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NTERMEDIATE ADVANCED

XAM ESSAY including IELTS, TOEFL and Cambridg

text2 writeROBERT LEWIS

M.A. LINGUISTICS


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how to use this book for self study

For self-study, you should work through the book, from page one to the end, checkingyour answers as you complete each of the exercises. Begin by reading the Introduction

and learn about the essay form, the key stages and the language features of the essaythat are important for this form of persuasive communication.

What is the best way to study?

First, find a quiet and comfortable place where you can work. You should feel good

working there. Do a minimum of 40 minutes each day. Try to make a regular time for

study, so that it becomes routine - the same time and place every day.

You will need a dictionary to check the meaning of new

vocabulary. At this level (advanced) you should use anAdvanced Learners dictionary of English - rather than a

bilingual dictionary. Whenever you find common or familiar

expressions that you dont know, learn these words first.

They are the building blocks for the more difficult

vocabulary you will learn later. Develop your vocabulary,

step by step. The best way to learn new words is to

guess their meaning from the context, check the meaning

in a dictionary, and practice using them in your writing.

The topics in this book are general topics selected tohelp develop your academic vocabulary. You should also

read widely and become familiar with other topics and

issues. It is a good idea to read about topics that are

less familiar to you, but still relevant for a general English

test, like the IELTS.

What else can I do?

By completing allthe exercises in this

book, you are taking

positive steps

towards achieving

your goals.

Remember - every

page completed is a

giant step toward

achieving success in

essay writing.

Find a friend who will practice speaking English with you and discuss together the

topics and issues that you read about in this book Of course, an English teacher willbe helpful when you need to have your essays corrected and get advice about any

errors you might be making in your writing.

At the end of each chapter there is a checklist of things to look for in your writing.

Check that you have done all these things, and, if you need to, make changes and

corrections. Finally, it is advisable to attempt the sample essay questions provided at

the end of each chapter. By completing all the exercises in this book, you are taking

positive steps towards achieving your goals. Remember - every page completed is a

giant step toward achieving success in essay writing.


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2 www.text2write.com copyright Robert Lewis

terms & abbreviations

/ - alternative eg. x/y =. (x) OR (y)

claim - to say without proof/evidence something is true

context - situation and circumstances

diff. - different

discuss - (1) talk about, (2) consider two or more sides

eg. example

essay - type of persuasive/written text

etc. etcetera : and so on

exposition - factual writing eg. explanation, argument, etc.

exam - examination

formal language impersonal language used in formal situationsgaps spaces where words are missing

genre - type of text. eg. recount, narrative, exposition

i.e. that is

IELTS - International English Language Testing System

intro - introduction

L - left

match - put together, link

no. - number

practice - purposeful activity

proposition - a statement or claim that may be true

p/w - per week

Q. - question or essay question

R - right

re./ref. - reference to / concerning / about

recommendation - final suggestion, advice

recount - retelling of past events, story about people

structure - form, organization into stages or steps

strategy a way of doing s.t., a method or technique

s.o. - some one

s.t. - some thing

text - a written passage, sometimes transcribed spoken

via - through

viz. - such as


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www.text2write.com copyright Robert Lewis 3

contents

I NTRODUCTI ON The Essay 4

TOPIC 1 : LANGUAGE LEARNING 7Reading & Vocabulary 8

Grammar : Be Logical 12

Writing practice 16

Review, checklist, sample questions 23

TOPIC 2 : WORK AND LEISURE 25Reading & Vocabulary 31

Grammar : Be Authoritative 30

Writing practice 34


TOPIC 3 : THE ENVIRONMENT 41Reading & Vocabulary 42

Grammar : Reason 46

Writing practice 49


TOPIC 4 : TV & COMPUTER GAMES 57Reading & Vocabulary 58

Grammar : Be Cohesive 62

Writing practice 66


TOPIC 5 : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 77Reading & Vocabulary 78

Grammar : Sound Reasonable 82

Writing practice 84


A N S W E R S 93


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introduction

What is an essay?The essay is a form of academic writing widely used in secondary and higher education. The

general purpose of the essay is to demonstrate the importance of a given subject or issue, and

persuade an educated reader to consider the writers point of view on the issue.

What is an exam essay? What do they examine?Exam essays, like the IELTS Task 2, test a students ability to think analytically, present

persuasive arguments and thus communicate effectively in an academic context. In other words,

the writer should show that they can :

- answer the question, which requires the careful analysis of the question,

- present and develop logical and reasonable arguments, and

- communicate clearly, using appropriate language (vocabulary and grammar).

What are the key stages of an essay?It is important to remember that the exam essay is a response to a given question, so it shouldanswer the question clearly and decisively. To this end, the writer makes their position clear

from the start, and then presents a sequence of arguments in support of their position, before

finally restating their position. These are the three key stages of any essay.

KEY STAGES

INTRODUCTIONPosition The writer states their position or opinion,

in response to the question/s.

BODYSequence of

ArgumentsA sequence of arguments is given to

support the writers position.

Each argument is a claim supported with

reasons, facts and examples.

CONCLUSIONRestatement The writer re-states their position to

conclude.

The staging of the essay is (in itself) a persuasive device. Statement and repeated restatement

reinforce the writers position. Depending on the number, strength and logical development of

arguments, any given essay will be more or less persuasive and more or less successful.

Most essays include a few optional stages, such as a lead-in (which introduces the topic byproviding some very general background information/ideas), and the preview stage (which

previews the arguments that will follow). A recommendation is optional, depending on the essay


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question. Though many essays will differ, in terms of optional staging, all essays display the

same key stages as above. The sample essay below illustrates a more complex staging of the

essay genre.

This essay (below) is a good example because it has a clear position statement, previews the

arguments that follow, and proceeds to develop argumentation logically and coherently. The

recommendation stage follows logically from the essay question, as the writer is required to

discuss solutions to the problem of gambling.

Q. What are the causes, effects and possible solutions to the problem of gambling?

STAGING sample essay

Lead-in

POSITION

Preview

Sequence of

ARGUMENTS

1.

2.

3.

Restatement

Recommendation

GAMBLING

Many people participate in gambling as a form of recreation and

entertainment. It is very popular in countries, like Australia, where more

than 20 billion dollars was spent on gambling in the year 2000. However,

gambling is viewed by many as a problem for society . There are causes,effects and possible solutions for the problems related to gambling.

Generally speaking, there are a number of causes of gambling-related

problems. Many gamblers lose money and some get into debt very

quickly. They may spend all their savings, and then borrow more money,

to try and get out of debt. In this way, they may get into further debt.

The effects of gambling can be devastating on both the individual and

their families. If gamblers get into serious debt, their families may suffer

hardship and poverty as a result. Some gamblers neglect their children,

whom they abandon while they spend time gambling in casinos. If theyare caught, the authorities might take their children away. Still others

might take out their frustration on their friends or families, and possibly

become violent.

Solutions to the problems of gambling involve society and the

government. In general, people should try to help those with gambling

problems. The government should also place restrictions on gambling, and

run education programs, to help gambling-addicts and raise peoples

awareness and understanding of the related social problems.

In conclusion, if we understand the causes and effects of gambling, thesolutions become clear . Through education and support programs , it is

possible to give people and addicts the knowledge and assistance they

need to resist or overcome their gambling problems.

In an assessment of a candidates essay the examiner will consider (i) whether the writer

answers the question, (ii) their expression (grammatical accuracy and vocabulary), and (iii) the

cohesion of the text (including whether arguments are logically developed). Therefore, when

preparing for a writing exam, it is a good idea to practice developing arguments on many

different issues and topics.


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the language features of the essay

The language features of an essay reflect the writers purpose, namely, to persuade the reader

of their position (opinion) on a given issue. We have already mentioned that the staging of the

essay is itself a persuasive device by repeatedly stating and expanding on their arguments, the

writer is being persuasive.

The language features of an essay also reflect the persuasive strategies commonly used in

argumentation : be logical, reason effectively, sound authoritative and reasonable (dont

exaggerate), and communicate effectively (precisely and cohesively). The relevant strategies and

language features are summarised in the table below :

PERSUASIVE

STRATEGIES Language Features

1. Be LOGICAL CONJUNCTIONS for Listing, Addition etc.

2. Be AUTHORITATIVE TECHNICAL VOCABULARY & Nominalisation

3. REASON Language of CAUSE and EFFECT

4. Be COHESIVE REFERENCE WORDS

5. Sound REASONABLE Language of GENERALISATION

Each chapter of this book discusses one of these five persuasive strategies and relevant

language features as outlined above. In the Grammar unit of each chapter, further

explanation and exercises are provided to help the reader become more familiar with the

key language features and their effective use in writing short exam essays.


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topic 1

language learning

in this chapter

learn new vocabulary and read about the topic

learn about conjunctions : being logical

learn about three types of essay question

develop ideas and write an essay on the topic

a Bizzy moment

visualise (v) to see in your mind, imagine visualisation (n) process of imagining, in your minds eye


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reading & vocabulary

language learning

1.1 Match the word/expression with the meaning (R).

1. effectively a) a positive thing, a benefit

2. context b) situation, circumstances

3. memorise c) way of doing s.t., technique

4. method d) put into the memory

5. advantage e) with a good effect, result

6. interaction f) suggest, advise

7. recommend g) exchange between two ..

8. distinction h) relies on, conditional

9. comparatively i) purpose, aim

10.goal j) ability to function

11.functional proficiency k) clear difference

12.depends l) in comparison to s.t. else

1.2 Fill the gap using expressions from 1.1 above.

1. The main .goal. of school is preparation for life.

2. Many language tests are designed to assess

3. Success in exams, .. on how hard you work.

4. In the of the classroom, students can practice speaking.

5. One way to prepare for the test is to ..facts.

6. speaking, classroom learning is easier than self-study.

7. The best . for learning new words is using them!

8. Sallys teacher . that she does more study.

9. The discussion was a very positive .

10. One of studying abroad is making new friends.

11. When comparing two countries, the most obvious is cultural.

12. Deaf people communicate using sign language.


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1.3 Complete the table below, and revise vocabulary from Topic 1:

language learning.

Adjective Noun Verb Adverb1. study 2. 3.

learnt 4. 5. ___________

6. 7. copy ___________

8. 9. understand 10.

11. memory/isation 12. 13.

enjoyable 14. 15. 16.

repetitive 17. 18. 19.

20. acquisition 21. 22.

23. 24. instruct 25.

26. 27. teach ___________

28. 29. ___________ methodically

functional/ing 30. 31. 32.

33. 34. 35. dependently36. interaction 37. 38.

39.. recommendation 40. ___________

contextual 41. 42. ___________

43. advantage 44. 45.

serious 46. ___________ 47.

48. 49.. text ___________

50. proficiency 51. ___________

conversational 52. 53. ___________

54. speech 55. ___________

necessary 56. 57. 58.


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reading & vocabulary

language learning

There are millions of people all over the world who formally study a foreign language,

but there are comparatively few who actually learn to use the language effectively. The

reason for this is that most people study a foreign language the same way they study a

subject at school. They memorise words, like facts or telephone numbers, but dont

know how to use the words to communicate. Sometimes, their teachers do not

understand the distinction between studying and really learning a language. The main

goal should be to teach students to use the language, not just study it.

Formal classes in a foreign language, whilst popular, may not be the most effective way

to learn the language. This depends on the teacher and their methods. If the teacher

requires the students to only copy text and memorise words and grammar rules, then

the students are not learning to use language. It is therefore not surprising that

students with this experience of formal classes do not speak the language very well.

They have not had the opportunity to actually practice communicating.

The key to successful language learning is interaction that is, using language for a

purpose in context. In some language classrooms, the lessons involve students workingin pairs or groups, and taking turns at asking and answering questions. In this way, the

classroom activity allows learners to use the language, and acquire the basics of

communication. Learning through interaction helps students develop their functional

proficiency, rather than just some vague or abstract knowledge of grammar or

vocabulary.

The importance of interaction is acknowledged in many books on learning a foreign

language, which recommend that students travel abroad, and learn the language in the

country where it is spoken. The advantages are perhaps obvious. The motivation for

practise is very strong. Students have to communicate if they want to survive. They have

to do things, such as buy food, find accommodation and make travel arrangements.

They are also exposed to the same language patterns many times and repeatedly

practice what they need to say. This process enables students to learn their new

language through using it in actual communication. (355 words)


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1.4 Reading comprehension. True or False ?

1. Many students of foreign languages cannot speak the language

effectively. T / F2. They study the foreign language without actually using it.. T / F3. All teachers understand the difference between studying and

learning a foreign language. T / F4. Formal classes are the best way to learn a foreign language. T / F5. Memorising grammar rules or vocabulary is not as helpful as

interacting in the classroom. T / F6. Students who do not practise speaking do not speak very well. T / F7. Taking turns at asking and answering questions is not helpful. T / F8. A knowledge of grammar is more important than using the

language. T / F9. Most books suggest it is best to learn a foreign language through

formal lessons in the country where the language is spoken. . T / F10. When students learn in the foreign country they have a strong

reason to practice communication. T / F11. Students experience particular language patterns repeatedly when

living in the country where the language is spoken. T / F12. Few books on language learning recognise the importance of

interaction. T / F

Write down some ways you learnt English or another language.


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1.6 Match the beginnings with the correct endings.

BEGINNINGS ENDINGS

1. Although the task is not easy

2. Always seek advice3. Partly because of advertising

4. Many parents work hard

5. Unless forests are protected

6. When children are young

7. Movies are expensive to make

8. Instead of being lazy

9. Before visiting a country10. Though fast food is popular

11. The garden is beautiful

12. Sydney has many beaches

13. Hung is studying English

14. Yasmin got the job

15. The postman was sick

16. The man was not hurt17. There will be trouble

18. He had a bad temper

19. Because I knew my topic

20. Always wash your hands

21. Mexico is a big city

22. Pete has been a top player

23. Cycling is popular

24. Fast cars are dangerous

25. If vegetables are good for you

26. After a year working overseas

27. Too much sunshine is unhealthy

28. We should see a dentist

29. Shopping is a favourite pastime

30. Hair cuts are expensive

a) if you are confused.

b) products are expensive.c) to afford a better life.

d) you can still succeed.

e) they are easily influenced.

f) try working hard.

g) it is unhealthy.

h) they will be destroyed.

i) learn the language!j) so tickets are not cheap.

k) but Brisbane hasnt any.

l) while working part time.

m) so there was no mail.

n) even though a car hit him.

o) if prices increase.

p) and the house is huge.q) but he was still popular.

r) I felt very confident.

s) before you eat a meal.

t) because she was the best.

u) whereas Tijuana is small.

v) because it is good exercise.

w) unless drivers are careful.

x) since he won the Open.

y) as it can cause skin cancer.

z) we should eat more of them.

A) if you follow the fashions.

B) David moved back home.

C) so people cut their own hair.

D) if we have a toothache.


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(ii) STRUCTURAL CONJUNCTIONS join ideas across sentences.

For example: Many people clean their teeth after every meal.Consequently, tooth decay is reduced.Both types, sentence-level and structural conjunctions, are important and widely

used in academic writing. They can be classified as per the table below.

CONJUNCTIONS STRUCTURAL and SENTENCE-LEVEL

1. LISTING

First of all / To begin with

Firstly / Secondly.. Then

After that / Finally

5. CONCESSIVE/CONDITIONAL

However / Although / unless

Even though / Nonetheless

When / If / In order to

2. ADDING / REINFORCING

In addition / Also / and

as well as / In other words

Another / Besides

Furthermore / Moreover

6. CAUSE/EFFECT

In order to / In this way / so

As a result / Because / then

Consequently / As such Subsequently /

Therefore

3. CONTRASTING

However / In comparison

By contrast / Instead / but

7. SUMMARISING

To sum up / To conclude

In conclusion / In summary

4. EXEMPLIFICATION

For example / For instance

such as / including

8. GIVING ALTERNATIVES

On the one hand / Alternately

On the other hand / or

NOTE The LISTING CONJUNCTIONS are very important because they make

the order of arguments clear to the reader, and show that your essay

has a logical structure. DO NOT FORGET to leave a CLEAR BREAKbetween paragraphs and make sure your punctuation is correct!


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1.7 Fill the gap. Choose conjunctions from the box below.

LEARNING ENGLISHIn my opinion, learning English is difficult. There are a number of reasons why I

think this is true.

(1)Firstly English is very different to my mother tongue, which is Chinese.

English is not a tonal language, like Chinese. English (2). has verb tenses,

(3). Chinese does not. English words have many syllables, 4)...

Chinese characters are monosyllabic. (5). the two languages are very

different.

(6)... reason why learning English is difficult is that English speakers

talk very fast, (7). they are difficult to understand. My teacher says

English speakers use contracted or short forms, which makes it difficult if you do

not know these forms. (8). problem is the vocabulary. English people

say something one way, but then they write it differently, using language that is

more formal. Many new words must be learnt.

(9) , the differences between English and Chinese make it a difficult

language to learn. The vocabulary and grammar of spoken and written English

(10). presents difficulties.

(11), some people have a special ability for learning languages.They can pick up new vocabulary easily, and learn to speak more quickly then

others. They do not seem to be different from other people, (12) languages

seem to be easy for them.

another firstly also whereas another additionally also

so therefore but another consequently also notably


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writing practice

This unit looks at how to interpret the essay question, and then choose your response/position.

It is important to begin with the essay question, and understand that, depending on the type of

question there may be a number of possible ways to answer the question. To begin with, there

are (3) BASIC TYPES of essay question:

examples types of essay questions

What are the causes and effects of

smoking?

Smoking is bad for your health.Do you agree?

Discuss the pros and cons of smoking.

1. EXPLAIN

This type of question usually begins with a WH-

question word. Here, the writer must explain their

view, supported by reasons, facts and examples.

2. ARGUE

The question usually includes a quote or

proposition, followed by the Yes/No question, or

prompt: Give your opinion. The writer chooses to

either AGREE or DISAGREE, and presents one point

of view.

3. DISCUSS

The key word here is discuss. Usually, the writer

must present two sides of the issue. There is

however the possibility to choose just one point

of view, as in B.

1.8 What type of essay question is it? (E explain, A argue, D discuss)

1. A/D Should both parents work if they have children?

2. What are the reasons for doing further study?

3. Credit cards are risky. Give your opinion.

4. Too much hard work is boring. Do you agree?

5. How can people improve their health?

6. What are the best ways to succeed in exams?

7. Discuss reasons for and against gambling.

8. Should the environment be protected?

9. Advertising causes visual pollution. Do you agree?

10. What are the costs and benefits of travel?

11. Fair trade is impractical. Discuss.

12. How can poverty be eradicated?

NOTE Explain essays do not give you a real choice about an issue or topic.

You must answer the question/s or the parts of the question fully.

With Discuss and Argue questions, you can choose your position, for or against.


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A position statement is a possible response to the question.

Before you decide on your response to a given question, it is sometimes helpful to

consider all the possible responses (or positions).

1.9 Write down the 3 possible answers for each of these essay questions.Note: The VERB in the question is picked up in the Y/N answers.

QUESTION/S POSSIBLEPOSITION STATEMENTS

a) Should both parents work if they havechildren?

Both parentsshouldwork

Both parentsshouldnot work

In some situations, both

b) Credit cards are risky.

Give your opinion.

c) Too much hard work is boring.

Do you agree?

d) Should the environment be protected?

e) Advertising is visual pollution.

Do you agree?

f) Fair trade between rich and poor countries

is impossible. Discuss.

g) Married couples should share household

duties. Give your opinion.

h) Modern technology makes a great nation.

Do you agree?


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writing practice

In this unit, we interpret the essay question for this chapter, and develop ideas for

writing a response. Here is the question:

Q. The best way to learn a foreign language is by studying in a foreign country.

Do you agree?

This question has TWO parts or stages:

(1) Issue-proposition The best way to learn a foreign language is

(2) Question-prompt Do you agree?

INTERPRETATION

Your Answer could be :

YES, I agree NO, I disagree PARTLY

Yes & No

The best way to learn aforeign language is bystudying in a foreigncountry.

There are other moreeffective ways to learn aforeign language, than bystudying in a foreigncountry.

Learning a foreign languagein a foreign country is agood way, but there areother ways just as good.

IF you decide that the proposition is PARTLY true, then you must explain:

o why learning a foreign language in the foreign country is good, and

o what others ways are also good for learning a foreign language, and why

The easiest way to answer questions like this is to take ONE SIDE (yes OR no),

and then develop each supporting reason/argument into a paragraph.

IF , however, you decide that you disagree with the proposition, then you must say

what other ways there are that are more effective, and why.

Heres one argument/paragraph to support the NO position on the issue :

One way to learn a foreign language is by reading foreign language books. With

the aid of a dictionary, you can learn the meaning of new words. Subsequently,

by writing about the story you have read, you can be sure that you are really

learning these new expressions. Reading stories is fun, and this is a good way tobuild your vocabulary and knowledge of stories.


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writing practice

Take 40 minutes to complete this task.

Make a plan, and write your essay.

Q. The best way to learn a foreign language is by studying in a foreign country.

Do you agree?


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review

language learning

checklist

Did you read the essay question carefully?

Did you make a plan, and follow it?

Did you write a clear POSITION statement?

Did you have clear paragraphs?

Did you use LISTING conjunctions?

COMPARE your essay with the sample answer at the back of the book. Can you

see any differences between the two? Can you see any mistakes you have

made? Note the mistakes, and think about exercises that might help you to

correct your mistakes? IF you have difficulty checking your writing, you might like

to ask a teacher to help!

summary

This chapter looked at how to answer the essay question. The student always

has choices, and must decide on a clear position. The beginning or introduction

of any essay should contain a clear POSITION statement. When planning your

answer, choose your arguments carefully, and then use CONJUNCTIONS to

sequence your arguments logically and effectively. This chapter introduced

vocabulary on the topic of Language Learning.


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sample essay questions

It has been said that education is the cause of

social inequality of the difference between the

haves and the have-nots. To what extent do

you agree with this statement?

There is some debate as to whether schooling

should be a preparation for life or work. What

should be the priorities of the education system,

and why?

Boys and girls would seem to perform better

when they are in separate classes. If this is the

case, shouldnt schools be single-sex, rather than

co-educational? Give your opinion.

It is easy to learn a foreign language, likeEnglish. Do you agree with this statement? Give

reasons to support your point of view.

Illiteracy is one of the main problems for school

systems in many countries. Nearly a quarter of

all students experience difficulties with reading

and writing. What are the possible causes, effects

and solutions for this problem?


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ANSWERS

topic 1 : language learning

1.1

1. e

2. b

3. d4. c

5. a.

6. g

7. f

8. k

9. l

10. i

11. j

12. h

1.2

1. goal

2. functional

proficiency

3. depends

4. context

5. memorise

6. comparatively

7. method

8. recommends

9. interaction

10. advantage,

11. distinction

12. effectively

1.3

1. studied/ious

2. study

3. studiously4. learning

5. learn

6. copied

7. copying

8. understood

9. understanding

10.understandably

11.memorised12. memorise

13. memorably

14. enjoyment

15. enjoy

16. enjoyably

17. repetition

18. repeat

19.repeatedly

20. acquisitive

21. acquire

22. acquisitively23. instructive

24. instruction

25. instructively

26. taught

27. teaching

28. methodical

29. method

30. function31. function

32.functionally

33.dependent34.dependent

35.depend

36.interactive

37.interact

38.interactively

39.recommended

40.recommend

41.context

42.contextualise

43.advantageous

44.advance45.advantageously

46.seriousness

47.seriously

48.textual49.text

50.proficient

51.proficiently

52. conversation

53. converse

54. spoken

55. speak

56. necessity

57. necessitate

58. necessarily

1.4

1.T

2.T

3.F

4.F

5.F

6.T

7.F

8.F

9.F

10.T11.T

12.F

1.5

1.and

2.because

3.but4.because

5.and

6.but

7.but8.but

9.Because

10.and

11When12.Although

13.so

14.so

15.When

16.although

17.when

18.when

19.When

20.Although

1.61.d

2.a

3.b

4.c

5.h

6.e

7.j

8.f

9.i

10.g

11.p12.k

13.l

14.t

15.m

16.n17.o

18.q

19.r

20.s

21.u

22.x

23.w

24.w

25.z

26.B

27.y28.D

29.A

30.C

1.7

(1) Firstly

(2) also

(3) but/whereas

(4) In addition

(5) Therefore/As

such(6) Another

(7) so

(8) Another

(9) Finally/

In conclusion

(10) also

(11) By contrast/

However

(12)but

1.8

1.A/D

2.E

3.A

4.A/D

5.E

6.E

7.D

8.A/D

9.A/D

10.E

11.A/D

12.E

1.9b) Credit cards are risky. / Credit cards are not risky. / Credit cards might involve some

risk, but they are generally quite safe.

c) Too much hard work is boring. / Hard work isnt boring. / Hard work can be boring.d) The environment should be protected. / The environment shouldnt be protected. / The

environment should be protected, though some areas should not be protected.

e) Advertising is visual pollution. / Advertising is not visual pollution. / Some advertising is visual

pollution.

f) Fair trade between rich and poor countries is impossible. / Fair trade between rich and poor

countries is possible. / Fair trade between rich and poor countries is possible within certain

limits.


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