ifj#) ¼lhfer½ fpukbZ fuekZ.k % Hkwdaih; O;ogkj vkSj vkfFkZd lek/kku ds fy, csgrj rduhd

vt; pkSjfl;k] tyt ikjk'kj ,oa uhye pkSgkulh,lvkbZvkj&dsUnzh; Hkou vuqla/kku laLFkku] #M+dh ¼mÙkjk[k.M½

lkjka'k % Hkkjr esa fpukbZ lajpuk dk Hkou fuekZ.k esa O;kid LFkku gSA vf/kdrj bl izdkj dh jpuk xq#Ro Hkkj ds fy,] HkwdEi vojks/kh izko/kku fd,fcuk fMt+kbu ¼vfHkdYi½ dh tkrh gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gSa fd bl izdkj ls fpuh gqbZ bekjrsa e/;e HkwdEih; rjaxksa ij Hkh dkQ+h {kfrxzLr gks tkrhgSaA blfy, Hkou fuekZ.k dh ,slh rduhdksa dks [kkstus dh vko';drk eglwl gqbZ] tks csgrj HkwdEih; lEikndrk iznku dj ldsA ifj#) fpukbZ lajpuk;fn Bhd izdkj dh tk;s rks HkwdEih; {ks=kksa esa Hkh vPNh rduhd lkfcr gksrh gSaA ysfdu] HkwdEi n`f"Vdks.k ls vYi iz;ksxkRed ewY;kadu vkSj Hkkjrh;ekud vuqIyC/krk us bl i)fr dks viukus esa vojks/k mRiUUk fd;k gSA bl ys[k dk mís'; vyx&vyx fpukbZ fuekZ.k rduhd ds iz;ksxkRed rF;ksa dkfo'ys"k.k djuk] ifj#) fpukbZ i)fr ls fo'o esa cuh bekjrksa dh n{krk dks Li"V djuk rFkk fofHkUUk rduhdksa ls fufeZr bekjrksa] mnkgj.k Lo:ivizcfyr fpukbZ (URM)] izcfyr fpukbZ (RM) o ifj#) fpukbZ (CM) dk ijh{k.k v)Z&fLFkj Hkkj ls Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa djds ,d rqyukRed v/;;uizLrqr djuk gSA fpukbZ izfrn'kZ ;kstuk esa vkdkj 3-01 m × 3-01m] Å¡pkbZ 3-0m o eksVkbZ 220 feeh- nhokj dk mi;ksx gksrk gS] ftlesa vfXu ds rkiesa idh gqbZ bZaVksa] ftudk vkdkj 220×110×70mm o 1%6 lhesaV&ckyw dk feJ.k dk fpukbZ esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA fdQk;r dh tk¡p gsrq fpukbZ Hkou Hkkjrh;HkwdEih; tkWu vuqlkj fofHkUUk rduhd RC, URM, RM rFkk CM esa fMt+kbu fd, x;sA fuekZ.k dher dk vyx lajpukRed rRo ds :i esa vkadyuRC Hkou dh fuekZ.k ykxr ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k x;k ifj.kkeksa ls Kkr gqvk fd RC Ýse rduhd dh rqyuk esa CM- RM] rFkk URM Hkou jpuk Øe'k%30»] 33» vkSj 36» lLrh gSaA

Confined masonry construction for India: A techno-economical solution for

improved seismic behaviour

Ajay Chourasia, Jalaj Parashar & Neelam ChauhanCSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (Uttrakhand)

AbstractConsidering huge generation of fly ash (185 million tons/annum) from 132 thermal power plants (TPPs) in the country and its insufficientutilization (up to 60%), there is urgent need for the development of an eco-friendly technology capable of utilizing it on bulk scale onsustainable basis. Keeping view fly ash as a useful ameliorant that may improve the physical, chemical and biological properties ofproblematicsoils and as a source of plant nutrients (macro and micro), field demonstration trials were carried out on 8.4 acre of unutilized andundulating low lying area at Kali Mela, Jamadoba, Dhanbad filled with Tata Steel's FBC ash (up to a depth of 4 m) to reclaim it using biologicalamendments such as top soil layer (4 cm), cow dung manure, coco peat, vermi-compost, bio-fertilizer and NPK fertilizers (suitable proportions),selection and plantation of adaptable plant species (forestry, fruit bearing and oil yielding) . The planted species were monitored in respect ofgrowth and biometric parameters at different growth stages followed by physicochemical and biological characterization of ash filled low land.The obtained results evinced that among the physicochemical properties, textural composition, bulk density, water holding capacity,porosity, and major/secondary and micro-nutrient levels of ash filled low land significantly improved with the progressive growth of plantedspecies apart from considerable improvement in growth/biometric parameters and physiological behavior of the planted species. The differentbiological parameters (ectomycorrhiza, N-fixing bacteria, P-solubilizing bacteria, and dehydrogenase activity) were found to have increased atsuccessive stages of the plantation. The beneficial uses of fly ash in agro-forestry applications were popularized periodically among the localfarmers/inhabitants. As such the low lying area could be sustainably reclaimed using fly ash in bulk scale through biological means, which can

be further extended in the vicinity of other power plants in the country.

Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk

o"kZ 25 vad ¼1&2½ twu ,oa fnlEcj 2017 i`- 19&29

20 Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kZ 25 vad ¼1&2½ twu ,oa fnlEcj 2017

izLrkouklkekU; Å¡pkbZ ds Hkou fuekZ.k esa vkt Hkh fpukbZ dk viuk

foLrr mi;ksx gSA b±V fpukbZ ds izpyu dk dkj.k bldk LFkkf;Ro]fLFkjrk] vkx izfrjks/k] /ofud vkSj FkeZy bUlqys'ku rFkk dk;Z djusdh ljyrk vkfn gSA gkykafd URM Hkou dh Hkkjr lfgr nqfu;kHkj ds Hkwdai dh ?kVukvksa esa {kfrxzLr gksus dh dkQ+h lEHkkouk jgrhgSA Hkwdai izfrjks/kdrk c<+kus gsrq izcfyr fpukbZ djus dh vusdfof/k;k¡ o"kks± ls iz;ksx esa ykbZ x;ha rFkk ;gh ckn esa FM rFkk OM

ds :i esa lkeus vk;haAHkwdEih; lEikndrk rFkk lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls ekStwnk fpukbZ dj

cus Hkouksa dk xq.knks"k ns[kus dk fo"k; vusd vfuf'Pkrkvksa ls lacaèkj[krk gSA bl ys[k esa cM+s Hkwdai ds ekeyksa esa URM, RM rFkkCM] iz;ksx dj cus Hkouksa dh lEikndrk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kgS rFkk Hkkjrh; ifjisz{; esa iz;ksx fd, x, vkdM+ksa dk rqyukRedv/;;u dj fdQk;r dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA vk'kk dh tkrhgS fd ;g 'kks/k i=k lajpukRed iz.kkyh ds :i esa] Hkkjr esa vPNhrjg ls ifj#) fpukbZ dh fn'kk dks iksf"kr djsxkA

Hkkjr esa fpukbZ lajpuk dk ifjn`'; % xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh nksuksa{ks=kks a esa lkekU;r% fpukbZ lajpuk viuk;h tkrh gSA fpukbZrduhdh dk vkd"kZ.k] fuekZ.k fuiq.krk dk dkS'kY; rFkk LFkkuh;Hkou lkexzh dh miyC/krk ds dkj.k fpukbZ lajpuk vius vkiesa fof'k"V xq.k latks;s gq, gSaA lu~ 2001 vkSj 2011 dhtux.kuk ds vuqlkj 85» ?kj fpukbZ ds Fks rFkk eq[;r% nhokjasijEijkxr lkexzh ls rS;kj dh x;h FkhaA lu~ 2001 dh rqyukesa 2011 esa Hkou fuekZ.k esa dPph@iDdh bZaVksa] ydM+h] tLrhÑr¼GI½ yksgs dh pknjksa ds iz;ksx esa deh ik;h x;h rFkk fpukbZesa idh gqbZ bZaVkas ds mi;ksx esa èkhjs&èkhjs of) gqbZA lkekftd&vkfFkZdifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj nks eafty rd yksM fc;fjax nhokjsa ftudheksVkbZ 230&450 feeh- gksrh gS] tks fd fcuk idh dPphb±Vks a@xkjs ls cukbZ tkrh gSa vkerkSj ij ,sls edku Hkwdaijks/khugha gksrs rFkk gYds Hkwdai ls Hkh bl izdkj ds edku fxj tkrsgSaA fiNys dqN o"kkas Z esa vk;s Hkwdaiksa dh otg ls gqbZ gkfu ls ;gKkr gksrk gS] fd bl izdkj ds fuekZ.k HkwdEiizfrjks/kh ugha gksrsgS aA

la[;kRed rjhdksa ls bl izdkj ds Hkouksa dh xq.koÙkk ij[kusdh pqukSrh Hkou lkexzh dh fofo/krk] blds ;kaf=kd xq.kks a rFkkns'k esa miyC/k dkjhxjksa dh dk;Z dq'kyrk ds dkj.k vkrh gSaAmnkgj.k ds fy, mÙkjh Hkkjr xaxk ?kkVh dh feêh ls cuh b±Vksa dkizR;kLFkk ekikad (elastic modules) 1500 ls 4000 MPa

rFkk laihMu lkeF;Z 10 ls 19 MPa gS] tcfd nf{k.k Hkkjrdh feêh ls cuh b±Vkas dk izR;kLFkk ekikad 400 ls 1000 MPa

rFkk laihMu lkeF;Z 3 ls 9 MPa gSaA budh rqyuk esa baXySaM ovesfjdk esa b±Vksa dh laihMu lkeF;Z Øe'k% 100 o 75 MPa gSaA

lhesaV vk/kkfjr elkys ¼Mortar½ ¼lhesaV&jsr] lhesaV&LVksu&jsr½ds vR;f/kd iz;ksx dj gky gh ds Hkou fuekZ.k ls pwuk elkys¼lime mortar½ dk izpyu [kRe gks x;k gSaA eksVkZj jpuk ¼com-

position½] nhokj dh eksVkbZ rFkk fuekZ.k dyk ds vuqlkj cnyrkgSaA 220 feeh- eksVh nhokj ds fy, lkekU;r% elkys esa lhesaV jsrdk vuqikr 1%6 rFkk 1%4 dk vuqikr 115 feeh- eksVh ukWu&yksMcs;fjax foHkktu ¼partition wall½ nhokj gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAelkys dh eksVkbZ fpukbZ dk;ksZa esa 10&12 feeh- j[kh tkrh gSA

,d ls pkj eaftyk rd ds Hkou fuekZ.k esa ,d eafty dhÅ¡pkbZ 3&3-6 ehVj izfr eafty j[kh tkrh gSA bl izdkj ds Hkouksadh Nr pkgs ydM+h dh] Vªl ;k th-vkbZ-¼GI½ 'khV ;k Dys VkbYl;k vkj-lh-lh-¼RCC½ Lysc tcfd Q'kZ esa vkj-lh-lh- Lysc ;kydM+h ds yV~Bs ¼wooden logs½ ds lkFk eM ¼xkjk½A vkj-lh-¼RC½ ¶yksj lk/kkj.kr% nhokjksa ij Vsddj cuk;s tkrs gSaA T;knkrjHkou ijEijkxr rjhdksa ls fufeZr gksrs gSa ftudk Kku ,d ih<+h lsnwljh ih<+h dks gksrk tkrk gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd cgqrlkjs Hkou Hkwdai dh n`f"V ls lqjf{kr ugha jgrs] bldk gy ifj#)fpukbZ ¼CM½ fuekZ.k rduhd ls Hkou fuekZ.k dks vkea=k.k nsrs gSaA

ifj#) fpukbZ % ifj#) fpukbZ ¼CM½ ,d izdkj dk lajpukRedflLVe gS ftlls gYds izcfyr {kSfrt rFkk m/okZ/kj vkj-lh- ¼RC½esEclZ ls f?kjs gq, vizcfyr fpukbZ dh nhokj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSaA dqN ekeyksa esa VkbZ dkWye ds LFkku ij 25mm ls 40mm dk[kldk ¼staggered]toothed½ fpukbZ bdkbZ esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSa rkfd fpukbZ o RC esEclZ ds chp csgrj lEcU/k dk;e gksldsA CM Hkou esa fpukbZ dh nhokj igys [kM+h dh tkrh gSa rFkkckn esa 1-0 ehVj Å¡pkbZ ds daØhV dkWye dkLV fd;s tkrs gSaAQksVks&1 esa CM- Hkou dh jpuk dk Øe fn[kk;k x;k gSA Hkkjresa lkekU;r% njokts@f[kM+dh ds VkWi ysoy 1-9 ehVj ls 2-1 ehVjÅ¡pkbZ ij fn;s tkrs gSa bl dkj.k&o'k VkbZ che ¼tie beam½ dkizko/kku nsus ls fpukbZ dh nhokj pkjksa vkSj ls RC esEcj ls lhfergks tkrh gSaA fpukbZ bekjr uewus dh lajpukRed tkudkjh ;wjksfi;udksM ¼EC8½ vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj fp=k 1 esa rFkk QksVks 2 esan'kkZ;h x;h gSaA

QksVks 4% ifj#) fpukbZ bekjrksa dks {kfr ¼d½ Llolleo]1985 fpyh Hkwdai ¼eksjksuh] xksest+] vkSj],lrjkst+k 2003½ ¼[k½ vy

pkSjfl;k ,oa vU; % Hkwdaih; O;ogkj vkSj vkfFkZd lek/kku ds fy, csgrj rduhd 21

fp=k 1 — ifj#) fpukbZ bekjr dk lajpukRed fooj.k

QksVks 1 — ifj#) fpukbZ ds fuekZ.k dk vuqØe ¼d½ fpukbZ nhokj dk fuekZ.k izcfyr LraHk ds izko/kku ¼[k½ VkbZ LraHkksa ds nksuksa rjQ ij 'kVfjax ¼x½VkbZ LraHk dh <ykbZ ¼?k½ fpukbZ ds lkFk daØhV ds csgrj laca/kksa ds fy, Bksl vkSj fpukbZ esa pkfc;ksa dk izko/kku ¼M½ fpukbZ i'Pkkr VkbZ LraHk dk fuekZ.k¼p½ iw.kZ ifj#) fpukbZ ekWMy

QksVks 2 — ifj#) fpukbZ bekjr dk n`';

22 Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kZ 25 vad ¼1&2½ twu ,oa fnlEcj 2017

lkYokMksj] 2001 lku lkYokMksj Hkwdai ¼;ks'kheqjk vkSj dqjksdh2001½( ¼x½ esfDldks] 2003 dksyhek Hkwdai ¼EERI] 2003½ ¼?k½esfDldks] 1999 rgq¡dka Hkwdai ¼EERI] 1999½( ¼³½ eqyk;e dFkk,¡]izklafxd vfu;ferrkvksa vkSj 2007 Pisco ¼is:½ Hkwdai ¼EERI]2007½ cqjk C;kSjk ds lkFk gh lhfer fpukbZ ds iru( ¼p½ o"kZ 2004dk Hkwdai¼Boen lqek=kk 2005½ ds ckn baMksusf'k;k esa lqukeh esavkmV vkWQ+ Iysu fxjkoV ds dkj.k izFke ry esa gkfu gqbZA

fiNys HkwdEiksa esa ifj#) fpukbZ dk izn'kZu % fo'oLrjh;leh{kk esa HkwdEih; fMt+kbu n'kZu ds varxZr fiNys izeq[k HkwdEiksaesa ifj#) fpukbZ Hkouksa dk izn'kZu larks"ktud ik;k x;kA fo'o

ds dqN izeq[k HkwdEi% dksyfEc;k HkwdEi ¼25 tuojh 1999 &Mw¾6-2½] esfDldks HkwdEi ¼30 flrEcj 1999 & Mw¾7-5½]vylYokMksj HkwdEi ¼13 tuojh 2001 & Mw¾7-6½] esfDldksHkwdEi 21 tuojh 2001 & Mw¾7-6½] ,fVdks] is: HkwdEi¼23 twu 2001& Mw¾8-4½] fiLdks] bjku HkwdEi ¼26 fnlEcj2003 & Mw¾6-6½] egkulqek=kk HkwdEi ¼26 fnlEcj 2004&Mw¾9-3½] is: HkwdEi ¼15 vxLr 2007 & Mw¾7-9½] dksyfEc;k]fpyh HkwdEi ¼20 Qjojh 2010& Mw¾8-8½] vksj bfDod] fpyhHkwdEi ¼1 vizSy 2014 & Mw¾8-2½] vPNh rFkk [kjkc fuekZ.kizFkkvksa okyh ifj#) fpukbZ Hkouksa dh dk;Z&{kerk ¼QksVks 3½ esa n'kkZ;kx;k gSA HkwdEih; {kfr ds izeq[k izfreku nhokjksa dh drZuh foQyrk(

QksVks 4 — ifj#) fpukbZ bekjrksa dks {kfr ¼d½ Llolleo, 1985 fpyh Hkwdai ¼eksjksuh] xksest] vkSj ,lrjkst+k 2003 ¼[k½ vy lkYokMksj] 2001 lkulkYokMksj Hkwdai ¼;ks'kheqjk vkSj dqjksdh 2001½( ¼x½ esfDldks] 2003 dksyhek Hkwdai ( EERI, 2003 ¼?k½ esfDldks] 1999 rgq¡dka Hkwdai ¼EERI, 1999½¼M½ eqyk;e dFkk,¡] izklafxd vfu;ferrkvksa vkSj 2007 Pisco ( is:½ Hkwdai ¼EERI,] 2007½ cqjk C;kSjk ds lkFk gh lhfer fpukbZ ds iru; ¼p½ o"kZ2004 dk Hkwdai ¼Boen lqek=kk 2005½ ds ckn baMksusf'k;k esa lqukeh esa vkmV vkWQ+ Iysu fxjkoV ds dkj.k izFke ry esa gkfu gqbZA

QksVks 3 — Hkwdai esa ifj#) fpukbZ fuekZ.k ds vPNs izn'kZu ds mnkgj.k ¼d½ Ng eaftyk ifj#) is: Hkwdai ¼EERI, 2007½ ¼[k½ ifj#) fpukbZ bekjrvy lkYokMksj, 2001 lku lkYokMksj Hkwdai ¼EERI, 2001½ esa vU; fpukbZ bekjrksa ds iru ds mijkar dksbZ {kfr ugha ns[kh xbZ ¼x½ N- eaftykv{kfrxzLr ifj#) fpukbZ fuekZ.k is: Hkwdai

pkSjfl;k ,oa vU; % Hkwdaih; O;ogkj vkSj vkfFkZd lek/kku ds fy, csgrj rduhd 23

VkbZ LraHk ds fdukjksa ij drZuh ,oa HkwdEi foQyrk] VkbZ LrEHk dknhokjksa ls i`FkDdj.k( nks v;rh; fn'kkvks esa nhokjksa dk vi;kZIr?kuRo] fuEu Lrjh; xq.koÙkk] [kjkc fuekZ.k lkexzh dk iz;ksx vkfn¼QksVks%4½

ifj#) fpukbZ Hkouks a es a foQyrk ds izeq[k dkj.kvuqifLFkr@dkQh nwj fLrFk VkbZ LraHk ¼Tie beam½] VkbZ che vkSjLraHk ¼Tie&column½ ds lqn`<+hdj.k ds vi;kZIr nwjh( LraHkksa esadkQh nwj fLFkr ysVjy VkbZ ¼Lateral ties½( fpukbZ iSuy dk cM+kigyw vuqikr( ;kstuk esa nhokjksa dk vlfEer forj.k( vi;kZIrnhokj ?kuRo( [kjkc dkjhfxjh] iz;ksx dh xbZ lekxzh dh [kjkcxq.koÙkk rFkk ldy fuekZ.k =kqfV;ka vknhA ifj#) fpukbZ bekjrksa esauhao foQyrk ds fdlh Hkh ekeysa dk fooj.k ugha gSA fQj Hkh]ifj#) fpukbZ fuekZ.k] ;fn Bhd ls fufeZr djus ij vf/kdka'kr%vPNk HkwdEih; izn'kZu jgrk gSA

ifj#) fpukbZ ij iz;ksfxd ijh{k.k % ik'oZ pØh; yksfMax dsvarxZr fufeZr fpukbZ okyh nhokjksa ds O;ogkj dk ewY;kadu fofHkUUk'kks/kdrkZvksa tSls Vksekt+sohd] ,e- vkSj vU; ¼1988] 1997] 2000]2004] 2007] 2009½] fot;k] MCY;w- vkSj vU;- ¼2011½] tkSos;k]ts- vkSj vU; 2007½] ;ks'kheqjk] ds- vkSj vU; ¼1996] 2000]2003] 2004½( t+kckyk] ,Q- vkSj vU; ¼2004½( ;ust+] ,Q- vkSjvU; ¼2004½( ejhfuYyh] ,- ¼2004½( dqet+ok] vkSj vU; ¼2000½(,xqbyj] vkSj vU; ¼1996½( esfy] vkj ¼1973½( vkSj mesd ,¼1971½ }kjk fd;k x;kA ijh{k.k ds mnkj.k gS% Vksekt+sohd] ,e-vkSj vU; ¼1996½( dqet+ok] ,Q- vkSj vU; ¼2010½] tcfd

URM ,oa RM ekWMy ds fy, vxzoky] ,l- ds- vkSj vU;¼2007½ rFkk CM ekWMy ds fy, pkSjfl;k] ,- vkSj vU;¼2013] 2014½ }kjk v/kZ&LFksfrd ijh{k.k izfØ;k viuk;h xbZAfiNys Hkwdaiksa esa ifj#) fpukbZ Hkouksa ds izk;ksxkRed ifj.kke ,oaizn'kZu dh leh{kk ,d tfVy oSf'od O;ogkj n'kkZrk gSA ifj.kkeksads fofo/k O;ogkjksa dk eq[; dkj.k fod.kZ drjuh foQyrk gSArFkkfi dqN ekeyksa esa de m/okZ/kj Hkkj ds dkj.k izkjafHkd Lrj ijykspnkj lhek ds varxZr eksM+ dh foQyrk ns[kh xbZA vf/kdfnypLi ;g gS fd mPp ry okyh ifj#) fpukbZ bekjrksa esafo:i.k vkSj pkSFkh izFke ry ij dsfUnzr gS tks drjuh foQyrkn'kkZrs gSa ¼Vksekt+sohd] ,e-] 2007½ ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd foQyrkrU=k {kSfrt lqn<+hdj.k vuqikr ij fuHkZj gS] tks fd fpukbZ esa njkjksads leku forj.k dk dkj.k gSA

lkekU;r% Bksl fpduh feêh b±V bdkb;ksa dh rqyuk esa [kks[kyhfpduh feêh bZV@daØhV [kaM dk Hkaxqj O;ogkj ik;k x;kA gkyk¡fd]fofHkUUk lhfer fpukbZ Hkou vyx lkexzh rFkk T;kferh; foU;kl]LFkkuh; ijEijk ds gSa vkSj ;s Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk dk iw.kZ izfrfuf/k ughagSA

bl dkj.k Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa lh-,l-vkbZ-vkj-& dsanzh; Hkouvuqla/kku laLFkku ¼CSIR-CBRI½ }kjk HkwdEi ds nkSjku Lons'kfufeZr fpukbZ bekjrksa ds HkwdEih; O;ogkj ds ewY;kadu dks y{;djrs gq, ,d O;kid fpukbZ ijh{k.k 'kq# fd;k x;k gSA fuekZ.k dhfofHkUUk izpfyr izFkkvkas esa v/kZ&LFkkbZ pØh; ik'oZ foLFkkiu¼displacements½ ds varxZr ,d dejs ds vkdkj ds fpukbZ ekWMy¼3-01×3-01mm3-0eh½ ij iw.kZ iSekuk ifj{k.k fd;k x;kA ifj#)fpukbZ ¼CM½] izcfyr fpukbZ ¼RM½ rFkk vizcfyr fpukbZ¼URM½ okyh rhu izdkj dh bekjrksa esa ijh{k.k fd;k x;kAfofHkUUk fpukbZ ekWMy% URM] RM] rFkk CM dk iz;ksxkRed Hkkjfp=k 2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA lexz voyksdu n'kkZrk gS] fd CM

Hkouksa dh HkwdEijks/kh 'kfä URM ,oa RM Hkouksa dh vis{kkvf/kd lq/kkj gqvk gSA dqN izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a tSls% yphysiu vkSjrkdr esa o`f)( nhokjksa ds chp ds tksM+ esa o`f) fpukbZ nhokjksa dhfLFkjrk] v[k.Mrk] vkSj jksdFkke esa lq/kkj( rFkk mPp ÅtkZ yiVrk{kerk vkfn gSA

vkfFkZd igyw % Hkkjr esa fofHkUUk Hkouksa ds izdkj tSls bufQyfpukbZ okyh izcfyr daØhV lajpuk ¼RC½] URM vkSj RM okyhvf/kdrj bekjras pkj eaftyks rd dh gSaA i;kZIr Hkwdai izfrjks/k dslkFk fuekZ.k ykxr dks de djuk lajpukRed bathfu;j }kjklacksf/kr pquksfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA URM rFkk RM Hkouksa dh rqyukesa CM Hkouksa dk mPp HkwdEih; izfrjks/k iz;ksxkRed ifj.kkeksa ls

fp=k 2 — fofHkUUk fpukbZ iz.kkfy;ksa ds fy, vkSlr ik'oZ yksM&fo:i.k ,uoyi dh rqyuk

24 Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kZ 25 vad ¼1&2½ twu ,oa fnlEcj 2017

Kkr gksrk gSA blfy, 'kfä] lqj{kk vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls larqfyrdjus ds fy, CM dks mi;qä lek/kku ds :i esa viuk;k tkldrk gSA gkykafd fuekZ.k esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks Li"V djus ds fy,dBksj ykxr fo'ys"k.k t:jh gSA

Hkkjrh; Hkouksa ds fofHkUUk fuekZ.k izdkjksa ds vkfFkZd v/;;ugsrq pkj eaftyksa rd dh 20 tfVy fuekZ.k ;kstukvksa ij fopkjfd;k x;k] Hkkjr esa vkerkSj ij viuk;s tkus okys Hkou [kkds dh;kstuk esa jgus okyk dejs] jlksbZ?kj] lhf<+;k] ckyduh bR;kfn fp=k3 esa n'kkZ;h x;h gSaA blesa ,d eafty dh Å¡pkbZ 3 ls 3-50 ehVjgSA vke fMt+kbu ekud tSls HkwdEih; {ks=k&4 ¼PGA ¾0-24g½ykbo yksM ¼2 kN@sqm½ ds fy, ;s Hkou RC] URM] RM

rFkk CM ds vuqlkj fMt+kbu fd, x,A izkÑfrd tehuh Lrj ls1-50 ehVj ij lqjf{kr ogu {kerk] 100kN@sqm okyh feêh ijbu Hkouksa dh uho j[kh x;hA blh izdkj] fMt+kbu esa leku lkexzhxq.kksa tSls daØhV ds xzSM ¼M 20½] lqn`<+hdj.k ds xzSM ¼Fe 415½]fpukbZ ncko dh rkdr&3-5 esxk ikLdy] lhesaV vkSj jsr dkvuqikr&1%6] fpukbZ ?kuRo ds :i esa 19-2 kN@cum okys eksVkZjdks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA lhfer fpukbZ Hkouksa dks rhu vyx&vyxfo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk fMt+kbu fd;k x;kA izFke Hkou esa dsoy VkbZLraHk vkSj ckaM che ¼CM1½ nwljs ¼CM2½ Hkou esa blds lkFklwjk[kks ds pkjksa rjQ RC rRo 'kkfey fd;k x;kA ¼CM3½ Hkouds iSuy dh iw.kZ Å¡pkbZ@pkSM+kbZ esa lwjk[kkas ds pkjksa rjQ vkSj gj pkSFks

jnns ij fpukbZ esa eksVkj tksM+ ds {kSfrt lqn<+hdj.k ds fy, 8 feeh-O;kl dk lfj;k j[kk x;kA vkfFkZd igyqvksa dks [kkstus ds fy,lhfer fpukbZ ds fofHkUUk fodYi fp=k 4 esa n'kkZ, x, gSA

RC bekjrksa dk fMt+kbu Hkkjrh; ekudkas IS 456%2000] IS875%1987] IS 1893%2002 vkSj IS 13920%1993 ds vuqlkjcuk;k x;k gSA blh izdkj URM] RM]o CM Hkouksa dk fMt+kbuekudksa IS 4326%2013] IS 1905%1987] IS 456%2000] IS

875%1987 vkSj IS 1893%2002 ds vuqlkj cuk;k x;k gSA bldsvykok ;wjksfi;u dksM ¼EC6½ 2005 dk Hkh CM Hkou ds fMt+kbuesa mi;ksx fd;k x;kA vyx&vyx lkexzh ds fy, izR;sd Hkouuewus dh ek=kk dk foLr`r vkadyu fd;k x;kA rFkk mudh dherdh x.kuk Hkkjr esa izpfyr cktkj ewY; vkSj dsUnzh; yksd fuekZ.kfoHkkx ¼CPWD½ fnYyh 'ksM~ kwy dh njkasZ ¼Mh ,l vkj 2014½ dsvk/kkj ij dh xbZA

fp=k 5 vkSlr dqy fuekZ.k ykxr rFkk fofHkUUk izdkj ds Hkouksadh izeq[k lkexzh dh ykxr dks n'kkZrk gSA ykxr rqyuk esa vf/kdLi"Vrk ds fy, ekudksa dks RC Hkouksa dh dqy ykxr ds izfr'krds :i esa O;ä fd;k x;k gSA

blh izdkj] RM] CM1] CM2] CM3] dh dqy ykxrØe'k% vkSlru 67-6»] 69-33»] 70-76» vkSj 71-68» gSAfp=k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd uhao fuekZ.k dh vkSlr ykxr CM] RM

vkSj URM esa yxHkx leku gS tcfd RC Hkou ds fy, ;g FkksM+k

fp=k 3 — vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ,d bekjr dh fof'k"V ;kstuk

pkSjfl;k ,oa vU; % Hkwdaih; O;ogkj vkSj vkfFkZd lek/kku ds fy, csgrj rduhd 25

fp=k

4 —

¼d

½ % ifj#

) fpukbZ

esa 'kkfe

y fofHkUUk fodYi

ksa dk fof'k"V

foo

j.k

26 Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kZ 25 vad ¼1&2½ twu ,oa fnlEcj 2017

fp=k

4 —

¼[k½ % ifj#

) fpukbZ

esa 'kkfe

y fofHkUUk fodYi

ksa dk fof'k"V

foo

j.k

¼[k½

f}rh;

fodYi

pkSjfl;k ,oa vU; % Hkwdaih; O;ogkj vkSj vkfFkZd lek/kku ds fy, csgrj rduhd 27

¼x½ r

`rh;

fodYi

fp=k

4 —

¼[k½ % ifj#

) fpukbZ

esa 'kkfe

y fofHkUUk fodYi

ksa dk fof'k"V

foo

j.k

28 Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kZ 25 vad ¼1&2½ twu ,oa fnlEcj 2017

T;knk gSA gkyk¡fd] RC Hkou esa vf/kd ykxr daØhV vkSjlqn`<+hdj.k ds dkj.k gSA

mijksä fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd CM]RM] vkSj URM Hkouksa ljapuk dh vkSlr ykxr esa Øe'k%30»]33» vkSj 36» dh deh dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA gkykafd] RC

Hkou dh fuekZ.k ykxr dh rqyuk esa CM egRoiw.kZ cpr izLrkfjrdjrh gSA URM@RM Hkouksa dh rqyuk esa CM Hkou mPpLrjh; lqj{kk fuf'Pkr djrh gSA yphykiu iznf'kZr fd;k gSA 'kfäds lUnHkZ esa Hkkjrh; CM Hkouksa ds izn'kuZ esa URM vkSj RM

ls Øe'k% 3-42 vkSj 2-63 xquk lq/kkj gSA6- RCC Hkouksa dh vis{kk CM] RM vkSj URM Hkou ljapuk dh vkSlrfuekZ.k ykxr esa Øe'k% 30»] 33» o 36» dh deh djrs gaSA gkykafdRCC Hkou dh fuekZ.k ykxr dh rqyuk esa CM Hkou mfpr cpr lqj{kkiznku djrk gS vkSj URM] RM dh rqyuk esa mPp iznku djrk gSA

vfHkLohÑfr;g dk;Z lh,lvkbZvkj&dsanzh; Hkou vuqla/kku dsUnz] #M+dh]

Hkkjr ds vuqla/kku dk;ZØe ds rgr lapkfyr fd;k x;kA bl 'kks/ki=k dks izdkf'kr djus dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, ys[kd funs'kdlh,lvkbZvkj&lh-ch-vkj-vkbZ- ds d`rK gSaA

lanHkZ1- vxzoky ,l ds] pkSjfl;k vt; ,oa ijk'kj tyt] ijQkWjesal boSY;w,'ku

vkWQ+ flfLed jsft+fLVax ,oa jsVªksfQfVax est+lZ QkWj Qqy&Ldsy fczdeslujh fcfYMax vaMj vFkZDosd yksM~l- ts- LVªDpjy bathfu;fjax]3434343434¼1½ ¼2007½ 56&62-

2- ,xqbyj t-] esfy vkj] fM;kt+ vkj ,oa ot+d+q,t+&nsy&esjdSMks vkj]bU¶yq,al vkWQ+ gkWfjtkWUVy jsaQkslZesaV vkWu nh csgsfo;j vkWQ+ dUQkbaMeslujh okYl- izkslhfMaXl 11oha dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax]isij uacj 1380- ¼1996½-

3- lsUll vkWQ bafM;k] 2001 ,oa 2011- fefuLVªh vkWQ gkse vQs;lZ]xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k] U;w fnYyhA http://censusindia.gov.in. ¼2011½-

4- pkSjfl;k vt;] Hkêkpk;Z ,l ds] HkaMkjh ,u ,e ,oa HkkxZok ihflfLed ijQkWjesal vkWQ Qqy&Ldsy fczd eslujh fcfYMaXl- 9ohbaVjus'kuy eslujh dkUÝsal] xqbekjsl] tqykbZ 2014 ¼isij ,DlsIVsM½- ¼2014½-

5- pkSjfl;k ,] Hkêkpk;Z ,l ds] HkkxZok ih ,oa HkaMkjh ,u ,e]bUyq;sfU'k;y vLisDV~l vkWu flfLed ijQkWjesal vkWQ dUQkbaM eslujhdaLVªD'ku- uspqjy lkbUl] 55555¼8A1½ MksbZ-10-4236@ns ¼2013½ 56&62-58A1007- -

6- ;wjksfi;u desVh QkWj LVsaMMkZbt+s'ku- EN1998&1%2004- bu ;wjkWdksM8&fMt+kbu vkWQ LVªDplZ QkWj vFkZDosd jsft+LVsUl- ikVZ 1% tuZy:Yl] flfLed ,D'kUl ,oa :Yl QkWj fcfYMaXl- ¼2004½-

7- ;wjksfi;u desVh QkWj LVMMkZbt+s'ku- EN1996&1&1%2005- bu- ;wjkWdksM6&fMt+kbu vkWQ eslujh LVªDplZ- ikVZ 1&1% tujy :Yl QkWj jhbUQksLMZ,aM vujhbUQksLMZ eslujh LVªDplZ- ¼2005½-

8- xkSosbv ts ih ,oa ykWjsalks ih ch] eslujh f'k;j okWYl lCtsDVsM Vwlkbdfyd yksfMax% bUyq;sUl vkWQ dUQkbUes aV ,oa gkWfjt+kWVyjhbUQksLMZesaV- izkslhfMaXl-] 10oh ukWFkZ vesfjdu eslujh dkUÝsal] felkSjh]USA] isij uacj 14]ih-2094&2102- ¼2007½-

9- xlsVk vkWfQf'k;y Msy fnfórks Q+snjy- ukWjel rsfPudl dksEIysesUVªfjlijk fnlsukW; dksUóqfDdvksu n LVªDpjl n ekEiksLrsfj;k xksfc,.kksZ MsyfMLrjrks Q+snjy n esfDldks- nsflek DokVkZ biksdk] Vksek vkbZ] ,u103& chvkbZ,l- ¼2004½-

10- vkbZ-,l- 456&2000] ^^Iysu ,aM jhbUQksLMZ daØhV&dksM vkWQ izSfDVl**]C;wjks vkWQ bafM;u LVSaMM~lZ] U;w nsYgh] bafM;k-

11- vkbZ-,l- 875&1987] ^^dksM vkWQ izSfDVl QkWj fMt+kbu yksM~l ¼vnjnsu vFkZDosd½ QkWj fcfYMaXl ,oa LVªDplZ**] C;wjks vkWQ bafM;u LVSaMM~lZ] U;w nsYgh-

12- vkbZ-,l-1905&2002] ^^dksM vkWQ izSfDVl QkWj LVªDpjy ;wt+ vkWQvujhbUQksLMZ eslujh**] C;wjks vkWQ bafM;u LVSaMM~lZ] U;w nsYgh-

13- vkbZ-,l-1893&2002] ^^ØkbVsfj;k QkWj vFkZDosd jsft+LVsaV fMt+kbuvkWQ LVªDplZ**] C;wjks vkWQ bafM;u LVSaMM~lZ] twu ¼2002½-

14- vkbZ-,l-4326&2013] ^ØkbVhfj;k vkWQ izSfDVl QkWj vFkZDosd jsft+LVsaVfMt+kbu ,oa daLVªD'ku vkWQ fcYMaXl**] C;wjks vkWQ bafM;u LVSaMM~lZ]U;w nsYgh] bafM;k-

15- vkbZ-,l- 13920&1993] ^^MfDVfyVh MhVsfyax vkWQ jhbUQksLMZ daØhVLVªDplZ lCtsDVsM Vw flfLed Q+kslsZl&dksM vkWQ izSfDVl**] C;wjks vkWQbafM;u LVSaMM~lZ] U;w nsYgh-

16- dqet+ok ,Q, ,oa vksgdwcks ,e, ukWu&yhfu;j dWjsDVfjfLVDlvkWQ dUQkbaM eslujh okWYl foFk ysVjy jhf;UQksLes±V bu eksVkZjtkWbaV~l izkslhfMaXl- 12oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax]isij uacj 0743¼2000½-

17- ejhfuYyh , ,oa dWfLVyk b] ,DlisfjesaVy bosY;w,'ku vkWQ dUQkbaMeslujh okWYl foFk lsojy dUQkbfuax&dkWyEl- izkslhfMaXl- 13oh oYMZdkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax] dukMk] isij uacj 2129- ¼2004½-

fp=k — 5 vkj- lh- Ýse lajpuk ds lanHkZ esa fpukbZ bekjrksa dh vkSlr fuekZ.k ykxr

pkSjfl;k ,oa vU; % Hkwdaih; O;ogkj vkSj vkfFkZd lek/kku ds fy, csgrj rduhd 29

18- esyh] vkj-% fcgsfo;j vkWQ eslujh okWYl vaMj ysVjy yksM~l- izkslhfMaXl5oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax] isij uacj 101A¼1973½-

19- ,u- ,l- vkj-&98- fVVqyks n% eEiksLVsfj;k bLVªDpjy- dksyksfEc;udksM- 1998 ukWekZ VsfDudk E-070- vYcusysfj;k] i;wZfo;u dksM¼2006½-

20- Vksekt+sohd ,e] f'k;j jsft+LVsUl vkWQ eslujh okWYl ,oa ;wjkWdksM 6%f'k;j olZl VsUlkby LVªsaFk vkWQ eslujh- ts- eSVsfj;Yl ,aM LVªDplZ42%889&907- MksbZ- 10-1617/s11527&008&9430&6- ¼2009½-

21- Vksekt+sohd ,e] MSest ,st+ , est+j QkWj vFkZDosd&jsft+LVsaV fMt+kbuvkWQ eslujh LVªDplZ% Lyksohfu;u ,Dlihfj;al- dsusfM;u tuZyvkWQ flfoy bathfu;fjax] 3434343434 ¼2007½ 1403&1412-

22- Vksekt+sohd ,e] cksflyt+dkso oh ,oa osbLl ih] LVªDpjy fcgsfo;jQSDVj QkWj eslujh LVªDplZ- izkslhfMaXl- 13 oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWuvFkZDosd bathfu;fjax] dukMk] isij uacj 2642] ¼2004½-

23- Vksekt+sohd ,e] le vLisDV vkWQ ,DlisfjesaVy VsfLVax vkWQ flfLedfcgsfo;j vkWQ eslujh okWYl ,oa ekWMYl vkWQ eslujh fcfYMaXl- vkb,l bZ Vh] ts- vFkZDosd VsDuksykWth] Lyksosfu;k] isij uacj 404]37]ih101&117- 2000-

24- Vksekt+sohd] ,e-% flfLed fMt+kbu vkWQ+ eslujh LVªDplZ] LVªDpjybathfu;fjax ,aM eSVsfj;Yl] 11111¼1½] 88&95- ¼1997½-

25- Vksekt+sohd ,e- ,oa ywVeku] ,e- flfLed jsft+LVsUl vkWQ jhbUQksLMZeslujh okWYl izkslhfMaXl 9oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax]tkiku vlksfl;s'ku QkWj vFkZDosd fMt+kLVj fizosa'ku] VksD;ks&D;ksVks]tkiku] VI] ih-97&102- ¼1988½-

26- mesd ,, jsft+LVsUl vkWQ dEisjhtu fcV~ohu vujhbUQksLMZ okWYl]okWYl foFk ofVZdy fyadstl] ,oa jhbUQksLMZ okWYl- ts- xzkMsuh osLRuhd]fy;wfCy;uk] 1010101010] ¼1971½ 241&248-

27- fot;k MCY;w] dqlwelrqfr Mh] lqvtZuk ,e] fjYMksok ,oa fizckM+h ds-,DlisfjesaVy LVMh vkWu okWy&Ýse dusD'ku vkWQ dUQkbaM eslujh

okWy- izkslhfMaXl 12oh bZLV ,f'k;k&isflfQd dkUQjsUl vkWu LVªDpjybathfu;fjax] gksax&dkWx- ¼2011½-

28- ;ust+ ,Q] vLVªkst+k ,e] gkWyEcxZ , ,oa vksxkt+ vks] fcgsfo;jvkWQ dUQkbaM eslujh f'k;j okWYl foFk yktZ vksifuaXl- izkslhfMaXl-13oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax] dukMk] isij uacj3438- ¼2004½-

29- ;ks'kheqjk ds] fddqph ds] vksdkeksVks Vh ,oa lWupst+ Vh] bQ+sDV vkWQofVZdy ,oa gkWfjtkWUVy okWy jhbUQksLes±V~l vkWu flfLed fcgsfo;jvkWQ dUQkbaM eslujh okWYl- izkslhfMaXl- 11oh dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosdbathfu;fjax] isij uacj 191- ¼1996½-

30- ;ks'kheqjk ds] fddqph ds] dqjksdh ,e] fy;w ,y ,oa ek ,y] bQ+sDVvkWQ okWy jhbUQksLes±V~l vIykbM ysVjy QkslZ ,aM ofVZdy ,fDl;yyksM~l vkWu flfLed fcgsfo;j vkWQ dUQkbaM daØhV eslujh okWYl-

izkslhfMaXl- 12oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax] isij uacj 0984] ¼2000½-

31- ;ks'kheqjk ds] fddqph ds] dqjksdh ,e] ukWukdk ,p] fVe ds Vh]

ekVL;weksVks okbZ] bVW;S Vh] jht+ax MCY;w ,oa es ,y] ,DlisfjesaVy LVMh

vkWu jhbUQksflZax esFkM~l QkWj dUQkbaM eslujh okWYl lCtsDVsM Vw

flfLed QkslZl- izkslhfMXal- 9oh ukWFkZ vesfjdu eslujh dkUÝsal]

lkmFk] dSjksfyuk ;w- ,l- ,- ¼2003½-

32- ;ks'kheqjk ds] fddqph ds] dqjksdh ,e] ukWukdk ,p] fde ds Vh]

okaxMh vkj ,oa vksf'kdrk ,] ,DlisfjesaVy LVMh QkWj Moyfiax gkb;jflfLed ijQkWjesal vkWQ fczd eslujh okWYl- izkslhfMaXl- 13oh oYMZdkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax] dukMk] isij uacj 1597- ¼2004½-

33- t+kckyk ,Q] clVkst] ts ,y] eklsusV , ,oa lWuVy'kh;k ts],DlisfjesaVy fcgsfo;j vkWQ eslujh LVªDpjy okWYl ;wT+M buvts±Vhuk izkslhfMaXl 13oh oYMZ dkUÝsal vkWu vFkZDosd bathfu;fjax]dukM+k] isij uacj 1093- ¼2004½-