice#ble# of t&e red cross on a w2ite =round for#ed byreversin7 t&e Federal colors is retained as t&e e#ble# anddistinctive si7n of t&e "edical Service of ar#ed forces.

/evert&eless in t&e case of countries !&ic& already use ase#ble# in place of t&e red cross t&e red crescentor t&e redlion and sun on a w2ite =round t&ose e#ble#s are alsoreco7niCed by t&e ter#s of t&e present @onvention.

%. +ec&nical "eans of 6denticationKBased on 6 Anne4 6 Art. 5L- displayed on a at surface on a7s or in any ot&er !ayappropriate so t&at it is visible fro# #any directions and fro# asfar as possible and in particular fro# t&e air- li7&ted or illu#inated !&en displayed at ni7&t or reduced visibility- #ade of #aterials !&ic& #a:e it reco7niCable by tec&nical #eansof detectin72 red part s&ould be painted on top of blac: pri#erpaint for infrared identication- #edical and reli7ious personnel carryin7 out t&eir duties s&all!ear &ead7ear and clot&in7 !it& t&e distinctive e#ble#

'. rotective se

a) to distin7uis& #edical personnel and unitsb) to be displayed !it& t&e per#ission and under t&e control of t&e

co#petent aut&orityc) #ay be used at all ti#es by t&e 6@>@ and t&e 6nternational

Federation

KBased on D@ 6 Arts '9-?' and 5'-5?L- displayed on t&e a7s ar#lets and on all eGuip#ent

e#ployed in t&e "edical Service- per#anent personnel au4iliary personnel societies ofneutral countries #ust !ear aule 'I supraL

?. 6ndicative use

K Based on D@ 6 Art. ??L

3#ble# of >ed @rossJ@rescentJ@rystal on a !&ite 7round and t&e !ordsQ>ed @rossQ or QDeneva @rossQ #ay not be e#ployed only to indicate or toprotect t&e #edical units and establisents t&e personnel and #aterial

/ational >ed @ross Societies #ay in ti#e of peace in accordance !it&

t&eir national le7islation #a:e use of t&e na#e and e#ble# of t&e >ed@ross for t&eir ot&er activities !&ic& are in confor#ity !it& t&e principleslaid do!n by t&e 6nternational >ed @ross @onferences.

+&e international >ed @ross or7aniCations and t&eir duly aut&oriCedpersonnel s&all be per#itted to #a:e use at all ti#es of t&e e#ble# oft&e >ed @ross on a !&ite 7round.

+&e e#ble# of t&e @onvention #ay be e#ployed in ti#e of peace toidentify ve&icles used as a#bulances and to #ar: t&e position of aidstations e4clusively assi7ned to t&e purpose of 7ivin7 free treat#ent to t&e!ounded or sic:.

5. >epression of abuse and #isuse supra Art. 5'-5? D@ 6


11/22

rovisions on t&e ead and "issin71. >elations&ip bet!een t&e dead and t&e #issin7%. 0bli7ation to identify dead bodies and notify deat&s

KBased on D@ 6 Article 1$L- record as soon as possibleany particulars !&ic& #ayassist in identication2 t&ese #ay include desi7nation oft&e o!er on !&ic& &e depends2 ar#y re7i#entalpersonal or serial nu#ber2 surna#e2 rst na#e or na#es2date of birt&2 any ot&er particulars s&o!n on &is identity

card or disc2 date and place of capture or deat&2 particularsconcernin7 !ounds or illness or cause of deat&.K@6H* >ule 11% and 11$L

-&enever circu#stances per#it and particularly after anen7a7e#ent eac& party to t&e conict #ust !it&outdelay ta:e all possible #easures to searc& for collect andevacuate t&e dead !it&out adverse distinction.-it& a vie! to t&e identication of t&e dead eac& party tot&e conict #ust record all available infor#ation prior todisposal and #ar: t&e location of t&e 7raves.

'. 0bli7ation to searc& for persons reported #issin7KBased on 6 Art. ''L

- record t&e infor#ation specied for t&ose !&o aredetained i#prisoned or ot&er!ise &eld in captivity for

#ore t&an t!o !ee:s or t&ose !&o died durin7 any periodof detention- searc& for and t&e recordin7 of infor#ation concernin7suc& persons if t&ey &ave died in ot&er circu#stances as aresult of &ostilities or occupation- at t&e latest fro# t&e end of active &ostilities searc& fort&e persons !&o &ave been reported #issin7 by anadverse arty !&o #ust also trans#it all relevantinfor#ation concernin7 suc& persons in order to facilitatesuc& searc&es

K@6H* >ule 11;L3ac& party to t&e conict #ust ta:e all feasible #easuresto account for persons reported #issin7 as a result of

ar#ed conict and #ust provide t&eir fa#ily #e#bers !it&any infor#ation it &as on t&eir fate.

'. +reat#ent of >e#ainsa) respect

KBased on D@ 6 Art. 15L-at all ti#es especially after an en7a7e#ent #ustsearc& for and collect t&e !ounded and sic: toprotect t&e# a7ainst pilla7e and ill-treat#ent toensure t&eir adeGuate care and to searc& for t&edead and prevent t&eir bein7 despoiled

KBased on 6 Art. '?L-(1) re#ains of persons !&o &ave died for reasonsrelated to occupation or &ave died as a result of

&ostilities s&all be respected2 7ravesites of all suc&

persons s&all be respected #aintained and#ar:ed-(%) as soon as circu#stances per#it parties s&allconclude a7ree#ents to

a) facilitate access to t&e 7ravesites byrelatives and by representatives of oule 11'L-prevent t&e dead fro# bein7 despoiled-#utilation of dead bodies is pro&ibited

b) decent burial

KBased on D@ 6 Art. 1;L- ensure t&at (1) t&e dead are &onorably interredif possible accordin7 to t&e rites of t&e deadsreli7ion2 (%) 7raves are respected 7rouped ifpossible accordin7 to t&e nationality of t&edeceased (') 7raves properly #aintained and#ar:ed

K 6 Art. '?(1) supraLK@6H* >ule 115L

- +&e dead #ust be disposed of in a respectful#anner and t&eir 7raves respected and properly#aintained.

c) #ar:in7 of 7ravesites

d) access to 7ravesitese) a7ree#ents on t&e return of re#ains


12/22

K 6 Art. '?(%) and (?) supraL

+rans#ission of 6nfor#ation1. >ecordin7 of infor#ation

D@ 6 Art. 1$2 supraKD@ 66 Art. 19L

-sa#e as D@ 6 Art. 1$%. /otication (to t&e po!er of ori7in t&rou7& t&e @entral +racin7 A7ency)

D@ 6 Art. 1$2 D@ 66 Art. 19 supra'. +rans#ission of deat& certicate and belon7in7s (to t&e ne4t-of-:int&rou7& t&e @entral +racin7 A7ency)

D@ 6 Art. 1$2 D@ 66 Art. 19 supraK@6H* >ule 11?L

- arties to t&e conict #ust endeavor to facilitate t&ereturn of t&e re#ains of t&e deceased upon reGuest of t&eparty to !&ic& t&ey belon7 or upon t&e reGuest of t&eirne4t of :in. +&ey #ust return t&eir personal e=ects to t&e#

&II. "rotection of Ci*ilians

1) art 66 rules benetin7 all civilians%) art 666 rules benetin7 protected persons (as dened in D@ 6E Art. ?)

a) Section 66 rules protectin7 forei7ners on a partys o!n (T non-

occupied) territoryb) Section 666 rules applicable to occupied territoryc) Section 6 rules co##on to t&e ene#ys o!n and occupiedterritoriesd) Section 6E rules protectin7 civilian internees in t&e ene#ys o!nand occupied territories

0ccupied territory - applies as soon as civilians fall into ene#ys &andsoutside t&e ene#ys o!n territory

Attac:s - #eans acts of violence a7ainst t&e adversary !&et&er in o=enseor in defense

>ules Benetin7 all civiliansa) aid and reliefb) special protection of !o#en

-principle of non-discri#ination sa#e protection as #en and #ustnot be discri#inated a7ainst

-principle of protection protected a7ainst any attac: on se4ualinte7rity ( rape enforced prostitution or indecent assault) 6@+>and 6@@ included rape and ot&er se4ual for#s of violence in list of!ar cri#es-7rounds for preferential treat#ent (1) pre7nant !o#en or#aternity cases (%) #ot&ers of c&ildren under seven years of a7e

c) special protection of c&ildren-a=orded special protection because of t&eir vulnerability

-prevent participation of c&ildren in &ostilities- ro&ibition of >ecruit#ent A7e +&res&old

rotocols 6 P 662 Art. '8 of t&e @onvention on t&e>i7&ts of t&e @&ild ,7 y.o

0ptional rotocol to t&e @onvention on t&e >i7&tsof t&e @&ild on t&e involve#ent of c&ildren inar#ed conict 18 y.o

34ception voluntary enrol#ent of personsunder 18 into #ilitary sc&ools

-6f t&ey participate in t&e &ostilities and captured still benet fro#preferential treat#ent- 6f t&ey #e#bers of ar#ed forces t&ey benet fro# co#batantand prisoner-of-!ar status-#ilitary necessity as a restriction to violence even a7ainstle7iti#ate tar7ets - arrest rat&er t&an :ill suc& c&ildren !&eneverpossible

d) special protection of ournalistsK@6H* >ule '?L - @ivilian ournalists en7a7ed in professional#issions in areas of ar#ed conict #ust be respected andprotected as lon7 as t&ey are not ta:in7 a direct part in &ostilities.KBased on rotocol 6 Art. ;9L

1. ,ournalists en7a7ed in dan7erous professional #issionsin areas of ar#ed conict s&all be considered as civilians.%. rotected if t&ey ta:e no action adversely a=ectin7 t&eirstatus as civilians

'. "ay obtain identity card- even !&en used for propa7anda purposes #edia cannot beconsidered as #ilitary obectives e4cept in special cases (used for#ilitary purposes or to incite !ar cri#es 7enocide or acts ofviolence)

e) restorin7 fa#ily lin:sK@6H* >ule 1%5L ersons deprived of t&eir liberty #ust be allo!edto correspond !it& t&eir fa#ilies subect to reasonable conditionsrelatin7 to freGuency and t&e need for censors&ip by t&eaut&orities.KBased on rotocol 6 Art. '%L activities of Hi7& @ontractin7 arties#ust be pro#pted by t&e ri7&t of fa#ilies to :no! t&e fate of t&eirrelatives

KBased on D@ 6E Art. ;IL - every prisoner of !ar s&all be enabledto !rite direct to &is fa#ily2 cards to infor# fa#ily of &is captureaddress &ealt&

f.) funda#ental 7uaranteesKBased on 6 art. ;5L

- respect t&e person &onour convictions and reli7iouspractices

- pro&ibited at any ti#e and in any place !&atsoever(a) violence to t&e life &ealt& or p&ysical or#ental !ell-bein7 of persons in particular (i)#urder2 (ii) torture of all :inds !&et&er p&ysical or#ental2 (iii) corporal punisent2 (iv) #utilation2(b) outra7es upon personal di7nity in particular

&u#iliatin7 and de7radin7 treat#ent enforcedprostitution and any for# of indecent assault2


13/22

(c) t&e ta:in7 of &osta7es2(d) collective punisents2 and(e) t&reats to co##it any of t&e fore7oin7 acts.

-ri7&t to be infor#ed !&y suc& #easures !ere ta:en2e4cept for detention for penal o=ences suc& persons s&allbe released !it& t&e #ini#u# delay possible and !&encircu#stances t&at ustify arrest &ave ceased- conviction #ust be pronounced by an i#partial andre7ularly constituted court respectin7 t&e 7enerallyreco7niCed principles of re7ular udicial procedure !&ic&include t&e follo!in7

(a) be infor#ed !it&out delay of t&e particulars oft&e o=ense alle7ed a7ainst &i# and s&all a=ord allnecessary ri7&ts and #eans of defense2(b) convicted only upon basis of individual penalresponsibility2(c) no one s&all be accused or convicted of acri#inal o=ence for act or o#ission !&ic& did notconstitute as a cri#e under la! &e !as subect att&e ti#e of co##ission2 nor s&all a &eavier penaltybe i#posed t&an !&at !as applicable at t&e ti#eof co##ission2 if after t&e co##ission t&e la!

i#poses a li7&ter penalty t&e o=ender s&allbenet t&ereby(d) presu#ed innocent until proved 7uiltyaccordin7 to la!2(e) ri7&t to be tried in &is presence2(f) no one s&all be co#pelled to testify a7ainst

&i#self or to confess 7uilt2(7) ri7&t to e4a#ine or &ave e4a#ined t&e!itnesses a7ainst &i# and to obtain t&eattendance and e4a#ination of !itnesses on &isbe&alf under t&e sa#e conditions as !itnessesa7ainst &i#2(&) no one s&all be prosecuted or punis&ed by t&e

sa#e arty for an o=ence in respect of !&ic& anal ud7#ent acGuittin7 or convictin7 t&at person&as been previously pronounced under t&e sa#ela! and udicial procedure2(i) ri7&t to &ave t&e ud7e#ent pronouncedpublicly2 and() a convicted person s&all be advised onconviction or &is udicial and ot&er re#edies and oft&e ti#e-li#its !it&in !&ic& t&ey #ay be e4ercised

- o#en &eld in Guarters separated fro# #ens Guarters2!&enever possible be &eld in t&e sa#e place andacco##odated as fa#ily units- ersons !&o are arrested detained or interned s&all enoy

t&e protection provided by t&is Article until t&eir nal

release repatriation or re-establisent even after t&eend of t&e ar#ed conict- to avoid any doubt concernin7 t&e prosecution and trial ofpersons accused of !ar cri#es or cri#es a7ainst &u#anityt&e follo!in7 principles s&all apply

(a) persons !&o are accused be sub#itted for t&epurpose of prosecution and trial in accordance !it&t&e applicable rules of international la!2 and(b) any suc& persons !&o do not benet fro# #orefavorable treat#ent under t&e @onventions or t&isrotocol s&all be accorded t&e treat#ent providedby t&is Article !&et&er or not t&e cri#es of !&ic&t&ey are accused constitute 7rave breac&es of t&e@onventions or of t&is rotocol.

-/o provision of t&is Article #ay be construed as li#itin7 orinfrin7in7 any ot&er #ore favourable provision 7rantin77reater protection

>ules on rotected @ivilianrotected civilians - t&ose !&o at a 7iven #o#ent and in any #anner!&atsoever nd t&e#selves in case of a conict or occupation in t&e&ands of a arty to t&e conict or 0ccupyin7 o!er of !&ic& t&ey are notnationals. KD@ 6E Art. ?.L

a) Forei7ners on a partys o!n territory basically t&e rules protectin7forei7ners in peaceti#e re#ain applicable

KBased on D@ 6E Art. '8L +&e situation of protected persons s&all continue to be re7ulatedin principle by t&e provisions concernin7 aliens in ti#e of peace.+&e follo!in7 ri7&ts s&all be 7ranted to t&e#

(1) receive t&e individual or collective relief sent to t&e#.(%) receive #edical attention and &ospital treat#ent to t&e

sa#e e4tent as t&e nationals(') practise t&eir reli7ion and to receive spiritual assistance

fro# #inisters of t&eir fait&(?) #ove fro# dan7erous area to t&e sa#e e4tent as t&e

nationals

(5) preferential treat#ent to c&ildren belo! 15 pre7nant!o#en and #ot&ers of c&ildren under ;

b) ri7&t to leaveKBased on D@ 6E Arts '5-'; and ?8LArt. '5 t&ose !&o desire to leave #ay be entitled to do so/*3SS t&eir departure is contrary to t&e national interests of t&eState.Art. '; urin7 t&eir conne#ent #ust be treated &u#anelyArt. ?8 - rotected persons !&o are not nationals of t&e o!er!&ose territory is occupied #ay avail t&e#selves of t&e ri7&t toleave t&e territory

c) &u#ane treat#entK Based on D@ 6E Art. %;L


14/22

-respected for t&eir persons &onor fa#ily ri7&ts reli7iousconvictions and practices and t&eir #anners and custo#s.- &u#anely treated and protected a7ainst all acts ofviolence or t&reats t&ereof and a7ainst insults and publiccuriosity- !o#en s&all be especially protected a7ainst any attac:on t&eir &onor in particular a7ainst rape enforcedprostitution or any for# of indecent assault-H03E3> arties to t&e conict #ay ta:e suc& #easuresof control and security in re7ard to protected persons as#ay be necessary as a result of t&e !ar.

K@6H* >ule 8;L - @ivilians and persons &ors de co#bat #ust betreated &u#anely.

d) forced labourKBased on D@ 6E Arts ?I 51 and 95L

Art. ?I - #ay be co#pelled to !or: only to t&e sa#ee4tent as nationals2 #ust &ave sa#e benets!or:in7 conditions and safe7uards- if are fro# ene#y nationality #ay only beco#pelled to do !or: t&at is nor#ally necessaryfor feedin7 s&elterin7 clot&in7 transport and&ealt& of &u#an bein7s not directly related to t&e

conduct of #ilitary operationsArt. 51 - #ay not co#pel to serve in t&e ar#ed or au4iliary

forces2 no pressure or propa7anda per#itted- cannot be co#pelled to !or: unless t&ey are over18 and !or: #ust be necessary eit&er for t&eneeds of t&e ar#y of occupation or for t&e publicutility services or for t&e feedin7 s&elterin7clot&in7 transportation or &ealt& of t&e populationof t&e occupied country.- be paid fair !a7e and !or: #ust be proportionateto p&ysical and intellectual capacities

Art. 95 - not e#ploy internees as !or:ers unless t&ey sodesire2 after $ !ee:s of !or: s&all be free to 7ive

up !or: at any #o#ent- e#ploy#ent on !or: !&ic& is de7radin7 or

&u#iliatin7 are pro&ibited-not!it&standin7 t&e above#entioned detainin7po!er #ay still e#ploy #edical personnel andt&ose in ad#inistrative or #aintenance !or:-conditions and !a7es #ust not be inferior to t&ose

of in t&e sa#e district

e) pro&ibition of collective punisentKD@ 6E Art. ''L

-/o protected person #ay be punis&ed for an o=ence &e ors&e &as not personally co##itted. @ollective penalties and

li:e!ise all #easures of inti#idation or of terroris# arepro&ibited.

-illa7e is pro&ibited.->eprisals a7ainst protected persons and t&eir property are

pro&ibited.K@6H* >ule 1I'L - @ollective punisents are pro&ibited

@ollective punisent - is a for# of retaliation !&ereby a suspectedperpetratorUs fa#ily #e#bers friends acGuaintances sect nei7&bours orentire et&nic 7roup is tar7etedf) visits by t&e rotectin7 o!er and by t&e 6@>@

KBased on D@ 6E Arts 9-1I 'I and 1?'LArt. 9 - rotectin7 o!ers #ay appoint apart fro# t&eirdiplo#atic or consular sta= dele7ates fro# a#on7st t&eiro!n nationals or t&e nationals of ot&er neutral o!ers. +&esaid dele7ates s&all be subect to t&e approval of t&e o!er!it& !&ic& t&ey are to carry out t&eir duties.Art. 1I t&ere s&all be no obstacle to t&e &u#anitarianactivities of 6nternational @o##ittee of t&e >ed @ross orany ot&er i#partial &u#anitarian or7aniCation subect toconsent of arties to conictArt. 'I - rotected persons s&all &ave every facility for#a:in7 application to t&e rotectin7 o!ers 6@>@ and/ational >ed @ross SocietiesArt. 1?' #ay 7o to all places !&ere protected personsare2 &ave access to all pre#ises occupied by protected

persons2 #ay intervie! t&e latter !it&out !itnessespersonally or t&rou7& an interpreter2 #ay only bepro&ibited in cases of i#perative #ilitary necessity

K@6H* >ule 1%? AL - 6n international ar#ed conicts t&e 6@>@ #ustbe 7ranted re7ular access to all persons deprived of t&eir liberty inorder to verify t&e conditions of t&eir detention and to restorecontacts bet!een t&ose persons and t&eir fa#ilies.

7) if interned civilian interneesKBased on D@ 6E Arts ?1-?' $8 and ;8-1'5L

- intern#ent if only security #a:es it absolutely necessary-internees entitled to &ave suc& action reconsidered as soon aspossible by an appropriate court or ad#inistrative board

- decision of intern#ent individual ad#inistrative decision-reasons for intern#ent i#perative security reasons2 notpunisent- treat#ent of civilian interneesKBased on @6H* >ules 118-1%' and 1%5-1%;L

118 - ersons deprived of t&eir liberty #ust be provided!it& adeGuate food !ater clot&in7 s&elter and #edical attention.

119 - o#en #ust be &eld in Guarters separate fro# t&oseof #en e4cept in t&e case of fa#ily units - #ust be undert&e i##ediate supervision of !o#en1%I - @&ildren #ust be &eld in Guarters separate fro#t&ose of adults e4cept in t&e case of fa#ily units1%1 - #ust be &eld in pre#ises re#oved fro# t&e co#bat

Cone and !&ic& safe7uard t&eir &ealt& and &y7iene.1%% - illa7e of t&e personal belon7in7s is pro&ibited.


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1%' - personal details #ust be recorded.1%5 - allo!ed to correspond !it& t&eir fa#ilies subect toreasonable conditions relatin7 to freGuency and t&e needfor censors&ip by t&e aut&orities1%$ - allo!ed to receive visitors especially near relatives

to t&e de7ree practicable1%; - personal convictions and reli7ious practices #ust be

respected-release of civilian internees

KBased on @6H* >ule 1%8 BL - @ivilian internees #ust bereleased3arliest as soon as t&e reasons !&ic& necessitatedintern#ent no lon7er e4ist*atest as soon as possible after t&e close of active&ostilities

ossible dero7ationKBased on D@ 6E Art. 5L

-fro# substantive ri7&ts on a partys o!n territory ifsuspected of or en7a7ed in activities &ostile to t&e securityof t&e State- fro# co##unication ri7&ts in occupied territory ifdetained as a spy or saboteur or as a person underdenite suspicion of activity &ostile to t&e security

-in any case &u#ane treat#ent and udicial 7uaranteesare non-dero7able

&III. Refu=ees and :is#laced "ersons in InternationalHumanitarian Law

isplaced ersons >efu7ees@ivilians eein7 6+H6/t&eir o!n country

+&ose !&o ed F>0" t&eircountry

1. isplaced persons eein7 !it&in t&eir o!n country because of an ar#edconict

a) protection by 6H*

-pro&ibition of population displace#ents-sa#e protection as ot&er civilians-instru#ents

a. ocu#ent /o. %$ African nion @onventionfor t&e rotection and Assistance of 6nternallyisplaced ersons in Africab. ocu#ent /o. 5$ Duidin7 rinciples on 6nternalisplace#ent

%. ersons eein7 into a t&ird country because of an ar#ed conicta) protected by t&e 0A @onvention t&e 198? @arta7ena

eclaration and/ Deneral Asse#bly >esolutionsb) protected by 6H* if

-t&e t&ird country is t&e adverse party in an internationalar#ed conict

KD@ 6E Art. ??L etainin7 o!er s&all not treat asene#y aliens e4clusively on t&e basis of t&eirnationality (de ure) of an ene#y State refu7ees!&o do not in fact enoy t&e protection of any7overn#ent.

-t&ird country is a=ected by anot&er ar#ed conict.KD@ 6E Art. ;I (%)L /ationals of t&e occupyin7o!er !&o before t&e outbrea: of &ostilities &avesou7&t refu7e in t&e territory of t&e occupied States&all not be arrested prosecuted convicted ordeported fro# t&e occupied territory e4cept foro=enses co##itted after t&e outbrea: of &ostilities!&ic& accordin7 to t&e la! of t&e occupied State!ould &ave ustied e4tradition in ti#e of peace.

'. ersons eein7 persecution protected by 6H* if t&e t&ird country issubseGuently a=ected by an ar#ed conictD@ 6E Art. ;I(%)2 6 Art. ;' supra

a) on a partys o!n territory protected persons on t&e 7rounds oft&eir nationality (but D@ 6E Art. ??)b) on occupied territory

-protected persons on t&e 7rounds of t&eir nationality -if nationals of t&e occupyin7 po!er

protected by D@ 6E Art. ;I(%) protected persons under 6 Art. ;'

*oss of protectiona) co##itted a cri#e a7ainst peace a !ar cri#e or a cri#e

a7ainst &u#anityb) co##itted a serious non-political cri#e outside t&e country ofrefu7e prior to &is ad#ission to t&at country as a refu7ee

c) 7uilty of acts contrary to t&e purpose and principles of t&e /K@onvention of t&e Status of >efu7ee Art. 1

(F)L

rinciple of /on-refoule#ent- 6n no circu#stance s&all a protected person be transferred to a

country !&ere &e or s&e #ay &ave reason to fear persecution for&is or political opinions or reli7ious beliefs.

(Deneva @onvention 6E Art. ?5)

>eturn of >efu7ees and displaced persons at t&e end of t&e conict A. isplaced persons

1. uty of co#petent aut&orities to establis& t&e conditions andprovide #eans for t&eir return%. >efu7ees and displaced persons #ust also endeavour or &elpt&e aut&orities in t&e #ana7e#ent of t&eir return

'. /o discri#ination of displaced persons.

(/ Duidin7 rinciples on 6nternal isplace#ent)


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B. @onditions for t&e return1. etainin7 o!er #ay transfer protected persons only to a po!er!&ic& is party to t&e convention2 if satised !it& !illin7ness andability%. 6f t&at o!er fails to carry out t&e provisions of t&e conventionetainin7 po!er s&all reGuest t&e return of protected persons.

(DE 6E Art. ?5)rotected persons

a) nationals of t&e occupied po!erb) nationals of t&ird States (e4cept of co-belli7erent States)c) refu7ees even if t&ey are nationals of t&e occupyin7 po!er

KD@ 6E Art. ?Lrotected 1. /on-nationals of a arty to t&e conict or 0ccupyin7o!er/ot protected !&ile t&e State of !&ic& t&ey are nationals &as nor#aldiplo#atic representation in t&e State in !&ose &ands t&ey are

1. /ationals of a State not bound by t&e @onvention%. /ationals of a neutral State in t&e territory of a

belli7erent State'. /ationals of a co-belli7erent State.

*e7al 0rder of an occupied territory1) t&e principle concernin7 le7islation occupyin7 po!ers #ust leave localle7islation in force%) e4ceptions to t&e pro&ibition of occupyin7 po!er to le7islate

a) to ensure its security.b) t&ose essential for t&e i#ple#entation of 6H*.c) t&ose essential for t&e i#ple#entation of 6nternational Hu#an

>i7&ts *a!.d) to #aintain public order

'. Special rules on cri#inal la! KBased on D@ 6E art. $?$5$;;ILa) penal la!s in force are applied by e4istin7 local tribunalsb) le7islation introduced by t&e occupyin7 po!er are

-non-retroactive- prosecution of o=ences co##itted before t&e occupation

- co#petent #ilitary tribunals- detailed udicial 7uarantees

rotection of persons deprived of liberty1) t&e principle unli:e co#batants civilians #ay not be deprived of t&eirliberty%) indicted or convicted persons !it& udicial 7uarantees2 &u#anetreat#ent &andin7 over to local aut&orities after occupation') civilian internees

for i#perative reasons of security individual ad#inistrative decision possibility of appeal if possible revie! every si4 #ont&s

?) re-interned 0s

rotection o rivate roperty

a) ri7&ts covered by t&e concept of property broader in co##onla! t&an in civil la! traditionsb) pro&ibition of pilla7e

K@6H* >ule 5%L illa7e is pro&ibitedKD@ 6E Art. ''L sa#e

c) pro&ibition of conscation of private propertyK@6H* >ule 51 (c)L 6n an occupied territory private property#ust be respected and #ay not be conscated2 e4cept!&ere destruction or seiCure of suc& property is reGuiredby i#perative #ilitary necessity.

d) li#ited ad#issibility of reGuisitionsSpecic ro&ibitions1. eportations

6ndividual or #ass forcible transfers as !ell as deportations ofprotected persons fro# occupied territory of t&e 0ccupyin7 po!eror to t&at of any ot&er country occupied or not are pro&ibitedre7ardless of #otive.

(DE Art. ?9(1))

%. +ransfer of t&e occupyin7 po!ers o!n population 0ccupyin7 po!er s&all not deport or transfer parts of its o!n civilianpopulation into t&e territory it occupies.(DE Art. ?9($))

'. estruction of roperty-e4cept !&en rendered absolutely necessary by #ilitary operations

34pulsion Force isplace#ent+o forcibly re#ove a personfro# &is State ofresidenceJnationality

Forcibly re#ove a personfro# &is &o#e to anot&erplace 6+H6/ t&e State

ertains to >efu7ee ertains to isplacedpersons

Ad#inistration of an 0ccupied +erritory1. responsibility for public order and safety (la vie et lordre publics)

%. ta4ation KH> Art. ?8?951L- in accordance !it& t&e rules of assess#ent and incidence inforce #ust defray t&e e4penses of t&e ad#inistration of t&eoccupied territory in t&e sa#e !ay t&e le7iti#ate Dovern#ent !asso bound-if t&e occupant levies ot&er #oney contributions in t&e occupiedterritory t&is s&all only be for t&e needs of t&e ar#y or of t&ead#inistration of t&e territoryn-o contribution s&all be collected e4cept under a !ritten orderand on t&e responsibility of a co##ander-in-c&ief2 receipts #ust beissued

'. ad#inistration of public policyK@6H* >ule 51 (a) and (b)L

(a) #ovable public property t&at can be used for #ilitaryoperations #ay be conscated2


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(b) i##ovable public property #ust be ad#inisteredaccordin7 to t&e rule of usufruct2

?. respect for status of civil servants

+rans#ission of 6nfor#ation (supra)a) intern#ent cards (to be sent to t&e fa#ily and to t&e @entral +racin7A7ency)

KD@ 6E Art. 1I$Lb) notication (to t&e po!er of ori7in t&rou7& t&e @entral +racin7 A7ency)

KD@ 6E Arts 1'$-1'8 1?ILc) correspondence

KD@ 6E Art. 1I;L

I@. Conduct of Hostilitiesrotection of t&e @ivilian opulation a7ainst t&e e=ects of &ostilitiesBasic >ule Art. ?8 rotocol 6

#ust al!ays distin7uis& bet!een t&e ci*ilian #o#ulation andcombatantsand bet!een ci*ilian obects and militaryobecti*esand accordin7ly s&all direct t&eir operations onlya7ainst #ilitary obectives.- >ule ; @6H*+&e parties to t&e conict #ust at all ti#es distin7uis& bet!eencivilian obects and #ilitary obectives. Attac:s #ay only be

directed a7ainst #ilitary obectives. Attac:s #ust not be directeda7ainst civilian obects.

*e7iti#ate obect of states durin7 !ar to !ea:en t&e #ilitary forces of t&eene#yField of ApplicationK6 Art.?9L1. Acts of Eiolence in efense and 0=ense2%. /o #atter !&ere includin7 attac:s on partys o!n territory &eld byene#y control'. Attac:s fro# land air or sea a=ectin7 civilian population on land

rinciplesa) only #ilitary obectives #ay be attac:ed

b) even attac:s directed at #ilitary obectives are pro&ibited if t&ee4pected incidental e=ects on t&e civilian population are e4cessivec) even !&en an attac: directed at a #ilitary obective is note4pected to &ave e4cessive e=ects on t&e civilian population allfeasible precautionary #easures #ust be ta:en to #ini#iCe t&osee=ects

"ilitary 0bectivesK@6H* >ule 8Lare li#ited to t&ose obects !&ic& by t&eir nature locationpurpose or use #a:e an e=ective contribution to #ilitary actionand !&ose partial or total destruction capture or neutraliCation int&e circu#stances rulin7 at t&e ti#e o=ers a denite #ilitary

advanta7e.KBased on 6 Art. 5%(%)L

+!o (%) @riteria for obect to be #ilitary obective(1) nature location purpose use2(%) destruction capture or neutraliCation &as to o=er adenite #ilitary advanta7e for t&e attac:in7 side

@ivilian opulationKBased on 6 Art.5IL

@ivilian population co#prises all persons !&o are civilians.

@ivilian - any person !&o does not belon7 to (#ineco#batants) one of t&e cate7ories of persons referred to inArticle ? A (1) (%) (') and ($) of t&e +&ird @onvention andin Article ?' of t&is rotocol.

6n case of doubt t&at person s&all be considered to be acivilian.A co#batant in civilian population does not deprive t&epopulation of its civilian c&aracter.

ro&ibited Attac:s1. @ivilian population2

@6H* >ule % - Acts or t&reats of violence t&e pri#arypurpose of !&ic& is to spread terror a#on7 t&e civilianpopulation are pro&ibited.

%. @ivilian 0bects2@6H* >ule 1I - @ivilian obects are protected a7ainstattac: unless and for suc& ti#e as t&ey are #ilitaryobectives.

'. 6ndiscri#inate Attac:s@6H* >ule 11 6ndiscri#inate attac:s are pro&ibited@6H* >ule 1%

-attac:s not directed at a specic #ilitary obective-use of !eapons !&ic& cannot be directed at aspecic #ilitary obective-treatin7 di=erent #ilitary obectives as a sin7le#ilitary obective-#rinci#le of #ro#ortionality

K@6H* >ule 1?L - *aunc&in7 an attac: !&icay be e4pected to cause incidental lossof civilian life inury to civilians da#a7e tocivilian obects or a co#bination t&ereof!&ic& !ould be e4cessive in relation to t&econcrete and direct #ilitary advanta7eanticipated is pro&ibited.

+&e &ar# caused to civilians or civilianproperty #ust be proportional and note4cessive in relation to t&e concrete anddirect #ilitary advanta7e anticipated by anattac: on a #ilitary obective.


18/22

also co*ers reasonably foreseeableincidental eBects

?. >eprisals a7ainst civilians or civilian obectsK 6 Art. 51($) and 5%(1)LArt. 51 ($) - Attac:s a7ainst t&e civilian population orcivilians by !ay of reprisals are pro&ibited.Art. 5% (1) - @ivilian obects s&all not be t&e obect of attac:or of reprisals.

*oss of protection+&e concept of direct participation in &ostilities and its conseGuences

K6 Art. 51 (') and @6H* >ule $L@ivilians s&all enoy t&e protection a=orded by t&is section unlessand for suc& ti#e as t&ey ta:e a direct part in &ostilities.

&o is covered as a civilian by t&e rule pro&ibitin7 t&e attac:s6nternational ar#ed conicts - everyone !&o is not a co#batant

34ception if &e or s&e ta:es a direct part in &ostilities/on-international ar#ed conicts - persons ta:in7 no active part in t&e&ostilities includin7 #e#bers of t&e ar#ed forces !&o &ave laid do!nt&eir ar#s or ot&er!ise &ors de co#bat.

roviso #ust rst ta:e additional actions to disen7a7e fro#co#bat

+&e civilian population is not to be used to s&ield #ilitary obectivesK@6H* >ule 9;L +&e use of &u#an s&ields is pro&ibitedK 6 Art. 51(;IL +&e arties to t&e conict s&all not direct t&e#ove#ent of t&e civilian population or individual civilians in orderto atte#pt to s&ield #il itary obectives fro# attac:s or to s&ield#ilitary operations.

+est Whether the intermingling between civilian and combatantand/or military objectives is the result of defenders specicintention to obtain protection for its military forces or objectivesor simply lack of care for the civilian population?

Status of &u#an s&ields6nvoluntary re#ain civiliansEoluntary controversial but it is sub#itted t&at still entitled to protectionbecause t&e t&eory considerin7 voluntary &u#an s&ields as civiliansdirectly participatin7 in &ostilities is self-defeatin7. 6f it !ere correct t&epresence of &u#an s&ields !ould not &ave any le7al i#pact on t&e abilityof t&e ene#y to attac: t&e s&ielded obective but an act !&ic& cannot&ave any i#pact !&atsoever upon t&e ene#y cannot possibly be classiedas direct participation in &ostilities

rotected 0bects1. @ivilian obects

K@6H* >ule 9L @ivilian obects are all obects t&at are not #ilitaryobectives.

K Based on 6 Art. 5%(1)L +&ose t&at are not by t&eir naturelocation purpose or use #a:e an e=ective contribution to #ilitaryaction and !&ose total or partial destruction capture orneutraliCation in t&e circu#stances rulin7 at t&e ti#e o=ers adenite #ilitary advanta7e.

%. Specially protected obectsa) cultural obects - #ovable or i##ovable property of 7reati#portance to t&e cultural &erita7e of every peopleKBased on 6 Art. 5'L

- &istoric #onu#ents !or:s of art or places of !ors&ip!&ic& constitute t&e cultural or spiritual &erita7e ofpeoples-i##unity #ay only be!aived in cases of i#perative #ilitary necessity-#ilitary necessity - as no c&oice is possible bet!een suc&use of t&e cultural property and anot&er feasible #et&odfor obtainin7 a si#ilar #ilitary advanta7e

b) obects indispensable to t&e survival of t&e civilian population-!aterCIHL3 Rule 7D %2e use of star*ation of t2e ci*ilian#o#ulation as a met2od of warfare is #ro2ibited.K@6H* >ule 5?L Attac:in7 destroyin7 re#ovin7 orrenderin7 useless obects indispensable to t&e survival of

t&e civilian population is pro&ibited.c) !or:s and installations containin7 dan7erous forces

K@6H* >ule ?%L articular care #ust be ta:en if !or:s andinstallations containin7 dan7erous forces na#ely da#sdy:es and nuclear electrical 7eneratin7 stations and ot&erinstallations located at or in t&eir vicinity are attac:ed inorder to avoid t&e release of dan7erous forces andconseGuent severe losses a#on7 t&e civilian population.

d) #edical eGuip#ent. Natural en*ironment

K6 Art. '5(')L 6t is pro&ibited to e#ploy #et&ods or #eans of!arfare !&ic& are intended or #ay be e4pected to cause!idespread lon7-ter# and severe da#a7e to t&e natural

environ#ent.KBased on @6H* >ule ??-?5L

?? "et&ods and #eans of !arfare #ust be e#ployed!it& due re7ard to t&e protection and preservationof t&e natural environ#ent.All feasible #recautions must be ta1en toa*oid and minimi$e incidental dama=e to t2een*ironment.*ac: of scientic certainty as to t&e e=ects doesnot absolve a party to t&e conict fro# ta:in7 suc&precautions.

?5 - +&e use of #et&ods or #eans of !arfare t&at areintended3 or may be e9#ected to cause

wides#read3 lon=-term and se*ere dama=etot&e natural environ#ent is pro&ibited.


19/22

estruction of t&e natural environ#ent #ay not beused as a !eapon.

recautionary "easures in attac:

a) an attac: #ust be cancelled if it beco#es apparent t&at it is a pro&ibitedone

K@6H* >ule 19L 3ac& party to t&e conict #ust do everyt&in7feasible to cancel or suspend an attac: if it beco#es apparent t&att&e tar7et is not a #ilitary obective or t&at t&e attac: #ay bee4pected to cause incidental loss of civilian l ife inury to civiliansda#a7e to civilian obects or a co#bination t&ereof !&ic& !ouldbe e4cessive in relation to t&e concrete and direct #ilitaryadvanta7e anticipated.

b) advance !arnin7 #ust be 7iven unless circu#stances do not per#itK@6H* >ule %IL 3ac& party to t&e conict #ust 7ive e=ectiveadvance !arnin7 of attac:s !&ic& #ay a=ect t&e civilianpopulation unless circu#stances do not per#it.

c) !&en a c&oice is possible t&e obective causin7 t&e least dan7er to t&ecivilian population #ust be selected

K@6H* >ule %1L &en a c&oice is possible bet!een several #ilitaryobectives for obtainin7 a si#ilar #ilitary advanta7e t&e obectiveto be selected #ust be t&at t&e attac: on !&ic& #ay be e4pected

to cause t&e least dan7er to civilian lives and to civilian obects.d) additional obli7ations of t&ose !&o plan or decide on an attac:

KBased on @6H* >ules 1$ and 1;L-Eerify t&at obective is not illicit2-@&oose #eans and #et&ods avoidin7 or #ini#iCin7civilian losses2->efrain fro# attac:s causin7 disproportionate civilianlosses.

recautionary "easures a7ainst t&e e=ects of attac:

+&e arties to t&e conict s&all to t&e #a4i#u# e4tent feasible K@6H*>ules %%-%?L

(a) endeavour to re#ove t&e civilian population individual civiliansand civilian obects under t&eir control fro# t&e vicinity of #ilitaryobectives2(b) avoid locatin7 #ilitary obectives !it&in or near denselypopulated areas2(c) ta:e t&e ot&er necessary precautions to protect t&e civilianpopulation individual civilians and civilian obects under t&eircontrol a7ainst t&e dan7ers resultin7 fro# #ilitary operations.

resu#ptions6 Art. 5I(1) - 6n case of doubt !&et&er a person is a civilian t&atperson s&all be considered to be a civilian.6 Art. 5% (') - 6n case of doubt !&et&er an obect !&ic& is

nor#ally dedicated to civilian purposes suc& as a place of !ors&ipa &ouse or ot&er d!ellin7 or a sc&ool is bein7 used to #a:e an

e=ective contribution to #ilitary action it s&all be presu#ed not tobe so used.

Rones created to protect !ar victi#s a7ainst t&e e=ects of &ostilitiesK@6H* >ule '5-';L

- irectin7 an attac: a7ainst a Cone establis&ed to s&elter t&e!ounded t&e sic: and civilians fro# t&e e=ects of &ostilities ispro&ibited-irectin7 an attac: a7ainst a de#ilitariCed Cone a7reed uponbet!een t&e parties to t&e conict is pro&ibited.-irectin7 an attac: a7ainst a non-defended locality is pro&ibited.

a) Hospital and Safety Cones and localities D@ 6E Art. 1?@ate7ories of rotected ersonsSpecic @ate7ories of @ivilians !ounded sic: a7ed personsc&ildren under 15 e4pectant #ot&ers and #ot&ers of c&ildrenunder ; years old"odality of @reation ritten a7ree#ent bet!een t&e parties orunilateral declaration !it& t&e reco7nition of t&e opposin7 parties@&aracteristic

*ocation istant fro# t&e Front+i#e-Fra#e urable

"ar:in7s 0bliGue red bands on !&ite 7roundb) /eutraliCed Cones D@ 6E Art .15

@ate7ories of rotected ersons All civilians !&o do not ta:e partin t&e &ostilities and t&e !ounded and sic co#batants"odality of @reation ritten a7ree#ent bet!een t&e parties@&aracteristic

*ocation 6nside t&e co#bat Cone+i#e-Fra#e provisional

"ar:in7s to be denedc) /on-defended localities 6 Art. 59

@ate7ories of rotected ersons @ivilian population (in its place ofresidence)

"odality of @reation /otication to t&e opposin7 arty (or ad &oca7ree#ent if not all conditions satised)@&aracteristic

*ocation /ear or inside t&e co#bat Cone2 0pen tooccupation2 "ilitary personnel and eGuip#ent evacuated

"ar:in7s to be a7reed upon by t&e partiesd) e#ilitariCed Cone 6 Art. $I

@ate7ories of rotected ersons @ivilian population (in its place ofresidence)

"odality of @reation 34press a7ree#ent@&aracteristic

*ocation pro&ibition to e4tend #ilitary operations to suc&Cones"ar:in7s to be a7reed upon by t&e parties

e) /eutraliCed Cone (non-international) D@ 6 Article ' (')@ate7ories of rotected ersons @ivilian population

"odality of @reation A7ree#ent bet!een t&e parties2 ractice oft&e 6@>@


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@&aracteristic By analo7y !it& t&e principles of D@ 6E Art. 15"ar:in7s >ed @ross e#ble# (if under aut&ority of t&e 6@>@)

@ivil efenseK6 Art. $1L

- #eans t&e perfor#ance of so#e or all of t&e under#entioned&u#anitarian tas:s intended to protect t&e civilian populationa7ainst t&e dan7ers and to &elp it to recover fro# t&e i##ediatee=ects of &ostilities or disasters and also to provide t&e conditionsnecessary for its survival. +&ese tas:s are

(i) !arnin72(ii) evacuation2(iii) #ana7e#ent of s&elters2(iv) #ana7e#ent of blac:out #easures2(v) rescue2(vi) #edical services includin7 rst aid and reli7iousassistance2(vii) re-7&tin72(viii) detection and #ar:in7 of dan7er areas2(i4) deconta#ination and si#ilar protective #easures2(4) provision of e#er7ency acco##odation and supplies2(4i) e#er7ency assistance in t&e restoration and

#aintenance of order in distressed areas2(4ii) e#er7ency repair of indispensable public utilities2(4iii) e#er7ency disposal of t&e dead2(4iv) assistance in t&e preservation of obects essential forsurvival2(4v) co#ple#entary activities necessary to carry out any oft&e tas:s #entioned above includin7 but not li#ited toplannin7 and or7aniCation2

-#atVrielQ of civil defense or7aniCations #eans eGuip#entsupplies and transports used by t&ese or7aniCations for t&eperfor#ance of t&e tas:s above #entioned

K6 Art. $%L- @ or7s and personnel s&all be respected and protected2 entitled

to perfor# t&eir tas:s e4cept in case of i#perative #ilitarynecessity- also applies to civilians !&o alt&ou7& not #e#bers of civiliancivil defense or7aniCations respond to an appeal fro# t&eco#petent aut&orities and perfor# civil defense tas:s under t&eircontrol

K6 Art. $'L-occupyin7 po!er s&all

- not c&an7e t&e structure or personnel of suc&or7aniCations in any !ay !&ic& #i7&t eopardiCe t&ee


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(d) eGuipped only !it& li7&t individual !eapons fort&e purpose of #aintainin7 order or for self-defense.(e) do not participate directly in &ostilities and donot co##it or are not used to co##it outsidet&eir civil defense tas:s acts &ar#ful to t&eadverse arty2(f) t&eir civil defese tas:s only !it&in t&e nationalterritory of t&eir arty.

-if t&ey fall into t&e po!er of an adverse arty be prisonersof !ar 2 #ay be e#ployed on civil defense tas:s in so faras t&e need arises- buildin7s and #aor ite#s of eGuip#ent and transports of#ilitary units assi7ned to civil defense or7aniCations s&allbe clearly #ar:ed- U #atVriel U and buildin7s of #ilitary units per#anentlyassi7ned to civil defense or7aniCations and e4clusivelydevoted to t&e perfor#ance of civil defense tas:s s&all ift&ey fall into t&e &ands of an adverse arty re#ain subectto t&e la!s of !ar.

"eans and "et&ods of !arfare

K6 Art. '5L1. +&e ri7&t to c&oose #et&ods or #eans of !arfare is notunli#ited.%. 6t is pro&ibited to e#ploy !eapons proectiles and #aterial and#et&ods of !arfare of a nature to cause superuous inury orunnecessary su=erin7.

"ro2ibited or Restricted 8se of 0ea#onsa) e4plosive bullets -K@6H* >ule ;8L - +&e anti-personnel (to incapacitate people) use ofbullets !&ic& e4plode !it&in t&e &u#an body is pro&ibited.b) du#-du# bullets - desi7ned to e4pand on i#pact so#eti#esas #uc& as t!ice t&e dia#eter. +&is !ill slo! t&e bullet do!n and

#ore of its :inetic ener7y !ill be transferred to t&e tar7et creatin7a lar7er !ound c&annel.K@6H* >ule ;;L - +&e use of bullets !&ic& e4pand or atten easilyin t&e &u#an body is pro&ibited.c) certain conventional !eapons

-#inesK@6H* >ules 8I-8'L

-use of booby-traps !&ic& are in any !ay attac&edto or associated !it& obects or persons entitled tospecial protection or !it& obects t&at are li:ely toattract civilians is pro&ibited-!&en land#ines are use particular care to#ini#iCe indiscri#inate e=ects

-record t&eir place#ent as far as possible

-at t&e end of active &ostilities #ust be re#ovedrender &ar#less to civilians or facilitate t&ere#oval

-incendiary !eapons - desi7ned to start res or destroysensitive eGuip#ent usin7 re(@6H* >ules 8?-85L

-particular care #ust be ta:en to avoid and in anyevent to #ini#iCe incidental loss of civilian lifeinury to civilians and da#a7e to civilian obects-anti-personnel use of incendiary !eapons ispro&ibited unless it is not feasible to use a less&ar#ful !eapon to render a person &ors deco#bat.

-non-detectable fra7#ents not detectable by WraysK@6H* >ule ;9L

-+&e use of !eapons t&e pri#ary e=ect of !&ic& isto inure by fra7#ents !&ic& are not detectable byW-rays in t&e &u#an body is pro&ibited.

-blindin7 !eaponsK@6H* >ule 8$L cause per#anent blindness

-+&e use of laser !eapons t&at are specicallydesi7ned as t&eir sole co#bat function or as oneof t&eir co#bat functions to cause per#anent

blindness to unen&anced vision is pro&ibited.- e4plosive re#nants of !ar - une4ploded s&ells 7renadesbo#bs etc. left be&ind after a conict.-cluster #unitions - air-dropped or 7round-launc&ede4plosive !eapon t&at releases or eects s#allersub#unitions.-ot&er !eapons for !&ic& li#itations are under discussion

Xli7&t !eaponsXanti-ve&icle !eaponsX fra7#entation !eapons

d) c&e#ical !eaponsK@6H* >ule ;?-;$L-+&e use of c&e#ical !eapons is pro&ibited.

-+&e use of riot-control a7ents (tear-7as) as a #et&od of!arfare is pro&ibited.-+&e use of &erbicides as a #et&od of !arfare is pro&ibited

if t&ey area) of a nature to be pro&ibited c&e#ical !eapons2b) of a nature to be pro&ibited biolo7ical !eapons2c) are ai#ed at ve7etation t&at is not a #ilitary

obective2d) !ould cause incidental loss !&ic& #ay bee4pected to be e4cessive in relation to t&econcrete and direct #ilitary advanta7e anticipated2ore) !ould cause !idespread lon7-ter# and severe

da#a7e to t&e natural environ#ent.e) poison


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K@6H* >ule ;%L +&e use of poison or poisoned !eapons ispro&ibited.

f) Bacteriolo7ical and Biolo7ical eaponsK@6H* >ule ;'L - +&e use of biolo7ical !eapons is

pro&ibited.7) /uclear eapons&) /e! "eans and "et&od

K6 Art. '$L - 6n t&e study develop#ent acGuisition oradoption of a ne! !eapon #eans or #et&od of !arfare aHi7& @ontractin7 arty is under an obli7ation to deter#ine!&et&er its e#ploy#ent !ould in so#e or allcircu#stances be pro&ibited by t&is rotocol or by anyot&er rule of international la! applicable to t&e Hi7&@ontractin7 arty.

"ro2ibited met2ods of warfarea) 7ivin7 or orderin7 no Guarter

K6 Art. ?IL - 6t is pro&ibited to order t&at t&ere s&all be nosurvivors to t&reaten an adversary t&ere!it& or to conduct&ostilities on t&is basis.

b) erdyK6 Art.';L Acts in*itin= t2e conEdence of an ad*ersary to

lead 2im to belie*e t2at 2e is entitled to3 or is obli=ed toaccord3 #rotectionunder t&e rules of international la! applicablein ar#ed conict !it& intent to betray t&at condence s&allconstitute perdy. +&e follo!in7 acts are e4a#ples of perdy - t&efei7nin7 of

(a) intent to ne7otiate under a a7 of truce or of asurrender2(b incapacitation by !ounds or sic:ness2(c) civilian non-co#batant status2 and(d) protected status by t&e use of si7ns e#ble#s orunifor#s of t&e nited /ations or of neutral or ot&er Statesnot arties to t&e conict.

-Ruses of war are not #ro2ibited.- acts !&ic& are intended to #islead an adversary or to

induce &i# to act rec:lessly but !&ic& infrin=e no rule ofinternational law applicable in ar#ed conict and !&ic& are not#erEdious because t2ey do not in*ite t2e conEdence of anad*ersary wit2 res#ect to #rotectionunder t&at la!.+&e follo!in7 are e4a#ples of suc& ruses

(a) ca#oua7e(b) decoys(c) #oc: operations(d) #isinfor#ation.

-earin7 of ene#y unifor#

K6 Art '9(%)L - 6t is pro&ibited to #a:e use of t&e a7s or#ilitary e#ble#s insi7nia or unifor#s of adverse arties!&ile en7a7in7 in attac:s or in order to s&ield favorprotect or i#pede #ilitary operations.

c) Starvation of civiliansK@6H* >ule 5'L - +&e use of starvation of t&e civilian population asa #et&od of !arfare is pro&ibited.

6nternational Hu#anitarian *a! and Hu#anitarian Assistancerinciples

1. Starvation of @ivilians a pro&ibited #et&od of !arfareK@6H* >ule 5'L%. +&e ri7&t of civilian population to be assistedK@6H* >ules 55-5$L

-t&e parties to conit #ust allo! and facilitate rapid anduni#peded passa7e of &u#anitarian relief for civilians inneed-#ust ensure t&e freedo# of #ove#ent of aut&oriCed&u#anitarian relief personnel essential to t&e e4ercise oft&eir functions.

34ception only in i#perative #ilitary necessity

#ay t&eir #ove#ents be te#porarily restricted.'. +&e belli7erents bear pri#ary responsibility?. "edical assistance #ay benet civilians or co#batants

enition and @&aracteristics of &u#anitarian assistance K@6H* >ule 55Lsupra

>ules of +reaty *a!1) +&e startin7 point Art. %' of D@ 6E

a) addressed to all Hi7& @ontractin7 arties not only t&e partiesto t&e conict

b) li#itations-!it& re7ard to t&e beneciaries

-!it& re7ard to t&e :ind of assistance-conditions

%) in occupied territories Art. 59 of D@ 6E occupyin7 po!er &as anobli7ation to accept relief') A broad ri7&t to assistance Art. ;I of 6 and Art. 18 (%) of 66

-but subect to t&e consent of t&e State concerned-t&e condition on !&ic& a belli7erent #ay #a:e its a7ree#ent to&u#anitarian assistance contin7ent-t&e obli7ation of t&e state to 7ive consent

?) rotection of t&ose providin7 &u#anitarian assistance5) +&e protection of !ater supplies and !ater en7ineers

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