Web viewis a collective word ... The generation of music and the production of music scores can now be done by computer systems ... Radio Frequency Identification Tags

AL WADI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ICT-IGCSE SECTION 6

6. ICT Applications6.1 Communication Applications

NEWSLETTER

News letters are information sheets that are distributed within organizations or communities to keep them up-to-date with the latest news. Your school may have its own news letter. News letters can be produced using desktop publishing software. News letters are usually produced for a specific audience such as local residents or members of a club or society.

1


WEB SITES

A collection of related Web pages is called a Web site. Web sites are housed on Web servers, Internet host computers that often store thousands of individual pages.

Web pages are now used to distribute news, interactive educational services, product information and catalogs, etc. Interactive web pages permit readers to consult databases, order products and information, and submit payment with a credit card or other account number.

All organizations, including schools and colleges, are reaping the benefits of having their own websites. Basically, a website allows communication between the organization and the outside world. For commercial organizations, it allows potential customers to learn about the organization, its products or services. Some websites allow the user to place electronic orders. The cost of conducting business on the webis low compared with other traditional methods.

Websites can be written using Hypertext Markup Language(HTML). Most websites include a counter to count the number of visitors to the site. This is a measure of how useful other people have found the site.

MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS

Multimedia is a collective word for the elements of text, images, animation, video and sound combined for presentation publicly and usually to the consumers. In order to work with multimedia, a personal computer typically requires a powerful microprocessor, large memory and storage capabilities, a high-quality monitor, external loudspeakers or headphones and a sound card (or sound board), and a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive.

Presentations are an extremely effective way of informing or persuading other people. The presenter stands up in front of an audience, and addresses them on a particular topic. As a prompt, and to focus the attention of the audience, this person uses some form of visual images.

2


Presentations of this nature are widely used in business, for reporting on activities and promoting products. They are also used in education and training, in government, and in the military.

3


MUSIC SCORES

4


Any printed version of musical arrangement in notational form.

The generation of music and the production of music scores can now be done by computer systems.To produce a musical score (sheets of written notes), you no longer need to write every note down by hand. You can use a WYSIWYG editor to write the music on the computer, edit it, print copies, etc.

5


5. CARTOONS

cartoon is a form of art with diverse origins and even more diverse modern meanings.

Nowadays a cartoon is a humorous drawing of some description. The modern understanding of cartoon falls into two further categories - comic strip and animated cartoons.

Comic strips are found daily in newspapers and are frequently compiled into books. Comic strips are either individual drawings or a series of (usually) drawings.

Animated cartoons are usually shown on television or cinema screens.

6

http://www.free-definition.com/Animated-cartoons.html

http://www.free-definition.com/Comic-strips.html

http://www.free-definition.com/Animated-cartoons.html

http://www.free-definition.com/Comic-strip.html


POSTERS

A poster is much larger than a flyer used to advertise an event or a single product or service. Posters usually have few words and only one large image.

FLYERS

Flyer is a small sheet of paper advertising an event, a shop, a product, etc that is widely distributed. It is more colourful than a newsletter, with fewer words. The font size may be larger

7


MOBILE PHONES

Mobile telephone nowadays is considered as man's best tool in terms of immediate communications. It is one of the man's necessities in which people can communicate as well as exchange information without the hassles of wires. Information can be transmitted from one location to another ( worldwide ) in less than a minute.

In relation to this, the effect of mobile telephone for working people is a big working ease and help. Following are the uses of mobile telephones for communication other than a phone call.

Text messaging (Sending) emails Using social networking sites Creating blogs

Internet Telephony Service/ Voice Over IP (VOIP)Internet telephony, or 'VOIP', is becoming very popular both for personal use, and within the workplace.It is a technology that allows you to make telephone calls over a Broadband internet connection.

Instead of using the normal telephone network , VOIP systems send voices through the Internet just like any other Internet data (e.g. e-mails, files, web pages, etc.)

In other words, VOIP systems use your Internet connection to send and receive phone calls.

8


Advantage:It is cheaper as long as you have an Internet connection.

Disadvantage:It is not a high quality of voice as a normal telephone

line.

APPLICATIONS FOR PUBLICITY AND CORPORATE IMAGE PUBLICATIONS

Business card is a small card printed with a person’s name, job title, business address, and contact numbers.

Business cardis a small piece of standard sized card which contains a summary of your company details of services, employment position, contact numbers, addresses and e-mail.

Letterhead is a printed heading for official stationery, usually containing a company’s name, address, telephone and fax numbers, and often including a logo and other details.

Flyer is a small sheet of paper advertising an event, a shop, a product, etc that is widely distributed.

9

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=sN3Nfc0e2MFpfM&tbnid=GpeZvwp5g1ULBM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.abhuae.com/business-card.php&ei=Y9OeUozAN4a50QWVtoCYCQ&bvm=bv.57155469,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNFvGFNKhXFUZk6Zo1_VBSGmmjlKjg&ust=1386226779200369

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=whbjz2PuJtFl5M&tbnid=nY9AYtaug8eJhM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.poweredtemplate.com/brochure-templates/financial-accounting/letterheads/02902/0/index.html&ei=FNWeUtWZF8av0QWSyIDIAQ&bvm=bv.57155469,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNFmk4Wr_3HB5ySVpUp4tGZRkgZJaw&ust=1386226957493226

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jpBbBhCAeYG9lM&tbnid=RtmAm5pk8EqtbM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ukticketprinting.co.uk/Posters-and-Flyers/Details/School-Tree-All-Purpose-Logo-Flyer/&ei=C9aeUs_rMqej0QWjpYHwAQ&bvm=bv.57155469,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNF3WgHa-aoILDv3uTRy2_mtTnB9mQ&ust=1386227493332791


Brochure is a booklet or pamphlet that contains descriptive information or advertising.

10

http://mrbrumwell.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/brochure02.jpg


6.2 Data Handling Applications SURVEYS

Survey is a detailed critical inspection or a short descriptive summary (of events) and a process of making for statistical purposes.

A survey is a good example of data gathering: by asking questions to a sample of people, you collect data and information to input in a database.

ADDRESS LISTS

Most people need to keep track of lots of telephone numbers, postal addresses,e-mail address, etc.

We can use a computer (don't forget your phone is a computer too!) to help keep this data organised in an address database.

A typical computerised address book might store:Name Address Phone number (home) Phone number (mobile) Phone number (work) E-mail address Birthday Photograph Etc.

11


TUCKSHOP RECORDS

Tuck- shop is commonly known as a normal neighbor supermarket. Tuck-shop records keeping means managing all types of data within the tuck-shop including item/products monitoring, ordering procedures and sales recording .

CLUB AND SOCIETY RECORDS

Club and society can depend on a computer system in terms of accurate, up-to-date and readily available source of information in regards to their members information.

12


SCHOOL REPORTS School Reports play an important Information Technology application in terms of tracking and keeping students records.Each student needs permanent record for future academic usages.

Remember that computer system is not only used to keep students data, it is also commonly used to organize events such as:

- Parents Appointments ( scheduling appointments with various

teachers) - Time Table

- School Activities - Fee collection details.

SCHOOL LIBRARY RECORDS

School Library Records is also considered as one of the major part of a concerned school.Students ( or the Borrowers ) information management ( and tracking ) is one of the major responsibilities of a librarian.

Take note that school library deals with books as well as with its borrowers ( the students ). Library computerization system ( automation ) is the best appropriate tool in monitoring books availability as well as book status. The said library automation system will serve as the database for all students ( borrowers ) information.

13


6.3 Measurement Applications Measurement is the monitoring of physical variables without the microprocessor taking action

Scientific Experiments

Scientific Experiments is one of the major advancement in information technology application.

For example, if you wanted to monitor the temperature of a liquid as it heated over a period of time, you could insert a heat sensor into the liquid and connect it to a computer. The computer could then log the temperatures and even switch the heater off at a given point. So computers can act as control devices for scientific experiments.

Data logging involves collecting data automatically, from sensors, over a period of time, called the logging period. Data logging can be used in science experiments for making a sequence of readings of temperature, light, etc.

Students can use sensors in science lessons to measure the temperature of a liquid. It is better to use a computer and sensors rather than manually taking the temperature readings for the following reasons.

More accurate readings can be taken. Computers can take data readings more frequently Graphs are easier/automatically produced. Readings can be taken without breaks

Most control and monitoring applications use devices called sensors to measure physical quantities which is analogue data. However, computers can only understand and manipulate digital data.

Analogue data would not make any sense to the computer. To enable data in analogue form (often the input from a sensor) to be processed by a computer, it needs to be changed into a digital form. This is done using an Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)

14


15


ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Environmental monitoring is another example of the control mentioned earlier. Sensors can be set up and monitored over a long period of time by a computer. The results, such as temperature,

Data logging computer system is an automatic logging system which collects data over a certain period of time.

Weather Reporting System - Weather reporting is an application related to data logging.

16


Sensors will act as the input devices to the computer system in weather reporting and forecasting.

The following variables are measured in weather reporting system.

1) Temperature 2) Pressure3) Light4) Humidity5) Wind Speed 6) Wind direction7) Rainfall

Analogue and Digital Data

Analogue quantities are continuously variable, which means that they do not jump in steps from one value to another. Temperature is an analogue quantity because temperatures do not jump from one degree to the next as there are many values in between. Digital quantities jump from one value to the next. Computers are nearly always digital devices and can only operate with digital values. If analogue values such as temperature readings need to be input into a computer, they first need to be converted to digital value using analogue to digital converter(ADC)

Hospitals often use computers to continuously monitor patients. The monitoring process is described below

Sensors are used to monitor patient’s vital signs such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse, sugar levels Sensors send data/signals back to computer ADC converts analogue signals from sensors to digital so that computer can understand/read the data Graphs are output Inputs are compared to acceptable range of values If higher/lower warning signal is triggered

17


18


Some advantages of using a computer rather than nurses to monitor patients are given below:

Readings can be taken more frequently Nurses can get tired and forget to take readings/nurses are so busy they might not be able to take readings regularly Computer readings are more accurate/human errors are reduced More than one variable can be measured at any one time Results can be analysed automatically/Charts are produced automatically Automatic warnings can be generated/faster to react Nurses are free to do other tasks Reduces chances of nurses being exposed to contagious diseases

19


6.4 Microprocessors in Control Applications

Control is when the microprocessor takes action depending on sensor readings

Turtle graphics are lines drawn by a programming language named LOGO.

When the turtle is facing a certain way, it can move only in that direction. To move in another direction you have to turn the turtle before moving it.

Let's now look at some of the commands:

FORWARD 30 moves the turtle 30 units forward.

BACKWARD 10 moves the turtle 10 units backward.

PENUP raises the pen and stops the line being drawn.

PENDOWN puts the pen down so that a line is drawn behind the turtle.

The turtle is made to turn by giving it a direction of turn (LEFT or RIGHT) and an angle of turn in degrees.

LEFT 90 turns the turtle to the left by 90 degrees.

20


RIGHT 90 turns the turtle to the right by 90 degrees.

21


MAKING A PROGRAM

A program is a list of instructions arranged in a logical order that can be obeyed by a computer. We will now look at how to put some of the commands together that we have already learnt.

We can draw a square using the following program.

CLEARSCREEN

FORWARD 20

RIGHT 90

FORWARD 20

RIGHT 90

FORWARD 20

RIGHT 90

FORWARD 20

RIGHT 90

The given method is tedious sothere is an easier way:

REPEAT 4

FORWARD 20

RIGHT 90

ENDREPEAT

The above instructions tell LOGO to draw four lines, each 20 steps long and to turn 90 degrees between lines.

Sensors

A normal PC has no way of knowing what is happening in the real world around it. It doesn’t know if it is light or dark, hot or cold,

22


quiet or noisy. How do we know what is happening around us? We use our eyes, our ears, our mouth, our nose and our skin - our senses.

A normal PC has no senses, but we can give it some: We can connect sensors to it.

A sensor is a device that measures physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, humidity, etc

Examples of sensors and the properties they detect are...

Sensor What it DetectsTemperature TemperatureLight Light / darkPressure Pressure (e.g. someone standing on it)Moisture Dampness / drynessWater-level How full / empty a container isMovement Movement nearbyProximity How close / far something isSwitch or button If something is touching / pressing it

23


BUZZER

Buzzer is an electric signaling device, such as a door bell that makes a buzzing sound. Buzzers can be used in quiz competition.

CONTROL OF MOTORS

Large movements are achieved using motors.

A motor converts electrical energy into movement.

AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINES

An automatic washing machine is controlled by a microprocessor.

The sensors which would have to be used in the machine are given below.

o Pressure/Weighto Temperatureo Water level

24


Description is given below how the microprocessor uses data from the sensors to control the washing machine.

Microprocessor continually monitors sensors

Data is converted from analogue to digital/ADC is used

Compares water level with pre-programmed value

If water level reached microprocessor switches off valve Else valve left on/switched on

Compares temperature with pre-programmed value

If temperature higher microprocessor switches off heaterElse heater left on/switched on

Compares weight of clothes with pre-programmed value

If clothes too heavy microprocessor sounds alarm/stops machine/motor stopsrunningElse cycle continues/motor starts

25


AUTOMATIC COOKERS

Automatic cookers are the advancement in local cookers. Automatic Cookers are microprocessor controlled devices in which all the activities are controlled and carried out by different devices on the instruction of processor. Automatic pressure cooker helps in cooking good quality food with less consumption of energy. The process is explained below:Input: Temperature / time using keypad present on Automatic cooker.Processing:

Heat sensors sends current temperature and pressure sensor sends current gas pressure to ADC which gives digital data to the processor at regular intervals.

Processor compares the current quantities with preset value. If temperature is too high and keyed in time not reached, heater switched off. Else if temperature is too low and keyed in time not reached then heater switched on.

At the same time Air pressure quantity is also compared with preset quantity, if Pressure is more; gas is released from the cooker.

26


Output: Heaters switched on/off. Gas released whenever required.

27


CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM

Central Heating Controllers are the electronic devices which can manipulate specific temperature ( heating and cooling ) of a certain room ( or environment ).

Central Heating Controllers are special made electronic devices. its main purpose is to control specific temperature of a room or a surrounding. While the system is on, it automatically makes decisions about the temperature in your house. When the house is too cold, it will turn the boiler on. When the house is too hot, it will turn the boiler off.

The inputs, processing and outputs of a computer controlled central heating system described below.

Inputs:

o Times the system should operateo Temperature from sensoro Temperature from user via key pad/required temperature.

Processing:o Sensor temperature is compared with preset/keyed in value.o If higher heater switched off by microprocessor,o If lower heater switched on by microprocessor.

Output:o Heater switched on/off.

28


BURGLAR ALARMS

Burglar alarms are the common and have become the standard equipment ( in store/tuck shops and other residential houses ) for theft protection and area security (safe and secure).

The inputs, outputs and processing involved in Burglar Alarm system is given below.

Inputs:

Pressure pads Temperature sensors Sound sensor Light sensor

Processing:

Microprocessor continually monitoring sensors.If pressure sensed by processor is greater than preset value:If temperature sensed by processor is greater than preset value:If sound sensed by processor is greater than preset value:Microprocessor sends signal to output device.

Outputs:

Alarm light flashes/lights come on Alarm sounds

29


30


COMPUTER CONTROLLED GREENHOUSE / GLASS HOUSE

Each greenhouse needs to be kept at constant temperature and constant humidity.

Description is given below how the computer will control the temperature and light of the greenhouse.

Maintaining temperature: temperature read from temperature sensor computer compares this temperature with preset value if lower computer/microprocessor switches heater on if lower computer/microprocessor closes windows if higher computer/microprocessor switches heater off if higher computer/microprocessor opens windows if still higher computer/microprocessor switches fan on and repeats continuously

Maintaining Light:

light is compared with preset value if lower microprocessor switches on light bulb if higher microprocessor switches off light bulb

31


6.5 Modeling Applications

We are all familiar with the idea of a model as an imitation of an object, e.g. an architect's model of a building made to show what the finished building will look like.

We use the term in computing to mean rather more than that.A model of a situation or an object is something which is made to appear and/or behave like the real thing

Example of computer models:

A simulation of driving a car: The user controls the car with the keys or a joystick. The car has to be kept on the road and has to avoid other cars which appear. The user can change gear and use the brakes and accelerator.

Benefits of using a model:

Real thing may be too expensive to build Real thing requires too large a time scale Real thing would be too wasteful of materials Easier to change data/variables Real thing may be too dangerous You can test predictions more easily/model can make

predictions more accurately you can ask many whatif questions which would be

impractical in real life32


33


Drawbacks of using a model:

Difficult to exactly recreate a lifelike situation Hardware and software may be expensive Workers will need to be trained to use the system

FLIGHT SIMULATION

Flight Simulation is a special type of modeling application in which the pilot ( or the piloting student ) will enable to experience turbulence, snow storms, fog, etc.

Airlines find it very expensive to tie up aircraft for training pilots, so they use the flight simulators instead. In addition all manner of dangerous flying conditions, such of which the pilot would never be likely to experience, can be simulated.

A landing simulation with ice on the runway Thick fog and only one of the four engines working would

really test the pilots ability.

34


USE OF SPREADSHEETS FOR PERSONAL FINANCE AND TUCK SHOP FINANCES

Spreadsheets are used primarily for financial analysis. It is considered as one of the most important tool in maintaining one's personal finances or tuck-shop finances.In the business one can calculate the business incomes and all cost of expenditures (money going out from the business).

35


6.6 Applications in manufacturing industries

Robotics in Manufacturing and Production Line Control

Robotics in manufacturing is the process of making products under the control of computers.Production Line Control can be described as a method of production which embodies groups of workers repeating the same procedures of production along a line over which the product is moved and gradually completed. There are many factories where robots are used on a production line.The jobs that the robots do are generally jobs which humans would find boring and repetitive, or jobs that may be dangerous.

Some advantages of robots given below

o Robots work 24 hours a day – no need for breaks.o Robots do not need to be paid.o Robots work consistently – they do not get tired.

Example:

Computer-controlled robots may be found in car-making factories. The jobs they do may include:

o Welding or assembling parts.o Paint spraying.o Moving heavy parts around the factory

The robots will have been programmed to perform the jobs they do.

Some disadvantages of robots are given below

o A robot is an expensive piece of hardware. o A robot requires specialized technical maintenance. Without

such support, the robot can be impractical.

36


o Robots can only complete the tasks they have been assigned. Unlike humans, they have limited flexibility.

37


6.7 SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The schools Information Management System enables to run the school as efficiently as possible for the benefit of all pupils. Tasks that would have taken a long time now can be done quickly.

Consider your school. In the secretaries office there will be a computer containing information on all the students in the school.

Here are some of the tasks that the system would need to deal with.

1. It must list a pupil's personal details. This would include such things as name, address, date of birth, name of parent or guardian, gender, religion, medical problems, mode of travel to school, etc.

2. The system must be able to cope with the administration of examination entries.

3. The system should be able to help organize a timetable, making the best use of teachers.

4. The system should be able to manage learner’s registration and attendance.

5. The system should be able to record learner’s performance.Advantages of a computerized information system

1. You don't need lots of filing cabinets to hold all the pupil's files and other forms. A single computer can store all the information needed.

2. Terminals can be used, so that many people can access the information in different places at the same time. Whenever data is updated it is instantly available to all the people using the system.

Disadvantages of a computerized information system

1. Everything depends on the computer system. If there is a power failure, or if the system breaks down then an alternative system will need to be used.

38


2. To use the system the staff will need to be trained. When staff leave their expertise will be lost and new staff will need to be trained.

3. Security will need to be provided to protect pupil and staff information from prying eyes.

39


6.8 Booking systems

Booking systems use online processing which means input data acted upon immediately and then file gets updated immediately.User/customer is in direct contact with the main computer/CPU. It is almost immediate Booking systems are most commonly used in travel industry, theatre and cinemas.

The following steps are used to book a flight ticket

Computer asks customer for details of flight Computer asks for personal details of passengers Computer searches for matching flights Computer may display list of seats available Computer may ask customer to select a seat (Customer selects seat from those available and)

computer flags seat as booked Computer asks customer to complete payment details Computer checks details are valid by communicating

with customer’s bank Computer checks if sufficient funds Airline’s database is updated immediately Number of seats available reduces by number booked Prevents double booking Confirmation/e-ticket may be sent to customer by

email

Advantages to business using online Booking system:

Travel agents and airlines don’t have to rent high street premises, which can be very expensive.

Companies can employ fewer staff and so have a lower total wage bill

Travel agents and airlines don’t have to pay running costs of a number of their offices for electricity, heating and lighting.

Companies can attract more customers. The internet is now used by so many people that companies can advertise to a much wider audience.

40


41


Disadvantages to business using online Booking system:

There is less personal touch and so it is harder for companies to sell other services that may be available; for example, travel insurance for holidays.

There is potential for fraud and interception of account information by hackers, resulting in companies losing money.

There are other costs involved in running the business; for example, paying website developers.

There are initial costs such as buying the hardware They need to retrain staff, which is costly

Advantages to customers using online Booking system:

There is no need to spend money on transport going to and from travel agents, airline offices, stations, and so on

People with disabilities find it easier than travelling to the company or organization

Customers can make the booing at any time of day or night They know immediately if their booking has been successful Customer can look at different companies and then choose

the best or cheapest option.

Disadvantages to customers using online Booking system:

They must have a computer, Internet access and basic computer skills

There is a small risk that hackers may intercept data and take money from the customer’s account

42


6.9 Banking Applications

ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER(EFT):Electronic Funds Transfer is the moving of money from one bank account to another using data communications and without any paper transactions.

CASH MACHINE

A cash issuing terminal (cash machine) is a machine, connected to a bank's main computer, which can issue money and carry out other tasks. A cash issuing terminal is also called an automated teller machine(ATM). These terminals are situated on walls at banks, building societies and in public places.

A self-service card is the card which a customer needs to use a cash issuing terminal. The card has stored on it the person's account number and bank code and its own expiry date.

The customer inserts the card into the terminal to be checked.

He or she types in a Personal Identification Number(PIN) ,this PIN is a kind of password and the customer has to memorize it.

The customer keys in details of the service required and the amount of any money to be withdrawn.

The terminal returns the card, the money and issues a receipt if necessary.

Advantages to bank customers of using ATMs rather than going to the bank to withdraw cash.

No embarrassment of not having sufficient funds Less time spent queuing Can get money any time of day or night Can use most ATMs/does not have to be own bank Have choice of languages so is easier to understand/be

understood

43


A bank uses a chip and PIN system at its ATMs. A customer withdraws cash by inserting his/herbank card.

The steps involved in the computer processing of the transaction are listed below.

The (ATM) checks to see if the card is valid The customer is asked which language they require The customer is asked to type in their PIN The typed PIN number is compared with that stored in the

chip If they are not the same the customer is asked to re-enter

PIN If three failed attempts transaction rejected and card

withheld If they are the same the transaction proceeds The customer is asked which service is required The customer selects required service (cash) Customer is asked if they want a receipt The customer is asked how much money they want to

withdraw The customer’s account is checked to see if it has sufficient

funds The amount is checked against the card limit If there are sufficient funds (and the amount is within the

card limit) the transaction is authorized /ifnot transaction is rejected

The amount is deducted from the customer account The bank notes are issued The card is returned (by the computer)

44


If required receipt is printed.

45


Cheque Clearing

Cheque Clearing Systems is a system and a process in which the bank may withdraw cash or credit to the accounts of the client such amount officially declared in the bank's cheque.

Bank uses batch processing as described below to process cheques.

cheques are collected togetherduring the course of the day cheques are processed all at once overnight No human intervention is required bank accounts updated following morning

46


Telephone BankingThis is similar to Internet banking, but does not require a computer.The system works by you calling the bank's telephone banking number then...

You enter your account number (using the phone's number keys)

You enter your PIN / secret code You then hear various options: ("Press 1 to find your

balance, Press 2 to transfer money...") You pick an option (using the phone's number keys)

Customers can use the telephone banking system to...

Check the balance of bank accounts Transfer money between accounts (using EFT) Speak to a bank representative to get financial advice

The advantages of telephone banking are similar to Internet banking, but there are some extra things...

You don't need a computer You can speak to an actual person

The disadvantage compared to Internet banking...

The system can be difficult to use(working through all of those menus)

47


Home/Internet BankingHome Bankingis the procedure of conducting of bank business at home by means of electronic communications, such as a telephone or computer ( especially Internet ).Two items of information needed to logon for home banking on Internet.They are Account number/User ID and PasswordMore and more people are using home banking services for organizing their finances. The customers as well as banks have advantages by home banking.

The following services are available using home banking.o Customers can see their account balance.o Transfer money between accounts.o Pay bills.o Look at account transactions for a period of time.

The advantages to the bank:o Fewer employeeso Fewer branches to maintaino Less money spent on the security staffo Less actual cash handled – fewer robberies

The disadvantages to the bank:

o Initial outlay on computers expensiveo Need to retrain staffo Lose older customers who don’t like change

One service is not available using home banking, that is withdraw cash/pay in cash.

The advantages to the customer:o Do not have to waste time traveling long distances to

banks.o Do not have to spend money on traveling expenses

traveling long distances to banks.o Can bank when banks are closed

48


The disadvantages to the customer:o Less opportunity for socializing with friends.o More expensive phone billso Need a computer/Internet access.o Still have to travel to withdraw cash.o Customers must have a computer/Internet access/

(basic) computer skills

6.10 Computers in medicine

Doctor Information System is a hospital or clinic systematized and computerized management of patients files and records which gives information on the patients past clinical history for the doctor to clearly and easily visualize as well as predict such sickness the patient is currently suffering.

Once a patient was admitted ( for the first time ) to a hospital/clinic, any such information pertaining to the said patient must be recorded, by a medical records staff, to a computerized database management system which can be accounted as the patient's permanent hospital file which can be automatically retrieve as well as a file for patients sickness history. Lastly, the effect of computerized doctor information system is the faster retrieval of patient's clinical history for such emergency cases that the doctor needs a clinical background as well as to diagnose such possible sickness which the patient may currently suffering.

49


Hospital and Pharmacy Records Monitoring is one of the information technology giant step in advancement in regards to pharmaceutical fields and medical prescriptions. Computerization of hospital pharmaceutical records as well as pharmacies may ease the way of prescribing the best medicine for a suffering patients.

50


3D inkjet printers

These are a new type of printer that produce solid 3D models using modified inkjet technology. In this technology, known as ‘tomography’, thin layers of fine powder are bonded together as a 3D model is slowly build up.

6.11 APPLICATIONS IN LIBRARIES

Take note that library deals with books as well as with its borrowers. Library computerization systemis the best appropriate tool in monitoring books availability as well as book status (and edition updates ). The said library automation system will serve as the database for all borrowers information.

Computerized system in the library helps the librarian to administer the lending system. Computerized system will also help its borrowers.

Some benefits to the librarian:

o Easier to see who has got what books out.o Easier to print out overdue book lists.o Easier to check if a book is in or out.o Automatic calculation of fines.

Some benefits to the borrower:

o Easier to see if library has certain book.o Easier to search for books on certain topics.o Easier to search for books by particular authoro Easier to check what books the borrower has got out.

51


6.12 EXPERT SYSTEM (or) KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS(KBS)

An expert system is a computer program which simulates the knowledge and experience of a human expert.

Building an expert system is known as knowledge engineering and its practitioners are called knowledge engineers.

Expert systems usually have the following features:

Knowledge base: containing all the facts and rules concerning the topic of study.

Inference engine: This is a program which gradually works towards a solution of the user's problem using the expert's knowledge and the user's replies.

User interface: Enabling the user to communicate effectively with the computer system, using the appropriate terminology and question styles.

The following steps are required to create an expert system.

o Data is collected from experts.o Knowledge base is designed/createdo Rule base is designed/createdo Inference engine is designed/created.o Input screen is designed/created.o Output format is designed/created.

Some applications are given below which involve the use of expert systems.

o Medical diagnosiso Mineral prospectingo Car engine fault diagnosiso Chess games

52


Advantages of Expert System:

Using expert systems reduces the time taken to solve a problem.

A less skilled work force is needed, which gives the potential of saving money.

Disadvantages:

It can be expensive to set up in the first place. Considerable training is necessary to ensure the system is

used correctly by the operators.

Example:

A company searches for minerals. They use an expert system to help them to predict which minerals are present.

Description is given below how this expert system would be used.

input screen asking for sample details sample details are typed in expert system compares them with those in the knowledge

baseusing inference engine

percentage probability is suggested for each mineral

53


6.13 Computers in the retail industry

Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS)EPOS terminals are the cash registers commonly found in retail outlets that also act as terminals to the main computer. Data about goods being sold is fed into the terminals, normally via barcode readers, touch screens and keyboards and, as well as providing customers with itemized bills.

The difference between EPOS and EFTPOS is EPOS is concerned with scanning goods at checkout, EFTPOS additionally has electronic payment method.

ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER at POINT OF SALE(EFTPOS)

Often in shops and garages customers can submit their bank card to be inserted into a reader attached to the point-of-sale terminal. The payment is then made directly from customer's bank account to that of the shop.

The following items are stored in the magnetic strip on the back of the card.

1. Account number2. Bank sort code3. Expiry date4. Branch code

When a customer buys something in a shop and pays by debit card then the following process will be done by customer's bank computer to deal with the transaction.

o Details from customer's credit/debit card read.o Sort code allows shop's computer to contact bank's

computer.o Details checked for validity.o Ensures that the card is not been reported stoleno Account checked for sufficient funds.o If invalid/insufficient funds then transaction is rejected.o Amount deducted from customer's bank account.

54


o Amount credited to shop's bank account.o Itemized receipt printed out.

Advantages of the decreased use of cash: Security from theft because neither buyer nor seller need to

have cash. Simpler transfer of money between bank accounts.

Disadvantages of the decreased use of cash: Cards are not practical for buying small items. Both buyer and seller have to pay charges for many card

services.

STOCK CONTROL

The stock of a shop or firm means all the goods it has for sale. Stock control means managing sensiblythe amount of goods in stock.

The aims of stock control are to:

o Keep enough of each item in stock so that it does not run out.

o Avoid having too much of any item.

Sales based ordering systems are used to keep track of the current stock position as customers buy goods at a computerized till (point-of-sale terminal). As soon as the number of stock items falls below a certain level (called the re-order level) an order is automatically issued by the computer which is then checked and sent to the supplier.

55


A supermarket uses POS terminals at its checkouts. The following process enables stock levels to be updated automatically.

The bar code on the product is read by the bar code reader The bar code field in the data file is read record by record

until a match is found with the entered bar code The number in stock of the matching record is read One is subtracted from the number in stock The number in stock is compared with the re-order number If it is equal to the re-order number then more goods are

automatically reordered The new value of number in stock is written back to the file

HOME/INTERNET SHOPPING

Many people are now shopping from home using their computers and credit or debit cards, rather than visiting shopping centers.

The advantages and disadvantages to people of this development are given below.

Advantages to the customer:

o Do not have to leave homeo Do not have to waste time traveling long distances to

shops.o Do not have to spend money on traveling expenses

traveling long distances to shops.o Greater choice of goods than local shops.o Can shop when shops are closedo Can take their time paying/not rushed at chekouts.o Can shop at any time of day or night to suit themselves.o Less danger of mugging

56


Disadvantages to the customer:

o Less opportunity for socializing with friends.o Cannot touch/feel/see the goods in reality.o More expensive phone bills.o Lack of exercise/become lazyo Deliver times can be long/must pay delivery charges/must

have a delivery address.o Customers must have a computer, Internet access and

(basic) computer skillso Hackers may intercept data and defraud customer

Advantages to the supermarkets:

o Fewer staff needed/less money spent on wageso Fewer shops needed/less money spent on rento Less actual cash handled/fewer robberieso Less money spent on security staff

Disdvantages to the supermarkets:

o Initial outlay on computers is expensiveo Need to retrain staffo Costs of system maintenance

57


6.14 Recognition systems

OMR

Optical Mark Recognition Pencil/pen marks are read by scanner/Reader Position of marks are identified OMR scanning aims to find the marks on the paper, such as answers to multiple choice exam questions or even votes in an election. It is not interested in their shape, only where they are. The scanner will record the coordinates on the paper of where the mark has been made. The computer knows the correct response and will award a mark if the two sets of coordinates match. The advantage of this method of input is that it is extremely fast because there is only a small amount of data on a sheet and it is far more accurate than other methods for this type of data. The disadvantages are that the sheets will not be read accurately unless they are properly lined up, and that dirty marks on the paper might be misinterpreted by the system as marks to be input. Many school registers use this sort of data capture.

OCR

If a scanned image contains text, you can use software to turn it into text that can be used by a word processor. This is known as Optical Character Recognition Text is read by scanner, Image compared with characters stored in computer and Converted to text for use with other software.

This can make the input of data from hard copy documents much quicker than retyping them. OCR software can also be used to read data from passports or identity cards directly into the computer.

MICR

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition characters read by magnetic reader characters compared with characters stored in computer

58


Converted to text for entry into system

MICR uses software similar to OCR but it scans data for numerals and symbols printed in magnetic ink. The use of magnetic ink makes documents harder to forge. It also increases the accuracy of recognizing numerals and symbols even if they have been overprinted by visible mark.

MICR is used almost exclusively by bank cheque processing systems for input of the pre printed items such as cheque number, bank sort code and account number on the bottom of the cheque. The shapes of MICR symbols and numerals were specially designed to be read with very high accuracy by machines. However, unlike a barcode , their design also allows people to read the numbers. The disadvantages are only certain characters can be read and the number of different characters is very limited. It is a more expensive method than other methods used in direct data entry.

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification Tags are attached to objects so that the object can be identified through the use of radio waves. The tag consists of two parts: an integrated circuit storing information about the object and an antenna for transmitting and receiving radio signals. The reader is used to transmit a radio signal in order to communicate with the RFID tag. Some are handheld and some called portals are used at doors to detect objects passing through the doorway or entrance or exit to a building.

Uses:

They are used by companies to track movements of their products and for stock taking.

They are used on pet identification In some libraries, they are replacing the use of barcodes on

books

Advantages:

59


No line-of-sight contact is necessary; the tags can be read from a distance.

They are more difficult to copy than a barcode Tags are very robust and reliable Very fast Bulk detection is possible (i.e., detect several RFID tags at

the same time).

Disvantage: They are more expensive than other methods of input Tag collision ( this is when the signals from two or more

tags overlap, interfering with each other)

60


6.15 Monitoring and Tracking systems

6.15.1 Monitoring /tracking a member of the public

There are a number of reasons why a person may need to be tracked:

The person may be an offender who is released from prison on the understanding that their whereabouts is known at all times.

An elderly person may need to be tracked to ensure their safety

It may be necessary to track somebody taking part in a marathon to determine their position and their time to complete the race.

An ankle monitor makes use of RFID technology by inserting a microchip into the device which is strapped to the ankle.

It sends out ( at timed intervals) radio frequency signals. These signals contain the person’s location and other data. They are tamper-proof devices and automatically alert the authorities if an attempt is made to remove the monitor from the ankle.

This device uses either landline or mobile phone networks to relay the information back to a computer in the control room. GPS monitoring is also used so that the person can be tracked outside their home. This allows the exact location of the person to be known at all times. The GPS system works by sending signals to a mobile phone which the person must carry with them at all times. CCTV cameras are also used to monitor people in streets and shopping malls in case of crime or any suspect activity. 6.15.2 Cookies

Cookies are small files sent to a user’s computer via their web browser when they visit certain websites. They store information about the users and this data is accessed each time they visit the website. For example:

61


They remember who the user is and send messages such as ‘Welcome Ahmed’ each time they log onto the website.

They recognize a user’s buying preferences; e.g. if a user buys CDs, pop ups (adverts) related to their buying habits will appear on the user’s screen each time they visit the website.

Without cookies, the web browser would have no way of knowing that the user had visited the website before.

62


6.15.3 Key logging

Key logging software is used to monitor each key press on a user’s computer. The key presses are sent back to the person who installed the software on the user’s computer.

6.15.4 Employee call monitors

Employee call monitoring allows managers to listen in to employees’ telephone calls for the following reasons:

To improve the employees performance (e.g at a call centre)

Allows the manager/supervisor to join in a call where necessary

Can be used as a training tool

There are three types of call monitoring:

1. Monitor : this allows the manager to listen in on calls (the line is muted so that neither the employee or the other person being called is aware of their presence)

2. Whisper: this allows the manager to speak to employees to help them with a call ( only the employee can hear the manager’s voice)

3. Barge : this allows the manager to the heard by both the employee and the other person in the call)

6.15.5 Automatic Number Plate Recognition (APNR)

Automatic number plate recognition systems are used to read the number plates on cars in a number of applications.In the example that follows, we will describe how ANPR is used in a car park to enable entry and exit to be automatically controlled by a computer system.

Step 1: A sensor detects a vehicle and send a signal to a microprocessor that instructs camera to capture an image of the front of the vehicle.

63


Step 2: The brightness and contrast of the number plate is first adjusted (this ensures that the characters can be clearly read)Each character is then recognized using optical character recognition (OCR) software. The characters are converted into a string of editable text by the software. This text string is then stored on a database.

Step 3: Once all this has happened, the car park barrier is raised and the motorist is issued with a ticket. The ticket shows the date and time of entering the car parkStep 4: When the motorist returns to the car park, they insert their ticket into a machine which calculates the car park charges. The payment is registered on the database. The motorist then drives t o the exit barrier and the ANPR system again reads the number plate and checks its database. If the number plate is recognized ( and payment has been made), the exit barrier is raised.

6.16 Satellite systems.6.16.1 Global positioning satellite (GPS) systems and satellite navigationGPS is short for Global Positioning System. It is the collective name for a group of satellites that are in orbit around the Earth. Using a GPS receiver (a small device that can send and receive signals from any satellite within range) you can get your precise location. This location is provided as a set of co-ordinates.The GPS receiver has become a common item that is fitted to many devices, such as your mobile phone or the security system in your car. Many smart phones, such as the iPhone, have a GPS built-in. A sat nav (short for satellite navigation) is really some very special software that uses the GPS signal. It takes the co-ordinates provided by the GPS and combines that with a comprehensive map. Then, given a destination, the sat nav software will calculate a route for you to your destination. As the GPS signal is constantly updated, the sat nav can give you step-

64


by-step instructions on where you are and when you need to make a turn.Advantages:

The driver doesn’t have to consult paper maps, so it is far safer.

The system can warn the driver about the location of speed cameras

The system can estimate the time of arrival The system can also give useful information such as

location of petrol stations.Disadvantages:

If the data is not up to date, they can give incorrect instructions

Loss of satellite signals can cause problems If an incorrect start point or end point is keyed in the

system will give incorrect information.

6.16.2 Geographic information system (GIS)Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system that allows us to map, model and analyze large amount of data according to their location.

Essential GIS enables the following Amalgamation of information into easily understood maps Geographers, scientists and engineers are able to see the

data in several different ways in order to see patterns and relationships.

Uses: Emergency services use GIS to send the closest emergency

personnel to a location. Teachers can use GIS in their geography or science lessons.

6.16.3 Media communicatoin systems.

65


Communication media refers to methods of delivering and receiving data using telecommunications.There are many media used to send and receive information (e.g. fibreoptics and WIFI); we will concentrate on the global communication method which makes use of satellites.Satellites contain antennas, transponders ( to allow receiving and sending of data), once the data reaches the satellite it is then resent to Earth. The satellite usually ‘boosts’ the signal before sending it back to Earth.The satellite system is used to transmit data from one part of the planet to another. Due to the often great distances, cables would be too costly.

Satellite systems are used to transmit television, telephone and internet data around the world.

66


AL WADI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, JEDDAHWorksheetGrade:10

1. Write down two advantages to a librarian of using a computer.

A..……………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………...

[2]

2. A science experiment is being carried out to measure the cooling rate of a liquid. Write down two reasons why a computer should be used rather than manual methods.

A.

..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………...…[2]

3. The geography department in a school wants to set up an automatic weather station connected to a computer.

a) Name three variables which will be measured by sensors.

1. ……………………………………………………………………...67


2. ……………………………………………………………………...

3. …………………………………………………………………..[3]

b) Why is the computer unable to read the data directly from the sensors?……………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………..……[1]

c) What device is needed to enable it to do so?

…………………………………………………………………..[1]

d) Give three advantages to the Geography department of having a computerized system rather than a manual weather system.

1. ……………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………...

2. ……………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………...

3. ………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..[3]

4.Pupils want to produce a multi-media presentation to advertise their school. They prefer to do this rather than use a desktop published brochure.

Name two forms of data which can be used in a presentation but cannot be used in a DTP document.

1. ……………………………………………………………………...

68


2. ……………………………………………………………..……[2]

69


70


6. Describe how the computer will control the temperature of the greenhouse. You willneed to describe the input, the processing and the outputs of the system.

..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

…………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

7. Give three reasons why some situations have to be modelled.

..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………..

71


8. A house has a burglar alarm system. Describe the inputs, outputs and processing involvedin such a system.

……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

…………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

…………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..…

9. Give three reasons why the hospital plans to use computers and not nurses toconstantly monitor critically ill patients.

…………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..…

…………………………………………………………………………..…72


Answer the following questions from the past papers :

Sn

o.

Year Question

Number1 Nov 12 7,82 June 12 7,123 Nov 11 7,104 June 11 6,85 Nov 10 66 June 10 7,10 a b c, 197 Nov 09 6,128 June 09 6,12 a b, 179 November 2008 6,12,13,14

10 June 2008 6,12,15(g,h,i,j)11 November 2007 6,9f,12,14,15

e,f12 June 2007 5,7,813 November 2006 8,1314 June 2006 6,16(b,c,d,e,f),

1715 Specimen 2007 6,11,1716 November 2005(p-2) 1717 November 2005(p-1) 6,8,12,13,1418 June 2005 (p-1) 7,9,10,11,12,1

319 November 2004(p-1) 11

73


20 November 2004 (p-

2)

6,7,9,1121 June 2004 (p-1) 10,12,14,1722 June 2004 (p-2) 9,11,1223 November 2003 (p-

1)

5,14,15,18,21,

2224 June 2003(p-1) 4,5,6,9,11,13,1

6,24

74

Documents

Web viewis a collective word ... The generation of music and the production of music scores can now be done by computer systems ... Radio Frequency Identification Tags