IFMBE Proceedings Volume 17

Series Editors: R. Magjarevic and J. H. Nagel

The International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, IFMBE, is a federation of national and transnational organizations representing internationally the interests of medical and biological engineering and sciences. The IFMBE is a non-profit organization fostering the creation, dis-semination and application of medical and biological engineering knowledge and the management of technology for improved health and quality of life. Its activities include participation in the formulation of public policy and the dissemination of information through publications and forums. Within the field of medical, clinical, and biological engineering, IFMBE’s aims are to encourage research and the application of knowledge, and to disseminate information and promote collaboration. The objectives of the IFMBE are scientific, technological, literary, and educational. The IFMBE is a WHO accredited NGO covering the full range of biomedical and clinical engineering, healthcare, healthcare technology and man-agement. It is representing through its 58 member societies some 120.000 professionals involved in the various issues of improved health and health care delivery. IFMBE Officers President: Makoto Kikuchi, Vice-President: Herbert Voigt, Past-President: Joachim H. Nagel Treasurer: Shankar M. Krishnan, Secretary-General: Ratko Magjarevic http://www.ifmbe.org

Previous Editions: IFMBE Proceedings ICEBI 2007 “13th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance and the 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography”, Vol. 17, 2007, Graz, Austria, CD IFMBE Proceedings MEDICON 2007 “11th Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2007”, Vol. 16, 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia, CD IFMBE Proceedings BIOMED 2006 “Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 15, 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, CD IFMBE Proceedings WC 2006 “World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 14, 2006, Seoul, Korea, DVD IFMBE Proceedings BSN 2007 “4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks”, Vol. 13, 2006, Aachen, Germany IFMBE Proceedings ICBMEC 2005 “The 12th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 12, 2005, Singapore, CD IFMBE Proceedings EMBEC’05 “3rd European Medical & Biological Engineering Conference, IFMBE European Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 11, 2005, Prague, Czech Republic, CD IFMBE Proceedings ICCE 2005 “The 7th International Conference on Cellular Engineering”, Vol. 10, 2005, Seoul, Korea, CD IFMBE Proceedings NBC 2005 “13th Nordic Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics”, Vol. 9, 2005, Umeå, Sweden IFMBE Proceedings APCMBE 2005 “6th Asian-Pacific Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering”, Vol. 8, 2005, Tsukuba, Japan, CD IFMBE Proceedings BIOMED 2004 “Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 7, 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia IFMBE Proceedings MEDICON and HEALTH TELEMATICS 2004 “X Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering”, Vol. 6, 2004, Ischia, Italy, CD IFMBE Proceedings 3rd Latin – American Congress on Biomedical Engineering “III CLAEB 2004”, Vol. 5, 2004, Joao Pessoa, Brazil, CD IFMBE Proceedings WC2003 “World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 4, 2003, Sydney, Australia, CD IFMBE Proceedings EMBEC'02 “2nd European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference”, Vol. 3, Parts 1 & 2, 2002, H. Hutten and P. Kroesl (Eds.), Vienna, Austria IFMBE Proceedings 12NBC “12th Nordic Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics”, Vol. 2, 2002, Stefan Sigurdsson (Ed.) Reykjavik, Iceland IFMBE Proceedings MEDICON 2001 – “IX Mediterranean Conference on Medical Engineering and Computing”, Vol. 1, Parts 1 & 2, 2001, R. Magjarevic, S. Tonkovic, V. Bilas, I. Lackovic (Eds.), Pula, Croatia

IFMBE Proceedings Vol. 17 Hermann Scharfetter; Robert Merwa (Eds.)

13th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance and the 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography 2007

ICEBI 2007, August 29th – September 2nd 2007 Graz, Austria

123

Editors Hermann Scharfetter Graz University of Technology Institute of Medical Engineering Kronesgasse 5 8010 Graz, Austria E-Mail: hermann.scharfetter@tugraz.at

Robert Merwa Graz University of Technology Institute of Medical Engineering Kronesgasse 5 8010 Graz, Austria E-Mail: merwa@tugraz.at

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931771

ISSN: 1680-0737 ISBN-13: 978-3-540-73840-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The IFMBE Proceedings is an Offical Publication of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Data supplied by the authors Production: Le-Tex Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 12097777 60/3180/YL – 5 4 3 2 1 0

About IFMBE

The International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) was established in 1959 to provide medical and biological engineering with a vehicle for international collaboration in research and practice of the profession. The Fed-eration has a long history of encouraging and promoting international cooperation and collaboration in the use of science and engineering for improving health and quality of life.

The IFMBE is an organization with membership of national and transnational societies and an International Academy. At present there are 52 national members and 5 transnational members representing a total membership in excess of 120 000 worldwide. An observer category is provided to groups or organizations considering formal affiliation. Personal membership is possible for individuals living in countries without a member society The International Academy includes individuals who have been recognized by the IFMBE for their outstanding contributions to biomedical engineering.

Objectives The objectives of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering are scientific, technological, literary, and educational. Within the field of medical, clinical and biological engineering it’s aims are to encourage research and the application of knowledge, and to disseminate information and promote collaboration.

In pursuit of these aims the Federation engages in the following activities: sponsorship of national and international meet-ings, publication of official journals, cooperation with other societies and organizations, appointment of commissions on special problems, awarding of prizes and distinctions, establishment of professional standards and ethics within the field, as well as other activities which in the opinion of the General Assembly or the Administrative Council would further the cause of medical, clinical or biological engineering. It promotes the formation of regional, national, international or specialized societies, groups or boards, the coordination of bibliographic or informational services and the improvement of standards in terminology, equipment, methods and safety practices, and the delivery of health care.

The Federation works to promote improved communication and understanding in the world community of engineering, medicine and biology.

Activities Publications of IFMBE include: the journal Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, the electronic magazine IFMBE News, and the Book Series on Biomedical Engineering. In cooperation with its international and regional confer-ences, IFMBE also publishes the IFMBE Proceedings Series. All publications of the IFMBE are published by Springer Ver-lag. The Federation has two divisions: Clinical Engineering and Health Care Technology Assessment.

Every three years the IFMBE holds a World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, organized in co-operation with the IOMP and the IUPESM. In addition, annual, milestone and regional conferences are organized in different regions of the world, such as Asia Pacific, Europe, the Nordic-Baltic and Mediterranean regions, Africa and Latin America.

The administrative council of the IFMBE meets once a year and is the steering body for the IFMBE: The council is sub-ject to the rulings of the General Assembly, which meets every three years.

Information on the activities of the IFMBE can be found on the web site at: http://www.ifmbe.org.

Co-Organisers

Preface

These proceedings continue the series edited in the framework of the traditional triennial International Conference on Elec-trical Bio-Impedance (ICEBI), the most important platform for presenting recent scientific achievements in the area of elec-trical bio-impedance. The XIII ICEBI was held from Aug. 29th – Sept. 02nd 2007 at the Graz University of Technology in Graz, Austria. The organizers received 285 abstracts 264 of which were accepted for presentation. The authors of these pa-pers came from 34 different nations.

Due to the kind support by the International Federation for Biomedical Engineering (IFMBE) the proceedings were pub-lished by Springer in the proceedings series of the IFMBE. The editors would like to thank the IFMBE for this kind of ser-vice which makes the results of the bioimpedance community visible on a very important publishing platform. According to the quality requirements of the IFMBE each paper had to pass a thorough two-stage review by two independent members of the scientific board. As a result 204 papers were selected for being printed in this issue.

As already in previous years the ICEBI was held together with the Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography, the annual meeting for biomedical impedance imaging. Consequently, the proceedings also contain many contributions from this very important and challenging branch of bioimpedance research.

The award committee of the ICPRBI elected a winner of the Hermann Schwan Award which was granted for the third time since its introduction 2001 at the XIth ICEBI in Oslo, and for the first time after Herman P Schwan’s death in 2005 . In this way the laureate1 was honoured for extraordinary scientific and promotional merits for the international bioimpedance community.

At the XIIIth ICEBI for the first time a complementary award for young investigators was granted to the authors of the best oral and the best poster presentation. The aim was to honour students who put a lot of effort onto producing contribu-tions with outstanding quality. Both winners were elected by a dedicated award committee.

As another novelty a part of the conference budget was dedicated to the support of students from countries with lower economic background so as to render possible the participation of promising young scientists independently of their financial situation. This support was given in form of grants which covered somewhat more than the conference fees.

From the scientific point of view bio-impedance has a very long tradition which dates back to the days of Maxwell. Nev-ertheless until the end of the 20th century research was basically focussed on the development of methods and basic experi-mental work while clinical or other practical applications remained fairly limited. Consequently there were not so many companies interested enough to produce professional equipment for easy and reliable data collection and interpretation. This may appear surprising as bio-impedance reflects so many (patho-)physiological processes, but on the other hand a number of proposed applications, though sensitive, still exhibit low specificity, especially when aiming at processes far from the body surface.

The 2007 conference may have shown a slight change of tendency. From 2000 to 2006 the number of papers cited in Medline and containing keywords ‘bioimpedance’ or ‘impedance tomography’ has increased by 56%. At the same time we face an increasing number of applications related with micro- and nano-technologies which have emerged along with the tremendous growth of biochemical and cellular engineering. During the last years both the number of newly founded com-panies for bioimpedance devices and the involvement of established companies in bioimpedance research have increased.

When compared to previous ICEBIs we notice a reduction of publications dedicated to purely theoretical models of bio-impedance phenomena and non-linear processes while there was a significant increase of presentations on non-contacting and multimodal imaging technologies, cellular applications and specific biomedical applications. Among the latter pulmo-nary monitoring, multi-segmental BIA and cellular applications should be especially mentioned as obviously being in the transition from basic research to clinical usefulness.

The 13th ICEBI aimed at reflecting the new tendency in different ways:

(1) The talks of the three invited keynote speakers were dedicated to cellular sensor applications, new imaging technologies and to the question, what the main criteria are for the successful development of a clinically useful bioimpedance tool.

(2) Four special sessions were dedicated to most promising clinical topics whereby about 50% of the speakers were clini-cians.

1 The name of the laureate was not made public at the time of publication. Visit http://www.isebi.org for more information.

X Introduction

(3) The editorial board invited one of the researchers who is running a very successful startup company to write a dedicated paper sketching the evolution of a clinically useful bioimpedance product.

(4) The number of papers assigned to sessions on clinical applications is 58, that on basic experimental work is 28 which makes up about 28% and 13% of all papers, respectively.

The growth of interest for bioimpedance research is also reflected by two additional facts, namely the foundation of the In-ternational Society for Electrical Bio-Impedance (ISEBI) at the preceding conference 2004 in Gdansk, that had its first Gen-eral Assembly during this conference, and will take care of organizing forthcoming ICEBI’s; and the kind endorsement of the 13th ICEBI by the IFMBE and its offer to publish scientific papers in the series of IFMBE proceedings.

Seeing all these favourable developments the editorial board is more than optimistic that bio-impedance research will con-tinue its successful way and further contribute to the overall prosperity of biomedical engineering.

Hermann Scharfetter Robert Merwa Conference chair Vice chairman

Introduction XI

Scientific Board

Andy ADLER Richard BAYFORD Brian BROWN Kenneth FOSTER Eberhard GERSING Eugen GHEORGHIU Hugh GRIFFITHS Sverre GRIMNES Günter HAHN Robert HEETHAAR David HOLDER Claudia IGNEY Jacques JOSSINET Pasi KAUPPINEN Deok Won KIM Alexander KORJENEVSKY Igor LACKOVIC William LIONHEART Orjan MARTINSEN Christopher MCLEOD

Robert MERWA Mart MIN Mingxin QIN Jonathan NEWELL Makoto NOSHIRO Antoni NOWAKOWSKI Stig OLLMAR Tadeusz PALKO Robert PATTERSON Anthony PEYTON Pere RIU Javier ROSELL Gary SAULNIER Michael SCHAEFER Hermann SCHARFETTER Marko VAUHKONEN Leigh WARD Stuart WATSON Eung Je WOO Jerzy WTOREK

International Committee for the Promotion of Research in Bio-Impedance

ICPRBI

Pere J Riu Hermann Scharfetter Kenneth R Foster Eberhard Gersing Eugen Gheorghiu Sverre Grimnes Jacques Jossinet Gu Jukang Pasi K Kauppinen

Deok W Kim Alexander Korjenevsky Eric T McAdams Mart Min Makoto Noshiro Stig Ollmar Tadeus Palko Leigh Ward

XII Introduction

Organisation Secretariat of the Conference

Graz University of Technology Institute of Medical Engineering

Kronesgasse 5, 8010 Graz, Austria

http://www.icebi07.org E-mail: office.icebi07@tugraz.at

Organising Committee Conference Chairman Hermann Scharfetter

Vice Chairman Robert Merwa

Secretary Maria Rieger

Local Organising Committee Walter Gmeindl Robert Merwa Maria Rieger Hermann Scharfetter Gerald SchweighoferWolfgang Wieser

Co-Organisers Eung Je Woo David Holder

Introduction XIII

In memoriam Herman Paul Schwan

Professor Herman P. Schwan, the outstanding and highly estimated scientist and engineer, founding father of the field of biomedical engineering, died at his home in Radnor, Pennsylvania, on March 17th 2005.

Herman Schwan was born in Aachen, Germany, the city of Charlemagne, on August 7th 1915. His father Wilhelm was a teacher of mathematics and physics. After moving to Goettingen, Schwan attended the highly esteemed Felix-Klein grammar school and completed his schooling with excellent results in 1934. Despite political and financial problems, he began his studies on physics and mathematics in Goettingen, but had to leave the university a year later because of his financial situation. He took on a job with Siemens in Berlin and then with Telefunken (also in Berlin), in the field of radio receivers.

By a stroke of good luck, he came into contact with Boris Rajewsky, the famous biophysicist, at the University of Frankfurt. Rajewsky offered Schwan the position of a technician and supported him generously.

During his time in Frankfurt, Schwan remained in contact with Telefunken acquainting himself with decimeter-wave technology. In Rajewsky’s Institute the points were set for his further career, his research on biological effects and the therapeutic use of RF-energy. Herman Schwan began his measurements on the dielectric properties of tissues and earned his Ph.D. in 1940. After the war, he extended these measure-ments to the microwave range and gained his second doctorate (Dr. habil.), the venia legendi, the privilege to teach at the university, in 1946. He never lost touch with the Rajewsky Institute, which later became the Max-Planck-Institute for Bio-physics.

In 1947 Schwan moved to the United States and initially worked at the Aeromedical Equipment Laboratory of the U.S. Naval Base in Philadelphia. From 1950, for more than 30 years, he remained at the University of Philadelphia until his retirement in 1983.

The harvest of his scientific work is very rich, including more than 300 papers dealing with various topics ranging from electrical properties of cells and tissues, electrode problems, nonlinear phenomena, interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects, electrically induced forces on cells, influence of electromagnetic radiation on tissues and determination of safe limits for human exposure to HF-energy to bio-physics of ultrasound, including ultrasound propagation in tissue, ultrasonic diathermy and measurement of the acoustic properties of biological material.

We are grateful to our colleagues from Oslo, Prof. Grimnes and Prof. Martinsen, for having collected and edited a choice of Herman Schwan’s most important publications in 2001. This collection includes all the fundamental knowledge necessary for scientists and engineers in the field of bioimpedance – not only the systematic description of the various dispersion regions.

Prof. Schwan often emphasized that especially three biophysicists strongly influenced his work: Rudolf Hoeber who discovered the frequency dependence of the conductivity of blood and explained it by postulating the

existence of cell membranes (1911); Hugo Fricke who theoretically and experimentally investigated the dielectric properties of cell suspensions and estimated

the cell membrane capacitance of about 1 μF /cm2 and Kenneth Cole who characterized the dielectric relaxation in tissue by a distribution of relaxation times. Herman Schwan was the last contemporary witness of the history of biophysics and biomedical engineering. He was

always willing to discuss questions and explain problems, generously drawing on an outstanding wealth of knowledge and experience.

The first time he participated in a meeting of our community was at the International Bioimpedance Conference in Kuopio in 1992. Three years later he was unable to accept the invitation to the conference in Heidelberg because of his poor health. However, he sent a greeting to the participants to show how close were his ties to our community: ”It gives me a great pleasure to address you at this occasion. I am very happy indeed to have this honour and I had hoped so much to be here. The reasons are many and obvious. I mention only a few:

– The bioimpedance field has been my primary interest ever since I entered one of the first biophysics institutes, now the Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, in 1937.

– The bioimpedance field continues to be productive and attract outstanding scientists. – There are many friends and colleagues here. I looked forward to seeing them and to conversing with them again. – This meeting promises to be an outstanding event in the bioimpedance field. – The international bioimpedance meetings have became the leading meetings where work concerned with the electrical

properties of cells and tissues is discussed.”

XIV Introduction

In the conference held in Barcelona in 1998 Herman Schwan participated again and enriched nearly every presentation with vivid discussions. The microphone was an essential tool for him. Therefore, Chairman Prof. Riu presented him with a microphone of his own, an unforgettable scene.

However, in all discussions Herman Schwan proved himself to be a distinguished and gentle person, a veritable gentleman.

Together with his wife Ann he visited the conference in Oslo in 2001, both bearing the signs of illness. It was his last meeting with our community.

We, my wife and myself visited Herman Schwan at his home in Radnor in 2002. We were very impressed by the way Prof. and Mrs. Schwan were trying to organize their lives under the strain of age and

disease. Finally, a last impression. In his study, on the wall behind his desk, there was a copy of the picture of the Resurrection of

Christ painted by Mathias Grünewald, from the altar of the church in Isenheim, Alsace, now in the Museum Unter-Linden in Colmar. We did not talk about it. But I am certain that nobody would choose this picture, suffused with light, without any appreciation of the mystery it presents.

Content XV

Content

Plenary Lectures Frontiers in nano- and microstructures on microarrays for cell and tissue real time monitoring by bioimpedance spectroscopy................................................................................................................................................. 1 Andrea A. Robitzki

New Techniques in Impedance Imaging: MFEIT and MREIT............................................................................................ 2 Eung Je Woo

What separates us from turning EIC and EIT into successful clinical bed-side instruments?.......................................... 3 P.M.J.M. de Vries

Invited Papers Evolution of a Diagnostic Decision Support Tool Based on Electrical Impedance ............................................................. 4 S. Ollmar, I. Nicander, P. Åberg, U. Birgersson

Theory and Modelling The current flow modelling in a sensor with the active shield .............................................................................................. 8 M. Masalski, T. Krecicki and Przemyslaw Los

High frequency and low concentration – limitation for impedance measurements.......................................................... 12 U. Pliquett, T. Nacke and K. Schoenbach

Modelling the measurement of thoracic tissue impedance layers with local electrode arrays......................................... 16 R.P. Patterson, and F. Yang

Intra-Cardiac Bioimpedance Field Variability with Breathing.......................................................................................... 20 R. Gordon, J. Väisänen, J. Hyttinen

Using least squares and Kramers-Kronig transforms in the processing of impedance spectroscopy measurement data................................................................................................................................................................... 24 A. Poliński, J. Wtorek

Why is the measured impedance of the bladder tissue different from the computational modelling results? ............... 28 A. Keshtkar

Comparison of a theoretical impedance model with experimental measurements of pulsatile blood flow..................... 32 R.L. Gaw, B.H. Cornish and B.J. Thomas New Aspects of Estimating Electrical Participating Volume of the Thorax for Transthoracic Impedance Cardiography .......................................................................................................................................................................... 36 J. Fortin, R. Grüllenberger, W. Habenbacher, A. Hacker, A. Heller, H. Passath, D. Flotzinger, P. Wach

Sensitivity Distribution Simulations of Electrode Configurations for Monitoring Tissue Grafts ................................... 40 H. Luoma-aho, P. Kauppinen, R. Suuronen and J. Hyttinen Sensitivity Analysis of Polysegmental BIA Parameters for Estimation of Body Composition and Systemic Hydrohemodynamics.............................................................................................................................................................. 44 V.A. Mozhaev

Sensitivity of the Tetrapolar Lead Configurations on the Impedance Changes of the Lungs ......................................... 48 J. Väisänen, V-P. Seppä, P. Kauppinen, J. Malmivuo, J. Hyttinen

Properties of CMT studies by means of FEM and Spice model ......................................................................................... 52 A. Janczulewicz and J. Wtorek

XVI Content

The Model of Vascular Bed for Estimation of Human Systemic Hydrohemodynamics................................................... 56 A.A. Tsvetkov, D.V. Nikolaev, and V.A. Mozhaev

An Electrical Impedance Model for Deep Brain Stimulation of Parkinson’s Disease...................................................... 60 N.B.L. Blad

Influence of Breathing on Foucault Cardiogram Origination ............................................................................................ 62 Vahur Zadin, Konstantin Skaburskas, Jüri Vedru

Cells, Cell Cultures, Suspensions and Plant Impedance Storage Effects on Whole Blood: Physiological and Electrical Measurements ................................................................. 66 Y. Ülgen and S. Mana

Frequency characteristics of the electrical conductivity in normal and coagulated blood............................................... 70 M. Noshiro, S. Nebuya, A. Fujimaki, R. Smallwood and B. H. Brown

The electrical impedance of pulsatile blood flowing through rigid tubes: an experimental investigation...................... 73 R.L. Gaw, B.H. Cornish and B.J. Thomas Four Electrode EIS Measurement on Interdigitated Microelectrodes for Adherent Cell Growing and Differentiation Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................. 77 E. Sarró, A. Fontova, A. Soley, J. Cairó, A. Bayés-Genís, J. Roselland R. Bragós

Appraisal of cellular systems using impedance spectroscopy – theoretical and experimental aspects ........................... 81 E. Gheorghiu

Sensing the cell- substrate interaction towards development of “smart” surfaces ........................................................... 86 G.A. Ursu, M. Gheorghiu, S. David and E. Gheorghiu

Dielectric Spectroscopy of Biological Cells in Microfluidic Devices................................................................................... 90 V. Senez, A. Treizebré, D. Debuisson, T. Houssin, H. Ghandour, D. Legrand, B. Bocquet and J. Mazurier

Measurements on cultured cells using screen printed sensors............................................................................................ 94 M. Brischwein, B. Gleich, T. Weyh, P. Los

Dielectric spectra of biological cells and tissues simulated by three-dimensional finite difference method ................... 98 K. Asami

Electrical time constants of erythrocytes for confocal and uniform thickness membrane............................................. 102 H. Kanai , N. Furuya , K. Sakamoto, N. Kanai

Dual SPR-Impedance Measurement System for detection of bioaffinity interactions.................................................... 106 Sorin David, Mihaela Gheorghiu, Cristina Polonschiiand Eugen Gheorghiu

Viable Biomass Probe for a Life Support System Bioreactor........................................................................................... 110 R. Bragós , J. Mas, J. Sevilla, T. López, P. Riu and J. Rosell

Bioimpedance Study on Four Apple Varieties ................................................................................................................... 114 Q. Fang, X. Liu, I. Cosic

Effect of Mechanical Stress on Apple Impedance Parameters ......................................................................................... 118 E. Vozáry, P. Mészáros Quantitative evaluation of nano-order micromotion of cultured cells using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing method................................................................................................................................................... 122 N. Goda, Y. Yamamoto, N. Kataoka, T. Nakamura, T. Kusuhara, S. Mohri, K. Naruse and F. Kajiya

Content XVII

Tissue and Organ Impedance Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of Prostatic Tissues................................................................................................... 126 R.J. Halter, A. Schned, J. Heaney, A. Hartov and K.D. Paulsen

Electrical impedance measurements during electroporation of rat liver and muscle .................................................... 130 A. Ivorra, L. Miller and B. Rubinsky

Comparative dielectric studies of neoplastic and healthy breast tissue. Intra-operative breast cancer probe............. 134 K. Orzechowski, M. Rząca and M. Rudowski

Heart Graft Rejection Assessed by Multi-Frequency Electrical Impedance: Human Results ...................................... 138 J. Rosell-Ferrer, M.A. Garcia, J. Ramos, R. Bragos, Y. Salazar, M. Fernández, X. Viñolas and J. Cinca

Evaluation of the periodontal tissue hydration level via bioimpedance spectrometry ................................................... 142 O.N. Moskovets, D.V. Nikolaev and A.V. Smirnov

A Pilot Study For Tissue Characterisation Using Bioimpedance Mapping..................................................................... 146 J.G. Smith, B.J. Thomas and B.H. Cornish

Electrical and thermal monitoring during cardiosurgery interventions.......................................................................... 150 A. Nowakowski, M. Kaczmarek, J. Wtorek, W. Stojek, J. Rogowski, J. Siebert

Skin Impedance Low-frequency dielectric properties of the oral mucosa ................................................................................................... 154 I. Lackovic and Z. Stare

Water gradient and calibration of stratum corneum hydration measurements ............................................................. 158 Gorm Krogh Johnsen, Ørjan G. Martinsen and Sverre Grimnes

Calibration of skin hydration measurements ..................................................................................................................... 161 Ø.G. Martinsen, S. Grimnes, J.K. Nilsen, C. Tronstad, W. Jang, H. Kim, K. Shin Examination of amount of moisture of adult female's forearm epidermal stratum corneum with two kinds of impedance sensors ............................................................................................................................................................ 165 K. Shirai and Y. Yamamoto

Evaluation of the effects of topical clobetasol propionate by electrical impedance ........................................................ 168 Lennart Emtestam, Natalia Kuzmina and Toomas Talme

Diagnosing Diseases by Measurement of Electrical Skin Resistance: A Novel Technique............................................. 172 E. Zimlichman, A. Kanevsky, Y. Shoenfeld

Characteristics of Skin Impedance for Biological Active Points Using Dry Electrode Measurement System ............. 177 Min Soo Kim, In Su Kwon, Hag Dong Kim and Geunbae Lim

Modelling and Data Processing Signals in bioimpedance measurement: different waveforms for different tasks ........................................................... 181 M. Min, U. Pliquett, T. Nacke, A. Barthel, P. Annus and R. Land

Simultaneous multi-frequency bio-impedance measurement applying synchronised uniform or non-uniform sampling ..................................................................................................................................................... 185 A. Ronk, M. Min and T. Parve

A Novel Approach for Estimation of Electrical Bioimpedance: Total Least Square...................................................... 190 F. Seoane and K. Lindecrantz

A new hard and software concept for impedance spectroscopy analysers for broadband process measurements...... 194 T. Nacke, A. Barthel, J. Friedrich, M. Helbig, J. Sachs, M. Schäfer, P. Peyerl, U. Pliquett

XVIII Content

Geometry dependencies in tetrapolar electrode systems – a finite element analysis on needle electrodes ................... 198 P. Høyum, S. Grimnes, Ø.G. Martinsen

Electric field tomography system with planar electrode array......................................................................................... 201 T.S. Tuykin and A.V. Korjenevsky

Needle position determined by tissue impedance............................................................................................................... 205 H. Kalvøy, S. Grimnes and Ø.G. Martinsen Bio-Impedance Signal Decomposer (BISD) as an Adaptive Signal Model Based Separator of Cardiac and Respiratory Components ........................................................................................................................... 209 Andrei Krivoshei, Vello Kukk and Andrei Birjukov

Electrodes and Instrumentation A Comprehensive Study on Current Source Circuits........................................................................................................ 213 W Wang, M. Brien, D-W Gu and J Yang A Differential Current Source for High Frequency Biomedical Applications in a 0.5 μm CMOS Integrated Circuit Technology............................................................................................................................................. 217 Javad Frounchi, Mohammad Hossein Zarifi and Fahimeh Dehkhoda

Data acquisition and Impedance Mapping Using a Multielectrode Bioimpedance Spectroscopy System.................... 221 A.R.A. Rahman and S. Bhansali

Two-channel high dynamic range bioimpedance monitor for cardiography .................................................................. 225 I. Viščor, V. Vondra, J. Halámek

Multi Frequency, Multi Channel, Differential Impedance Analyzer for Rapid Assays ................................................. 229 Cristina Polonschii, Dumitru Bratu and Eugen Gheorghiu

Expanding the functionality of HP4284A precision LCR meter through measurement system integration................ 232 G. Smoljkic and I. Lackovic

Development of a medical device for long-term sweat activity measurements................................................................ 236 Christian Tronstad, Sverre Grimnes, Ørjan G. Martinsen and Erik Fosse

An energy efficient wearable tissue monitor ...................................................................................................................... 240 P. Annus, A. Kuusik, R. Land, E. Haldre, M. Min, T. Parve and G. Poola

Multichannel Handheld Hard-tissue Bio-impedance Meter with Bluetooth Link.......................................................... 244 E. Calderón, A. Guimerà, P. Los, A. Mouroux, N. Pitts

Wireless Measurement System for Bioimpedance and ECG ............................................................................................ 248 T. Vuorela, V-P. Seppä, J. Vanhala and J. Hyttinen

Impedance sensor with actively driven electrical shield for soft tissue examinations..................................................... 252 T. Grysinski, P. Los and T. Krecicki

Implantable bioimpedance system for measuring the impedance of kidney ................................................................... 256 P. Bogónez, P.J. Riu

Skin Electrode Impedance of Textile Electrodes for Bioimpedance Spectroscopy ......................................................... 260 G. Medrano, A. Ubl, N. Zimmermann, T. Gries and S. Leonhardt

Mapping and Monitoring of Cardioactivity: Multi-Channel Impedance Technology and System............................... 264 S.I. Schookin, L.P. Safonova, I.K. Sergeev, O.S. Medvedev

A measurement system for evaluation of electrical properties of myocardium .............................................................. 268 J. Wtorek, A. Bujnowski and A. Nowakowski

Saline-saturated Balsa Wood as a Testing Medium for Rotational Electrical Impedance Myography........................ 272 A.B. Chin, S.A. Ruehr, A.W. Tarulli, and S.B. Rutkove

Content XIX

Digitally Controlled Reference Impedance Device for Test and Calibration of the Bio-Impedance Measurement System (BIMS) in a Networked Environment ...................................................... 276 A. Birjukov, A. Krivoshei and T. Parve

A measurement system for evaluating electrical properties of flowing blood ................................................................. 280 J. Wtorek and A. Bujnowski

A Custom-made Demodulation Technique for ElT/EIS Systems ..................................................................................... 284 Javad Frounchi, Mohammad Hossein Zarifi and Fahimeh Dehkhoda

Advanced Technologies Tomographic image reconstruction from dual modality ultrasound and electrical impedance data ........................... 288 G. Steiner, M. Soleimani, H. Dehghani, D. Watzenig and F. Podd

Magneto-Acousto-Electrical Tomography: A New Imaging Modality for Electrical Impedance ................................. 292 Y. Xu, S. Haider and A. Hrbek

Interface impedance improvement with carbon nanotubes .............................................................................................. 296 G. Gabriel, R. Gómez-Martínez and R. Villa

Designing a PtCO2 sensor based on conductivity measurements ..................................................................................... 300 Peyman Mirtaheri, Sverre Grimnes and Ørjan G. Martinsen

Ultra-Thin Silicon Membrane as a Sensitive Substrate for Active Bioscreening ............................................................ 304 P.K. Sekhar and S. Bhansali

Probing Biomimetic Molecular Structures on Gold and Silicon(111) with Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy......... 308 T.C. Chilcott, E.L.S. Wong, T. Böcking and H.G.L. Coster

Reconstruction method of Magneto-acoustic Tomography with magnetic Induction.................................................... 312 G.Q. Liu, H. Wang, J.Y. Jang, M. Meng L.T. Jang, and X.L. Wang Circular and Magnetron Inductor/Sensor Coils to Detect Volumetric Brain Edema by Inductive Phase Shift Spectroscopy: A Sensitivity Simulation Study...................................................................................................................... 315 C.A. González, R. Rojas and B. Rubinsky

EIT Hardware Determination of the dynamic measurement error of EIT systems ................................................................................. 320 G. Hahn, A. Just, G. Hellige

Low-Noise Measurement for Electrical Impedance Tomography.................................................................................... 324 M. Rafiei-Naeini, P. Wright and H. McCann

Investigation of biological phantom for 2D and 3D breast EIT images ........................................................................... 328 Guofeng Qiao, Wei Wang , Li Wang, Yi He , B Bramer and M Al-Akaidi

Calibration of Multi-frequency EIT System ...................................................................................................................... 332 Hwan Koo, Tong In Oh and Eung Je Woo................................................................................................................................................ 332 Study into the repeatability of the electrode-skin interface utilizing electrodes commonly used in Electrical Impedance Tomography................................................................................................................................. 336 W Wang, L Wang, G Qiao, P. Prickett, B. Bramer, B. Tunstalland M. Al-Akaidi

Time- and Frequency-difference Imaging using KHU Mark1 EIT System .................................................................... 340 Sang Min Kim, Tong In Oh, Eung Je Woo, Sung Whan Kim and Jin Keun Seo

XX Content

Complex Conductivity Spectra of Seven Materials and Phantom Design for EIT ......................................................... 344 Kyung Heon Lee, Young Tae Kim, Tong In Oh and Eung Je Woo

Integrated Data Collection in Electrical Impedance Tomography................................................................................... 348 Sha Hong , Wang Yan , Zhao Shu , Ren Chaoshi

EIT Algorithms Reconstruction Algorithms to Monitor Neonate Lung Function...................................................................................... 352 R. Bayford, P. Kantartzis, A. Tizzard, R. Yerworth, P. Liatsis and A. Demosthenous

Comparison of EIT current electrode locations in three-dimensional head reconstruction .......................................... 356 T. Tang, S. Oh and R. Sadleir

Information Content of EIT Measurements....................................................................................................................... 360 Andy Adler and William R.B. Lionheart

Direct calculation of the electrode movement Jacobian for 3D EIT................................................................................. 364 Camille Gómez-Laberge and Andy Adler

Validation of Finite Element mesh warping for improving the forward model in EIT of brain function .................... 368 A. Tizzard, R. Bayford

Validation of a finite element solution for electrical impedance tomography in an anisotropic medium..................... 372 Juan-Felipe P.J. Abascal, Simon R. Arridge, William R.B. Lionheart, Richard H. Bayford, and David S. Holder

Predicted EIT current densities in the brain using a 3D anatomically realistic model of the head............................... 376 J.L. Davidson, C.J.D. Pomfrett and H. McCann

Frequency Marked Electrodes in Electrical Impedance Tomography ............................................................................ 380 Y. Granot and B. Rubinsky

Conversion of EIT brain images for co-registration.......................................................................................................... 384 D. McCormick, J.L. Davidson and H. McCann

A new clinical data and image analysis tool for monitoring neonatal lung function ...................................................... 388 R.J. Yerworth and R. Bayford

New anomaly detection algorithm using multi-frequency trans-admittance maps ........................................................ 392 Jeehyun Lee, Sung Wan Kim, Sungwhan Kim, Jin Keun Seo, Habib Zribi, and Eung Je Woo

An excitation in differential EIT – selection of measurement frequencies ...................................................................... 396 A. Bujnowski and J. Wtorek

Regularization of EIT Problem Using Trust Region SubProblem Method..................................................................... 400 M. Goharian, M. Soleimani , A. Jegatheesan and G.R. Moran

Sensitivity of two different reconstruction algorithms to body shape and electrode position errors in absolute EIT...................................................................................................................................................................... 404 A. Just, C. Rücker , G. Hahn and G. Hellige

Four-Dimensional Regularization for Electrical Impedance Tomography Imaging...................................................... 408 Tao Dai, Manuchehr Soleimani, Andy Adler

Experimental Results of Anomaly Detection using Multi-Frequency Trans-Admittance Scanner............................... 412 Hee Jin Kim, Tong In Oh, Eung Je Woo, Sung Whan Kim and Jin Keun Seo

Coregistration of Electrical Impedance Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging............................................. 416 R.J. Halter, P. Manwaring, A. Hartov and K.D. Paulsen

Image reconstruction for the selection of electrode patterns in Electrical Impedance Endotomography .................... 420 A. Jossinet and A. Matias

Content XXI

Quantitative analysis of shape change in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)...................................................... 424 Sungho Oh, Te Tang and Rosalind Sadleir

Impact of the reconstruction method on the point spread function in electrical tomography....................................... 428 G. Steiner, D. Watzenig, H. Zangl, H. Wegleiter and A. Fuchs

Parametric image: a step forward for virtual biopsy by EIT? ......................................................................................... 432 W Wang, L Wang, Tao Huang, B. Tunstall, D-W Gu and G Sze

Preliminary study of a Cole-Cole model curve fitting method for Electrical Impedance Tomography ....................... 436 Y He, W Wang, G Sze, G Qiao, Da-Wei Gu and B Bramer Preliminary Investigation of Correlation Between In-Vitro Specimen Measurement and In-Vivo Imaging Data from ROI Analysis....................................................................................................................................................... 440 G Sze , W Wang , G Qiao , L Wang , B Tunstall, Da-Wei Gu and M Tang

Using Micro Electrode Array For On-line EIT Measurement ......................................................................................... 444 Z. Daidi, S. Siltanen, J. Tanskanen , and J. Hyttinen.

MIT and MREIT Development of the Multichannel Simultaneous Magnetic Induction Measurement System Musimitos ..................... 448 Matthias Steffen and Steffen Leonhardt

Spectroscopic 16 channel magnetic induction tomograph: The new Graz MIT system................................................. 452 H. Scharfetter, A. Köstinger and S. Issa

Magnetic InductionTomography: The influence of the coil configuration on the spatial resolution............................. 456 R. Merwa and H. Scharfetter Parallelization Methods for Implementation of Magnetic Induction Tomography Forward Models in Symmetric Multiprocessor Clusters ............................................................................................................................... 460 Y. Maimaitijiang, M.A. Roula, S. Watson, R.J. Williams, H. Griffiths

Using outer boundary information for image reconstruction in magnetic induction tomography ............................... 464 C. Ktistis and A.J. Peyton

Imagereconstruction approaches for Philips magnetic induction tomograph................................................................. 468 M. Vauhkonen, M. Hamsch and C.H. Igney

Dielectric Measurement using Radio Imaging Method for Tomography........................................................................ 472 K.C. Nam and I. Hieda

Correction of systematic errors in frequency differential magnetic induction tomography.......................................... 476 H. Scharfetter Magnetic Induction Tomography: A feasibility study of brain oedema detection using a finite element human head model................................................................................................................................................................ 480 R. Merwa and H. Scharfetter

16 Channel Magnetic Induction Tomography System Featuring Parallel Readout ....................................................... 484 M. Hamsch, C.H. Igney and M. Vauhkonen

Projected Current from One Component of Magnetic Flux Density in MREIT ............................................................ 488 Oh In Kwon, Byung Il Lee and Chunjae Park

Local harmonic Bz algorithm in MREIT............................................................................................................................. 492 Sungwhan Kim , Jin Keun Seo, Sungwan Kim , Eung Je Woo, Kiwan Jun, and Chang Ok Lee

Anisotropic Conductivity Imaging with MREIT Using Equipotential Projection Algorithm ....................................... 496 E. Değirmenci and B.M. Eyüboğlu

XXII Content

Newton Method for Injection Current Nonlinear Encoding(ICNE) in MREIT ............................................................. 500 Chunjae Park and Ohin Kwon

Current Injection Optimization for Magnetic Resonance-Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) ................... 504 H. Altunel, B.M. Eyüboğlu and A. Köksal

In vivo determination of electric conductivity and permittivity using a standard MR system...................................... 508 U. Katscher, T. Dorniok, C. Findeklee, P. Vernickel and K. Nehrke

In Vivo MREIT Experiment of Canine Brain.................................................................................................................... 512 Hyung Joong Kim, Young Tae Kim, Byung Il Lee, and Eung Je Woo

Equipotential projection based MREIT reconstruction without potential measurements ............................................ 516 B.M. Eyüboğlu and E. Değirmenci

Reconstruction algorithm of Inductive Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography ............................... 520 G.Q. Liu, M. Meng, J.Y. Jiang, H. Wang, X.L. Wangand L.T. Jiang

EIT Clinical Applications Analysis of ventilatory conditions under different inspiratory oxygen concentrations and positive end-expiratory pressure levels by EIT........................................................................................................... 524 G. Schmitz, S. Pulletz, D. Schädler, G. Zick, J. Scholz, N. Weiler and I. Frerichs

Determination of local phase changes in lung ventilation by EIT during continuous postural changes....................... 528 M. Mayer, P. Brunner, F. Smolle-Jüttner, A. Maier, N. Neuböck and H. Scharfetter

Distribution of regional ventilation during restricted chest wall movement determined by EIT.................................. 531 S. Pulletz, G. Schmitz, G. Zick, D. Schädler, J. Scholz, N. Weiler, I. Frerichs

Quantification of ventilation by time series EIT data........................................................................................................ 535 G. Hahn, A. Just, J. Dittmar and G. Hellige

Measurement accuracy in pulmonary function test using electrical impedance tomography ....................................... 539 S. Nebuya, K. Kitamura, H. Kobayashi, M. Noshiro and B.H. Brown Evaluation of the performance of the Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (MFEIT) intended for imaging acute stroke....................................................................................................................................................... 543 A. Romsauerova, A. McEwan, L. Fabrizi and D.S. Holder

Statistical analysis of non-invasive Low Frequency EIT human measurements of euronal activity............................. 548 O. Gilad, L. Horesh, S. Akselrod and D.S. Holder

Diagnostics of dyshormonal mammary gland diseases with multifrequency electrical impedance mammography ................................................................................................................................................... 552 O.V. Trokhanova, M.B. Okhapkin and A.V. Korjenevsky

Chemotherapy Monitoring With EIS: Early Findings...................................................................................................... 556 A. Hartov, R.J. Halter, A. Borsic, P. Manwaring, K.D. Paulsen and W.A. Wells, P.A. Kaufman

Particularities of electrical impedance images in different forms of growth of infiltrative breast cancer.................... 560 N. Sotskova, А. Karpov, М. Korotkova, А. Sentcha

A Compact EIT System for Ventilation Monitoring in COPD Patients .......................................................................... 564 D. Anton, M. Balleza, J. Fornos, B. Kos, P. Casan, P.J. Riu Analysis of resting noise characteristics of three EIT systems in order to compare suitability for time difference imaging with scalp electrodes during epilepsy................................................................................... 568 L. Fabrizi, A. McEwan, D. Oh and D.S. Holder

Tidal Volume Monitoring with Electrical Impedance Tomography. Validation for Healthy Subjects ........................ 572 M. Balleza, J. Fornos , N. Calaf , T. Feixas, M. Gonzalez, D. Anton, P.J. Riu, P. Casan

Content XXIII

Clinical Applications and Experimental Studies Measurement of haemodynamic response during exercise test by impedance cardiography method in patients with coronary artery disease ............................................................................................................................. 576 Janusz Siebert, Bartosz Trzeciak, Dominika Zielińska, Stanisław Bakuła

Beat – to- beat variability of stroke volume output velocity measured by an impedance cardiographic method........ 579 M.A. Zubarev, V.V. Schekotov, O.R. Parandey, A.A. Dumler

Impedance Cardiography in Cardiac Pacing ..................................................................................................................... 582 K. Peczalski, D. Wojciechowski, Z. Dunajski, T. Palko

Possibilities of Foucault Cardiography-Based Estimation of Heart Pumping Performance ......................................... 586 O. Tarassova and J. Vedru

Signal quality evaluation in Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography ............................................................................... 590 Gerard Cybulski, Wiktor Niewiadomski, Anna Gąsiorowska, Dorota Kwiatkowska Clinical point of view of thoracic electrical biompedance (TEB) in comparison with other non-invasive methods in cardiology........................................................................................................................................................... 593 Z.M. Trefný, J. Svačinka, M. Trefný, S. Trojan, J. Slavíček, O. Kittnar and P. Smrčka Using time interval parameters from impedance cardiography to evaluate autonomic nervous function in Parkinson’s disease........................................................................................................................................................... 596 J.H. Meijer, S. Boesveldt, E. Elbertse and H.W. Berendse

Cerebral impedance following hypoxia/ischaemia in the human infant .......................................................................... 600 B.E. Lingwood, G.N. Healy, Z.B. Kecskes, K.R. Dunster, P.H. Gray, L.C. Ward, P.B. Colditz

Functional aspects of early postnatal developments of small premature infants’ lungs................................................. 604 A. Liashenko, А. Karpov, V. Dashitchev

Impedance rheography for systemic and pulmonary circulation study and clinical application .................................. 608 T. Palko Arterial system reaction on isometric stress in patients with arterial hypertension depending on the stage of the disease.......................................................................................................................................................................... 612 A.A. Dumler, M.A. Zubarev, M.A. Malova

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Measures the Ejection Fraction of the Calf Muscle Pump....................................... 616 W.A. MCullagh, L.C. Ward, W. Shirerand S. Chetham

Development of a Biosensor for hCGβ Detection............................................................................................................... 620 P. Kassanos, R.K. Iles,R.H. Bayfordand A. Demosthenous

Bioimpedance Profiling of Limb Lymphoedema ............................................................................................................... 624 L.C. Ward, S.L. Kilbreath, M.-J. Lee and S.L. York A new ambulatory urodynamics monitoring system of measuring the abdominal pressure using the bio-impedance method ................................................................................................................................................... 628 D.W. Kim, K.S. Kim, Y.S. An, J.H. Seo, and C.G. Song

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer using Ductal Epithelial Impedance Spectroscopy ............................................................... 632 R.J. Davies, M.K. Brumfield and M. Pierce

Non-Invasive Impedance based Continuous Glucose Monitoring System....................................................................... 636 M.S. Talary, F. Dewarrat, D. Huber, L. Falco-Jonasson and A. Caduff

Parameters for monitoring refeeding of anorexia nervosa patients by bioimpedance ................................................... 640 M-V. Moreno, D. Djeddi and M.Y. Jaffrin

Changes Of Bile and Urine Electrical Conductivity in Patients with Biliary Tracts’ Pathology................................... 644 A.V. Popov and E. Kitaeva

XXIV Content

Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Myography In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis .................................................. 647 A.W. Tarulli, C.A. Shiffman, R. Aaron, A.B. Chin, S.B. Rutkove

Frequency Dependence of Forearm Muscle Impedance During Isometric Gripping Contractions.............................. 651 H. Kashuri, R. Aaron and C.A. Shiffman Beat-by-beat changes in pre-ejection period during functional tests evaluated by impedance aortography: a step to a left ventricular contractility monitoring ........................................................................................................... 655 V.V. Ermishkin, E.V. Lukoshkova, E.Yu. Bersenev, M.A. Saidova, V.N. Shitov, O.L. Vinogradova and V.M. Khayutin

Electrical monitoring of myocardium during induced ischemia ...................................................................................... 659 J. Wtorek, A. Bujnowski, A. Nowakowski, W. Stojek, J. Rogowski, B. Trzeciak and J. Siebert

Measuring Respirational Parameters with a Wearable Bioimpedance Device ............................................................... 663 V.-P. Seppä, J. Väisänen, P. Kauppinen, J. Malmivuo and J. Hyttinen

Intrathoracic Impedance Monitoring in a Novel Model of Acute Pulmonary Edema.................................................... 667 Todd M. Zielinski, Mattias Rouw, Kevin Knox, Kevin Vincent, Douglas A. Hettrick

Motion Discrimination Using Parameters of Bioelectrical Impedance............................................................................ 671 T. Nakamura, T. Kusuhara and Y. Yamamoto

Electrical Impedance Scanning for Breast Cancer Risk Stratification in Young Women ............................................. 675 Alexander Stojadinovic , M.D., Aviram Nissan , M.D., Craig D. Shriver , M.D., Sarah Lenington , Ph.D., David Gur , Sc.D

Detection of Menstrual Cycle Changes in Breast Ductal Epithelium using Impedance Spectroscopy ......................... 679 R.J. Davies, M.K. Brumfield and M. Pierce

The use of bioimpedance analysis for the study of dysphagia........................................................................................... 683 L.C. Ward, W.A. MCullagh and J. Cichero

A Simple Measurement Method of Visceral Fat Accumulation by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ......................... 687 T. Shiga, Y. Oshima, H. Kanai, M. Hirata, K. Hosoda and K. Nakao

A new approach of gastric motility measurement and evaluation by bioimpedance...................................................... 691 Li Zhangyong, Sha Hong, Wang Yan, Zhao Shu, Wang Wei, Ren Chaoshi

Rheoencephalogram Reflects Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation In Pigs................................................................... 695 M. Bodo, F. Pearce, S. Van Albert, R. Armonda

Procedure for assessment of the mammary gland electrical impedance images............................................................. 699 M. Korotkova, А. Karpov

Determination of the root canal length using impedance ratio method ........................................................................... 703 D. Križaj, J. Jan and T. Žagar

Bioimpedance Methods in Urology Functional Diagnostics.............................................................................................. 707 I.S. Mudraya, V.I. Kirpatovsky and A.G. Martov

Electrical impedance of relaxed and contracted skeletal muscle...................................................................................... 711 T. Zagar and D. Krizaj

Verification of physical models used for root canal measurement by impedance comparison...................................... 715 T. Marjanović, Z. Stare, I. Lacković

Changes in the Arm Bioimpedance with Applied Pressure and Force ............................................................................ 719 G. Giovinazzo, O.I. Al-Surakhi, P. Bogonez, P.J. Riu

Dielectric qualities of erythrocytes in healthy people of different age groups................................................................. 723 Y.M. Bobylev

Utility of the short time bioelectrical impedance for the gastric motility assessment: Preliminary Results................ 725 M.R. Huerta-Franco, M. Vargas-Luna, J.M. Vallejo-Villalpando, E. Hernandez and T. Cordova

Content XXV

Human electrophysiological signal responses to non-continuous and consecutive 5 day ELF PEMF exposure: A pilot study .......................................................................................................................................................................... 729 D. Cvetkovic, Q. Fang,S.S. Mahmoud and I. Cosic

Dielectric qualities of erythrocytes in healthy people and in patients with cardiovascular disease............................... 733 Y.M. Bobylev

Equipment for real-time bioimpedance diagnostics of the functional state of human organism................................... 735 А.V. Bessarab, L.М. Lavrov

Electrical Impedance Myography at High Frequencies .................................................................................................... 739 C.A. Shiffman, H. Kashuri and R. Aaron

Variation of Magnetic Induction Plethysmogram on Human Thoracic Surface ............................................................ 743 J. Vedru and O. Solntseva

Electrodermal response – correlation between potential and conductance..................................................................... 747 A. Jabbari, S. Grimnes and Ø.G. Martinsen

Influence of a Magnetic Field on Changes in Bio-impedance ........................................................................................... 751 S. Papezova, V. Papez

Bio-Impedance Analysis Application of bioimpedance technique in dialysis patients.............................................................................................. 755 F. Zhu, E.F. Leonard, M. Kuhlman, P. Kotanko, G. Handelman, N.W. Levin

Estimation of fluid volume changes during haemodialysis with an anisotropic finite element model........................... 759 M. Freiberger, P. Brunner, M. Mayer, O.I. Surkhi, P.J. Riu and H. Scharfetter

Local Tissue Bioimpedance Measurement for Fluid Shifts during Haemodialysis......................................................... 763 Omar I. Al-Surkhi, P.J. Riu, F. Vazquez, J. Mas, A. Rodriguez-Jornet, M. García, J. Ibeas

In Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Lean Body Mass can be Evaluated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ..... 767 A. Ben Halim, B. Khedr, F. Caprio, M. Mazzantini,C. Donadio

Body composition measurements in limbs using eight-electrodes bioimpedance............................................................ 771 Michel Jaffrin, Hélène Morel and Yuliya Lavielle

A Device for Monitoring Hydration State in Hemodialysis Patients Using a Calf Bioimpedance Technique.............. 775 F. Zhu, M. Kuhlman, P. Kotanko, G. Handelman, E.F. Leonard, N.W. Levin

Different impedance indexes in segmental and whole-body measurements in peritoneal dialysis patients.................. 779 L. Nescolarde, T. Doñate, M.A. García, J. Rosell-Ferrer.......................................................................................................................... 779 Body Composition And Glomerular Filtration Rate In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Males Are Different From Females?...................................................................................................................................................................... 783 C. Donadio .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 783 Estimation of Arm Muscle Mass in Hemodialysis Patients by Segmental Bioimpedance (SBIS) MRI and K Techniques ................................................................................................................................................................. 787 M. Carter, F. Zhu, S.R. Sarkar, G. A. Kaysen, L. Ramirez, SB. Heymsfield, G. Handelman, N.W. Levin

Sensitivity of whole-body bioelectrical impedance to edema in one leg ........................................................................... 791 M. Codognotto, A. Piccoli, M. Piazza, P. Frigatti

Can bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) tell us about the form of lymphoedema? ........................................................... 795 B.H. Cornish, B.E. Lingwoodand L.C. Ward

Total body water measurement: using the multifrequency BIS-Hanai approach with 50 kHz single frequency ........ 799 H. Morel and M.Y. Jaffrin.......................................................................................................................................................................... 799

XXVI Content

Best published equation for the calculation of Body Fat in a sample of Colombian young males using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis.............................................................................................................................. 803 C.A. Gonzalez-Correa, C.H. Gonzalez-Correa, and A. Ramos-Rodriguez Bioelectric Impedance Phase Angle and Body Composition in Russian Children Aged 10–16 Years: Reference Values and Correlations ..................................................................................................................................... 807 E.G. Martirosov, I.A. Khomyakova, S.V. Pushkin, T.F. Romanova, M.M. Semenov, and S.G. Rudnev

Index Authors........................................................................................................................................................................ 811

Index Subjects ....................................................................................................................................................................... 815

13th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance and the 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography, Graz, Austria August 29 – September 2, 2007........................................................................................... 820