IELTS

TEACHER’S GUIDE with ANSWER KEY

Beatrice S. MikuleckyLinda Jeffries

Advanced Reading Power:Extensive Reading, Vocabulary Building, Comprehension Skills, Reading FasterTeacher’s Guide with Answer Key

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Answer Key 29

Answer KeyPart 1: Extensive Reading

UNIT 3: Reading and DiscussingFictionExercise 2, page 18

Main characters: Margot: a thin, pale, quiet girl, who feels

different from the other children anddoes not play with them

William: the class bully, who resents Margotand mistreats her because she is different

The teacher: not clearly characterized, butdistant and not very involved in the classor concerned about the children

The other children: typical nine-year-olds,easily persuaded by William to gang upagainst Margot

Setting (time): in the futureSetting (place): at a school on the planetVenus

Exercise 3, page 19

a. 11 g. 4b. 2 h. 6c. 10 i. 8d. 1 j. 9e. 3 k. 7f. 5

Exercise 4, pages 19–20

A.There can be more than one interpretation toa story like this, so alternative answers arepossible. Answers based on twointerpretations are shown below. Otheranswers are possible if students can justifythem. The students do not have to use all ofitems a–k

Interpretation Interpretation#1 #2

Exposition b, d b, d, h, i, j, kComplicating

action e, g e, g, fClimax f cResolution a, c a(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


A.(Other answers are also possible.)1. b. thousands upon thousands of days

compounded and filled from one endto the other with rain

c. a thousand forests had been crushedunder the rain and grown up athousand times to be crushed again

d. It was the color of rubber and ash, thisjungle, from the many years withoutthe sun.

2. b. the rain had washed out the blue fromher eyes and the red from her mouthand the yellow from her hair

c. an old photograph dusted from analbum, whitened away

d. if she spoke at all her voice would be aghost

3. b. the children pressed to each other likeso many roses, so many weeds

c. they turned on themselves like afeverish wheel, all tumbling spokes

d. wildly, like animals escaped from theircaves, they ran and ran in shoutingcircles

4. b. He gave her a shove.c. he seized her roughlyd. The boy gave her another push.

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5. b. a gold or a yellow crayon or a coinlarge enough to buy the world with

c. a warmness, like a blushing in the faced. the sun on their cheeks like a warm iron

6. b. the sweet crystal fall of showersc. the concussion of storms so heavy they

were tidal waves come over the islandsd. the tatting drum, the endless shaking

down of clear bead necklaces upon theroof

7. b. blazing blue tile colorc. amazing bluenessd. darkened into midnight

Part 2: Vocabulary BuildingUNIT 1: Strategies for Building a Powerful VocabularyExercises 1, 2, pages 26–27

(Answers will vary.)

Exercise 3, page 28

1. three2. adjective3. You probably are worried that your

teacher will find something wrong.4. a piece of paper5. Answers will vary.6. on the first syllable7. scrubbed

Exercise 4, page 30


UNIT 2: Learning New Words from Your ReadingExample, pages 31–32

A.3. F 4. T(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


A.1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F(Answers will vary for parts B–D.)


A.1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F(Answers will vary for parts B–D.)

UNIT 3: Inferring Meaning fromContextExercise 1, page 37

A.(Answers will vary.)B.drenched: completely wetthrust: to push someone or something

somewhere with a sudden or violentmovement


A.(Answers will vary.)B.tamper: to change something without

permission, especially in order todamage it

forlorn: sad and lonely

Exercise 3, page 38

A.(Answers will vary.)B.woes: the problems and troubles affecting

someoneabducted: taken away illegally and by force;

kidnapped

Exercise 4, page 40

A.a. Part of speech: noun

Definition: 2b. Part of speech: verb

Definition: 1B.a. the idea of something that is low and

empty (with high sides)b. the idea of doing something very

thoroughly over a period of time

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A.a. 1b. 4c. 3d. 6B.the idea of something that is level and then changes to a new position, literally orfiguratively

Exercise 6, page 41

A.a. 3b. 5c. 2d. 1B.the idea of movement or change


A.1. a. verb

b. they tried to zep all the guns; theGermans zepped radios as well

c. seize, take away2. a. verb

b. electronic signs along roads that zop drivers about dangers or problemsahead; drivers are zopped about thecondition of the road; Do these systemswork better to zop drivers

c. warn

Exercise 8, page 43

A.1. a. noun

b. there were large dreels that went backand forth; when the dreel arrived;jumped into the dreel as it pulled out

c. ferryboat2. a. noun

b. where they could be a zeem forenemies on the roofs; a sharpshootermight decide it was time for zeem

practice—and they rarely missed theirzeem

c. target

Exercise 9, page 45

A.1. verb 2. it could be so thoroughly substantiated

that there would be no room to doubt itsvalidity

3. no room to doubt its validity, proof of mycontention, imperative for me to prove

B.(Answers will vary.)C.proven

Exercise 10, page 46

A.(Answers will vary.)B.1. set of beliefs2. tools, instruments3. was very popular and well-developed

UNIT 4: Word PartsExercise 1, pages 48–49

(Students’ definitions will vary.)A.1. Word: manual Root: manus

Dictionary definition: involving the use ofthe hands

2. Word: reverse Root: versumDictionary definition: to go backwards, inthe opposite direction

3. Word: located Root: locatumDictionary definition: to be in a particularplace

4. Word: predict Root: dictusDictionary definition: to say thatsomething will happen before it happens

5. Word: annual Root: annusDictionary definition: happening once a year

Answer Key 31

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6. Word: dictator Root: dictusDictionary definition: a ruler who hascomplete power over a country

B.


(Students’ definitions will vary.)A.1. Word: pathetic Root: pathos

Dictionary definition: making you feelpity or sympathy

2. Word: gender Root: genosDictionary definition: the fact of beingmale or female

3. Word: biologists Root: biosDictionary definition: person whoscientifically studies living things

4. Word: logical Root: logosDictionary definition: seeming reasonableand sensible

5. Word: geography Root: geoDictionary definition: the study of thecountries, oceans, rivers, mountains, etc.,of the earth

6. Word: chronological Root: chronosDefinition: arranged according to whensomething happened

Word from Related Definition ofpart A word related wordreverse revert to go back to a previous

condition or habitvision visualize to form a picture of

something in your mindmanual manipulate to make someone do

what you want bydeceiving or influencingthem

annual anniversary a date on whichsomething special orimportant happened in aprevious year

dictator dictation the act of saying wordsfor someone to writedown

located local connected with aparticular place or area

7. Word: meter Root: metronDictionary definition: a machine thatmeasures and shows the amount ofsomething you have used

B.


A.1. uncle2. normal3. inspire4. diskette(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


A.1. unimportant2. biology3. trial

Word from Related Definition ofpart A word related wordpathetic sympathy the feeling of being

sorry for someonewho is in a badsituation

geography geocentric having the Earth asthe central point

chronological chronicle a written record ofevents, especiallyhistorical events,written in the orderin which theyhappened

logical dialogue a conversation in abook, play, or movie

gender gene a small part of a cellthat controls thedevelopment ofqualities that havebeen passed on to aliving thing from itsparents

meter metric using or relating tothe metric system ofweights andmeasures

biologist biodegradable capable of beingbroken down bybiological agents,especially bacteria

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4. quality5. central6. money7. durable(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


A.1. pretty2. reason3. poster4. primrose(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


A.1. comma2. interest3. syringe4. exercise5. subject6. teller7. superb8. contract(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


1. endurance; the ability to suffer difficultiesor pain with strength and patience

2. competence; the ability and skill to dowhat is needed

3. organizer; someone who makes thenecessary arrangements so that an activitycan happen

4. conqueror; someone who takes control ofa land or country by attacking people orfighting a war

5. discussion; the act of talking aboutsomething with someone or a group inorder to exchange ideas or decidesomething

6. deletion; the act or process of removingsomething from a piece of writing or froma computer

7. mysticism; the belief that there is ahidden meaning in life or that eachhuman being can unite with God

8. commitment; a promise to do somethingor to behave in a particular way

9. effectiveness; the extent to which anintended result is produced

10. restriction; something that limits orcontrols what you can do or what isallowed to happen


1. conceivable; able to be believed orimagined

2. seasonal; happening or needed only at aparticular time of year

3. bountiful; generous4. angelic; seemingly good, kind, and gentle,

or behaving in this way5. monotonous; boring because there is no

variety6. devious; using tricks or lies to get what

you want7. suggestive; reminding you of something8. panicky; very nervous or anxious9. strategic; done as part of a plan

10. lawless; not obeying the law, or notcontrolled by the law

Exercise 9, page 59

1. validate; to prove that something is true or correct, or to make a documentofficial

2. justify; to give an acceptable explanationor reason for something

3. customize; to change something to makeit more appropriate for you

4. equate; to consider that one thing is thesame as something else

5. quantify; to measure something andexpress it as a number

6. economize; to reduce the amount ofmoney, time, goods, etc., that you use

Answer Key 33

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1. harmonize; verb; to make two things workwell or look well together

2. environmental; adjective; concerning oraffecting the air, land, or water on Earth

3. differentiate; verb; to recognize or expressthe difference between things or people

4. ethnic; adjective; relating to a particularrace, nation, or tribe and their customsand traditions

5. qualitative; adjective; relating to thequality or standard of something, ratherthan amount or number

6. optional; adjective; if something isoptional, you do not have to do it or useit

7. negate; verb; to state that something doesnot exist or is not true

8. identical; adjective; exactly the same9. precedence; noun; the condition of being

more important than other things10. investigative; adjective; work or activities

that involve investigating something


(There may be more than one word toanalyze in some senteces.)1. Word: revise

Parts: re + viseDefinition: to change your opinions,plans, etc., because of new information orideas

2. Word: telepathyParts: tele + pathyDefinition: the communication ofthoughts directly from one person’s mindto someone else’s mind without speakingor writing

3. Word: generateParts: gene + rateDefinition: to produce or make something

4. Word: dominanceParts: domin + ance

Definition: the fact of being morepowerful, more important, or morenoticeable than other people or things

5. Word: unconventionalParts: un + convention + alDefinition: doing things one’s own way orhaving different opinions from mostother people

6. Word: insensitiveParts: in + sensi + tiveDefinition: not noticing other people’s feelings

7. Word: heroicallyParts: hero + ic + allyDefinition: with extreme bravery, like a hero

8. Word: synchronizedParts: syn + chron + izedDefinition: to make two or more watchesor clocks show exactly the same time

9. Word: universeParts: uni + verseDefinition: the whole of space, includingall the stars and planets

UNIT 5: CollocationsExercise 1, page 63

(Answers may vary.)1. roughly doubled2. in the last few years3. a series of studies4. research group5. startling findings

Exercise 2, page 64

(Answers may vary.)1. statistically less important2. to stay in instant touch3. around the world4. reduced to a minimum5. rely the most on e-mail

34 Answer Key

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Exercise 3, page 65

1. unreasonable assumption; started fromthe assumption; rests on the furtherassumption; depends on the assumption;the shared assumption; dared to questionthe assumption; the general assumption;depends on the assumption; to questionthe assumption; the fundamentalassumption

3. assumption made by; the assumption of;the assumption that; the assumption wasthat

4. Assumption is often followed by a phrasestarting with that.

Exercise 4, page 66

1. adopt a development strategy; that anystrategy; the only rational strategy; tendedto adopt a strategy; is the truly beststrategy; Its new strategy; a successfulstrategy; do not fit in the long-termstrategy; plan a date and a strategy; Thewinning strategy; this is a reasonablestrategy; According to the regionalstrategy

2. Certain verbs are used such as adopt, fitin, plan. Adjectives are used to describethe strategy: development, rational, trulybest, successful, long-term, reasonable,regional.

3. strategy away from dependence; strategycould achieve; strategy for either of us;strategy for sampling the stimuli; strategyin a more general; strategy is called;strategy is one that; strategy of the group;strategy for the return; strategyremarkably, was the simplest; strategysince it tends to cut down energy; strategythe government aims to

4. Strategy is often followed by a preposition:away from, for, in. It can be followed by averb: achieve, is, was. It can also befollowed by a comma and a new clause.

Exercise 5, page 67

1. a relatively simple process; the mostancient process; the political process;not a single process; not been a smoothprocess; the historical process; The main process; enjoy the process; extendthe process; involved in the process; it isthis process; is part of the process; beena gradual process

2. Process is often preceded by an adjective:relatively simple, most ancient, political,single, smooth, historical, main, gradual.Process can be preceded by certain verbs:enjoy, extend, involved in.

3. process and divides the egg; process andone which continues; process andunderstand what this; process as weknow; process. During the preceding fifty;process has been very widely discussed;process is competition; process of change;process of dying through the use; processof production; process of revision; processof understanding and; process. Variousstories lend

4. Process can be followed by a comma orperiod and a new clause or sentence. Itcan be followed by a prepositional phrasewith of. It can be followed by certainverbs: be discussed, is.

Exercise 6, page 68

1. understand what sense-perception;motion and sense perception; theproblem of visual perception; beyonddirect perception; and that where thisperception; whose theories of perception;not just a matter of my own perception;influence upon the popular perception;relationship between their perception;depends on the public’s perception; thereis a widespread perception; based on thegeneral perception

Answer Key 35

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2. Perception is often part of a prepositionalphrase: the problem of, beyond, theories of, amatter of, influence upon, relationshipbetween. It can also be preceded by aphrasal verb: depends on, based on. It isoften preceded by an adjective: sense,visual, direct, this, own, popular, public’s,widespread, general.

3. perception actually is; perception and islaid out; perception as a particulardifficulty; perception. But he is not;perception is lacking; perception involvedboth material things; perception. It wasdefinitely; perception of Islam; perceptionof the good of the state; perception ofwhat life imprisonment; perceptionrecorded in the surveys of; perceptionthat pre-1939 aviation was

4. Perception is sometimes followed by aprepositional phrase with of. It can befollowed by a comma or period and a newclause or sentence. Certain verbs can beused after it: involved, recorded.

Exercise 7, page 69

(Answers may vary.)1. unreasonable, further, shared,

fundamental2. rational, successful, long-term, winning,

regional3. political, single, smooth, historical, main,

gradual4. visual, direct, popular, public’s,

widespread, general


(Answers may vary. Possible answers:)1. general, fundamental, popular2. fundamental, public’s, widespread3. regional, long-term, winning, successful4. gradual, smooth5. visual6. smooth7. historical, fundamental, basic8. long-term, regional

Exercise 9, page 70

(Answers may vary. Possible answers:)1. make the, start from the, rest on the,

depend on the, question the2. adopt a, fit in a, plan a3. cause a, extend a, be involved in a4. deal with the, depend on the, based on

the


(Answers may vary. Possible answers:)1. depends on, is based on2. starts, is part of, is included in3. develop, adopt4. make, question5. was based on, rested on6. developed, adopted7. be involved in, be part of, be included in8. made, questioned

Part 3: ComprehensionSkills

UNIT 1: PreviewingExercise 1, pages 75–76

1. how dictionaries are written2. explanation3. from lots of examples of real use of the

word4. A dictionary writer is a collector (of

examples) and a recorder (of meanings).5. No, the meanings of words can change.6. (Answers will vary.)

Exercise 2, page 77

1. 162. (Answers will vary.)3. (Answers will vary.)4. Glossary, Name Index, Subject Index

Exercise 3, page 78

1. Socialization(Answers will vary for questions 2–5.)

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6. Summary, Key Concepts, Critical-Thinking Questions


1. It tells about a five-year-old girl who hadhad almost no contact with people.

2. (Answers will vary.)3. no(Answers will vary for questions 4–5.)


1. Social Isolation2. It is about the effects of social isolation on

monkeys and on children.3. There are two parts: one about research

with monkeys and one about isolatedchildren.

4. Both the research with monkeys and thecases of isolated children demonstrate theharmful effects of social isolation.

5. (Answers will vary.)


1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T


1. b 4. c 7. b 10. a 13. c 16. b2. b 5. a 8. a 11. a 14. a3. c 6. c 9. b 12. b 15. c

Exercise 8, page 86


1. period 9. incidentally2. authority 10. apply3. thus 11. influenced4. occurrences 12. context5. illustrative 13. credited6. tasks 14. decades7. original 15. principally8. bound by 16. reveal

UNIT 2: Making Inferences

(In many of these exercises, the answers mayvary. Any answer is acceptable if it can bejustified by evidence or conclusions that arisefrom the text.)

Exercise 1, page 89

3. They don’t contain the chemicalcompound.

4. Paul Breslin works at the Monell ChemicalSenses Center in Philadelphia. He and hiscolleagues have discovered that extravirgin olive oil contains a compoundcalled oleocanthal.

5. He is a scientist.6. It is a scientific journal.

Exercise 2, page 90

1. Farmers in two states in India havesprayed Coca-Cola on their fields insteadof chemical pesticides.

2. They are expensive.

Answer Key 37

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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbauthority authorize authoritative authoritativelybind, binding bind bound ———context contextualize contextual contextuallycredit credit creditable creditablyillustration illustrate illustrative ———incident, incidence ——— incidental incidentallyinfluence influence influential ———occurrence occur ——— ———origin originate original originallyperiod ——— periodic periodicallyprincipal ——— principal principallyrevelation reveal revealing, revelatory revealingly

3. Hundreds of farmers say they havesprayed Coca-Cola on their fields.According to the farmers, the insects oncotton plants die when they are sprayedwith cola.

4. It must have something in it that killsinsects.

5. The Coca-Cola Company already has legalproblems in Andhra Pradesh becausefarmers believe it is taking water awayfrom them for its bottling plants.

6. They are probably quite poor. Water forfarming is in short supply.

7. If there are bottling plants, it must meanthat Coca-Cola soft drinks sell quite wellin India. At the same time, if farmers aresuing the company over water use, thereis evidently some negative feeling aboutthe way the company operates in India.


1. The writer has inferred that the man isscared, probably very disturbed, anddoesn’t want his picture taken.

2. He has probably worked in a job thatrequires formal clothes, such as a waiterin a fancy restaurant or a concertmusician.

3. The fact that the labels had been cut outseems to imply that he (or someone else)did not want anyone to identify him.

4. It was clear to the police from the way helooked or behaved that he neededmedical help.

5. They inferred that he was a pianist andwanted to play the piano.

6. You can infer that he really liked playingthe piano and that when he was playing,he could escape from the feelings orthoughts that disturbed him.

7. They guessed that he must be from anorthern or central European country(probably because he is blond).

8. You can infer that the doctors wereconvinced that he was seriously in needof psychiatric care.


1. You can infer that they were not smalland not one of the new species.

2. They inferred that it is a species of humanbecause it walked upright, even thoughthe skeleton is shaped more like that of achimpanzee and it had a smaller brainthan most humans.

3. Roberts has inferred that a volcanicexplosion eliminated both the pygmyelephants and the Homo floresiensispopulation of the island.

4. The writer infers that this discoverymeans that other surprising discoveriesare possible, and that there may even beother kinds of humans alive on the planettoday.

5. Animals on islands may evolve to becomemuch smaller or much larger than thesimilar species on the mainland.

6. Inference7. Small brain size usually belongs to a

chimpanzee, not a human.8. He was surprised because he did not

expect a creature with such a small brainsize to be able to make fine tools.

9. Morwood inferred that the humans (Homoerectus) who had made the tools had arrivedin boats on Flores from the mainland; thatthey had not been able to leave; and thatthey had then evolved into the smallerspecies of humans (Homo floresiensis).

10. He suggests that Homo floresiensis mayhave become small because resources werescarce on the island.

11. You can infer that both types of humansmust have lived together on the island forat least 20,000 years.

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2. Warren probably used to be active andhave friends, and he has been in awheelchair for many years. Arthur’s ironicand rather dark sense of humor about hissituation may be a way of coping with hisdifficulties. Junie Moon had the bad luckto meet up with a violent man, thoughwe don’t know what her relationship waswith this man.

3. Since it says “they had no place to go,”you can infer that all three patients haveno close family ties. They either don’thave families or they are not in contactwith their families (perhaps they do notwant to make contact).

4. It seems that that they don’t have anymoney except the small allowances(pittances) they receive for theirdisabilities.

5. Junie Moon and Arthur probably getannoyed with Warren sometimes when hetells them what to do.

6. They are used to his ways, and they careabout him and want to comfort him.

7. Since Arthur is probably thinking thatWarren represents the minority group of

disabled people, we can infer that JunieMoon and Arthur must belong to otherethnic or racial minorities (such asAfrican-Americans or Native Americans).

8. There seems to be some rivalry betweenthem and some resentment on Arthur’spart about Warren deciding things.

9. She may be more sensitive about herdeformities and perhaps more damagedpsychologically than she seems at firstfrom her rather tough way of speaking.

10. He doesn’t easily become offended, he’sgood at convincing people, and he’s notafraid to challenge authority (as with thelandlord and the nurse).

11. She does not like or trust them, and theyfeel the same way about her.

12. It seems probable that one or both of themen will fall in love with Junie Moon.



1. c 4. c 7. b 10. b 13. c 16. b2. b 5. a 8. c 11. c 14. a3. a 6. a 9. b 12. a 15. c


Answer Key 39

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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbalteration alter altered ———appearance appear apparent apparentlycapacity ——— capacious ———diversity diversify diverse diverselyevolution evolve evolutionary, ———

evolvingimplication imply implicit implicitlypersistence persist persistent persistentlypresumption presume presumable presumably——— ——— previous previouslyproportion proportion proportional, proportionally,

proportionate proportionatelyresource ——— resourceful resourcefullysignificance signify significant significantly——— ——— sole solelysurvival, survivor survive survivable, ———

surviving


1. previous 9. wiped out2. persistent 10. proportions3. capacity 11. evolutionary4. implication 12. presumably5. altered 13. elsewhere6. significance 14. resources7. survived 15. apparently8. sole 16. diversity

UNIT 3: Understanding ParagraphsExercise 1, pages 106–107

1. Topic: The causes of water shortages inMexico City

2. Topic: The history of Mexico City’s watersupplies

3. Topic: How Mexico City is sinking


1. c2. a3. d4. f5. e


Topic: FloodplainsMain idea: cSupporting facts and ideas: Floodplains cancontrol flooding. They also help clean riversand streams.


1. Topic: Flooding in the NetherlandsMain idea: cSupporting fact and ideas: TheNetherlands is more than 60 percent nearor below sea level. The greatest risk offlooding comes from the North Sea.Flooding can occur along the Rhine,Maas, and Scheldt Rivers. When major

rivers meet at the North Sea, they form adelta region.

2. Topic: The Dutch system of flood barriersMain idea: bSupporting fact and ideas: The Dutchbarriers are the strongest in the world.The first line of defense is made up ofdikes, dams, and storm barriers. These areaided by secondary defenses.

3. Topic: Climate change and Dutch waterprotection strategiesMain idea: bSupporting fact and ideas: According tothe study, higher rainfall and rising sealevels would lead to increased risk offlooding and hotter summers could leadto weakening of the dikes. The newapproach will rely more on naturalprotection. The government has begunbuying land along major waterways.


1. Topic: A description of Lake BaikalMain idea: aSupporting facts and ideas: It measures395 miles by 50 miles and has 1,245 milesof coastline. It is 1 mile deep. It is at least25 million years old.

2. Topic: Lake Baikal’s ecosystemMain idea: cSupporting facts and ideas: More than 1,000 species exist nowhere else. Amongits unique fauna is the Baikal freshwaterseal. Another unique creature is a fishcalled the omul.

3. Topic: The clear water of Lake BaikalMain idea: aSupporting facts and ideas: The lakecontained certain small zooplankton andcrustaceans. The water consisted ofrainwater and melted snow. Most of thewatershed has a rocky surface.

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Main idea: Although they are workingmore, women are still responsible for mosthousehold tasks and responsibilities.

The increase in paid employment for

women may have contributed to various

changes in social attitudes, but it has not

completely changed the role of women in the

home. Women who work outside the home

still usually end up playing the leading role

in managing the care of the house and

family. Husbands may contribute by taking

out the trash or mowing the lawn, but on

average they spend a lot less time doing these

and other household tasks than women do.

This is true even for women who are working

full-time and for those who can afford to pay

for help in the home. In fact, if a woman can

afford to pay for help, she is usually the one

who has to manage this help, hiring and

overseeing the babysitters, cleaners,

repairmen, and so on. She is also more likely

to attend school meetings, make

appointments with teachers, and in general,

attend to the needs of the children.

Pronouns—Referents:it—the increase in paid employment forwomenwho—women working outside the homethey—husbandsthese—taking out the trash and mowing thelawnThis—the fact that men spend a lot less timedoing household tasks than women dowho—women working full timethose—women who can afford to pay forhelpshe—a womanwho—the one (the woman) managing thehelpthis —helpShe—working women

Example, page 117

Main idea: A transnational corporation is acorporation that has investments in two ormore countries.

Exercise 7, 118–119

1. Main idea: In order to be sure of havingenough rubber for his cars, Henry Fordstarted his own rubber plantation in Brazil.Transitions: However, at times, In fact,But, ThusPronouns—Referents:who—Henry Fordhe—Henry Fordhis—Henry Ford

2. Main idea: Ford’s plantation beganproducing rubber but then was closed dueto a number of difficulties.Transitions: However, In fact, Beforelong, FinallyPronouns—Referents:his—Fordhe—FordOne—factor

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3. Main idea: Instead of trying to control all phases of production, most companiestoday order supplies just when they needthem.Transitions: In fact, Whereas, For thisreason, However, For examplePronouns—Referents:this—because they are afraid of havingtoo many suppliesthey—contemporary car makersthey—car makersthey—car makersit—what they needthis—buying what they need when theyneed itits—Apple Computer Companyit—Apple

Exercise 8 pages 121–122

1. dMain idea: Since ancient times, gold hashad special and lasting value.

2. bMain idea: Gold is valuable becausepeople believe it is valuable and there is astrong demand for it.

3. aMain idea: The price of gold could bepushed higher because of the high socialand environmental costs of mining it.


1. cMain idea: Because Johnson & Johnsonacted quickly and decisively in theTylenol crisis, there were no seriousconsequences for the company.

2. aMain idea: Firestone lost sales andmillions of dollars because it did notimmediately recall defective tires.

3. dMain idea: A company must reactimmediately and decisively to a crisis inorder to keep the trust of customers.


1. cMain idea: In the early twentiethcentury, André Level started a fund thatinvested in art and made a substantialprofit.

2. dMain idea: People are investing in arttoday in order to make a profit as Level’sinvestors did.

3. cMain idea: Buying artwork may not be agood investment for several reasons.


1. bMain idea: In order to sell the plasticcontainers he had invented, Earl Tupperalso invented a new marketing strategy—the home party.

2. aMain idea: At home parties, products aresold at someone’s home to friends andacquaintances of the host.

3. dMain idea: The Longaberger Companyhas used the home party to market itsproducts successfully.


1. c 4. a 7. a 10. a 13. c2. a 5. b 8. a 11. a 14. a3. b 6. c 9. a 12. b 15. c

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only The first mission lastedonly a few hours.

however On the last mission, thethree men spent moretime on the Moon.

much further They could travel muchfurther from the landingsite.

wider They could collect a widerrange of samples.

2. Topic: The impact of the Apollo moonlandingsMain idea: The Apollo moon landingshad a significant impact on scientific andtechnological development in thetwentieth century.Key words in the main idea: asignificant impactPattern: Cause/EffectSupporting facts and ideas:Signal words Detailsaffected by Computer research was

affected by the moonlandings.

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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbconsideration consider considerable considerablyconsumption, consume consumable ———consumercontrast contrast contrasting ———currency ——— current currentlydistribution distribute distributional ———evidence evidence evident evidentlyexcess exceed excessive excessivelyfactor factor ——— ———inadequacy ——— inadequate inadequatelylocation locate ——— ———phenomenon ——— phenomenal phenomenallyrecycling recycle recycled ———supplement supplement supplemental —————— underlie underlying ———


1. contrasts 9. current2. distribute 10. factors3. evident 11. recycle4. inadequate 12. locate5. supplement 13. phenomenon6. furthermore 14. exceeded7. consumes 15. underlying8. considerable

UNIT 4: Patterns of OrganizationExercise 1, pages 141–144

1. Topic: The landing of men on the MoonMain idea: The first moon landing wasvery different from the last one.Key words in the main idea: verydifferent fromPattern: Comparison/ContrastSupporting facts and ideas:Signal words DetailsBut while The first landing was an

enormous achievement.far more The last landing

contributed far morescientific knowledge.

pushing The space programpushed engineers todevelop personalcomputers.

attributed to The invention of theInternet could beattributed to the Apolloprogram.

motivation for Scientists and engineerswere motivated to lookfor ways to communicatefrom computer tocomputer.

3. Topic: The lack of water on the MoonMain idea: The lack of water on theMoon limits exploration of the Moon.Key words in the main idea: lack ofwater, limitsPattern: Problem/SolutionSupporting facts and ideas:Problem: The lack of water is a seriousproblem for future Moon exploration; forthis reason, scientists are looking forevidence of water on the Moon.Solution: Rockets are sent to crash intothe Moon so that scientists can analyzethe vapor and dust created by the crash tosee if there is water.

4. Topic: Lunar cratersMain idea: Lunar craters are circulardepressions that were created by theimpact of various objects on the surfaceof the Moon.Key words in the main idea: arePattern: Extended DefinitionSupporting facts and ideas:Explanation or description: Lunarcraters are deep holes visible from theearth. There are millions of lunar craters.Some are a few feet across; others aremany hundreds of kilometers across. Theycan be surrounded by mountains. They

remain unchanged because the Moon hasno atmosphere.

Exercise 2, pges 144–147

1. Topic: The first optical telescopesMain idea: The first optical telescopewas invented in Holland in 1608, but wasnot used successfully until Galileodeveloped his version in 1610.Key words in the main idea: first, 1608,until, 1610Pattern: SequenceSupporting facts and ideas:Signal words Details1600s The first optical telescope

was invented in a Dutchoptical shop

1608 Hans Lippershey tried tosell his invention.

Also in 1608 Galileo made his versionof the device.

1610 Galileo used his telescope.1611 He showed his device to

guests at a banquet.2. Topic: Newton’s invention of the

reflector telescopeMain idea: Newton invented thereflector telescope because of problemswith the refractor telescope.Key words in the main idea: problemsPattern: Problem/SolutionSupporting facts and ideas:Problem: Newton noticed that inGalileo’s refraction telescope, a ring ofcolors sometimes interfered with viewing.Solution: Newton designed the reflectortelescope with a curved mirror thatconcentrated light and reflected it to theeyepiece.

3. Topic: Large modern optical telescopesMain idea: Today, there are a number ofvery large optical telescopes built on hillsor mountains in many parts of the world.

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Key words in the main idea: a number ofPattern: ListingSupporting facts and ideas:Signal words DetailsFor example the world’s largest

refracting telescopeAnother reflecting telescope on

Mount Palomar inCalifornia

an even larger reflecting telescope in theCaucasus Mountains

A fourth the Keck Telescope inHawaii

4. Topic: Radio telescopesMain idea: Radio telescopes are similarto optical telescopes in some ways, butthey are different in important ways.Key words in the main idea: similar,differentPattern: Comparison/ContrastSupporting facts and ideas:Signal words Detailsvery different Radio telescopes look

different from opticaltelescopes.

instead They do not collect lightwaves, but radio waves.

distinctive appearance

different They use differentmethods to recordinformation.

while Radio telescopes use radioreceivers to record radiowaves, not cameras totake photographs.

both For both kinds, the largerthe telescope, the better itworks.


1. Pattern: Sequence (S)Missing sentence: b

2. Pattern: Problem/Solution (P/S)Missing sentence: a

3. Pattern: Sequence (S)Missing sentence: e

4. Pattern: Comparison/Contrast (C/C)Missing sentence: c


1. a 4. a 7. b 10. a 13. a2. c 5. c 8. b 11. a 14. c3. b 6. a 9. c 12. b


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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbachievement achieve achievable ———affect, affectation affect affected, affecting ———analysis analyze analytical analyticallyattribution, attribute attribute attributable, attributive attributivelyavailability avail available ———conclusion conclude conclusive conclusivelyconduct conduct ——— ———environment ——— environmental environmentallyexposure expose exposed ———impact impact ——— ———investigation investigate investigative ———motivation motivate motivated ———potential ——— potential potentiallyvehicle ——— vehicular ———


1. exposed2. motivate3. availability4. achievement5. investigating6. attribute (attributed)7. potential8. conducted9. affected

10. environment11. conclusive12. vehicles13. analyzed14. impact

UNIT 5: Reading Longer PassagesEffectivelyExercise 1, pages 158–159

Topic: Human responses to disasterThesis statement: Psychologists havetheorized that responses to extreme naturaland human-caused disasters occur in fivestages.


Topic: Cultural universals in emotionalexpressionThesis statement: But does raising theeyebrows and rounding the mouth say thesame thing in Minneapolis as it does inMadagascar? Much research on emotionalexpression has centered on such questions.

(In some of the following exercises, theremay be more than one correct answer for thepattern.)


Thesis statement: Psychologists havetheorized that responses to extreme naturaland human-caused disasters occur in fivestages.Pattern: Sequence

Supporting points (main ideas):Paragraph 2: The first stage is psychologicalnumbness, shock, and confusion.Paragraph 3: In the second stage, victimscontinue to lack awareness.Paragraph 4: In the third stage, victims turnto each other.Paragraph 5: The fourth stage bringsdepression and letdown.Paragraph 6: In the final stage, victims adaptto the changes in their lives.


Thesis statement: But does raising theeyebrows and rounding the mouth say thesame thing in Minneapolis as it does inMadagascar? Much research on emotionalexpression has centered on such questions.Pattern: Comparison/Contrast OR ListingSupporting points (main ideas):Paragraph 2: All people speak and understandsubstantially the same “facial language.”Paragraph 3: People everywhere can recognizeat least seven basic emotions, but there arecultural differences in the rules aboutdisplaying emotion.Paragraph 4: Young children show andperceive emotions through facial expressions.Paragraph 5: There is a biological basis toemotional expression.Paragraph 6: Culture can influence certainemotional responses.


Thesis statement: Why are girls fightingmore and what can we do to stop them?Pattern: Problem/Solution OR Cause/EffectSupporting points (main ideas):Paragraph 2: Recently the roles of men andwomen have changed and tended to becomemore equal.Paragraph 3: Socializing girls like boys causegirls to be more violent.Paragraph 4: The entertainment media

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encourages girls to be more violent.Paragraph 5: Factors such as gun availability,poverty, and history of abuse have notchanged, so they are not responsible for theincreased violence.Paragraph 6: Solutions used in schools in thepast on boys will not work with girls either.Paragraph 7: To find a solution, we have toexamine the values of American society andtry to change it so it is less harmful to youngpeople.


Thesis statement: There are at least threedifferent, but equally effective paths that leadto psychological maturity for women.

Pattern: ListingSupporting points (main ideas):Paragraphs 3 and 4: “Conservers” sought thesecurity of marriage, family life andtraditional female occupations.Paragraphs 5 and 6: “Achievers” cherishedsocial recognition and career advancement.Paragraph 7: “Seekers” valuedunconventional pursuits, creativity and self-discovery.


1. c 4. b 7. a 10. b 13. a2. a 5. c 8. c 11. c 14. c3. a 6. b 9. a 12. a 15. b


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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbabandon, abandon ——— ———abandonmentadaptation, adapt adaptive, adaptable adaptivelyadaptabilityawareness ——— aware ———circumstance(s) ——— circumstantial circumstantiallycollaboration collaborate collaborative collaborativelycommunity commune communal communallyconsequence(s) ——— consequent, consequently,

consequential consequentiallycoordinate, coordinate ——— ———coordinationethic(s) ——— ethical ethicallyfocus focus focused ———function function functional functionallyinvolvement involve involved, involving ———phase phase phased ———volunteer volunteer volunteer, voluntary voluntarily


1. coordinate 9. ethics2. circumstances 10. adapt to3. function 11. aware4. community 12. involved5. undergone 13. collaborated6. abandon 14. volunteer7. phase 15. consequences8. focuses (focused) on

UNIT 6: SkimmingExercise 1, pages 170–172

2. positive3. yes4. The reviewer is most interested in the

message of the film about theunhealthiness of McDonald’s food andabout the poor eating habits of Americansin general.


1. negative2. no3. The reviewer is most interested in the

director’s point of view and his verypersonal approach to the subject, whichthe reviewer thinks is unscientific.

(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)


B.1. yes2. yes

3. The higher number of premature births;the higher rates of infant mortalityamong African-Americans and otherethnic minorities.

4. yes5. yes6. Women receiving less prenatal care or

losing their jobs; cuts to nutritionprograms; climbing poverty rates; anincrease in premature births.

7. yes8. yes9. Disparities among racial and ethnic

groups. Among African Americans, causesinclude congenital abnormalities, pre-term/low birth weight, Sudden InfantDeath Syndrome, problems related tocomplications of pregnancy, andrespiratory distress syndrome. Othercauses include: behaviors, lifestyles, andconditions that affect birth outcomessuch as smoking, substance abuse, poornutrition, lack of prenatal care, medicalproblems, and chronic illness.

(Answers will vary for parts C and D.)


1. c. 4. c 7. c 10. a2. a 5. c 8. a3. c 6. b 9. c


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Noun Verb Adjective Adverb comprehension comprehend comprehensive comprehensivelyconviction convince convincing convincinglyelimination eliminate ——— ———feature feature ——— ———innovation innovate innovative innovativelyportion portion ——— ———promotion promote promotional promotionallysource source ——— ———statistic(s) ——— statistical statistically


1. convince 6. innovate2. source 7. comprehensive3. statistics 8. promoter4. portions 9. eliminated5. feature 10. guidelines

UNIT 7: Study ReadingExample, pages 183–184

Pattern: SequenceThesis statement: The pineapple has beencultivated and enjoyed by humans forthousands of years.Supporting points (main ideas):Paragraph 2: In the fifteenth century,Europeans discovered the pineapple and fellin love with it.Paragraph 3: In the sixteenth century, theybrought pineapples from Central and SouthAmerica to other parts of the world.Paragraph 4: Pineapples remained a luxuryfood until the early twentieth century, whenthey became more easily available.


A.(Answers will vary.)B.Pattern: SequenceThesis statement: Before the 1950s, pizzawas a purely Italian food with a long historyin southern Italy.Supporting points (main ideas):Paragraph 2: Pizza may have originated inGreece and then spread to Italy.

Paragraph 3: Early pizza had no tomatoesbecause there were no tomatoes in Europeuntil the sixteenth century.Paragraph 4: The classic pizza we know nowwas invented in 1889 in Naples.Paragraph 5: Pizza remained a southernItalian specialty until the 1950s and 60s,when it became popular in other parts ofItaly.Paragraph 6: Pizza is so common in so manycountries that its Italian origins are oftenforgotten.

Exercises 2–5, pages 187–191


Example, pages 191–192

1. the Germans2. the Russians3. less than 5 percent4. about 8 percent


1. Hispanic women2. White men3. African-American men4. White women


1. c 4. b 7. a 10. b2. a 5. a 8. c 11. a3. c 6. b 9. a 12. c

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1. distinction 7. emerged2. regulated 8. constructed3. virtually 9. core4. posed 10. adjacent5. facilitate 11. collapsed6. major 12. extract

UNIT 8: SummarizingExercise 1, pages 201–203

1. Main idea: Until recently, people haveconsidered wetlands to be land that waswasted and could be put to better use.Pattern: SequenceSupporting facts and ideas: Wetlandsare areas of land covered by water all orpart of the year. Throughout history,wetlands have been drained and filled.Wetlands have been converted into landthat could be used for human activity.Now people are realizing that wetlandsare valuable.Summary sentence: Throughouthistory, wetlands were considered to beland that was wasted and could be put tobetter use for human activity, butrecently, people have begun to realize thatwetlands are valuable.

2. Main idea: From a biological point ofview, wetlands are not wastelands at all,but are among the most productiveecosystems in the world.Pattern: Extended DefinitionSupporting facts and ideas: Theycontain an immense variety of animaland plant species. These species dependon the habitat of the wetlands forsurvival. Wetlands have a rich mixture ofwater and organic material—detritus. Thisfeeds many small animals, which attractother, larger animals that feed on them.Summary sentence: Wetlands are veryproductive ecosystems, containing animmense variety of animal and plantspecies that depend on the detritus(mixture of water and organic material) inthe wetland habitat.

3. Main idea: A comparison of the effects ofa flood in two cities has led city plannersand politicians to recognize that wetlandsare a valuable defense against flooding.Pattern: Comparison/ContrastSupporting facts and ideas: In 2006, alot of rain fell on two cities inMassachusetts, Haverhill, andNewburyport. Haverhill suffered lots ofdamage from flooding, but Newburyport

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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbcollapse collapse collapsible ———construction construct constructive constructivelycore core ——— ———distinction distinguish distinct, distinctive, distinctively

distinguished,dishtinguishabledistinguishing

emergence emerge emergent, emerging ———extraction, extract extract extractive ———facilitation facilitate facilitating ———major, majority major major ———position, pose pose ——— ———regulation regulate regulation, regulatory —————— ——— virtual virtually


did not. Both cities are built along theMerrimack River. In Haverhill, the areaalong the river has been developed andcovered with buildings; in Newburyport,the area along the river has remainedmarshland (wetlands). Flood waters couldspread out in the wetlands. Wetland plantsand soil absorbed water. In Haverhill, thewater could not spread out so it rose overthe banks and flooded the city.Summary sentence: Wetlands are avaluable defense against flooding, as wasdemonstrated in Massachusetts in 2006,where the city of Haverhill floodedbecause its wetlands had been developed,but the city of Newburyport did not floodbecause the floodwaters could spread outand be absorbed by the wetlands.


Summary paragraph:Throughout history, people have consideredwetlands to be land that was wasted andcould be put to better use for human activity.However, in recent years, people have begunto realize that wetlands are a valuable part ofthe environment for two reasons. First,wetlands are very productive ecosystems,containing an immense variety of animal andplant species that depend on the detritus(mixture of water and organic material) inthe wetland habitat. Second, wetlands are avaluable defense against flooding, as wasdemonstrated in Massachusetts in 2006. Thecity of Haverhill flooded because its wetlandshad been developed, but the city ofNewburyport did not flood because thefloodwaters could spread out and be absorbedby the wetlands.


Thesis: How could a tiny mosquito thwartthe best efforts of a large group of well-funded scientists?

Pattern: Cause/EffectSummary of paragraph 1: In the 1960s,scientists and WHO made a huge effort toeradicate mosquitoes and malaria, using apesticide called DDT, but the effort failed andthe plan was dropped.Summary of paragraph 2: A new type ofpesticide usually gives positive results at first,but then the insects become resistant to thepesticide and it becomes less effective.Summary of paragraph 3: Pesticideresistance is an example of how organismsadapt to their environment through theprocess of natural selection and change overtime.Summary paragraph:In the 1960s, scientists and WHO made a bigeffort to eradicate mosquitoes and malariausing a pesticide called DDT, but the effortfailed and the plan was dropped. A new typeof pesticide usually gives positive results atfirst, but then the insects become resistant tothe pesticide and it becomes less effective.Pesticide resistance is an example of howorganisms adapt to their environmentsthrough the process of natural selection andchange over time.


A.Part 2: paragraphs 4 through 5Part 3: paragraphs 6 through 8

Thesis: But what Spain has in abundancecompared with northern European nations—apart from more sun—is what the researchersin this study call social support structures.Pattern: Cause/EffectPart 1—Topic: A study of the prevalence ofdepression in EuropeSummary sentence: One of the moststriking results of a study about theprevalence of depression in Europe is thegeographical distribution and the fact that

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there is much less depression in Spain than innorthern Europe.Part 2—Topic: Spain’s social supportstructuresSummary sentence: According to the study,Spain has a lower rate of depression because ithas more social support structures; that is,families tend to stay together and to help eachother through problems.Part 3—Topic: Examples of family solidarityfrom the author’s experienceSummary sentence: From his ownexperiences living in Spain, the author haslearned about the importance of family ties inSpanish daily life, and how they can helpovercome negative feelings like anger anddepression.B.Summary paragraph:One of the most striking results of a studyabout the prevalence of depression in Europeis the geographical distribution and the factthat there is much less depression in Spainthan in northern Europe. According to thestudy, Spain has a lower rate of depressionbecause it has more social support structures;that is, families tend to stay together and tohelp each other through problems. From hisown experiences living in Spain, the authorhas learned about the importance of familyties in Spanish daily life, and how they canhelp overcome negative feelings like anger anddepression.


(Textbook passages may contain complexideas that do not fit easily into a one-sentencesummary. Students should be as concise aspossible and aim for one sentence, but mayuse two sentences if necessary.) A.Statement of purpose: We can identifythree periods in their history: thepreindustrial, industrial, and metropolitan-megalopolitan stages.

B.Part 1—Topic: The preindustrial cityPattern: Cause/Effect AND SequenceSummary sentence(s): Because oftechnological advances that allowed peopleto begin farming, they settled into villagesabout 10,000 years ago. Then, about 5,000years ago, due to further technologicaladvances, the first cities emerged, thoughthese were small for various reasons.Part 2—Topic: The industrial cityPattern: Cause/EffectSummary sentence(s): The IndustrialRevolution of the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies led to an increase in population,the displacement of people from rural tourban areas, and the development of theindustrial city, which was larger, moredensely settled and more diverse than earliercities.Part 3—Topic: Metropolis and megalopolisPattern: Extended Definition AND Sequenceof EventsSummary sentence(s): In the twentiethcentury, the automobile allowed wealthierclasses to move to the suburbs, so U.S. citiesbegan to spread outward. Today mostAmericans live in a metropolis (a large urbanarea that includes a city and its surroundingsuburbs), or even a megalopolis (an area inwhich many metropolises merge).C.Summary paragraph:Because of technological advances thatallowed farming about 10,000 years ago,people began to settle in villages. Then, withfurther advances about 5,000 years ago, thefirst cities emerged, though these wererelatively small for various reasons. TheIndustrial Revolution of the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries led to an increase inpopulation, the displacement of people fromrural to urban areas and the development ofthe industrial city, which was larger, moredensely settled and more diverse than earlier

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cities. In the twentieth century, theautomobile allowed wealthier classes to moveto the suburbs, so U.S. cities began to spreadoutward. Today most Americans live in ametropolis (a large urban area that includes acity and its surrounding suburbs), or even amegalopolis (an area in which manymetropolises merge).


A.Part 1—Topic: Research with infantmonkeysPattern: Cause/EffectSummary sentence(s): The Harlows’research on infant monkeys, whose behavioris similar to humans’, revealed that themonkeys showed permanent negative effectsafter six months of social isolation. Theysuffered less developmental harm if theyreceived some physical contact (evenartificial) or if the period was shorter.Part 2—Topic: Isolated childrenPattern: ListingSummary sentence(s): In two cases wherechildren grew up in isolation (Anna andGenie), the children suffered similar damageto their social and mental development, andin spite of later socialization and care, the

damage was permanent. These casesdemonstrate the importance of socialexperience in human development.B.Summary paragraph:Since researchers cannot subject humanbeings to experimental isolation, they havestudied monkeys and cases of isolatedchildren. Research on infant monkeys, whosebehavior is similar to humans’, revealed thatthe monkeys showed permanent negativeeffects after six months of isolation. Theysuffered less developmental harm if theyreceived some physical contact (evenartificial) or if the period was shorter. In twocases where children grew up in isolation(Anna and Genie), the children sufferedsimilar damage to their social and mentaldevelopment, and in spite of latersocialization and care, the damage waspermanent. These cases demonstrate theimportance of social experience in humandevelopment.


1. a 4. b 7. a2. c 5. b 8. c3. b 6. a 9. a


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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbdocument, document documentary ———documentationdynamics ——— dynamic dynamicallyenabler enable enabling ———estimate, estimation estimate estimated ———fund, funding fund well-funded ———predominance predominate predominant predominantly——— ——— subsequent subsequentlytransmission, transmit transmittable ———transmittal


1. transmitted 6. predominant2. funds 7. dynamics3. subsequent 8. document4. goal 9. estimated5. enabled

UNIT 9: Critical ReadingExercise 1, page 217

1. URL c. belongs to an individual because itincludes the name of a person “JonathanJames” and it includes the word “blog.”

2. URL a. belongs to a newspaper called TheMirror; URL b. belongs to the NHS, orNational Health Service (Great Britain) inKent and Medway; URL d. belongs toCNN, the news organization.

3. URLs b. and d. probably provide reliableinformation. The Mirror is the web sitefor the Daily Mirror, a British tabloid(sensationalist newspaper), so itsinformation may be less reliable.

4. URLs b., c., and d. all include “pianoman” in the web address, so theyprobably include information about him.


Online article 11. Jonathan James probably wrote it.2. No, it belongs to an individual because it

includes the name and the word “blog.”3. Probably not, since it is someone’s point

of view.4. (Answers will vary.)5. Yes, it could give an idea of how this

person, and perhaps others, reacted to thestory.

Online article 21. Stephen Moyes and Jon Kaila2. Yes, because it includes “mirror.co.” “Co.”

is an abbreviation for “company.”

3. You can’t tell from this information. Youwould need to look at the home page ofthe web site and see whether it is atabloid or a newspaper that publishesarticles about serious news.

4. (Answers will vary.)5. Yes. There may be useful information here

about the Piano Man, but since thisnewspaper tends to emphasize thesensational aspects of an event, youwould need to check the informationagainst other sources.


1. to persuade readers that performance-enhancing drugs should be permitted

2. The language includes many phrases thatshow the author is trying to convincereaders: “perhaps we should,” “it mightbe better,” “should be allowed,” and“Maybe the answer is to . . .”


1. to entertain the reader2. The tone is informal, and the writer uses

language to catch your attention andmake you laugh, as for example, when hesays “The stuff is like kudzu,” or when heuses exaggerated language like “I find itappalling to sometimes get responseswithin a minute . . .”


A.1. to persuade readers to buy this coffee2. to inform readers about Fair Trade

Certified coffee and indirectly to persuadethem to buy it

3. to inform readers about the health aspectsof caffeine

(Answers will vary for part B.)

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Paragraph 11. The writer is in favor of laws that ban

smoking in public places.2. The writer uses phrases such as “at last,”

“destructive habit,” and “positive effect.”3. (Answers will vary.)Paragraph 21. The writer does not think that fast food is

responsible for Americans beingoverweight.

2. The writer uses sentences such as “. . . wecan’t blame the restaurants,” “We shouldblame ourselves,” and “No one forces usto buy those hamburgers!”



2. a. neutral3. a. biased b. against it


Article 11. The writer’s purpose is to inform.

The article presents both sides, the toneand language is neutral, and it ends witha quotation that gives a neutral summaryof the issue.

2. It describes an event (Weyco’s firing offour workers) and explains how this sets alegal precedent that could raise importantissues.

3. The writer is mostly neutral since thearticle presents both sides of the issue.

4. The writer may have some bias in favor ofthe company policy because he/shequotes the company president twice, butnever quotes the workers or anyone ontheir side.

Article 21. The writer’s purpose is to inform and

persuade at the same time. She presents both sides of the issue, butshe uses language that is clearly intendedto persuade readers.

2. It describes a trend (a number ofcompanies with bans against off-dutysmoking) and the issues connected withit, emphasizing the fact that the smokingbans may not be legally acceptablebecause they violate workers’ rights.

3. She is against the smoking bans. Thelanguage includes many non-neutralwords: “extreme trend,” “troubling,”“crackdown,” “zero-tolerance,”“discriminating,” “class of unemployablecitizens,” “fear,” “control.”

4. The writer seems biased against thesmoking bans. She presents moreinformation and quotations in support ofpeople who are against the smoking ban.

Article 31. The writer’s purpose is to persuade.

Through the tone and language, one cantell the writer is against the ban and ispersuading the readers that it’s wrong.

2. It argues against the new WHO policy ofnot hiring people who are smokers.

3. The writer is clearly against the policy.The article includes strong negativelanguage: “goes too far,” “in a worrisomeway,” and “raids by the lifestyle police.”

4. The writer seems to be biased since he/sheonly presents one side of the issue.


1. c 4. a 7. a 10. b2. a 5. c 8. b 11. a3. b 6. a 9. c 12. c

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1. site 7. issues2. policy 8. random3. precedent 9. discriminated4. status 10. suspended5. violation 11. confirmed6. challenge 12. submit

Part 4: Reading Faster

UNIT 1: Learning to Read FasterExercise 2, page 243

(Answers may vary, but the phrases must bemeaningful.)

Archeologists have found / the earliestknown evidence / of a special connection /between humans and cats. / Last month inCyprus / they discovered the grave / of a 30-year-old villager / who died 9,500 years ago. /With the body, / they found / jewelry,seashells and other items. / Less than a meter(3 feet) away, / in another grave / almostcertainly / made at the same time, / lay thebones / of a young cat. /

Cat bones / have been found before / nearearly human settlements, / but scientistsbelieve / they belonged to wild cats. / Thesecats probably stayed / around human villages/ to catch the mice and rats / attracted by /the supplies of food. / The new find onCyprus, / however, / seems to indicate / that

the cats / in this village / were tamed / andhad some special role / to play / in humanactivities / or a special relationship / withcertain individuals. / These bones / showedno signs / of having been butchered / foreating. / And since they were / in the rightplaces / in the skeleton, / the animal / musthave been buried / soon after death; /otherwise, / the bones / would have beentaken / by other animals. /

Other animals / were tamed before cats. /The first dogs / (actually a type of wolf) / areknown to have lived with humans / as earlyas 15,000 years ago. / Their importance / inearly human settlements / is shown / by theevidence / of dog graves / from 12,500 yearsago / in Israel. / The goat was probably / thefirst animal / to produce milk for humans, /around 10,000 years ago. / But until now, /the first evidence / of household cats / camefrom Egypt / only 4,000 years ago. / Thediscovery / of the skeleton / of this cat, /which had clearly / been handled with care, /is very exciting / for archaeologists. /


A.1. no2. every year3. children from the Park School in Roxbury4. the marches5. bouquets of flowers(Answers will vary for part B.)

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Noun Verb Adjective Adverbchallenge challenge challenging challenginglyconfirmation confirm confirmed ———discrimination discriminate discriminating, ———

discriminatoryissue issue ——— ———precedent precede preceding ———randomization randomize random randomlysubmission submit submissive submissivelysuspension suspend suspended, suspenseful ———violation violate ——— ———


Timed Reading Example, pages 248–251

C.1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. d

(Answers will vary for parts D–F.)

UNIT 2: New Technology and ItsImpact Around the World

QuestionsPassages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 b a b d c a a c2 c a d b a a b c3 c a d a b a b d4 a d b b d b a b5 c d b a a d b b6 d c b b d a b b

UNIT 3: People Who Have Made aDifference


1 d c b a b a d a2 c b d b c a a d3 b a c a c d a a4 d b a c a c b d5 b d a a c c a a6 a c d a a b d b

UNIT 4: Inventions That AreChanging Our Lives


1 c a b a b a b c2 a c b c d b a a3 d b a b d b a c4 c d c a a b b d5 d a b b c b a b6 b a b c d c b b

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