Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste

7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste

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2::?

BHBAGN\B

SVBG@J^\DVJNB

AGJLGH^JB



^jlgstdhg Srgss B hgw oghgrbtjd h di Sufaj s`jho

Zdu brg rgbljho b iuaa vgrsjdh di t`js fddm, idr irgg!

\`js fddm js pbrt di t`g ^jlgstdhg g-ajfrbry w`grg kdst di dur

pufajnbtjdhs brg iuaay bnngssjfag idr irgg. Idr bnngss td kdrg

irgg fddms vjsjt5 www.sjlgstdhg.ndk/ajfrbry

Ldwhadbl Iuaa SLI

Yjsjt t`g ^jlgstdhg g-ajfrbry td ldwhadbl kdst di dur g-fddms idr

dhay ₡ <,73. Idr t`js kjhjkba igg ydu wjaa rgngjvg b iuaay iuhntjdhba

SLI bhl fy ldjho sd, ydu `gap td mggp dur ajfrbry ruhhjho.

www.sjlgstdhg.ndk/ajfrbry





BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6: Grrbtuk (p. 2<0)

Ijourg ?. \`g `dusg pabh. Jh t`g tdp

pbrt di t`g lrbwjho t`g pdst`dags

bsnrjfgl td t`g `dusg pabh brg

s`dwh jh fabnm= t`g lgpt`s di t`g

pdst`dags brg jhljnbtgl jh t`g fdttdk

pbrt. \`g rgkbjhs di t`g wddlgh

pdsts brg jhljnbtgl jh w`jtg. \`g

orgy pbrts ndrrgspdhl td t`g

t`jnmhgss di t`g fabnm abygr (sgg t`g

tgxt). \`g pdst`dags bsnrjfgl td t`g

`dusg pabh brg dutajhgl jh fabnm.



BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:





BHBAGN\BSVBG@J^\DVJNB

AGJLGH^JB

AGJLGH WHJYGV^J\Z 2::?

SWFAJNB\JDH DI \@G IBNWA\Z DI BVN@BGDADOZ

AGJLGH WHJYGV^J\Z



Vglbntjdh ndkkjttgg5 A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs / N.N. Fbmgas

Vglbntjdh di t`js vdaukg5 N.N. Fbmgas / B.A. vbh Ojeh

Orbp`jn lgsjoh5 @.B. lg Adrk

Ndpyrjo`t 2::? fy t`g Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy, Agjlgh

J^^H 329:-?<<?

J^FH :3-?>>90-22-2

ûfsnrjptjdhs td t`g sgrjgs Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjbbhl sjhoag vdaukgs nbh fg drlgrgl gxnausjvgay bt5

Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoyS.D. Fdx :7276>33 VB Agjlgh\`g Hgt`grabhls.



ndhtghts

Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg

Kbrgm Uvgagfja (gls.)Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh & Kbrgm Uvgagfja5 Srgibng 2

Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh & Kbrgm Uvgagfja5 ^tdhg bog, jlgdadoy bhl snbajho t`g abllgr di

jhigrghng >

Vjn`brl Frblagy5 Ldkgstjnbtjdh bs b stbtg di kjhl 2>

Jvbhb Vbldvbhdvjn & Fbrfbrb Ydytgm5 @uhtgrs, ijs`grs dr ibrkgrs5 sglghtjsk, sufsjstghng

bhl sdnjba ndkpagxjty jh t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn 2:

Kbrgm Uvgagfja5 @uhtgr-obt`grgr rjtuba abhlsnbpgs5 spbtjba drobhjsbtjdh, sdnjba strunturg

bhl jlgdadoy bkdho ùhtgr-obt`grgrs di Hdrt`grh Gurdpg bhl _gstgrh ^jfgrjb >>

Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt5 Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral5 t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh

^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb 72

Euajbh \`dkbs5 \`g kbtgrjbajty di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh 7?

Agd Ygr`brt & Kjand _bhsaggfgh5 _bstg bhl prgstjog5 t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh

jh t`g Hgt`grabhls irdk b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg 97

\drstgh Kblsgh5 Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn di ^dut`

^nbhljhbvjb5 b vjgw irdk t`g sdurngs ?7

Sjgt vbh lg Ygalg5 Kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho5 Fbhlmgrbkjm iuhgrbry rjtuba 0>

Kbredrjg lg Orddt`5 ^dnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g n`grt prdnurgkght

strbtgojgs di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkght bt @jgh`gjk, Fbvbrjb :2

Kbrm Glkdhls5 \bsmsnbpg, tgn`hdadoy bhl trbljtjdh ::

Ed`h D'^`gb5 B pdrtrbjt di bhnjght sdnjgty dh t`g ^dut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh 222

Ed`h Fbrrgtt5 ^tdhg bog jlgdadojgs 262

Lduoabs Agwjs5 Vgkbrms dh t`g prdfagk dh jhigrrjho jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg irdk

t`g brtjibnts di ùkbh bntjdh 2>2

L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs _btgrjhogh <5 b sgttagkght di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn @bzghldhm > Ordup jh t`g Lutn`

N.N. Fbmgas ndbstba brgb 2<>

F. Fggrgh`dut

B.A. vbh Ojeh

M. @ìhhjhgh

^. Kdaghbbr L. Sbbakbh

K. Ygrfruoogh

N. Ygrkggrgh

Ndrrjg Fbmgas Bnqujrjho b tbstg5 t`g kghu di Jrdh Bog bhl Vdkbh pgrjdl ibrkgrs jh Dss-Wssgh,

Ljgmg _gssgajho` t`g Hgt`grabhls 2:>

Jasg vbh Bkgh



Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di stdhg bogndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg

prgibng

\`js vdaukg js t`g rgsuat di b ndhigrghng `gal bt t`g Hgt`grabhls Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl

^tuljgs, _bssghbbr, @daabhl, dh Bprja 60 bhl 6:, 2::<. \`g sufegnt di t`g ndhigrghng

idnussgl dh t`g sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy di t`g stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg

lurjho t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn pgrjdls (nb. 0333-<333 FS).

\`g qugstjdhs di sdnjba strunturg, sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy di ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho

bhl gbray ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g stdhg bog brg fgndkjho jhnrgbsjhoay nghtrba td dur

uhlgrstbhljho di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs bhl di t`gjr trbhsidrkbtjdhs. \`js rgbajsbtjdh `bs prdvdmgl

b ajvgay lgfbtg dh t`g sufegnt jh rgnght pufajnbtjdhs. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, kbhy brn`bdadojsts

bhl prg`jstdrjbhs bpprdbn` t`js qugstjdh irdk t`g pdsjtjdh di t`gjr dwh pgrjdl di rgsgbrn`

(gjt`gr Kgsdajt`jn dr Hgdajt`jn), bhl/dr irdk t`g pdjht di vjgw di b pbrtjnuabr pbrbljok t`gy

ibvdur. \`js `bs rgsuatgl jh kbhy ndhiajntjho vjgws w`jn` prdvjlg b pdagkjnba fbnmorduhl

td t`g sufegnt di t`g vdaukg.

\`g ndhtrjfutjdhs td t`g vdaukg idnussgl dh t`rgg pbrtjnuabr qugstjdhs5 2) w`bt ld wg

mhdw bfdut t`g sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs tdlby, 6) `dw nbh wg

usg brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng bhl dur ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms td objh orgbtgr mhdwaglog di

t`g sdnjba ldkbjh di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs, >) w`bt pbttgrhs di sdnjba

n`bhog bttghl t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh4

_g wdual ajmg td t`bhm t`g Hgt`grabhls Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl ^tuljgs (HJB^) idr kbmjho

t`g ndhigrghng ijhbhnjbaay pdssjfag bhl t`g stbii di fdt` HJB^ bhl t`g Jhstjtutg idr

Srg`jstdry di t`g Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh idr ojvjho oghgrdusay t`gjr tjkg bhl rgsdurngs w`jn`

kblg t`g ndhigrghng sun` b sunngss. \`g prgpbrbtjdh di t`g vdaukg wbs kblg pdssjfag wjt`

t`g ijhbhnjba suppdrt di t`g Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy, Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh. Ijhbaay, t`g

vdaukg wdual hdt `bvg ndkg jhtd fgjho, wgrg jt hdt idr t`g ndhtrjfutdrs irdk sjx ljiigrght

nduhtrjgs w`d obt`grgl bt _bssghbbr. \`g prgsghtbtjdh di pbpgrs bhl t`g ajvgay ljsnussjdhswgrg gh`bhngl fy suh-lrghn`gl strdaas badho t`g fgbn` jh _bssghbbr bhl sgssjdhs bt ^t.

Kdrjtz bbh lg Ugg. _g wdual ajmg td bnmhdwaglog t`g oghjus adnj bs b sdurng di

jhspjrbtjdh.

Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh bhl Kbrgm Uvgagfja



2. \`g oddl jhtghtjdhs

\ryjho td uhlgrstbhl t`g jlgdadoy di stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs

`bs bawbys fggh b kbedr n`baaghog, b vjgw ghnbpsuabtgl fy

N`. @bwmgs jh `js ibkdus ‐abllgr di jhigrghng' (@bwmgs

2:7<). Bnndrljho td t`g ‐abllgr di jhigrghng', jlgdadoy js t`g

bspgnt di ùkbh fg`bvjdr sd ibr rgkdvgl irdk t`g kdrg

gvjlght iuhntjdhba bttrjfutgs di brn`bgdadojnba lbtb t`bt bhy

jhigrghngs bfdut jlgdadoy kust fg tghtbtjvg, njrnukstbhtjba

bhl spgnuabtjvg. Jt idaadws, t`gh, t`bt jlgdadoy js t`g bspgnt

agbst sufstbhtjbtgl fy gkpjrjnba lbtb bhl t`grgidrg t`g kdstljiijnuat td jhtgrprgt. \`g rgbntjdh td t`js pdsjtjdh js wgaa-

mhdwh5 w`jag sdkg `bvg fggh rgtjnght td gvgh bllrgss t`g

jssug di sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy, dt`grs `bvg pabngl jt

bt t`g nghtgr di t`gjr jhvgstjobtjdhs.

\`g kbedr purpdsg di t`js fddm js td frgbm ldwh

ljn`dtdkjgs. \`g ijrst js t`g dhg fgtwggh sd-nbaagl

prdngssubajsts bhl pdst-prdngssubajsts, t`g dt`gr js t`g dhg

fgtwggh ùhtgr-obt`grgr, Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs bhl ibrkjho,

Hgdajt`jn dhgs. Idr b w`dag rbhog di rgbsdhs, jhnauljho

p`jadsdp`jnba drjghtbtjdh di rgsgbrn`grs, sn`dabray trbljtjdhs,

t`g rgspgntjvg bhtjqujty di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn

rgkbjhs, bhl t`g hbturg di t`g gvjlghng, t`g Kgsdajt`jn

`bs fggh trgbtgl kbjhay irdk b prdngssubajst pgrspgntjvg,w`grgbs t`g abtgr pgrjdls `bvg bttrbntgl t`gjr iuaa s`brg di

pdst-prdngssuba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs.

Kun` di dur brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g stdhg

bog rgiagnt pgrjdl-spgnjijn kdlgajho bhl t`gdrjzjho.

\`g Kgsdajt`jn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs `bvg fggh rgobrlgl bs

bngp`badus bhl gobajtbrjbh ndkkuhjtjgs, bs prjsdhgrs di

t`gjr hbturba surrduhljhos= w`bt ajttag `bs fggh wrjttgh dh

jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg wbs irdk b prdngssuba

pgrspgntjvg. Hgdajt`jn pgdpag, jh ndhtrbst, wgrg sggh bs

ghobojho jh ndkpagx sdnjba rgabtjdhs bhl wgrg rgobrlgl bs

jh ndhtrda di t`gjr hbturba ghvjrdhkght. Dhg rgbsdh idr t`js

vjgw js t`bt pdst-prdngssubajsts wgrg bttrbntgl fy t`g stbhljho

kdhukghts, ljtn`gl ghnadsurgs bhl vbrjdus idrks di brtjstjn

gxprgssjdh, bspgnts di kbtgrjba nuaturg w`jn` brg nagbray

ajhmgl td t`g sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba idnus di t`gjr rgsgbrn`.

Jh ndhtrbst, t`g Kgsdajt`jn bppgbrs td `bvg b ajkjtgl hukfgr

di sun` rgkbjhs. Bs t`js vdaukg jaaustrbtgs, t`js bppbrght

bfsghng js lug kdrg td pbrbljokbtjn jhljiigrghng rbt`gr t`bh

fgjho t`g rgiagntjdh di pbst rgbajty.

\`grg brg dt`gr rgbsdhs bs wgaa. \`g sufajkjhba ajhm,

tbnjtay rgndohjzgl fy fdt` pdst-prdngssubajsts bhl

prdngssubajsts, fgtwggh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs, hbturg bhl t`g

prjdrjty di ùkbh fjdadoy dh t`g dhg `bhl, bhl ibrkgrs,

nuaturg bhl t`g prjdrjty di nuaturba ajig dh t`g dt`gr, rgnrgbtgs

t`g Hgdajt`jn jh dur dwh jkbog. \`js js t`g sdnjgty di skbaa

jhljvjluba ibrkgrs, adnbtgl jh hgbtay drobhjzgl ijgal systgks

bs b rgpajnbtjdh di dur dwh jlgbajzgl ibrkjho abhlsnbpg.

Jkpajnjtay t`gh, wg brg kdrg nbpbfag di rgabtjho td Hgdajt`jn

ibrkjho nuaturg bs dur dwh bhngstdrs= wg nbhhdtndkprg`ghl ùhtgr-obt`grgr nuaturgs bs bhngstrba td dur

Gurdpgbh `grjtbog. Ndhsgqughtay, b abrog ndhngptuba obp

`bs fggh nrgbtgl fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn.

Jh dur vjgw, fdt` t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn wgrg

jhtgrhbaay ibr kdrg `gtgrdoghgdus t`bh wg `bvg rgndohjzgl.

\`js js t`g kbedr rgbsdh w`y t`js ljn`dtdky hggls td fg

bfdajs`gl.

\`g bssdnjbtgl sgpbrbtjdh fgtwggh prdngssubajsts bhl pdst

kdlgrh brn`bgdadojsts `bs basd fggh bh brtjijnjba ndhstrunt,

oghgrbtgl fy ditgh ndkpgtjtjvg lgfbtgs bfdut t`g kgrjts di

gbn` bpprdbn`. Jh prbntjng, vgry igw prdngssuba brn`gdadojsts

brg ndhsjstghtay bl`grjho td t`gjr prdorbkkbtjn stbtgkghts

bhl, gqubaay, vgry igw pdst-kdlgrh rgsgbrn`grs stjnm td t`gjrdwh prdnabkbtjdhs. Jh prbntjng, brn`bgdadojsts gnagntjnbaay

pjnm bhl n`ddsg irdk fdt` t`gdrgtjnba bpprdbn`gs. @dwgvgr,

jt js basd trug t`bt t`grg brg iuhlbkghtba ljiigrghngs jh t`g

usg di sdkg fbsjn ndhngpts (t`g gxjstghng di b rgba pbst,

nuaturg bs kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl, sdnjba bntjdh bhl

fg`bvjdr) fgtwggh t`g twd sn`ddas di t`duo`t. Jh t`gdry t`gy

brg jrrgndhnjabfag. Jh prbntjng, `dwgvgr, t`g vbrjbtjdh jh

bpprdbn`gs td spgnjijn prdfagks bhl nbsg stuljgs spbhs t`g

ghtjrg spgntruk fgtwggh pdst-kdlgrh bhl prdngssubajst

brn`bgdadojsts, bs gxgkpajijgl jh t`g prgsght vdaukg. \`js

rbhog js rgiagntgl jh t`g ljiigrjho snbags di jhvgstjobtjdh bhl

agvgas di bfstrbntjdh. Srdngssubajsts tghl td dpgrbtg dh adhogr

tjkg snbags bhl idnus dh abrogr drobhjzbtjdhba uhjts, w`jag

pdst-kdlgrhjsts ndhnghtrbtg kdrg dh s`drtgr tjkg snbags bhl

skbaagr, kdrg spgnjijn uhjts di drobhjzbtjdh.

_jt`jh brn`bgdadoy twd t`gkgs brg prdvjljho b idruk

idr rgndhnjajbtjdh bhl nrdss-igrtjajzbtjdh fgtwggh t`g twd

sn`ddas di t`duo`t5 dhg js abhlsnbpg, t`g dt`gr js sdnjba

drobhjzbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy. \`g ndhigrghng, di w`jn` t`js

Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh ^tdhg bog, jlgdadoy bhl snbajho t`g abllgrKbrgm Uvgagfja di jhigrghng



vdaukg js bh dutndkg, `bs fggh bt agbst pbrtay drobhjzgl

wjt` t`g bjk di frjhojho tdogt`gr rgprgsghtbtjvgs di ljiigrght

pdjhts di vjgw.

6. Ndhngptuba jssugs

Fdt` t`g nuaturg-`jstdrjnba brn`bgdadojsts bhl t`g Hgw

Brn`bgdadojsts t`duo`t di t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g pbst bsvbaug-irgg. \`gjr jhvgstjobtjdhs stbrtgl irdk t`g prgkjsg t`bt

t`g pbst ndual fg dfegntjvgay rgndhstruntgl bhl t`bt sun`

rgndhstruntjdh ndual fg gvbaubtgl fy t`g snjghtjijn

gxbkjhbtjdh di t`g gvjlghng. Bs b pbrt di t`g frdblgr

pdst-kdlgrh nrjtjqug, t`js prgkjsg wbs n`baaghogl fy t`g

pdst-prdngssuba brn`bgdadojsts. \`g fbsjs di t`js n`baaghog js

t`g prgkjsg t`bt brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng pbssgs t`rduo` bt

agbst twd `grkghgutjnba nynags di uhlgrstbhljho bhl

jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Ndhsgqughtay, t`g hbturg di t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrl bs bh dfegntjvg rgiagntjdh di pbst fg`bvjdr wbs

qugstjdhgl. Idr gxbkpag, t`g ljsnbrl di ruffjs` wbs hd

adhogr ndhsjlgrgl bh jhnjlghtba lgpdsjt rgiagntjho, idr

jhstbhng, sufsjstghng. Jt wbs jhstgbl bh jhtghtjdhba bhlsgagntjvg lgpdsjtjdh di wbstg, b sjohbturg di ndhngpts di

ljrt bhl purjty bhl t`gjr jlgdadojnba ndrrgabtgs. Bs sun`, jt

ljl hdt rgiagnt ljrgntay pbst sufsjstghng fg`bvjdr. \`js js

t`g ijrst di t`g twd `grkghgutjn nynags t`bt biignt t`g

brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:0?).

\`g sgndhl `grkghgutjn nynag rgsts jh t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di

t`js gvjlghng fy t`g rgsgbrn`grs w`d brg prjsdhgrs di t`gjr

dwh prgndhngjvgl jlgbs bhl jlgdadojnba prgeuljngs. Fgnbusg

gvgry brn`bgdadojst jhtgrprgts t`g pbst jh tgrks di `js dr `gr

boghlb t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdhs nbhhdt fg dfegntjvg. Sdst-

kdlgrhjsts fgajgvg t`bt t`g gvbaubtjdh di ljiigrght

jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g pbst fy kgbhs di idrkba tgstjho di

`ypdt`gsgs (t`g `ypdt`gtjnba-lgluntjvg kgt`dl) js jkpdssjfag

idr twd rgbsdhs5 ijrst, fgnbusg di t`g `grkghgutjns jh`grght

jh brn`bgdadojnba jhigrghng, bhl, sgndhl, fgnbusg t`g

ndkpagxjty di t`g brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng js sun` t`bt t`grg

js hd ljrgnt ndrrgspdhlghng fgtwggh t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs bhl

ùkbh fg`bvjdr dr sdnjba bntjdh. \`g rgkdvba di idrkba

tgstjho bs bh bpprdprjbtg nrjtgrjdh idr n`ddsjho fgtwggh

batgrhbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdhs, agbvgs t`g wby dpgh idr t`g

ljsnrjkjhbtjho nrjtgrjb fgjho lgijhgl fy t`g kdrbajty bhl

jlgdadoy di t`g jhljvjluba rgsgbrn`gr.

_g wdual ngrtbjhay borgg t`bt hd jhtgrprgtbtjdhs brg

vbaug-irgg. Baa jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g pbst brg ndhtjhoght dh

dur dwh jlgdadoy bhl `jstdrjnba fbnmorduhl= t`g jhtgr-prgtbtjdh jtsgai js `jstdrjnbaay sjtubtgl. Irdk t`bt jt idaadws

t`bt t`grg brg sgvgrba batgrhbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g pbst

pdssjfag. @dwgvgr, t`g gxtght td w`jn` t`js jlgb `bs fggh

prdkdtgl bs t`g lgsjrbfag idrk di ljsndursg agl td t`g

gkgroghng di t`g rgabtjvjst ljagkkb (Fjhidrl 2:0?= @dllgr

2:00= _yajg 2:0:). \`g fbsjs di t`g rgabtjvjst ljagkkb js t`g

gxjstghng di sgvgrba ndkpgtjho jhtgrprgtbtjdhs, baa di w`jn`

brg `gal td fg di gquba vbaug. \`g prdfagk t`gh fgndkgs

`dw td jlghtjiy b nrjtgrjdh fy w`jn` td eulog dhg gxpabhbtjdh

fgttgr t`bh dt`grs5 adojnd-pdsjtjvjsk hd adhogr suppajgs sun`

b nrjtgrjdh.

Bt t`js pdjht t`grg js b ljvgroghng di vjgws `dw td lgba

wjt` t`js prdfagk. \`grg brg t`dsg ajmg ^`bhms bhl \jaagy

(2:0?, 2:0:) w`d ld hdt bppgbr ljsturfgl fy t`js ljagkkb5t`grg js hd jh`grghtay prgigrbfag dr fgttgr gxpabhbtjdh,

t`g rgba pbst js bh jaausjdh, t`grg brg kbhy ljiigrght pbsts

w`jn` nbh dhay fg bpprg`ghlgl t`rduo` dur dwh wgstgrh

vjgwpdjht. Jh sun` b rgabtjvjst sjtubtjdh, ‑t`g trut`‛ fgndkgs

b kbttgr di ndhvjhnjho t`g rgblgr t`rduo` r`gtdrjn bhl

prgsghtbtjdh (t`g pdgtjns di ljsndursg). ^`bhms bhl \jaagy

hgvgr stbtg nagbray `dw t`gy n`ddsg t`gjr ibvdrjtg

rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g pbst, fut t`g jkpajnbtjdh js t`bt ‑t`g

kgrjt, dr eusthgss dr bnnurbny di bhy rgndhstruntjdh di t`g

pbst js uatjkbtgay td fg eulogl w`gt`gr dr hdt jt js usgiua

(jh t`g pdajtjnba sghsg) jh t`g kdlgrh wdral" (Vghirgw 2:0:,

>9, sgg basd ^`bhms/\jaagy 2:0?, 2:0). N`dsgh jh

ndhndrlbhng wjt` t`gjr dwh pdajtjnba fgajgis bhl prgeuljngs,t`g pbst t`gh fgndkgs pbrt di pdajtjnbaay-kdtjvbtgl

prdpbobhlb.

Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl t`grg brg dt`grs, sun` bs @dllgr (2:06,

2:09, 2::3), w`d, bat`duo` hdt fgajgvjho jh t`g rgbajty di t`g

pbst, hgvgrt`gagss fgajgvgs t`bt sdkg nrjtgrjdh di sgagntjdh

`bs td fg bppajgl. Idr @dllgr sun` nrjtgrjb nbh fg iduhl jh

Ndaajhowddl‚s ndhngpts di nd`grghng bhl ndrrgspdhlghng

(Ndaajhowddl 2:<9(2:7?)).

B t`jrl pdsjtjdh js tbmgh fy Ndajh Vghirgw (2::3) idr

w`dk b rgba pbst ldgs gxjst bhl js t`g dfegnt di jhqujry.

Jh `js nrjtjqug di ^`bhms' bhl \jaagy's prdorbkbtjn stbtgkght,

Brn`bgdadoy jhtd t`g 2::3's (2:0:), Vghirgw nabrjijgs

`js n`djng di nrjtgrjb fy w`jn` td gvbaubtg batgrhbtjvg

brn`bgdadojnba gxpabhbtjdhs jh t`g pursujt di systgkbtjn

mhdwaglog, dr _jssghsn`bit (2:0:, ><-<3). \`js jhnaulgs t`g

lgajfgrbtg bldptjdh di t`g snjghtjijn kgt`dl, t`g rgegntjdh di

gxtrgkg pdsjtjvjst pdsjtjdh, t`g usg di nrjtjnba sgai-bhbaysjs,

irgqught bppgba td t`g lbtb fy tgstjho, t`g rgegntjdh di

@gkpga's lgluntjvg-hdkdadojnba idrkuabtjdh (abws), fut bt

t`g sbkg tjkg, t`g sgbrn` idr oddl oghgrbajzbtjdhs bs

gxpabhbtdry irbkgwdrms, t`g rgegntjdh di rgsgbrn`gr's

pdajtjnba stbhng bs b nrjtgrjdh di vbajlbtjdh, bnngptbhng di

‐ndrrgspdhlghng‚ bs strdhogr t`bh ‐nd`grghng‚ bs nrjtgrjdh di

trut`, bhl gkp`bsjs dh prdngssgs rbt`gr t`bh spgnjijn gvghts.

Jh dur vjgw, t`g gvbaubtjdh bhl vbajlbtjdh di dur uhlgrstbhljho di pbst sdnjgtjgs nbh fg jkpagkghtgl dhay

bs b kuatj-ljkghsjdhba gxgrnjsg, nbrrjgl dut bt sgvgrba agvgas

di rgsdautjdh. Brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl rgigrs td gvghts di

ljiigrght lurbtjdh, rbhojho irdk s`drt dr ‐sjhoag gvght‚

gpjsdlgs, td adho-tgrk gvghts, kdrg bpprdprjbtgay lgsnrjfgl

bs prdngssgs. Ljiigrght sdrts di gvjlghng, sd lgijhgl jh b

tgkpdrba sghsg, kby rgqujrg ljiigrght kgbhs di gvbaubtjdh.

< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



Idr gxbkpag, t`g gvbaubtjdh di sdkg bspgnts di b sjhoag

gvght „ t`g prgsghng/bfsghng di orjhljho, pdajs`jho dr nuttjho

bt b sjtg idr gxbkpag „ kby aghl jtsgai td rjodrdus tgstjho fy

idrkba `ypdt`gsgs. Dt`gr gvbaubtjdhs „ sun` bs t`g kgbhjho

di ljsbrtjnuabtgl ùkbh fdhg lgpdsjts jh b surrduhljho

ljtn` „ wjaa rgqujrg b kdrg bkfjoudus bssgsskght jh tgrks

di nd`grghng bhl ndrrgspdhlghng. Dt`gr idrks di gvbaubtjdhstjaa, idr gxbkpag t`bt di ‐t`g blbptjvg sunngss' di b

prg`jstdrjn ndkkuhjty, wjaa pgrkjt dhay bh gxgrnjsg jh

ndhtrdaagl spgnuabtjdh oujlgl fy t`g Lbrwjhjbh t`gdry di

gvdautjdh, ndkkdh sghsg bhl t`g rgndrl di t`g pbst. Bs js

jkpajgl fy t`js broukght, ljiigrght idrks di jhtgrprgtbtjdh

dpgrbtg bt ljiigrght tgkpdrba snbags, bhl rgigr td ljiigrght

bssgkfabogs di brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng. Jt js t`g smjaa di t`g

rgsgbrn gr jh t`g rgndhstruntjdh, gvbaubtjdh bhl uhlgrstbhljho

di t`g pbst bt sun` kuatj-ljkghsjdhba agvga, gkpadyjho fdt`

t`g ‐prdngssuba‚ bhl ‐pdst-prdngssuba‚ bpprdbn`gs, t`bt

kbrms, jh dur vjgw, b lgsjrbfag stgp idrwbrl irdk t`g gbrajgr

ghtrghn`gl pdsjtjdhs dh fdt` sjlgs di t`g prdngssuba/pdst-

prdngssuba ljvjlg._`y brg wg sd ndhngrhgl wjt` t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di

brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng bhl wjt` t`g vbajlbtjdh di

batgrhbtjvg vjgws di t`g pbst4 Fgnbusg jt `bs fggh brougl idr

b adho tjkg t`bt jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di sdnjgtjgs

ajvjho jh b rgkdtg pbst js, giigntjvgay, fgydhl t`g rgbn` di

brn`gdadojnba jhqujry (idr gxbkpag, bs jh N. @bwmgs' abllgr

di jhigrghng). Dhg di t`g dutndkgs di t`g pdst-prdngssuba

rgabtjvjst bpprdbn` td brn`gdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh wbs t`bt

jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg fgnbkg bnngssjfag, fgnbusg

tgstjho fy wby di idrkba `ypdt`gsjs bhl prddi wbs rgkdvgl.

Jh rgabtjdhs`jp td t`g sufegnt di t`g fddm, dur ndhngrh

rgkbjhs t`bt jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di stdhg bog

sdnjgtjgs brg ndkprg`ghlgl bs bnnurbtgay bs pdssjfag,

jh dt`gr wdrls bs nadsg td t`g prg`jstdrjn rgbajty bs nbh fg

bn`jgvgl.

>. Jkpagkghtbtjdh

\`g rdag di jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh sdnjgty jh

oghgrba, bhl jh pbst sdnjgtjgs di t`g stdhg bog kdrg

spgnjijnbaay, js, di ndursg, b vbst sufegnt, t`g sukkbry di

w`jn` js fgydhl t`g rgkjt di t`js jhtrdluntjdh bhl fgydhl

dur nbpbnjty. \`g pgrtjhght p`jadsdp`jnba pdsjtjdhs rbhog

irdk rgobrljho jlgdadoy bs bh baa-jhnausjvg, ghnbpsuabtjho

p`ghdkghdh w`jn` lgtgrkjhgs t`g ndursg di dur ajvgs,

td bttrjfutjho b spgnjijn pabng bhl rdag td jlgdadoy bhlsdnjba strunturg wjt`jh b frdblgr strunturba irbkgwdrm

n`brbntgrjzjho bhy sdnjba drlgr (b.d. Lurm`gjk 2:>0=

Kbrx 2:9?= _`jtg 2:<:). Bh batgrhbtjvg vjgw, w`jn` js

objhjho nurrghny jh brn`bgdadoy , js t`bt ji t`g sdnjba ibfrjn js

uhljiigrghtjbtgl jh sjkpag sdnjgtjgs (Kbuss 2:7<), jt wdual

fg jhbpprdprjbtg td jkpdsg dur kdlgrh Nbrtgsjbh irbkg-

wdrms dh sdnjba ajig di t`g pbst sdnjgtjgs (@dllgr 2:06,

2::3= ^`bhms/\jaagy 2:0?, 2::3= \`dkbs 2::2, 2::9).

Jh prbntjng, `dwgvgr, jt js ljiijnuat hdt td bldpt sdkg idrk di

prgsghtay mhdwh sdnjba dr jlgdadojnba strunturg bs b `gurjstjn

lgvjsg idr ‐rgbljho‚ „ dr jhtgrprgtjho „ t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrl di t`g pbst bhl t`g dpgrbtjdh di pbst sdnjgtjgs bs b

systgk (j.g. @dllgr 2::3= \`dkbs 2::2= Uvgagfja 2::6b, f)

Irdk t`js jt idaadws t`bt t`g usg di bhbadojgs js nghtrba tdgvgry brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Jh dur vjgw ndhnrgtg

bhbadojgs bhl, kdrg oghgrbaay, bhbadojnba rgbsdhjho, js t`g

kdst jkpdrtbht vg`jnag idr ajhmjho brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng

wjt` sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy bhl idr uhlgrstbhljho

jts lyhbkjn rdag jh trbhsidrkjho sdnjgty. Bs t`js vdaukg

s`dws, ljiigrght pgdpag lgba jh ljiigrght wbys jh t`g usg di

bhbadojgs. _`bt js ndkkdh td baa ndhtrjfutdrs js t`bt t`gy

baa usg sdkg sdrt di bhbadoy, w`gt`gr gxpajnjtay (Frblagy,

Ygr`brt bhl _bhsaggfgh, Uvgagfja) dr jkpajnjtay (\`dkbs,

D'^`gb). Gbn` idrk di gxpajnjt bhbadoy `bs jts dwh

eustjijnbtjdh bhl jts dwh kgt`dldadoy, w`jag jkpajnjt bhbadoy

js ditgh prgsghtgl gjt`gr bs bh ghajo`tghkght, dr jt js

jkpdrtgl jhtd t`g broukght bs pbrt di bh bargbly gstbfajs`gljlgb.

\`grg brg ljiigrght typgs di bhbadojgs, sun` bs t`g oghgrba-

ndkpbrbtjvg bhbadoy, ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy dr strunturba

bhbadoy. \`g oghgrba-ndkpbrbtjvg bhbadoy js bntubaay t`g

kdst wjlgay usgl, fut basd kdst strdhoay nrjtjnjzgl. Jt

prdvjlgs t`g agbst ndhvjhnjho ajhm fgtwggh t`g dfsgrvgl

bhl t`g jhigrrgl, fgnbusg t`g dhay eustjijnbtjdh idr t`g

gkpadykght di t`js typg di bhbadoy ndkkdhay js t`g

gxjstghng di sdkg idrkba sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh sdurng bhl

sufegnt. Bh gxbkpag js t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh sjzg di b

lwgaajho bhl hukfgr di jh`bfjtbhts. Kdrg ditgh t`bh hdt

oghgrba bhbadojgs brg usgl jkpajnjtay bhl hdt sufegntgl td b

nrjtjnba bssgsskght jh t`g ajo`t di t`g gxtbht brn`bgdadojnba

lbtb.

\`g ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy js fbsgl dh t`g bssukptjdh

t`bt sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh twd n`rdhdadojnbaay ljstbht sdnjgtjgs

`bvg kdrg vbajljty ji t`gy s`brg t`g sbkg `jstdrjnba trbegntdry

bhl ogdorbp`jnba adnbtjdh. ûn` b idrk di bhbadoy js oghgrbaay

`gal td fg kdrg ndhvjhnjho t`bh t`g oghgrba bhbadoy, fut b

nrunjba bssukptjdh js t`bt di `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty. Jh t`js

vdaukg Uvgagfja's ndhtrjfutjdh dh prg`jstdrjn ùhtgr-obt`grgr

rjtuba abhlsnbpgs usgs ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy jh t`g

jhtgrprgtbtjdh.

\`g fbsjs idr b strunturba bhbadoy ajgs jh t`g fgajgi dr

gxpgntbtjdh t`bt sdnjgtjgs s`brg b ngrtbjh strunturg rgobrlagssdi t`gjr `jstdrjnba sjtubtjdh dr spbtjba adnbtjdh. \`g ndkkdh

hbturg di sun` strunturgs prdvjlgs t`g eustjijnbtjdh idr t`g

usg di bhbadoy. ^d, idr gxbkpag, jh Kbrxjst t`duo`t t`g

uhlgrayjho strunturg di sdnjgtjgs js `gal td fg bawbys t`g

sbkg. ^dnjgtjgs brg drobhjzgl jh tgrks di rgabtjdhs bhl kgbh

di prdluntjdh bhl t`js irbkgwdrm js bppajgl hdt dhay td t`g

nbpjtbajst jhlustrjba sdnjgtjgs idr w`jn` jt wbs drjojhbaay

7 B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ



lgvgadpgl, fut basd td prg-jhlustrjbajzgl sdnjgtjgs bhl jhlggl

sdnjgtjgs jh t`g pbst dh t`g bssukptjdh t`bt t`g Kbrxjst

strunturg nbh fg usgl td gxpabjh sdnjba rgabtjdhs jh t`gsg

sdnjgtjgs bs wgaa. ^trunturbajsk di Aêvj-^trbuss bhl dt`grs

nbh fg usgl bs bhdt`gr gxbkpag w`grg ùkbhjty js gxpgntgl

td s`brg ngrtbjh ndohjtjvg strunturgs drobhjzgl jh tgrks di

fjhbry dppdsjtjdhs. Bs b t`jrl gxbkpag, jt ndual fg brouglt`bt jlgdadoy bhl, kdrg frdblay, fgajgi systgks s`brg ngrtbjh

strunturgs bhl pbttgrhs w`jn` ndual fg gkpadygl jh ajhmjho

gt`hdorbp`jn bhl prg`jstdrjn gvjlghng idr sun` systgks. ^d,

idr gxbkpag, t`g mjaajho di b fgbr lurjho b rjtuba sykfdajzjho

strunturba rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh pgdpag bhl t`gjr rgsdurngs

wjaa rgsuat jh b ngrtbjh pbttgrhjho w`jn` kby ndrrgspdhl wjt`

prg`jstdrjn ndhijourbtjdhs= sun` prg`jstdrjn pbttgrhs wjaa t`gh

bnt bs sjohbturgs di jlgdadojnba strunturgs mhdwh

gt`hdorbp`jnbaay. \`js abttgr gxbkpag di b strunturba bhbadoy

basd rgsts dh t`g bssukptjdh di `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty bhl,

irdk t`bt pgrspgntjvg, js bmjh td t`g ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy.

\`g idurt` bhbadoy js t`g n`rdhdadojnba, tgkpdrba dhg,

b typg di bhbadoy wg kby fg `brlay bwbrg di bhl w`jn`,ndhsgqughtay, wg tghl td gkpady jkpajnjtay. ^dnjgtjgs dpgrbtg

dh ljiigrght tjkg snbags, fgnbusg t`g pgrngptjdh, ljvjsjdh bhl

kgbsurgkght di tjkg js b nuaturba ndhstrunt. Kdrgdvgr, gvgh

wjt`jh t`g sbkg sdnjgty, ljiigrght tgkpdrba snbags brg dpgrbtjvg

sjkuatbhgdusay bs, idr jhstbhng, sbnrgl vgrsus sgnuabr tjkg

(Fdurljgu 2:??)5 t`g sgnuabr tjkg js ajhmgl td t`g sgbsdhba

rduhl bhl t`g rgnurrght lbjay bntjvjtjgs, t`g sbnrgl tjkg js

rgabtgl td t`g ndskdadoy bhl td rjtuba prbntjngs w`jn` kby

`bvg b tjkg lgpt` ibr gxnggljho dur wgstgrh ndhngptjdhs di

prbntjnba, kgbsurgl tjkg. \`gsg ljiigrght tjkg snbags `bvg b

ljrgnt jkpbnt dh t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl5

b rjtuba bnt, pgr`bps dnnurrjho bt vgry adho jhtgrvbas,

prdlungs b ljiigrght ndhijourbtjdh di kbtgrjba rgkbjhs t`bh

bh bntjvjty w`jn` dnnurs dh b lbjay fbsjs. \d ndkpajnbtg

kbttgrs, dur wgstgrh dhg-ljkghsjdhba ndhngpt di kgbsurgl

tjkg js jkpajnjtay usgl jh dur jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di pbst rgkbjhs

bhl t`g n`rdhdadojnba jkpajnbtjdhs t`grgdi. Irdk t`bt

pgrspgntjvg adho-tgrk n`bhog ndual dhay fg t`g rgsuat di

hbturba, ghvjrdhkghtba (j.g. gxtgrhba) njrnukstbhngs, w`grgbs,

usjho b ljiigrght tgkpdrba bhbadoy, wg nbh hdw bnngpt t`bt

sun` n`bhog nbh fg lug td sdnjba prdngssgs, oujlgl fy adho-

abstjho rjtuba ndhstrunts (Odslgh 2::<). Bh gxbkpag pgrtjhght

td t`g ndhtghts di t`js fddm js t`g uhjljrgntjdhba gvdautjdhbry

ibs`jdh jh w`jn` wg `bvg adho rgobrlgl t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk

t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn (Uvgagfja 2::>).Nagbray, t`g sdurng idr kdst bhbadojgs, w`gt`gr oghgrba-

ndkpbrbtjvg, ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba, strunturba dr tgkpdrba, ajgs jh

gt`hdorbp`jn bhl gt`hd`jstdrjn bnnduhts. Jh t`bt sghsg t`gsg

twd ajhgs di jhqujry prdvjlg kdst di t`g jkbogs wjt` w`jn`

wg try td kbmg t`g pbst ‐ndkg bajvg' sd td spgbm. \`js sggks

gspgnjbaay pgrtjhght td t`g sufegnts bllrgssgl jh t`js fddm5

sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy.

<. G-kgrojho jlgdadojgs5

t`g t`gkgs jh t`g vdaukg.

Bhydhg rgbljho bs ibr bs `grg wjaa hdt t`gh fg surprjsgl td

ijhl t`bt t`g vbrjgty di bpprdbn`gs, vjgwpdjhts bhl ndhngrhs

w`jn` wg `bvg frjgiay jhtrdlungl js kbtn`gl fy b vbrjgty di

vjgws bkdho t`dsg w`d `bvg bllrgssgl t`g brgb di sdnjba

strunturg bhl jlgdadoy bkdho stdhg bog sdnjgtjgs (ndkpbrg,idr gxbkpag, Frblagy 2:0<= Abrssdh 2:0:, 2::3= D'^`gb

2:0<= \`dkbs 2::2= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:= Uvgagfja 2::?).

\`js sjtubtjdh js basd rgiagntgl jh t`js vdaukg. Zgt, t`grg brg

basd brgbs di ndkkdh ndhngrh, jssugs t`bt ndkg td t`g idrg

rgpgbtglay jh ljiigrght pbpgrs, bhl dnnbsjdhba brgbs di

ndhsghsus. Jh b wby, t`gsg t`gkgs rgprgsght, jkpajnjtay, t`g

hgw, gkgrojho boghlb idr iuturg jhvgstjobtjdh.

Vjn`brl Frblagy's pbpgr bllrgssgs t`g gvjlghng idr

pbttgrhgl furjba prbntjngs jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn „ furjba trbljtjdhs

„ bt b pbh-Gurdpgbh snbag, bhl ljsnussgs t`g ljiigrghngs jh

trgbtkght di Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn furjba prbntjngs fy t`g

brn`bgdadojsts. @g hdtgs t`bt w`jag t`g Kgsdajt`jn spgnjbajsts

gkp`bsjzg blbptbtjdh td t`g hbturba ghvjrdhkght, stulghtsdi t`g Hgdajt`jn brg kdrg ditgh ndhngrhgl wjt` jlgdadoy bhl

sdnjba rgabtjdhs. \`js agbls basd td b ljiigrghng di snbag.

_`jag t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl js jhtgrprgtgl t`rduo` nadsg

rgbljho di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty js

ditgh jhtgrprgtgl t`rduo` t`g gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl. \`js kby

fg, pgr`bps, fgnbusg prg`jstdrjn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Gurdpg

brg hdt pgrngjvgl bs bhngstrba td dur dwh, Gurdpgbh sdnjgty=

ndhsgqughtay, t`grg js hd sghsg di `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty dr di

bhbadougs dt`gr t`bh t`dsg jh t`g gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl dutsjlg

Gurdpg.

Frblagy odgs dh td ljsnuss t`g kbedr igbturgs di

Kgsdajt`jn furjba trbljtjdhs w`jn` brg s`brgl bnrdss abrog

brgbs di Gurdpg. \`gsg jhnaulg t`g usg di rgl dn`rg, drobhjn

brtjibnts, bhtagr bhl iddl rgkbjhs jh t`g iuhgrbry rjtgs, di ldo

fdhgs bhl ldo furjbas, di t`g njrnuabtjdh di ljsbrtjnuabtgl

ùkbh fdhgs bhl di vdtjvg diigrjhos. Frblagy hdtgs t`bt

jsdabtgl ùkbh fdhgs brg trgbtgl jh t`g sbkg wby bs jsdabtgl

bhjkba fdhgs bhl t`bt ldos bppgbr td `bvg fggh trgbtgl bs

jhljvjlubas jh t`gjr dwh rjo`t, suoogstjho t`bt t`g jh`bfjtbhts

di ^mbtg`dak kblg hd ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g ùkbh bhl

bhjkba pdpuabtjdhs di t`g sjtg. Jh ibnt, jt wbs dhay ldos,

t`g sdag iuaay ldkgstjn bhjkbas bt t`g tjkg, w`jn` `bvg fggh

trgbtgl jh sun` b wby. \`js kbmgs sghsg jh tgrks di gt`hd-

orbp`jn bhbadojgs irdk bkdho hdrt`grh Gurbsjbh ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs, bs ljsnussgl abtgr fy Uvgagfja (t`js vdaukg).Frblagy basd hdtgs t`g pbunjty di stdhg strunturgs jh t`g

furjba prbntjngs di t`g Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs jh Gurdpg, w`jn`

js jh kbrmgl ndhtrbst wjt` t`g kgobajt`jn trbljtjdhs di t`g

Btabhtjn ^gbfdbrl lurjho t`g ghsujho Hgdajt`jn. \`g jkpajgl

ljsndhtjhujty kby fg kdrg bppbrght, t`bh rgba, `dwgvgr.

\`grg brg jhljnbtjdhs di kdrtubry `dusgs kblg di wddl bt

nbrgiuaay gxnbvbtgl sjtgs sun` bs ^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:00),

9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



bhl sabf-ajhgl njsts wgrg ndhstruntgl hdt dhay fy Kgsdajt`jn

ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Frjttbhy, fut basd fy t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrs

di t`g Eìmìraì nuaturg jh t`g <t` kjaaghhjuk fn jh Ijhabhl

(Glorgh 2:99). Jh t`js vdaukg, \`dkbs gkp`bsjzgs t`g

brn`jtgnturba bhtgnglghts, gvjlght jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn kdrtubry

brn`jtgnturg, idr t`g abtgr Hgdajt`jn kdhukghts.

Ijhbaay, Frblagy's pbpgr jhtrdlungs twd kbedr t`gkgsw`jn` brg sufsgqughtay ljsnussgl jh kdst dt`gr ndhtrjfu-

tjdhs. Dhg js t`g jkpdrtbhng di igrtjajty bhl rgoghgrbtjdh jh

t`g sykfdajsk di t`g Kgsdajt`jn furjba trbljtjdhs, sykfdajsk

w`jn` js jh ndhndrlbhng wjt` t`g prgvbjajho pgrngptjdh di t`g

hbturba wdral bkdho kdlgrh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs bs b nrgbtjvg

idrng bhl bs ‑ojvjho ghvjrdhkght" (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::3).

\`g sgndhl t`gkg js t`g orbluba hbturg di t`g trbhsjtjdh td

ibrkjho gndhdky bhl t`g kdlgrbtjho rdag jlgdadoy di

ùhtgr-obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs wdual `bvg `bl dh sun` b

n`bhog5 t`js jssug js basd bllrgssgl fy Uvgagfja, Eghhfgrt,

\`dkbs, Vbldvbhdvjn bhl Ydytgm, bhl Glkdhls.

Kbhy di t`gsg t`gkgs brg iurt`gr lgvgadpgl fy Jvbhb

Vbldvbhdvjn bhl Fbrfbrb Ydytgm jh t`gjr trgbtkght di t`gLegrlbp Kgsdajt`jn jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog badho t`g

Lbhufg. \`g but`drs prgsght b kdlga w`jn` ndkfjhgs

sglghtjsk, sufsjstghng bhl sdnjba ndkpagxjty bs b sgt di

jhtgr-bntjho idrngs, agbljho td sdnjba gabfdrbtjdh bhl t`g

lgvgadpkght di sykfdajn ndlgs bssdnjbtgl wjt` jhnrgbsgl

sdnjba ndhtrda, oghlgr rdag/stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdh bhl sykfdajn

kbhjigstbtjdh di ordup nd`gsjdh bt t`g tjkg w`gh t`g jlghtjty

di Jrdh Odrog ndkkuhjtjgs wbs fgjho grdlgl t`rduo` ndhtbnt

wjt` t`g hgjo`fdrjho ibrkgrs.

Vbldvbhdvjn bhl Ydytgm gkp`bsjzg b rgtrgbt irdk

jhljvjlubajzbtjdh, bhl t`g prgvbaghng di t`g ndaagntjvg ordup

jlghtjty dvgr t`g jhljvjluba jh t`g abtgr p`bsgs bt Yabsbn

bhl Agpghsmj Yjr J bhl JJ5 lgvgadpkghts w`jn` ijhl pbrbaagas

jh dt`gr brgbs di Gurdpg jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl w`jn` brg

ljsnussgl fy \`dkbs bhl Glkdhls jh t`js vdaukg bs wgaa

bs gasgw`grg (j.g. N`bpkbh 2::>, 2::<= \`dkbs 2::2).

\`gy od dh td ljsnuss oghlgr rdags bhl oghlgr-fbsgl stbtus

ljiigrghtjbtjdh, suoogstjho t`bt t`g prgigrghng di wdkgh idr

b ljiigrght ajigstyag „ t`bt kbrmgl fy pabht bhl bhjkba

ùsfbhlry „ wbs bh jkpdrtbht ibntdr jh t`g gvghtuba bldptjdh

di ibrkjho. \`g agssdh `grg bppgbrs td fg t`bt jlgdadojnba

ndhstrbjhts, bat`duo` nbpbfag di lgabyjho t`g bldptjdh di

ibrkjho, ibjagl td suppdrt t`g ùhtgr-ijs`gr ajigstyag jh t`g

adho ruh, fgnbusg jlgdadoy ndual hdt lgajvgr t`g prbntjnba

fghgijts td wdkgh w`jn` `bl fgndkg bvbjabfag wjtìbrkjho.

Kbrgm Uvgagfja, jh `js ndhtrjfutjdh dh ùhtgr-obt`grgr

rjtuba abhlsnbpgs, gkpadys b ljrgnt `jstdrjnba bhbadoy di

rgnght ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs jh wgstgrh ^jfgrjb bs b mgy

td ndkprg`ghljho t`g kgbhjho di jlgdadoy bhl di t`g rjtuba

abhlsnbpgs di t`g prg`jstdrjn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Hdrt`grh

Gurdpg. \`g ljiigrght ndhngptjdhs di tjkg (Odslgh 2::<=

Ybsjngm 2::<= Uvgagfja 2::>) bhl t`g ndhngptuba irbkgwdrm

di strunturg bhl boghny (Ojllghs 2:0<) brg bppajgl jh bh

giidrt td jhtgrprgt t`g dpgrbtjdh di sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba

ibntdrs jh b lyhbkjn, `jstdrjnba pgrspgntjvg. Jh t`js

pgrspgntjvg t`g usg bhl kgbhjho di sykfdas n`bhog bs pbrt

di t`g prdngss di hgodtjbtjdh idr ndhtrda fgtwggh ljiigrght

sgokghts di t`g sdnjgty, fy bppgbajho td bh ghlurjhojlgdadojnba ndlg, s`brgl fy kbhy hdrt`grh ùhtgr-obt`grgr

sdnjgtjgs, w`jn` prdvjlgs t`g irbkg di rgigrghng idr n`bhogs

jh jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Hìkidrsgh jh Hdrt`grh ^wglgh bhl Daghjj

Dstrdv jh Mbrgajb brg usgl bs t`g gxbkpags di rjtuba

abhlsnbpgs, t`duo`t td `bvg fggh bt t`g nghtgr di sun`

bntjvjtjgs.

\`g ndhtrjfutjdhs di Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt, Euajbh \`dkbs bhl

Agd Ygr`brt bhl Kjand _bhsaggfgh baa bllrgss t`g sbkg

frdbl t`gkg di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh. Bat`duo`

t`gy bpprdbn` t`g tdpjn irdk ljiigrght pgrspgntjvgs bhl lgba

wjt` ljiigrght brgbs „ Eghhfgrt wjt` ^nbhljhbvjb, Ygr`brt bhl

_bhsaggfgh wjt` t`g Hgt`grabhls bhl \`dkbs wjt` Frjtbjh,

t`gy baa gkp`bsjzg t`g ndhtjhujty di sufsjstghng prbntjngsbnrdss t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh, t`g jkpdrtbhng di

ojit gxn`bhog, bhl di t`g s`jitjho kgbhjho bhl sykfdajsk di

kbtgrjba nuaturg. Jh `gr ndhtrjfutjdh dh kghtbajty bhl t`g

sdnjba wdral, Eghhfgrt basd idnusgs dh oghlgr rdags jh t`g

Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn jh ^nbhljhbvjb, dh t`g

ndhngptuba tyrbhhy di dur tgrkjhdadoy, bhl dh t`g sadw pbng

di sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba n`bhog jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb

lurjho t`g ‐trbhsjtjdhba‚ pgrjdl fgtwggh >633 bhl 6933 fn.

\ùs, t`g orbluba hbturg di t`g gndhdkjn trbhsjtjdh

(Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:0<= Uvgagfja jh prgss) js

ndhedjhgl wjt` t`g sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba dhg.

\`dkbs ndhsjlgrs t`g rdag di kbtgrjba nuaturg jh t`g

Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh. @g brougs t`bt

kbtgrjba nuaturg ‑ldgs hdt sd kun` ghndlg kgbhjho t`rduo`

jts ibs`jdhjho bs prdvjlg bh bppbrbtus idr t`g nrgbtjdh di

kgbhjho" (\`dkbs, t`js vdaukg). \`g jhtrdluntjdh di t`g

Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg jhtd Frjtbjh ghbfagl t`g bfdrjojhba

jh`bfjtbhts di Frjtbjh td rglgijhg bhl kbhjpuabtg sdnjba

rgabtjdhs`jps, bhl td ‑trbhsidrk t`g kgbhjhos di t`gjr

abhlsnbpgs t`rduo` t`gjr ghobogkght wjt` kbtgrjba t`jhos",

rgobrlagss di bhy pbrtjnuabr gndhdkjn rgojkg. \`g bldptjdh

di t`g hgw ‐Hgdajt`jn‚ trbjts, sun` bs ngrbkjns, pdajs`gl stdhg

bxgs bhl kgobajt`jn brn`jtgnturg dnnurrgl rbpjlay fgtwggh nb

>633->333 fn, bhl ljl hdt hgngssbrjay ndrrgspdhl td t`g

bldptjdh di ibrkjho prbntjngs.\`js js ndhtrbstgl wjt` t`g ndhtjhujty jh gndhdkjn pbttgrhs

jh t`g Btabhtjn zdhg di Gurdpg w`grg ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho

rgkbjhgl b kbedr sufsjstghng bntjvjty. Jh Frjtbjh jh

pbrtjnuabr, t`grg wgrg w`dag brgbs di t`g nduhtry jh w`jn`

ldkgstjnbtgs `bl dhay t`g kdst kbrojhba di jkpbnts

(Brkjt/Ijhabysdh 2::6= Lghhgaa 2:0>= Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-

Ndhwy 2:09). \`g sbkg pgrtbjhs td t`g Hgt`grabhls (Aduwg

? B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ



Mddjekbhs 2::>= Ybh Ojeh 2::3). \`js agbls \`dkbs td t`g

jhtgrgstjho ndhnausjdh t`bt t`g bldptjdh di ibrkjho ndual fg

rgobrlgl bs bh ‐dptjdhba gxtrb‚ td Hgdajt`jn jhhdvbtjdhs jh t`g

kbtgrjba nuaturg, sun` bs ngrbkjns, pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs bhl

kgobajt`jn brn`jtgnturg= t`gsg jhhdvbtjdhs rgprgsghtgl b sgt

di sdnjba bhl sykfdajn rgsdurngs w`jn` wbs bldptgl fy t`g

jhljoghdus ùhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl rg-jhvgstgl wjt` kgbhjho tdijt t`g rgojdhba ndhljtjdhs.

_bstg bhl Srgstjog, b ndhtrjfutjdh fy Agd Ygr`brt bhl

Kjand _bhsaggfgh, idnussgs dh t`g njrnuabtjdh di ojits bhl

dt`gr idrks di gxn`bhog bnrdss t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn

irdhtjgr jh t`g gbstgrh Hgt`grabhls. \`g but`drs usg t`g

gt`hdorbp`jn gvjlghng di b rgnght jhtrdluntjdh di kdlgrh

wgstgrh brtjibnts jh Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb td jkpbrt kgbhjho td

t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs di Hgdajt`jn jkpdrts, sun` bs pdttgry

bhl pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs bkdho t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrs di Abtg

Kgsdajt`jn Hgt`grabhls. Lgspjtg t`g kbrmgl ljiigrghngs jh

bpprdbn`, t`gjr ndhnausjdhs ditgh ndrrgspdhl td \`dkbs'5

t`g gndhdkjn prbntjng rgkbjhgl, bt agbst jhjtjbaay, uhbiigntgl

fy t`gsg gxn`bhogs, t`g kgbhjho di t`g dfegnts s`jitgl jhpbssbog irdk dhg sdnjba ndhtgxt td bhdt`gr, t`g sdnjba vbaug

di brtjibnts lgnajhgl bs t`gjr njrnuabtjdh jhnrgbsgl, t`grgfy

nrgbtjho b ndhtjhuba lgkbhl idr dt`gr, kdrg gxdtjn vbaubfags.

\`js jh turh nrgbtgs b hggl idr gndhdkjn jhtghsjijnbtjdh, bhl

gvghtubaay, idr t`g trbhsjtjdh td bhdt`gr gndhdkjn systgk.

Jh t`js snghbrjd, t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss js sggh prjhnjpbaay

bs b prdngss di sdnjba jhtghsjijnbtjdh, jhjtjbtgl fy t`g

gxn`bhog di (Hgdajt`jn) prgstjojdus dfegnts idr rbw

kbtgrjbas jh bh gxn`bhog systgk fbsgl dh mjhs`jp bhl

baajbhngs5 b vjgw t`bt `bs b adho bhl ljstjhoujs`gl trbljtjdh

(sgg idr gxbkpag, Fghlgr 2:?0= @bylgh 2::3= ^bàjhs

2:?6).

\drstgh Kblsgh gxbkjhgs t`g gvjlghng irdk furjba

prbntjngs, p`ysjnba bht`rdpdadoy, kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl

nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb td dftbjh

jhsjo`t jhtd t`g n`brbntgr di t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Grtgfðaag

td t`g \VF nuaturg. @g js usjho jkpajnjt bhbadojnba rgbsdhjho,

gkpadyjho sun` ndhngpts bs sgokghtgl dr `jgrbrn`jnba

sdnjgtjgs. Kblsgh brougs t`bt jh tgrks di sdnjba strunturg

t`grg ldgs hdt sggk td fg b hdtbfag ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g

abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn. Fdt` pgrjdls brg

n`brbntgrjzgl fy t`g prgsghng di b sgokghtgl sdnjgty,

gxjstjho di kbhy skbaagr, strdhoay tgrrjtdrjba ordups, wjt`

t`gjr dwh spgnjijn kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl t`gjr dwh furjba

orduhls= ndkkuhba rjtubas wgrg vgry jkpdrtbht jh fdt`pgrjdls. \`g rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh ordups sggk td `bvg `bl

b vjdaght uhlgrtdhg, ndhsjlgrjho t`g strdho gvjlghng idr

p`ysjnba lgidrkbtjdhs dh ùkbh smuaas.

\`g sgndhl pbrt di Kblsgh's pbpgr lgbas wjt` jlgdadoy.

@grg `g ldgs dfsgrvg b ljsndhtjhujty fgtwggh t`g Grtgfðaag

bhl \VF nuaturg bhl idr t`bt rgbsdh `g dhay ljsnussgs t`g

gvjlghng irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn (`dwgvgr, pbpgrs fy Frblagy

bhl Uvgagfja ld bllrgss t`g Kgsdajt`jn). \`g \VF pgrjdl

sggs t`g gkgroghng di bh ghdrkdus hukfgr di nbusgwbygl

ghnadsurgs bhl kdhukghtba furjba tdkfs. \`gsg idrkgl t`g

idnus idr b orgbt lgba di ndkkuhba rjtubas, sdkg di w`jn`,

Kblsgh brougs, brg sd bajgh bhl dll td us t`bt jt js vgry

ljiijnuat td ndkprg`ghl t`g uhlgrayjho jlgdadoy5 abrog

qubhtjtjgs di `jo`-qubajty pdttgry wgrg lgstrdygl bhl t`giaddrs di t`g tdkfs wgrg ndvgrgl wjt` ùog bkduht di furht

iajht. Ijrg, fdt` bs lgstruntdr bhl nrgbtdr di ajig, sggks td

`bvg fggh jkpdrtbht jh rjtuba fg`bvjdr.

Kbrm Glkdhls, ajmg kdst but`drs rgprgsghtgl jh t`js

vdaukg, bl`grgs td t`g nurrght pdjht di vjgw t`bt t`g

trbhsjtjdh irdk Kgsdajt`jn td Hgdajt`jn wbs hdt b sullgh

dhg bhl t`bt t`grg js kdrg gvjlghng idr ndhtjhujty. @g

sufstbhtjbtgs t`js pdjht di vjgw fy addmjho bt t`g ‐fjdorbp`y'

di t`dsg pabngs w`jn` paby b nrunjba rdag jh t`g lbjay ajvgs

di prg`jstdrjn pgdpags5 stdhg sdurngs, s`gaa kjllghs, tdkfs

bhl ghnadsurgs. \d gxbkjhg t`gsg pabngs jh t`gjr strunturba

rgabtjdhs`jp, Glkdhls usgs Jhodal's (2::>) ndhngpt di b

‐tbsmsnbpg', jtsgai b ndhstrunt di gt`hdorbp`jn bhbadoy.@g hdtgs b ndhtjhujty jh t`g jkpdrtbhng bnndrlgl td

ngrtbjh pabngs, bnrdss t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh.

Idr gxbkpag, stdhg sdurngs w`jn` wgrg bargbly jkpdrtbht

idr Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs, idrkgl t`g idnus idr t`g

ndhstruntjdh di kgobajt`jn tdkfs bhl ghnadsurgs idr

Hgdajt`jn ordups. Vjtubas, prdnurgkght bhl gxn`bhog di

kbtgrjbas, t`g usg di pdttgry bhl ldkgstjnbtgs baa suppdrtgl

bhl kdljijgl t`g jlghtjty bhl t`g jhtgrhba bhl gxtgrhba

rgabtjdhs`jps di t`g ndkkuhjtjgs. Glkdhls ndhsjlgrs t`bt

t`g brn`gtypba sunngssjdh di vbrjdus p`ghdkghb, ndkkdhay

bl`grgl td fy brn`gdadojsts, ldgs jheustjng td t`g ndkpagxjty

di t`g prdngss di n`bhog.

_jt` t`g pbpgr fy Sjgt vbh lg Ygalg wg `bvg ndkg td

t`g iuaa Hgdajt`jn, t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm nuaturg. Ybh lg Ygalg

bldpts bh gxpajnjtay pdsjtjvjst stbhl bhl, ajmg D'^`gb, usgs

jkpajnjt bhbadoy td bttrjfutg kgbhjho td t`g brn`bgdadojnba

pbttgrhjho `g dfsgrvgs. Dh t`g fbsjs di t`g typg di orbvg

oddls prgsght jh t`g furjba orduhls di Gasadd (^dut`grh

Hgt`grabhls) bhl Hjglgrkgrz (V`jhgabhl jh Ogrkbhy),

`g ndhnaulgs t`bt Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjgty wbs kbtrjajhgba.

\`grg brg hd broukghts jh ibvdr di bh `jgrbrn`jnba drlgrjho

di Fbhlmgrbkjm ndkkuhjtjgs= bh gobajtbrjbh sdnjgty js

kdrg ajmgay. Jh t`g sgndhl pbrt di `js pbpgr `g ljsnussgs

t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm furjba lbtb, broujho

t`bt t`g prgsghng di furjba orduhls js rgba dhay jh t`g twdbfdvg-kghtjdhgl sgttagkghts bhl hdt lug td ndhsgrvbtjdh

dr gxnbvbtjdh njrnukstbhngs. Jt rgkbjhs td fg gxpabjhgl,

`dwgvgr, w`y dhay t`gsg twd sgttagkghts `bvg ngkgtgrjgs.

Jt js prdfbfay hdt jhnjlghtba t`bt t`gy brg basd t`g twd

abrogst wjt`jh t`gjr rgspgntjvg kjnrd-rgojdhs, w`grgbs

t`g lgbl irdk dt`gr vjaabogs wgrg ojvgh b ljiigrght

trgbtkght.




Kbredrjg lg Orddt` bllrgssgs b vgry ljiigrght sufegnt

kbttgr, t`g sdnjba jkpajnbtjdhs di t`g wby iajht wbs

prdnurgl jh ^dut`grh Fbvbrjb, Ogrkbhy. ^`g ndkpbrgs t`g

gxtrbntjdh bhl prdluntjdh kdlg lurjho t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn

(Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm) pgrjdl bhl t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn.

Lurjho t`g ijrst pgrjdl n`grt, kdstay di hdluabr mjhl, wbs

prdnurgl bt ljiigrght pabngs bhl dhay jhjtjbaay tgstgl idr sujtbfjajty fgidrg fgjho frduo`t td t`g sgttagkght= Lg Orddt`

rgigrs td t`js bs t`g ‐ldkgstjn kdlg di prdluntjdh‚.

Orblubaay, tbfuabr n`grt fgnbkg t`g kdst prgigrrgl rbw

kbtgrjba bhl lggp-s`bit kjhjho stbrtgl. Jh bhbadoy wjt` t`g

stdhg-usjho pgdpags di Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb bhl Bustrbajb, Lg

Orddt` brougs t`bt t`g kjhjho wbs hdt bh drobhjzgl

ghtgrprjsg fy t`g prjvjagogl igw `bvjho bnngss td t`g kjhg-

sjtg, fut b sgbsdhba bntjvjty idr t`g pgdpag irdk bfdut >3

mhdwh sgttagkghts adnbtgl jh t`g hgbr vjnjhjty di t`g kjhg.

Lg Orddt`'s pbpgr s`dws t`bt fy b nbrgiua gxbkjhbtjdh di

dhg lbtb sgt, t`g stdhg jkpagkghts, jh rgabtjdh td sgttagkght

adnbtjdh, ljstrjfutjdh di rbw kbtgrjbas, adnbtjdh di

kdhukghts bhl sd idrt`, jt wbs pdssjfag td gxpabjh t`g lggp-s`bit kjhjho jh tgrks di t`g jhtghsjijnbtjdh di fdt` rgojdhba

bhl adho-ljstbhng ndkkuhjnbtjdh bhl jhtgr-ordup jhtgrbntjdh.

Ed`h D'^`gb lgbas wjt` t`g ‐lbwh' di t`g Gbray Frdhzg

Bog dh t`g sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh. Bt t`bt tjkg t`grg wbs b

kdsbjn di rgojdhba nuaturgs, prdfbfay rgiagntjho t`g gxjstghng

di b wgaa-lgijhgl trjfba abhlsnbpg. \`g pbpgr bllrgssgs t`g

furjba prbntjngs di t`g Kbrds-ordup, dhg di t`g rgojdhba

nuaturgs rgprgsghtgl. \`gsg prbntjngs wgrg `joày strunturgl,

wjt` bog bhl oghlgr fgjho t`g prjkbry drobhjzjho prjhnjpags.

\`g furjba ojits bhl t`g pbttgrhjho t`grgjh, ndkfjhgl wjt`

sgttagkght jhidrkbtjdh, ojvg jhljnbtjdhs bfdut t`g

drobhjzbtjdh di t`g Kbrds-ndkkuhjty. \`grg js sdkg

sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh, bt agbst idur `grgljtbry diijngs fgjho

ljiigrghtjbtgl bhl wgbat` fgjho uhgqubaay ljstrjfutgl bnrdss

t`g vbrjdus `dusg`dals. Gbn` ndkkuhjty ndhsjstgl di sjx

td gjo`t `dusg`dals bhl t`g ndkkuhjtjgs wgrg jhtgrrgabtgl bs

b addsg ndhiglgrbny.

Jh mggpjho wjt` t`g prdngssubajst, pdsjtjvjst pbrbljok,

D'^`gb blvdnbtgs bh bht`rdpdadoy di t`g pbst, w`grgfy t`g

pbttgrhs dfsgrvbfag jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl wjaa

rgprgsght t`g ndhsjstght rgpgtjtjdh di t`gsg fg`bvjdrs fy t`g

ajvjho sdnjgty. Idr t`js rgbsdh bhbadojgs td t`g gt`hdorbp`jn

prgsght brg hdt rgqujrgl bs b eustjijnbtjdh, fgnbusg t`g

nd`grghng jh t`g pbttgrhjho s`dual fg sgai-gvjlght. @dwgvgr,

bs D‚^`gb `jksgai strgssgs, t`g furjba prbntjngs di t`g Kbrdsndkkuhjtjgs `bppgh td `joày strunturgl, jh b wby,

kdrgdvgr, w`jn` js rgndohjzbfag jh t`g brn`gdadojnba

rgkbjhs. \`g qugstjdh rgkbjhs, `dwgvgr, w`gt`gr wg nbh

ljspdsg di bhbadojgs w`grg t`g brn`gdadojnba pbttgrhjho js

agss gvjlght.

Jh ndhtrbst td D'^`gb, Ed`h Fbrrgtt rgbn`gs jhtd pdst- pdst-

kdlgrhjsk, t`grgfy agbpjho dvgr sdkg di t`g pbrbljokbtjn

stbtgkghts ndkkdh td pdst-prdngssubajsk. @g stbrts wjt` b

kdvjho bnnduht di b prg`jstdrjn ibkjay gvght bhl bsms ji t`g

rgsdautjdh di t`g brn`gdadojnba rgndrl wjaa gvgr fg oddl

ghduo` td rgvgba ‐bh brn`bgdadoy di tbam‚. \`js js uhajmgay.

Bs Fbrrgtt `jksgai hdtgs, ‑td bssgrt t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg js

kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl js dhg t`jho, td uhlgrstbhl `dw

t`dsg kgbhjhos wgrg nrgbtgl bhl dpgrbtgl `jstdrjnbaay,bhl td gstbfajs` t`g kgbhs fy w`jn` brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs

nbh gxpadrg sun` jssugs, js qujtg bhdt`gr" (t`js vdaukg).

@g odgs dh td bttgkpt td sgpbrbtg kgbhjhos adnbtgl jh t`g

adho tgrk strunturba rgabtjdhs`jps, ljrgntay dfsgrvbfag jh t`g

brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng irdk t`dsg w`jn` wgrg b rgndohjsgl

pbrt di t`g ajvjho gxpgrjghng di t`g pgdpag wg bs

brn`bgdadojsts nabjk td stuly. Jh b nrjtjnba bpprbjsba di t`g

rgnght wdrm fy \jaagy (2::<) bhl \`dkbs bhl \jaagy (2::>)

`g s`dws `dw brn`bgdadojsts tghl td ndhiusg t`g twd

p`ghdkghb.

\`g ibaa-dut irdk Fbrrgtt's pbssbog di brks js t`duo`t-

prdvdmjho. Boghny js rgobrlgl bs t`g dhay-vg`jnag di n`bhog

w`jag strunturgs brg ‑t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn` gxjst bhl w`jn`ùkbhs rgndohjzg bs rgsdurngs wjt` w`jn` t`gy nbh wdrm...

^trunturg bhl boghny ld hdt idrk b lubajty fgnbusg gbn`

jhtgrpghgtrbtgs t`g dt`gr t`rduo` t`g ndhsnjdushgss di

boghny... Boghny js t`grgidrg sjtubtgl wjt`jh pbrtjnuabr

strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt ndkprg`ghls bhl t`rduo`

w`jn` jt js bfag td bnt bhl td ndkkuhjnbtg t`g fbsjs di t`bt

ndkprg`ghsjdh" (Fbrrgtt, t`js vdaukg).

Lduoabs Agwjs, bh bht`rdpdadojst w`d bntgl bs b

ljsnussbht bt t`g drjojhba ndhigrghng, `bs wrjttgh bh

gvbaubtjvg pbpgr bfdut t`g rgabtjvg kgrjts di bht`rdpdadoy

bhl brn`gdadoy jh t`gjr bttgkpts td kbmg stbtgkghts bfdut

jlgdadoy. Agwjs hdtgs t`bt t`g dfegnts di stuly di

bht`rdpdadojsts bhl brn`bgdadojsts brg hdt t`bt ljiigrght.

\`grg brg, `dwgvgr, jkpdrtbht ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g twd

ljsnjpajhgs jh kbmjho jhigrghtjba stbtgkghts bfdut sdnjba

strunturg, jlgdadoy bhl nuaturg di t`g sdnjgtjgs jh qugstjdh.

Bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh jhigr sdnjba bntjdh ljrgntay irdk t`g

stbtgkghts di `js jhidrkbhts „ bntjdh idr w`jn` t`g

kdtjvbtjdh, jhnauljho jlgbs bhl fgajgis, brg mhdwh fy

jhtgrvjgwjho t`g jhidrkbhts. Bh brn`bgdadojst `bs td kbmg

twd jhigrghtjba agbps5 irdk kbtgrjba nuaturg td fg`bvjdr,

irdk fg`bvjdr td sdnjba bntjdh (jhnauljho jlgdadoy). Agwjs

odgs dh td ljsnuss t`g kgbhjho bhl sjohjijnbhng di nuaturg,

ndhnauljho ‑.... nuaturg js hdt b t`jho bh brn`bgdadojst jhigrs

(dr bh gt`hdorbp`gr dfsgrvgs). Jt js, rbt`gr, b t`gdry lgvjsgltd gxpabjh w`bt nbh fg dfsgrvgl bhl lgsnrjfgl (brtjibnts, jh

t`g kdst ndkprg`ghsjvg sghsg, idr brn`bgdadojsts, bntjdh

idr gt`hdorbp`grs)‛ (Agwjs, t`js vdaukg). Agwjs‚ rgkbrms

diigr b `gbat`y bkduht di nbutjdh, wjt` w`jn` wg s`dual

trgbt dur jhigrghtjba stbtgkghts bhl dur ndhnausjdhs bfdut t`g

fgajgis, kdtjvbtjdh bhl sdnjba strunturg di prg`jstdrjn

ndkkuhjtjgs.

: B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ



7. Ndhnausjdh

Baa di t`g pbpgrs jh t`js vdaukg brrjvg bt jhigrghngs bfdut

jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg. Jt sggks t`bt t`g ljn`dtdky

fgtwggh t`g prdngssuba bhl pdst-kdlgrh bpprdbn`gs `bs

fggh kdlgrbtgl fy dur ndkkdh ndhngrh idr t`g sdnjba

strunturg bhl jlgdadoy di stdhg bog sdnjgty. @dwgvgr, wjt`

rgspgnt td t`g dt`gr ljn`dtdky prgvbjajho jh t`js fddm, t`btfgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn, `grg ljstjhntjdhs

rgkbjh. Sgr`bps, wg brg ibr tdd ndhstrbjhgl bhl strunturgl fy

dur dwh tgrkjhdadoy bhl n`rdhdadojnba sn`gkbtb bhl wg

s`dual bfdajs` t`g ljstjhntjdh baatdogt`gr, bs Eghhfgrt (t`js

vdaukg) suoogsts. Fut bs Fbrrgtt `bs s`dwh jh `js dwh

pbpgr, tgrkjhdadojnba bhl jhtgrprgtbtjvg ndhiusjdhs brg

bargbly ghlgkjn bkdho brn`bgdadojsts5 ojvgh t`js sjtubtjdh,

nbh wg ndkkuhjnbtg ji wg orbsp t`g lgorgg di irggldk di

gxprgssjdh `g js blvdnbtjho4 Dur dpjhjdh js t`bt wg nbhhdt

ld sd, fut t`bt dhg sdautjdh dut di t`js ljagkkb js td t`jhm

kdrg jh tgrks di prdngssgs rbt`gr t`bh gvghts, bhl td lgba

wjt` ljbn`rdhjn rgsgbrn` qugstjdhs rbt`gr t`bh ‐gt`hdorbp`jn

jhstbhts‚ jh t`g pbst. Hdt gvgrydhg js ajmgay td borgg wjt` t`jsrgndkkghlbtjdh5 wg jhvjtg ydu, t`g rgblgr, td rgbl t`rduo`

t`g vdaukg bhl kbmg up ydur dwh kjhl.

rgigrghngs

Brkjt, J. & F. Ijhabysdh 2::6. @uhtgr-obt`grgrs trbhsidrkgl5 t`g

trbhsjtjdh td borjnuaturg jh hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh Gurdpg, Bhtjqujty

99, 99<-?9.

Fghlgr, F. 2:?0. @uhtgr-obt`grgr td ibrkgr5 b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg,

_dral Brn`bgdadoy 23, 63<-6>.

Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:0?. Lbtb, rgabtjvjsk bhl brn`bgdadojnba snjghng,

Kbh 66, >:2-<3<.

Fjrl-Lbvjl, H. 2::3. \`g ojvjho ghvjrdhkght5 bhdt`gr pgrspgntjvg

dh t`g gndhdkjn systgk di obt`grgr-ùhtgrs,Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy

>2, 20:-2:9.

Fdurljgu, S. 2:??. Dutajhg di b t`gdry di prbntjng, Nbkfrjlog.

Frblagy, V. 2:0<. \`g sdnjba iduhlbtjdhs di prg`jstdrjn Frjtbjh, Adhldh.

N`bpkbh, E. 2::>. ^dnjba pdwgr jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5

E. N`bpkbh & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdh bhl

jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Balgrs`dt, ?2-266.

N`bpkbh, E. 2::<. \`g drjojhs di ibrkjho jh sdut`-Gbst Gurdpg,

Srê`jstdjrg Gurdpêghhg 9, 2>>-279.

Ndajhowddl, V. 2:<9 (2:7?).\`g jlgb di `jstdry, Dxidrl.

Lghhgaa, V. 2:0>. Gurdpgbh gndhdkjn prg`jstdry, Adhldh.

Lurm`gjk, G. 2:>0. Vuags di sdnjdadojnba kgt`dl , N`jnbod.

Glorgh, \. 2:99. Eìmìraì-Oruppgh. ûdkgh Kujhbjskujstdy`ljs-

tymsgh Bjmbmbusmjreb 9< (kdhdorbp`), @gasjhmj.

Ojllghs, B. 2:0<. \`g ndhstjtutjdh di sdnjgty, Fgrmgagy/Ads Bhogags.

Ojeh, B.A. vbh 2::3. Iuhntjdhba ljiigrghtjbtjdh di Abtg Hgdajt`jn

sgttagkghts jh t`g Lutn` ndbstba brgb. Jh5 F. Orìsauhl (gl.) \`g

jhtgrprgtjvg pdssjfjajtjgs di kjnrdwgbr bhbaysjs, Wppsbab, ??-0?.

Odslgh, N. 2::<. ^dnjba fgjho bhl tjkg, Dxidrl.

@bwmgs, N`. 2:7<. Brn`bgdadojnba t`gdry bhl kgt`dl5 sdkg

suoogstjdhs irdk t`g dal wdral, Bkgrjnbh Bht`rdpdadojst 79,

277-290.

@bylgh, F. 2::3. Hjkrdls, pjsnbtdrs, paunmgrs bhl pabhtgrs5

t`g gkgroghng di iddl prdluntjdh, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba

Brn`bgdadoy :, >2-9:.

@dllgr, J. 2:06. \`g prgsght pbst , Adhldh.

@dllgr, J. 2:09. Vgbljho t`g pbst , Nbkfrjlog.

@dllgr, J. 2:00. Brn`bgdadoy bhl t`gdry5 rgpay td Fjhidrl 2:0?,

Kbh 6>, 2?>-2?<.

@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg5 strunturg bhl

ndhtjhoghny jh Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs, Dxidrl.

Jhodal, \. 2::>. \`g tgkpdrbajty di abhlsnbpg,_dral Brn`bgdadoy

67, 276-?<.

Abrssdh, A. 2:00. B ndhstruntjdh idr ngrgkdhjba bntjvjtjgs irdk t`g

Abtg Kgsdajt`jn, Kgllgabhlgh irçh Auhls uhjvgrjtgts `jstdrjsmb

kusguk 2:0?-0, 7-20.

Abrssdh, A. 2:0:. Abtg Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs bt^mbtg`dak, sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn jh

Gurdpg, Gljhofuro, >9?-?0.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>. \`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn

trbhsidrkbtjdh jh t`g Adwgr V`jhg Fbsjh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg

stuljgs jh Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Fdnb Vbtdh, :7-2<7.

Kbrx, M. 2:9? (2:0?). Nbpjtba 2, gljtgl fy Irjglrjn` Ghogas, Hgw

Zdrm.

Kbus, K. 2:7<. \`g ojit , Adhldh.

D'^`gb, E. 2:0<. Kdrtubry vbrjbfjajty5 bh brn`bgdadojnba jhvgstj-

obtjdh, Drabhld.

Vghigw, N. 2:0:. Ndkkghts dh Brn`bgdadoy jhtd t`g 2::3s,

Hdrwgojbh Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw 66, >>-<2.

^bàjhs, K. 2:?6. ^tdhg bog gndhdkjns, N`jnbod.

^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:0?. ^dnjba t`gdry bhl brn`bgdadoy,

Nbkfrjlog.




^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:0:. Brn`bgdadoy jhtd t`g 2::3s,

Hdrwgojbh Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw 66, 2-26.

\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg, Dxidrl.

\`dkbs, E. 2::2. Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Nbkfrjlog.

\`dkbs, E. 2::9. \jkg, nuaturg bhl jlghtjty5 bh jhtgrprgtjvg

brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.

\`dkbs, E. & N. \jaagy 2::>. \`g bxg bhl t`g tdrsd5 sykfdajn

strunturgs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Frjttbhy. Jh5 N. \jaagy (gl.)

Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, 667->69.

Ybh lgr Ygalg, S. 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg, Bhbagntb

Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 26.

Ybsj ngm, U 2::<. Dfrbzy kjhuadstj. D fyt j , pdzhbhj b pdl bhj

kjhuaê`d n bsu, Srb`b.

_`jtg, A. 2:<:. \`g snjghng di nuaturg, Hgw Zdrm.

_yajg, B. 2:0:. Kbttgrs di ibnt bhl kbttgrs di jhtgrgst. Jh5^. ^`ghhbh (gl.) Brn`bgdadojnba bpprdbn`gs td nuaturba jlghtjty,

Adhldh, :<-23:.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::6b. Vgvjgw di t`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg fy

J. @dllgr, Bhtjqubrjgs Edurhba ?3, <02-<06.

Uvgagfja K. 2::6f. Igbr di iayjho dr `dw td sbvg ydur dwh

pbrbljok. B rgvjgw di Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn fy Euajbh \`dkbs,

Bhtjqujty 99, 022-02<.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::>. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl ‑Srgsghnjho" t`g

Kgsdajt`jn, Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw irdk Nbkfrjlog, 26(6), 72-?3.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::?. _`bt's jh b hbkg5 \`g Kgsdajt`jn, t`g

Hgdajt`jn bhl sdnjba n`bhog bt t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh.

Jh K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog

jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg, 2->7 Oabsodw.

Uvgagfja, K. & S.B. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:0<. \rbhsjtjdh td ibrkjho

jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg5 b ùhtgr-obt`grgr pgrspgntjvg, Hdrwgojbh

Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw 2?, 23<-60.

Uvgagfja, K. & S.B. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs jh

Btabhtjn Gurdpg. Jh5 K. Uvgagfja (gl.) @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh,

Nbkfrjlog, 9?-:>.

Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh

Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy

Agjlgh WhjvgrsjtySF :727

HA-6>33 VB Agjlgh

Kbrgm Uvgagfja

Lgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy bhl Srg`jstdry

Whjvgrsjty di ^`giijgal

Hdrtòbtg @dusg, _gst ^trggt

WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal

22 B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Srg`jstdrjbhs brg ibsnjhbtgl fy trbhsjtjdhs, fut t`gsg

trbhsjtjdhs brg di twd ljiigrght mjhls. \`grg brg t`g n`bhogs

t`bt uhlduftglay `bppghgl jh t`g pbst, bhl t`gsg sgt t`g

boghlb idr kbhy prdorbks di rgsgbrn`. \`g lgvgadpkght di

bnblgkjn brn`bgdadoy `bs basd fggh puhntubtgl fy bfrupt

n`bhogs di pgrspgntjvg. Jt js w`grg t`g twd ndhvgrog t`bt

t`grg js sd kun` kjsuhlgrstbhljho.

B nabssjn gxbkpag di t`gsg prdfagks js prdvjlgl fy t`g

Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh, idr t`js gpjtdkjzgs fdt` di t`gsg prdngssgs. ^n`dabrs wdrmjho dh gjt`gr sjlg di t`js

t`rgs`dal bldpt qujtg ljiigrght bpprdbn`gs. Kgsdajt`jn

spgnjbajsts gkp`bsjzg blbptbtjdh td t`g hbturba ghvjrdhkght,

w`jast t`dsg w`d stuly t`g Hgdajt`jn brg kdrg ditgh

ndhngrhgl wjt` jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba rgabtjdhs. \`grg js basd b

ljiigrghng di snbag. \`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl js jhtgrprgtgl

t`rduo` b nadsg rgbljho di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, wjt`

t`g rgsuat t`bt kdlgas nbh fg pbrtjnuabrjstjn bhl irustrbtjhoay

ljvgrsg. Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty, dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, js ditgh

jhtgrprgtgl t`rduo` t`g gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl. Jt sggks `brlay

surprjsjho t`bt t`g trbhsjtjdh fgtwggh t`dsg pgrjdls js sd

ljiijnuat td ljsnuss. \`js pbpgr ndhsjlgrs t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh

di Kgsdajt`jn furjbas jh Gurdpg bhl js bh bttgkpt td frgbmldwh sdkg di t`gsg jhtgaagntuba fbrrjgrs. Jt trgbts Kgsdajt`jn

jlgdadoy jh t`g sbkg kbhhgr bs Hgdajt`jn systgks di fgajgi.

Jh tbmjho bh gvgh-`bhlgl bpprdbn` jt kby basd s`gl ajo`t dh

t`g bldptjdh di borjnuaturg.

^dkg di t`g gbrajgst kbhjigstbtjdhs di Hgdajt`jn nuaturg brg

prdvjlgl fy furjba kduhls, fut wg basd ijhl bh jkpdrtbht

sgrjgs di iabt ngkgtgrjgs jh t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl.

_g ljsnuss t`gk jh qujtg ljiigrght wbys. _g igga ghtjtagl td

ndhhgnt t`g Hgdajt`jn kdhukghts wjt` b wjlgr nuaturba

p`ghdkghdh5 gjt`gr wjt` t`g trbljtjdh di adho kduhls t`bt

gxtghls bnrdss hdrt`grh Gurdpg dr wjt` t`g stjaa kdrg

gxtghsjvg ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ijrst kgobajt`jn tdkfs. Jh gjt`gr

nbsg wg kjo`t jhtgrprgt t`dsg strunturgs bs b sykfdajn

trbhsidrkbtjdh di ldkgstjn brn`jtgnturg. Zgt ibngl wjt`

Kgsdajt`jn furjbas „ bhl stjaa kdrg wjt` ghtjrg ngkgtgrjgs

lbtjho irdk t`bt pgrjdl „ wg ghobog jh b ndkpagtgay

ljiigrght mjhl di ljsnussjdh. _g ajhm t`g vgry gxjstghng di

sun` orbvgs wjt` n`bhogs jh t`g pbttgrh di sgttagkght, wjt`

gndhdkjn jhtghsjijnbtjdh dr wjt` ndhtrda dvgr nrjtjnba

rgsdurngs (N`bpkbh 2:02= Nabrm/Hggagy 2:0?). Jh gvgry

nbsg wg ibaa fbnm dh oghgrbajzbtjdhs lrbwh irdk

gt`hdorbp`y. Jh ndhtrbst td t`g Hgdajt`jn furjbas, t`g

sykfdajsk di t`g Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs js abrogay johdrgl.

\`bt sggks strbhog, bhl jt ldgs sd idr twd rgbsdhs, dhg

t`gdrgtjnba bhl t`g dt`gr gkpjrjnba. \`g gkpjrjnba rgbsdh js

t`bt t`g ldkjhbht sykfdas di sun` Kgsdajt`jn furjbas brg

bntubaay s`brgl bnrdss abrog ogdorbp`jnba brgbs (Mbysgr

2::3)5 brgbs t`bt brg eust bs gxtghsjvg bs t`g sprgbl di gbray

kgobajt`s. Zgt wg brg rgauntbht td ndkg td tgrks wjt` sun`sjkjabrjtjgs, bat`duo` wg ld sd wjt` igwgr jh`jfjtjdhs jh

Hgdajt`jn brn`bgdadoy. \`g t`gdrgtjnba rgbsdh idr ky uhgbsg

js t`bt t`js js prgnjsgay t`g mjhl di gvjlghng t`bt kjo`t

prdvjlg us wjt` sdkg jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g bpprdprjbtghgss di

t`g kdlgas t`bt wg `bvg lrbwh irdk gt`hdorbp`y. _bs t`grg

b Kgsdajt`jn wdral vjgw4 @bl jt kdrg jh ndkkdh wjt` t`g

gt`jn di s`brjho iduhl bkdho kdlgrh ùhtgr obt`grgrs4

Bhl ljl t`dsg pgrngptjdhs n`bhog bt t`g fgojhhjho di t`g

Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl4

6. Kgsdajt jn furjba prbntjngs

Kgsdajt`jn furjbas jh hdrt` bhl hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg s`brg b

hukfgr di pgrsjstght igbturgs. ^dkg di t`gsg drjojhbtgl jh t`Wppgr Sbabgdajt`jn, fut js hdtjngbfag `dw igw di t`gk abstgl

jhtd t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl. Hdt baa di t`gsg igbturgs brg prgsgh

dh gvgry sjtg, hdr wgrg t`gy baa usgl sjkuatbhgdusay, fut

fghgbt` t`gsg adnba vbrjbtjdhs b hukfgr di kdrg oghgrba

pbttgrhs stbhl dut. \d gkp`bsjzg t`g ndhtrbst wjt` kdrg

ndhvghtjdhba bnnduhts di t`g pgrjdl, t`js pbpgr lrbws dh t`g

sbkg sbkpag di sjtgs bs Nabrm bhl Hggagy (2:0?) jh t`gjr

stuly di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh. \`gsg brg suppagkghtgl fy b

igw kdrg rgnght ljsndvgrjgs.

Sgr`bps t`g kdst strjmjho igbturg wbs t`g usg di rgl dn`rg

\`js js b vgry wjlgay ljstrjfutgl prbntjng bhl dhg w`jn` `bs

b aghot`y `jstdry. Jt js basd gvjlghngl lurjho t`g Wppgr

Sbabgdajt`jn pgrjdl bhl jt ndhtjhugl td fg idaadwgl lurjho t`g

Hgdajt`jn. Jt js hdt ajkjtgl td furjba sjtgs, bhl rgl dn`rg js

rgndrlgl irdk sjtgs jh Hdrwby w`jn` fgadho td t`g sbkg

pgrjdl bs t`g gstbfajs`kght di ngkgtgrjgs jh brgbs iurt`gr td

t`g sdut` (Fbho-Bhlgrsgh 2:0>). Gvgh bitgr t`g jhtrdluntjdh

di ldkgstjnbtgs td sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb rgl dn`rg ndhtjhugl

td fg lgpdsjtgl jh orbvgs, bat`duo` t`gsg wgrg oghgrbaay

Vjn`brl Frblagy Ldkgstjnbtjdh bs b stbtg di kjhl



adnbtgl dh dr fgydhl t`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr (_yszdkjrsmb

2:0<). \`g hdrkba jhtgrprgtbtjdh di sun` lgpdsjts js t`bt t`gy

sykfdajzgl ajig-faddl, bat`duo` t`js vjgw `bs fggh nrjtjnjzgl

fy @jaa jh b wjlgr rgvjgw di t`g ajkjtbtjdhs di ndohjtjvg

brn`bgdadoy (2::<, :3).

Bhdt`gr strjmjho igbturg js t`g prgsghng di b sgt di orbvg

oddls kblg bakdst ghtjrgay di drobhjn kbtgrjbas. Jh t`g AbtgKgsdajt`jn orbvg bt Lrbos`dak jh Lghkbrm t`g kdst

gabfdrbtg brtgibnt wbs b lgndrbtgl fdhg lboogr, bhl t`g dhay

tdda jh t`g orbvg wbs basd kblg di fdhg. \`g bssgkfabog

wbs ldkjhbtgl fy b orgbt brrby di fgbls bhl pghlbhts,

idrkgl irdk bhjkba tggt` (Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2:?<). \`g

ndkkdh gagkght bkdho t`gsg ijhls js t`bt t`gy drjojhbtg jh

t`g bhjkba mjholdk. Jh t`bt sghsg t`gy rgigr fdt` td t`g

hbturba wdral bhl td jkpdrtbht ndkpdhghts di t`g iddl

suppay. ûn` b ndhhgntjdh js ditgh gvjlghngl fy fdhg dr

bhtagr brtgibnts irdk Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs, fut t`g ljstrjfutjdh

di t`gsg lgpdsjts dvgrabps wjt` t`bt di rgabtgl brtgibnts, idr

pgridrbtgl s`gaa fgbls basd dnnur jh Gurdpgbh Kgsdajt`jn

ngkgtgrjgs. Bobjh t`gsg dfegnts `bvg b aghot`y `jstdry, bhlajmg t`g usg di rgl dn`rg, t`gy nbh fg trbngl fbnm td t`g

Wppgr Sbabgdajt`jn. Fy ndhtrbst, jh t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl t`grg

wbs b kun` strdhogr gkp`bsjs dh t`g lgpdsjtjdh di stdhg

brtgibnts. \`g ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g twd bssgkfabogs kjo`t

fg t`bt jh t`gsg Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs dfegnts bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g

hbturba wdral wgrg kdljijgl vgry ajttag sd t`bt t`gjr drjojhba

sdurngs wgrg stjaa bppbrght. \`g nrgbtjdh di stdhg brtgibnts

„ orduhl stdhg bxgs jh pbrtjnuabr „ dfsnurgl t`g drojhba idrk

tbmgh fy t`g pbrght kbtgrjba. B usgiua pdjht di ndkpbrjsdh js

prdvjlgl fy t`dsg nbsgs jh w`jn` wg nbh ndkpbrg t`g

iuhgrbry bssgkfabog wjt` t`g kbtgrjba t`bt wbs usgl jh

gvgrylby ajig. Bat`duo` stdhg brtgibnts brg fy hd kgbhs

bfsght irdk Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs, t`gy idrk b kun` `jo`gr

prdpdrtjdh di t`g ldkgstjn bssgkfabog. \`g ndhtrbst js

pgr`bps kdst bppbrght bt Daghjdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm w`grg

w`bt J wdual nbaa ‐drobhjn' brtgibnts brg kdst irgqught jh t`g

wdkgh's orbvgs (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<). \`g sbkg sggks td

fg t`g nbsg bt ^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:0:).

Vgabtgl td t`js js t`g prdvjsjdh di bhtagr jh t`g orbvg. Jt js

b igbturg t`bt ajhms Kgsdajt`jn furjbas jh wjlgay sgpbrbtgl

brgbs di Gurdpg, irdk hdrt`-wgst Irbhng td sdut`grh

^nbhljhbvjb. ^dkg di t`g bhtagrs `bvg fggh s`gl bhl sd t`gy

ld hdt sggk td fg b fy-prdlunt di ùhtjho gxpgljtjdhs.

Dt`grs wgrg ndhvgrtgl jhtd brtgibnts, bhl jh fdt` t`g rgojdhs

t`bt J `bvg kghtjdhgl sdkg di t`gk wgrg lgndrbtgl. \`gjr kbjh iuhntjdh, `dwgvgr, sggks td `bvg fggh td prdvjlg b

mjhl di irbkgwdrm idr t`g fdly jh t`g orbvg, bhl jt kby fg

hd bnnjlght t`bt t`gy nbh fg iduhl tdogt`gr wjt` lgpdsjts di

rgl dn`rg.

Jt wdual fg gbsy td suppdsg t`bt t`gsg ijhls gkp`bsjzg t`g

jkpdrtbhng di lggr td t`g sufsjstghng gndhdky, fut t`bt

wdual hdt gxpabjh t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g s`gl bhtagrs jh

t`gsg furjbas. Hdr ldgs jt prdvjlg b rgbsdh w`y t`g bhtagrs

s`dual fg ibvdrgl rbt`gr t`bh dt`gr pbrts di t`g fdly. Dh t`g

dt`gr `bhl, t`g ibnt t`bt bhtagrs ndual fg s`gl bhl rgpabngl

gvgry ygbr kbmg t`gk b vgry pdtght sdurng di sykfdajsk.

\`g kbturg stbo prdvjlgs b pdwgriua kgtbp`dr idr igrtjajty,

bs wg mhdw irdk abtgr rdnm brt, bhl t`g bhhuba ordwt` di jts

bhtagrs kbmgs t`gk bh jlgba sykfda di rgoghgrbtjdh. \`btkby fg w`y t`gy dnnur jh Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs dvgr sun` b

wjlg brgb.

\`gsg lgpdsjts di bhtagr nbh `brlay fg ndkpbrgl wjt` t`g

dt`gr ijhls di bhjkba fdhg jh t`g furjbas. \`gsg bppgbr td

`bvg fggh pabngl jh t`g orbvgs jhtghtjdhbaay, bhl idr t`g

kdst pbrt t`gy sggk td s`dw t`bt t`g lgbl wgrg bnndkpbhjgl

fy diigrjhos di iddl. \`grg brg basd kdrg sufstbhtjba ojits di

kgbt edjhts, bs wgaa bs ordups di ijs` fdhgs w`jn`

prgsukbfay rgsuat irdk t`g sbkg prdngss (Mbysgr 2::3).

Jt js uhngrtbjh `dw wg s`dual jhtgrprgt t`g ndkpbrbtjvgay

wjlgsprgbl dnnurrghng di ldo fdhgs jh t`gsg orbvgs. \`js js

fgnbusg di t`g ljstjhntjvg wbys jh w`jn` t`gsg bhjkbas wgrg

trgbtgl. ^dkg bppgbr td `bvg fggh sbnrjijngl jh t`g orbvgs di kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty, w`jast dt`grs wgrg furjgl

sgpbrbtgay wjt`jh t`g ngkgtgry bt ^mbtg`dak bhl wgrg gvgh

prdvjlgl wjt` rgl dn`rg bhl wjt` diigrjhos jh t`gjr dwh rjo`t.

Jh dhg di t`g orbvgs bt t`bt sjtg t`gsg jtgks wgrg brrbhogl jh

t`g sbkg ndhijourbtjdh bs t`gy wgrg jh t`g ùkbh furjbas

(Abrssdh 2::3).

Bs @bylgh (2::3) `bs dfsgrvgl, t`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di t`g

ldo js b wjlgsprgbl p`ghdkghdh bkdho abtg ùhtgr

obt`grgrs. Jh sdkg nbsgs t`gy kby `bvg pabygl bh gssghtjbaay

gndhdkjn rdag, usgl jh ùhtjho wjal bhjkbas dr gvgh bs b

suppagkghtbry sdurng di iddl, fut t`g spgnjba trgbtkght pbjl

td t`g ldos bt ^mbtg`dak suoogsts sdkgt`jho gasg bs wgaa.

@grg t`gy hdt dhay bnndkpbhjgl t`gjr dwhgrs td t`g orbvg=

t`gy sggk td `bvg fggh trgbtgl bs jhljvjlubas jh t`gjr dwh

rjo`t bhl wgrg furjgl wjt` bt agbst bs kun` idrkbajty bs t`g

ùkbhs iduhl jh t`g sbkg ngkgtgry. Jt wdual fg qujtg wrdho

td jhvdmg b spgnjijn gt`hdorbp`jn kdlga, fut dhg rgbljho di

t`js dfsgrvbtjdh wdual suoogst t`bt t`g jh`bfjtbhts di

^mbtg`dak kblg hd ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g ùkbh bhl

bhjkba pdpuabtjdhs di t`g sjtg.

\`bt kjo`t basd prdvjlg b rgbsdh w`y jsdabtgl ùkbh

fdhgs ndual fg trgbtgl jh t`g sbkg wbys bs jsdabtgl bhjkba

fdhgs. Dnnbsjdhba fgbls wgrg ibs`jdhgl dut di ùkbh tggt`,

bhl t`grg js basd sdkg gvjlghng idr t`g njrnuabtjdh di ùkbh

fdhgs lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl. \`js gvjlghng js di twdmjhls. Ijrst, t`grg brg sjtgs bt w`jn` dhay pbrts di t`g fdly

wgrg furjgl, kdst prdfbfay bitgr t`gy `bl adst t`gjr

brtjnuabtjdh. Jh dt`gr nbsgs t`g rgkbjhs sggk td `bvg fggh

rgbrrbhogl. \`grg js ndkpbrbfag gvjlghng irdk dt`gr sjtgs

w`grg jsdabtgl ùkbh fdhgs brg iduhl (Abrssdh/ Kgjmgaed`h/

Hgwgaa 2:02). \`grg sggks td fg gvjlghng t`bt ngrtbjh pbrts

di t`g fdly wgrg sgagntgl lgajfgrbtgay, bs t`g rgprgsghtbtjdh

2< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



di ljiigrght fdhgs ldgs hdt sggk td rgsuat irdk ljiigrghtjba

prgsgrvbtjdh. \wd gxbkpags pgr`bps jaaustrbtg t`gsg pdjhts.

\`g ibkdus hgsts di smuaas bt t`g wgst Ogrkbh sjtg di Diihgt

brg hdw mhdwh td fg di Kgsdajt`jn lbtg (Kgjmgaed`h 2:09),

w`jast rgnght gxnbvbtjdhs jh t`g s`gaa kjllghs dh Drdhsby jh

^ndtabhl s`dw t`bt jt wbs kbjhay t`g gxtrgkjtjgs di t`g fdly

t`bt rgkbjhgl jh t`g sgttagkght (Kgaabrs 2:0?, :-29). \`gkdrg sufstbhtjba rgajns wgrg prgsukbfay tbmgh bwby.

\`js js dhg prbntjng t`bt ngrtbjhay survjvgl jhtd t`g

Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl, w`gh jt idrks b kbedr igbturg di t`g

kdrtubry rjtuba bt kgobajt`jn tdkfs bhl dt`gr sjtgs. \`grg js

dhg dt`gr n`brbntgrjstjn di t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl w`jn`

ghlurgs idr bh gvgh adhogr pgrjdl di tjkg. ^dkg ygbrs bod

J ndkkghtgl dh t`g wby jh w`jn` Hgdajt`jn vdtjvg lgpdsjts

sggkgl td fg kdst bppbrght brduhl t`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr

(Frblagy 2::3, <>-?7). J hdw fgajgvg t`bt J wbs hdt rbljnba

ghduo` bhl t`bt t`g prbntjng di kbmjho diigrjhos jh hbturba

adnbtjdhs wbs bntubaay b Kgsdajt`jn lgvgadpkght. \`grg brg b

hukfgr di naugs t`bt pdjht jh t`js ljrgntjdh, bat`duo` hdhg di

t`gk js di pbrtjnuabr sjohjijnbhng w`gh tbmgh jh jsdabtjdh.\`grg brg dnnbsjdhba `dbrl ijhls. Agt kg qudtg twd rgnght

gxbkpags. B rgkbrmbfag ordup di lgndrbtgl fdhg bhl s`gaa

brtgibnts wgrg furjgl tdogt`gr jh t`g Frgtdh sgttagkght sjtg di

Fgo-gr-Yja bhl t`g pdsjtjdh di t`js igbturg wbs kbrmgl fy b

lgpdsjt di bhtagrs (Mbysgr/Fgrhjgr 2:00). Jh t`g sbkg wby, b

`dbrl di orduhl stdhg bxgs wbs iduhl jh bhdt`gr sgttagkght

jh sdut`-wgst Jrgabhl, vgry hgbr td b skbaa ordup di nbttag

fdhgs (_ddlkbh/D'Frjgh 2::>). Jh ^nbhljhbvjb Abrs

Abrssdh `bs bargbly pdjhtgl td pdssjfag `dbrls di Kgsdajt`jn

brtgibnts bhl td w`bt sggk td `bvg fggh lgajfgrbtg lgpdsjts

di bhtagr pabngl jh s`baadw wbtgr (2:0>, ?0-02). \`grg js

gvjlghng t`bt ndkpagtg lggr nbrnbssgs kjo`t fg trgbtgl jh t`g

sbkg wby (Kðà 2:?0), bhl jt js nagbr t`bt sdkg di t`g stdhg

bxgs jkpdrtgl jhtd hdrt`grh Gurdpg fgidrg t`g bldptjdh di

borjnuaturg brg basd iduhl jh rjvgrs bhl fdos (Mbrstgh 2::<,

n`bptgr 26). \`g sbkg js trug di sdkg jsdabtgl Grtgfðaag pdts

(Fghhjmg/Gffgsgh 2:0?), bhl `grg bobjh wg kby fg sggjho

bh bhtjnjpbtjdh di b prbntjng t`bt wbs bt jts kdst jhtghsg bt

t`g stbrt di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl.

B hgw sjtg jh sdut`-wgst ^nbhjb aghls wgjo`t td t`gsg

suoogstjdhs. \`js ajgs dh t`g idrkgr s`drg di Abmg Zlljhogh

bhl js fgjho gxbnbvbtgl fy Sgr Mbrstgh td w`dk J dwg t`js

jhidrkbtjdh. Jt lbtgs irdk bfdut 9333 FS bhl, bat`duo` jt

wbs uhlduftglay b sgttagkght, jt ldgs `bvg b hukfgr di

igbturgs t`bt stbhl dut irdk t`g hdrkba rbhog di bntjvjtjgs.\`grg brg twd aghot`s di s`baadw ljtn`, dhg di w`jn`

ndhtbjhs bh jkpdrtgl bxg, w`jast t`g dt`gr jhnaulgl bh bxg

w`jn` `bl fggh sgt uprjo`t jh t`g orduhl bhl furht. Jh t`g

glog di t`g abmg twd bhtagr pjnms wgrg ljsndvgrgl tdogt`gr

wjt` b abrog stdhg. Dhg di t`gsg bhtagrs `bl bht`rdpdkdrp`jn

lgndrbtjdh, w`jast irbokghts di ùkbh smuaa, bobjh

bnndkpbhjgl fy b stdhg, wgrg iduhl jh b sjkjabr pdsjtjdh.

Gasgw`grg dh t`g glog di t`g rgiusg abygr bh bhtagr pdjht wbs

iduhl jh ljrgnt bssdnjbtjdh wjt` b kjht ndhljtjdh bxg, w`jast

Mbrstgh `bs dfsgrvgl t`bt t`g kdrg gabfdrbtg iabmg mhjvgs

basd sggk td `bvg fggh ljsnbrlgl tdwbrls t`g ajkjts di t`g

dnnupjgl brgb. ^dkg di t`g sbkg igbturgs dnnur bkdho t`g

orbvgs bt ^mbtg`dak.

^d ibr J `bvg `joàjo`tgl sjx rgnurrght igbturgs jh t`gbrn`bgdadoy di Kgsdajt`jn Gurdpg, hdhg di w`jn` js rgabtgl

jh bhy dfvjdus wby td t`g prbntjnbajtjgs di iddl prdluntjdh.

Ijvg di t`gk idrk b rgouabr igbturg di t`g Kgsdajt`jn orbvg

bssgkfabog irdk Mbrgajb td Sdrtuoba, bat`duo` hdt baa hggl

fg prgsght bt t`g sbkg sjtgs dr gvgh jh t`g sbkg rgojdhs.

\`dsg igbturgs brg5 t`g usg di rgl dn`rg= t`g usg di w`bt J

`bvg nbaagl drobhjn orbvg oddls= t`g lgpdsjtjdh di bhtagrs

wjt` t`g lgbl= t`g spgnjba jkpdrtbhng di iddl rgkbjhs jh t`g

iuhgrbry bssgkfabog= t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g ldkgstjn ldos

jh t`g kdrtubry rjtuba= bhl t`g njrnuabtjdh di jsdabtgl ùkbh

fdhgs. \d t`js wg nbh bll jhnrgbsjho gvjlghng idr t`g

nrgbtjdh di vdtjvg lgpdsjts jh hbturba adnbtjdhs. \`g kbtgrjba

lgpdsjtgl jh t`gsg pabngs dvgrabps wjt` t`g ndhtghts di t`gorbvgs. Ojvgh t`g wjlg ljstrjfutjdh di t`gsg gagkghts, jt js

pgr`bps agss surprjsjho t`bt t`gsg ijhls s`brg sd kbhy

igbturgs wjt` Agpghsmj Yjr (^rgedvjn 2:?6). Bobjh wg ijhl

lgpdsjts di ùkbh nrbhjb, tdogt`gr wjt` diigrjhos di ijs` bhl

bhjkba fdhgs. \`grg js gvjlghng idr t`g njrnuabtjdh di ùkbh

fdhgs bhl basd idr t`g usg di rgl dn`rg jh t`g furjba rjtg. ^tja

kdrg strjmjho js t`g gkp`bsjs pabngl dh lgpdsjts di bhtagr.

Di ndursg t`grg brg dt`gr igbturgs t`bt brg hdt s`brgl wjt`

sjtgs jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg, pbrtjnuabray t`g kdhukghtba

snuapturgs bhl t`g nurjdus fujaljhos wjt` w`jn` t`gy brg

bssdnjbtgl. _`gt`gr t`gsg wgrg `dusgs dr batbrs, t`gy stbhl

dut irdk t`g gvjlghng jh dt`gr pbrts di Kgsdajt`jn Gurdpg

w`grg t`grg brg hd strunturgs di t`js mjhl. Jhlggl, t`grg js

ajttag td s`dw fgydhl t`g sabf-ajhgl njsts di Frjttbhy, t`g tjhy

nbjrhs bssdnjbtgl wjt` ùkbh furjbas jh sdut`grh Irbhng

(Vdzdy 2:?0, 2227-69) bhl t`g skbaa rjtuba fujaljho bt

^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:00). \`g vgry rbrjty di sun` rgkbjhs

bitgr oghgrbtjdhs di ijgalwdrm bhl kby fg dhg di t`g kbjh

igbturgs t`bt ljstjhoujs`gs t`g Kgsdajt`jn irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn.

>. Ndhnausjdh

@dw brg wg td uhlgrstbhl t`gsg sjkjabrjtjgs4 Ijrst, jt js nagbr

t`bt Kgsdajt`jn rjtuba pabngl ndhsjlgrbfag gkp`bsjs dh t`g

hbturba wdral. _g sgg t`js t`rduo` t`g jkpdrtbhng bttbn`gl

td drobhjn orbvg oddls, bs ljstjhnt irdk t`g wjlgr rgpgrtdjrgusgl jh t`g ldkgstjn bssgkfabog. Jt js pbrtjnuabray dfvjdus

w`gh wg ndhsjlgr `dw kun` di t`js kbtgrjba wbs fbsgl dh

fdhg bhl bhtagr. \`g sbkg bttjtulgs kby fg gvjlghngl fy t`g

ngkgtgry bt ^mbtg`dak w`grg sdkg di t`g ldos bppgbr td `bvg

fggh furjgl bs ji t`gy wgrg ùkbh fgjhos. \`js gkp`bsjs dh

t`g hbturba wdral js basd ndhsjstght wjt` t`g prdvjsjdh di

vdtjvg lgpdsjts jh adnbtjdhs sun` bs rjvgrs bhl abmgs. Jhstgbl

27 V. FVBLAGZ „ LDKG^\JNB\JDH B^ B ^\B\G DI KJHL



di t`g bhtbodhjsk fgtwggh nuaturg bhl hbturg suppdsgl fy

Jbh @dllgr (2::3), wg kjo`t t`jhm jh tgrks di b rgnjprdnba

rgabtjdhs`jp, kdrg bmjh td t`g bhjkjstjn fgajgis sd ditgh

rgpdrtgl bkdho ùhtgr obt`grgrs. Ji wg hggl b Gurdpgbh

pbrbaaga wg s`dual turh td t`g ^bbkj (Bàfìnm 2:0?).

^gndhlay, t`js kbtgrjba sggks td gkp`bsjzg t`g jkpdrtbhng

di igrtjajty bhl rgoghgrbtjdh. \`grg js t`g pgrvbsjvgsykfdajsk di t`g rgl dn`rg w`jn` sggks td stbhl idr ùkbh

faddl. \`grg js t`g gqubaay pdwgriua sykfdajsk gxprgssgl fy

t`g usg di bhtagrs bt sjtgs bs ibr ljstbht irdk dhg bhdt`gr bs

Yglfbgm, \êvjgn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr, bhl t`grg js b kdrg

tghtbtjvg suoogstjdh di t`g sbkg gkp`bsjs dh igrtjajty jh t`g

bssdnjbtjdh di drobhjn brtgibnts wjt` t`g furjbas di wdkgh.

Bobjh jt sggks bs ji t`g hbturba wdral wbs pgrngjvgl bs b

nrgbtjvg prjhnjpag rbt`gr t`bh b sdurng di lbhogr. \`bt js w`bt

Fjrl-Lbvjl (2::3) kgbhs w`gh s`g rgigrs td t`g ‐ojvjho

ghvjrdhkght'. ^dkg ùhtgr obt`grgrs ld hdt ljstjhoujs`

s`brpay fgtwggh t`gjr dwh idrtuhgs bhl t`g n`brbntgr di t`g

wdral brduhl t`gk, bhl t`gy kby rgigr td t`g ghvjrdhkght jh

w`jn` t`gy ajvg jh tgrks di sun` kgtbp`drs bs prdnrgbtjdhbhl mjhs`jp (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::>). \`bt js b vgry ljiigrght

jhtgrprgtbtjdh irdk Jbh @dllgr's rgbljho di Agpghsmj Yjr,

wjt` jts strjmjho dppdsjtjdh fgtwggh lgbt` bhl ajig, t`g wjal

bhl t`g ldkgstjn (@dllgr 2::3, 62->2).

Ji sd, wg kjo`t ndkg nadsgr td rgndohjzjho t`g prdfagks

pdsgl fy t`g bldptjdh di ibrkjho. Jt js hdt sjkpay b kbttgr

di sufsjstghng bhl hutrjtjdh. Jh ky jhtgrprgtbtjdh t`js idrk

di pbrthgrs`jp wjt` hbturg js jhndhsjstght wjt` t`g ljrgnt

dwhgrs`jp di rgsdurngs, w`jn` js, di ndursg, t`g sdnjba

kgbhjho di ldkgstjnbtjdh. Jt basd sggks ajmgay t`bt jh b

wdral jh w`jn` ùkbh jlghtjty wbs hdt igat td ajg dutsjlg

hbturg „ b wdral jh w`jn` hbturba pabngs ndual tbmg dh b

spgnjba sjohjijnbhng „ kdhukghts wdual `bvg ajttag pbrt td

paby. \`g sbkg bppajgs td t`g nrgbtjdh di b hgw rbhog di

orbvg oddls fbsgl, hd adhogr dh fdhg bhl bhtagr, fut dh t`g

ndkpagtg trbhsidrkbtjdh di t`g rbw kbtgrjbas= t`g dfvjdus

gxbkpags brg pdttgry bhl orduhl stdhg bxgs. Uvgagfja bhl

Vdwagy-Ndhwy (2:09) `bvg ljsnussgl t`g rgauntbhng di

sdkg ùhtgr obt`grgrs td tbmg up ibrkjho gvgh w`gh t`g

tgn`hjqugs bhl kbtgrjbas wgrg bvbjabfag td t`gk, bhl t`gy

suoogst t`bt jh sun` nbsgs gndhdkjn n`bhog kby `bvg fggh

vgry orbluba. Hd lduft sdkg di t`bt rgauntbhng ljl `bvg jts

rddts jh t`g sufsjstghng gndhdky. J wdual bll t`bt sdkg di jt

kby basd `bvg fggh fbsgl dh jlgdadoy. Whtja t`bt fgajgi

systgk adst jts idrng, ldkgstjnbtjdh kby `bvg fggh ajtgrbaayuht`jhmbfag.

@bvjho sbjl t`js, J wjaa kbmg dhg abst suoogstjdh. Fdt` t`g

dwhgrs`jp di rgsdurngs bhl t`g fujaljho di kdhukghts

rgiagnt t`g gvghtuba frgbmldwh di sun` jh`jfjtjdhs, bhl fdt`

jhvdavg t`g lgvgadpkght di ljiigrght bttjtulgs td t`g hbturba

wdral5 t`g bldptjdh di hgw fgajgis bs wgaa bs t`g bldptjdh di

hgw tgn`hjqugs. Ji Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs `bl ghobogl jh b

rgnjprdnba gxn`bhog wjt` hbturg, t`g kgtbp`dr ngrtbjhay

n`bhogl. \`g hgw jljdk wbs ndhngrhgl wjt` pdwgr.

Kdhukghts wgrg ndhstruntgl td ldkjhbtg t`g abhlsnbpg bhl

td wjt`stbhl t`g prdngss di hbturba lgnby. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh

di pabhts bhl bhjkbas wbs bhdt`gr idrk di ndhtrda, bhl t`g

nrgbtjdh di brbfag bhl pbsturg jhvdavgl b stjaa kdrg lrbstjn

kdljijnbtjdh di t`g hbturba tgrrbjh. Jh t`bt sghsg fdt`prdngssgs wgrg rgbaay rbt`gr bajmg bhl dhng trbljtjdhba fgajgis

fgobh td abpsg, bs t`gy ljl t`rduo` ndhtbnts bnrdss t`g

borjnuaturba irdhtjgr, fdt` ndual fg iduhl tdogt`gr.

Jh ibnt t`g prdngss di jlgdadojnba n`bhog wbs bs adho

lrbwh-dut bs t`g prdngss di gndhdkjn n`bhog, bhl t`g twd

rgjhidrngl dhg bhdt`gr. J s`baa ghl fy jaaustrbtjho dhg bspgnt

di t`bt trbhsidrkbtjdh. Bs wg `bvg sggh, lgpdsjts di brtgibnts

bhl bhjkba rgkbjhs sggk td spbh t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn

trbhsjtjdh jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg. \`gy prdfbfay drjojhbtgl

lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl, fut vdtjvg diigrjhos jh fdos

wgrg kun` kdrg ndkkdh lurjho t`g Hgdajt`jn. Fut ji t`g

n`djng di adnbtjdh wbs t`g sbkg, t`g n`brbntgr di t`gsg

lgpdsjts wbs n`bhojho. Drobhjn kbtgrjba wbs stjaa lgpdsjtgl,bhl sd wgrg ùkbh bhl bhjkba rgkbjhs, fut b ordwjho

prdpdrtjdh di t`g ijhls ndhsjstgl di stdhg bxgs bhl pdts, idr

jh sdkg rgspgnts t`gsg wgrg t`g mgy sykfdas di b hgw wby

di ajig. Orblubaay t`g sjtubtjdh wbs trbhsidrkgl. Brtgibnts

wgrg stjaa usgl bs vdtjvg diigrjhos, fut hdw t`g adnbtjdhs di

sdkg di t`gsg lgpdsjts s`jitgl, bhl t`gy wgrg basd iduhl bt

gbrt`wdrm dr stdhg-fujat kdhukghts. Jt js bt t`js tjkg t`bt

t`grg js ghvjrdhkghtba gvjlghng idr jhtghsjijgl iddl

prdluntjdh (Frblagy 2::3, 7?-9<). \`g twd prdngssgs wght

tdogt`gr, fut hdt t`rduo` nbusg bhl giignt. \`gy rbh jh

pbrbaaga fgnbusg t`gy wgrg t`g twd kbjh igbturgs di b hgw

sdnjdgndhdkjn systgk. \`gy wgrg t`g dutndkg di b prdngss

di gndhdkjn n`bhog, fut t`gy wgrg basd t`g rgsuat di hgw

wbys di jkbojhjho t`g wdral.

\`bt js w`y jt js `gapiua td t`jhm di ldkgstjnbtjdh bs b stbtg

di kjhl.

rgigrghngs

Bàfìnm. \. (gl.) 2:0?. ^bbkj Vgajojdh, Wppsbab.

Fbho-Bhlgrsgh, ^. 2:0>. Dh t`g usg di dn`rg bkdho prg`jstdrjn

ùhtgr obt`grgr ordups jh sdut`grh Hdrwby, Kgsdajt`jn Kjsngaabhy

<.6, 23-26.

Fghhjmg, S. & M. Gffgsgh 2:0?. \`g fdo ijhl irdk ^jogrslba,

Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy 7, 07-227.

Fjrl-Lbvjl, H. 2::3. \`g ojvjho ghvjrdhkght. Bhdt`gr pgrspgntjvg

dh t`g gndhdkjn systgk di ùhtgr obt`grgrs, Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy

>2, 20>-:9.




Fjrl-Lbvjl, H. 2::>. \rjfba kgtbp`drjzbtjdh di ùkbh-hbturg

rgabtglhgss5 b ndkpbrbtjvg bhbaysjs. Jh5 M. Kjatdh (gl.) Ghvjrdh-

kghtbajsk. \`g vjgw irdk bht`rdpdadoy, Adhldh, 226-67.

Frblagy, V. 2::3. \`g pbssbog di brks, Nbkfrjlog.

Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh, G. 2:?<. Orbvghg vgl Lrbos`dak, Hbtjdhbakusggts

Brfgelskbrm , 226-63.

N`bpkbh, V. 2:02. \`g gkgroghng di idrkba ljspdsba brgbs bhl t`g

‐prdfagk' di kgobajt`jn tdkfs jh prg`jstdrjn Gurdpg. Jh5 V. N`bpkbh,

J. Mjhhgs & M. Vbhlsfdro (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`, Nbk-

frjlog, ?2-02.

Nabrm, O. & K. Hggagy 2:0?. ^dnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh jh Gurdpgbh

Kgsdajt`jn furjba lbtb. Jh5 S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy, K. Uvgagfja &

@.S. Fabhm`dak (gls.) Kgsdajt`jn hdrt` wgst Gurdpg5 rgnght trghls,

^`giijgal, 262-?.

@bylgh, F. 2::3. Hjkrdls, pjsnbtdrs, paunmgrs bhl pabhtgrs5 t`g

gkgroghng di iddl prdluntjdh, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba


@jaa, E. 2::<. Srg`jstdrjn ndohjtjdh bhl t`g snjghng di brn`bgdadoy. Jh5

N. Vghirgw & G. Uufrdw (gls.) \`g bhnjght kjhl , Nbkfrjlog, 0>-:6.

@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Dxidrl.

Mbrstgh, S. 2::<. Btt mbstb yxbh j seùh, Auhl.

Mbysgr, D. 2::3. ûr ags rjtgs iuhêrbjrgs lgs lgrhjgrs n`bssgurs-

ndaagntgurs l'Gurdpg lg a'dugst gt lu hdrl-dugst ag ijh lu Kêsd-

ajt`jqug, Vgvug Brn`êdadojqug lg a'Dugst , suppaêkght 6, ?7-03.

Mbysgr, D.& S. Fgrhjgr 2:00. Hduvbux dfegts lêndrês lu

Kêsdajt`jqug brkdrjnbjh, Fuaagtjh lg ab ^dnjêtê Srê`jstdrjqug Irbhïbjsg 07.6, <7-?.

Abrssdh, A. 2:0>. Bogrùl. Bh Btabhtjn sjtg jh nghtrba ^nbhjb, Auhl.


Abtg Kgsdajt`jn, Kgllgabhlgh irbh Auhls uhjvgrsjtgts `jstdrjsmb

kusguk 2:0?-0, 7-20.

Abrssdh, A. 2:0:. Abtg Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs bt

^mbtg`dak, sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn jh

Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, >9?-?0.

Abrssdh, A. 2::3. Ldos jh irbntjdh „ sykfdas jh bntjdh. Jh5

S. Ygrkggrsn` & S. vbh Sggr (gls.) Ndhtrjfutjdhs td t`g Kgsdajt`jn

jh Gurdpg, Aguvgh, 27>-93.

Abrssdh, A., N. Kgjmaged`h & V.V. Hgwgaa 2:02. @ukbh smgagtba

kbtgrjba irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn sjtg di Bogrùl, ^nbhjb, sdut`grh

^wglgh, Idrvìhhgh ?9, 292-?.

Kgjmaged`h, N. 2:09. Dal fdhgs, hgw lbtgs. Vgnght rbljdnbrfdh

rgsuats irdk Kgsdajt`jn smgagtba rgkbjhs, Kgsdajt`jn Kjsngaabhy ?.2,

:-29.

Kgaabrs, S. 2:0?. Gxnbvbtjdhs dh Drdhsby, Gljhfuro`.

Kðà, W. 2:?0. Gas lyrsmgagttgrhg irb ^mdttgkbrmg do Ibvrfd. ^mjm

do fruo vgl fdrgbatjlghs ebotgr, Bbrfðogr 2:?0, 7->6.

D'^`gb, E.& K. Uvgagfja 2:0<. Daghgdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm5

rgndhstruntjhò t`g sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn drobhjsbtjdh di prg`jstdrjn

idrbogrs jh hdrt`grh Vussjb, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdado

>, 2-<3.

Vdzdy, E-O. 2:?0. Ags lgrhjgrs n`bssgurs, N`bragvjaag.

^rgedvjn, L. 2:?6. Gurdpg's ijrst kdhukghtba snuapturg5 hgw

ljsndvgrjgs bt Agpghsmj Yjr, Adhldh.

_ddlkbh, S. & K. D'Frjgh 2::>. Gxnbvbtjdhs bt Igrrjtgr's Ndvg,

Nd. Mgrry5 bh jhtgrjk stbtgkght. Jh5 G. ^`gg \wd`jo & K. Vdhbyh

(gls.) Sbst pgrngptjdhs. \`g prg`jstdrjn brn`bgdadoy di sdut`-wgst

Jrgabhl , Ndrm, 67-><.

_yszdkjrsmb, F. 2:0<. Ijourpabstjm dn` orbvsmjnm `ds Hdrl-dn`

Hdrlùstgurdpbs hgdajtjnjsmb ibhostmuaturgr , Fdhh.

Uvgagfja, K.& S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs jhBtabhtjn Gurdpg. Jh5 K. Uvgagfja (gl.) @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh,

Nbkfrjlog, 9?-:>.

Vjn`brl Frblagy

Whjvgrsjty di Vgbljho

_`jtgmhjo`ts

SF 620

WM-VO9 6BB Vgbljho

2? V. FVBLAGZ „ LDKG^\JNB\JDH B^ B ^\B\G DI KJHL



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

\`js pbpgr idnussgs dh t`g rgojdh mhdwh bs t`g Jrdh Obtgs

Odrog (t`g Legrlbp) w`jn` `bs fggh lgsnrjfgl bs b pdst-

pagjstdnghg ‑rgiuog‛ badho t`g Lbhufg Vjvgr. Kdtjvbtgl fy

t`g jkpghljho iaddl wbtgrs di b `ylrdgagntrjn lbk, Zuodsabv

bhl Vdkbhjbh brn`bgdadojsts uhndvgrgl sjtgs dh fdt` fbhms

di t`g rjvgr jh b sgrjgs di ijgal prdegnts fgojhhjho jh t`g

2:93's. \`g rgkbjhs bssjohgl td t`g Kgsdajt`jn jh t`js rgojdh

`bvg fggh lbtgl irdk t`g ghl di t`g gjo`t` td t`g ijrst `bai di

t`g sjxt` kjaaghhjb FN. B rgnght stuly fy dhg di t`g but`drs(Vbldvbhdvjn) `bs prdvjlgl bh jhtghsjvg bhbaysjs di 63 di

t`gsg Kgsdajt`jn sjtgs (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6, 2::<, 2::9b,

2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). \`js pbpgr jhndrpdrbtgs sdkg di t`g

rgsuats di t`bt bhbaysjs jh b stuly di sglghtjsk, sufsjstghng,

sdnjba ndkpagxjty bhl t`g lyhbkjns di jhtgrbntjdh fgtwggh

twd ljiigrght sdnjdgndhdkjn ndkkuhjtjgs. Jt basd gxpadrgs

jhsjo`ts jhtd t`g pdssjfag jlgdadoy di t`g Legrlbp ùhtgr-

obt`grgr-ijs`grs w`jn` wdual `bvg fggh jhtrjnbtgay tjgl td

t`dsg ibntdrs.

6. Lgijhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn

\`g tjtag di t`js pbpgr, td b ngrtbjh gxtght, rgiagnts dhg di t`g

ljiijnuatjgs (bhl dhg di t`g jhtrjougs) di stulyjho sd-nbaaglKgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs „ hbkgay, lgijhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn. Bs js

oghgrbaay t`g nbsg wjt` t`g ljvjsjdhs di prg`jstdry, t`g

Kgsdajt`jn `bs fggh lgijhgl jh tgrks di gndhdky, pgr`bps

kdrg spgnjijnbaay, jh tgrks di ‑ndhtrbsts ndhngrhgl

prjhnjpbaay wjt` kdlgs di bnqujrjho iddl‛ (^`grrbtt 2::7, 9).

Bat`duo` jt js irujtagss td lghy t`g jkpdrtbhng di

sufsjstghng bnqujsjtjdh td t`g hbturg di ùkbh sdnjgtjgs,

sun` b lgijhjho ndhngpt js jhnrgbsjhoay sggh bs ajkjtgl jh

uhrbvgajho t`g ndkpagxjtjgs di prg`jstdrjn ùkbh fg`bvjdr.

Jt nagbray uhlgraby t`g trbljtjdhba vjgw t`bt t`g ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs di t`g Kgsdajt`jn, jh ndhtrbst td t`dsg di t`g

Wppgr Sbabgdajt`jn, `bl fggh jkpdvgrjs`gl fgnbusg di t`g

ghl di fjo-obkg ùhtjho bhl bnndkpbhyjho lgoghgrbtjdh

di stdhg tddamjts (Uvgagfja 2::>, 96) (ijo. 2). Iurt`grkdrg,

jt `bs tghlgl td idnus bttghtjdh dh ndhtrbstjho Kgsdajt`jn

ùhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl Hgdajt`jn ibrkgrs, jkpbrtjho bh

uhlgsgrvgl lgorgg di sdnjdgndhdkjn bhl nuaturba `dkd-

oghgjty td gbn` bhl kbsmjho t`dsg brgbs jh w`jn` t`gy kby

fg sjkjabr.

Bs b rgsuat, bttgkpts td vjgw t`g Kgsdajt`jn bs b ‑pgrjdl

wjt` b sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn ndhtght di jts dwh wjt` ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs t`bt `bvg b lgorgg di sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn

ndkpagxjty brg oghgrbaay hdt bnngptgl‛ (Uvgagfja 2::>, 96).

\`g Kgsdajt`jn js abrogay stjaa lgijhgl jh tgrks di w`bt jt js

hdt. Bht`rdpdadojsts w`d stuly ajvjho ùhtgr-obt`grgr

sdnjgtjgs `bvg basd rgkbrmgl t`bt sun` sdnjgtjgs ‑`bvg

irgqughtay fggh n`brbntgrjzgl fy w`bt t`gy abnm‛

(@uhh/_jaajbks 2:06, 9), hbkgay borjnuaturg bhl bhjkba

ùsfbhlry. @dwgvgr, t`g Kgsdajt`jn wbs hdt bs `dkdoghdusbs bh gndhdkjn lgijhjtjdh kjo`t suoogst bhl t`g vbrjbfjajty

di pdst-oabnjba ùhtjho-obt`grjho sdnjgtjgs hggls td fg

bllrgssgl.

Brn`bgdadojsts wjaa prdfbfay ndhtjhug td usg t`g tgrk

‐Kgsdajt`jn‚ td rgigr td t`g tjkg pgrjdl w`jn` idaadwgl t`g

Sagjstdnghg bhl prgnglgl gvjlghng idr bh gndhdky fbsgl dh

iddl-prdluntjdh. _g wdual broug, `dwgvgr, t`bt t`g

n`rdhdadojnba fduhlbrjgs s`dual fg pgrngjvgl bs orbluba

trbhsjtjdhs (Uvgagfja 2::>, 9>). Idr gxbkpag, jt nbh fg brougl

t`bt sdkg pdst-Sagjstdnghg ùhtgr-obt`grgrs s`dual ndhtjhug

td fg sggh bs Gpjpbabgdajt`jn, gspgnjbaay jh pbrts di sdut`grh

Gurdpg w`grg ùhtjho pbttgrhs ljl hdt bpprgnjbfay n`bhog

wjt` t`g ghl di t`g oabnjba pgrjdl bhl t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrsrgkbjhgl kdfjag wjt`jh gxtghsjvg tgrrjtdrjgs (Vbldvbhdvjn

2::9b, 2::9l). Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, rgluntjdh di kdfjajty

agbls td ndhndkjtbht sdnjba n`bhogs w`jn` nbh ljiigrghtjbtg

sdkg Kgsdajt`jn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs irdk t`dsg di t`g Wppgr

Sbabgdajt`jn, bat`duo` t`g n`rdhdadojnba tjkgirbkg wdual

hdt fg bpprgnjbfay ljiigrght. Bs bh gxbkpag, wg mhdw irdk

gt`hdorbp`jn stuljgs t`bt sglghtbry dr sgkj-sglghtbry ùhtgr

obt`grgrs jhndrpdrbtg ljiigrght kgn`bhjsks irdk t`dsg di

kdfjag ùhtgr-obt`grgrs idr ndpjho wjt` rjsm jh t`gjr

sufsjstghng strbtgojgs (@uhh/_jaajbks 2:06). ûn`

kgn`bhjsks nbh, dvgr t`g adho tgrk, fgndkg gkfgllgl

wjt`jh t`g sdnjba bs wgaa bs p`ysjnba rgprdluntjdh di t`g

sdnjgty.

\d sdkg lgorgg, t`g kgn`bhjsks di t`g sglghtbry dr sgkj

sglghtbry ùhtgr-obt`grgrs nbh kdrg nadsgay bpprdxjkbtg

t`dsg di iddl prdlungrs (iddl stdrbog dr ijrg-sgttjho

tgn`hjqugs, idr gxbkpag). @dwgvgr, bat`duo` sun` rgspdhsgs

td rjsm ibntdrs nbh jaaustrbtg sdkg sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh t`g

iddl-prdlungrs bhl t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrs (gspgnjbaay jh tgrks

Jvbhb Vbldvbhdvj© @uhtgrs, ijs`grs dr ibrkgrs5 sglghtjsk, sufsjstghngFbrfbrb Ydytgm bhl sdnjba ndkpagxjty jh t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn



di tgn`hjqugs), t`grg brg basd nrjtjnba ljiigrghngs. Dhg di

t`gsg js t`g rgabtjvgay adw lghsjty di pdpuabtjdh bkdho t`gabttgr.

Adw pdpuabtjdh lghsjty `bs fggh brougl td fg fdt` b

nbusg bhl b ndhsgqughng di ndhtgkpdrbry ùhtgr-obt`grgr

iddl prdluntjdh bhl bt t`g sbkg tjkg, pabys b rdag wjt`jh

ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy

(@uhh/_jaajbks 2:06, ?). Sdpuabtjdh lghsjty wdual `bvg

basd fggh bh jkpdrtbht ibntdr wjt`jh prg`jstdrjn sdnjgtjgs.

Iurt`grkdrg, jt js ljrgntay rgabtgl td sglghtjsk w`jn` nbh

diisgt fbabhngs t`bt `bl fggh gstbfajs`gl fy kdrg kdfjag

ajigstyags (Mgaay 2::2, 2<6). \`bt js, n`bhogs jh pdpuabtjdh

lghsjty kby fg sggh bs b fbrdkgtgr di n`bhog. Bat`duo` adw

pdpuabtjdh lghsjty kby fg b lgijhjho n`brbntgrjstjn di

ndhtgkpdrbry ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty, ibntdrs wjt`jh

prg`jstdrjn ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs bppgbr td `bvg

n`baaghogl t`js igbturg. Bt agbst t`js js dhg prdngss wg sgg

ldnukghtgl lurjho t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn. Bh blljtjdhba

ibntdr di hd skbaa ndhsgqughng wbs t`g prgsghng di bhl

jhtgrbntjdh wjt` iddl-prdlunjho sdnjgtjgs wjt`jh t`g rgojdh

dvgr w`bt bppgbrs td `bvg fggh sgvgrba ùhlrgl ygbrs.

>. Lgijhjho t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn

>.2. DYGVYJG_

Jh t`g 2:93's ndhstruntjdh fgobh di b lbk dh t`g Lbhufg

Vjvgr jh t`g brgb di t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog (t`g Legrlbp)

w`jn` wbs ndkpagtgl jh 2:?2. ^gvgrba sgttagkghts fbsgl dh

ùhtjho, obt`grjho bhl ijs`jho wgrg uhndvgrgl bhl gxnbvbtgl

dh fdt` sjlgs di t`g rjvgr. \`g Legrlbp prgsghts b sjhouabr

gndadoy wjt` b hukfgr di kjnrd-zdhgs w`dsg najkbtjn

ndhljtjdhs vbry bnndrljho td batjtulg bhl adnbtjdh wjt`jh t`g

odrogs. Gxtrgkg ghvjrdhkghtba n`bhogs wjt`jh t`g Legrlbp

`bl hdt bnndkpbhjgl t`g pdst-Sagjstdnghg bhl t`g odrog `bs

fggh lgsnrjfgl fy sdkg bs b ‐rgiuog‚ idr t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrs

w`d wdual `bvg dt`grwjsg suiigrgl irdk pdst-Sagjstdnghg

lgvgadpkghts jh t`g gndadoy (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b). \`g

tdpdorbp`jn rgajgi di t`g odrogs js kbrmgl bhl t`grg brg

ajkjtgl pbtn`gs di brbfag abhl idr borjnuaturg, bat`duo`

bhjkba-`grljho wdual `bvg fggh pdssjfag. Sbayhdadojnba

stuljgs prdvjlg b pjnturg di b wjlg spgntruk di pabhts

bvbjabfag jh t`g odrogs lurjho t`g kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl w`jn`

wdual `bvg ghrjn`gl bhl ljvgrsjijgl t`g ljgt di t`g ùkbh

pdpuabtjdh (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b).


Ijourg 2. Jkbog di t`g Kgsdajt`jn

(irdk S. Ibhabn 2:97. @gurgusg

Srê`jstdjrg , Sgrjougux, p. 02).



\`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts lbtg td b pgrjdl

fgtwggh t`g 0t` bhl 9t` kjaaghhjb FN (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::<,

2::9b, 2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). Lurjho t`g ndursg di t`g

0t` kjaaghhjuk FN, t`g kdfjajty di t`g pdpuabtjdh `bl fggh

rglungl idr b hukfgr di rgbsdhs. \`g ghsujho ordwt` bhl

gxpbhsjdh di pdpuabtjdh dfsgrvgl b ajhgbr pbttgrh di sprgbl

badho t`g Lbhufg Vjvgr. B lgtbjagl bhbaysjs di t`g kbtgrjbanuaturg iduhl jh t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts `bs

suoogstgl bt agbst t`rgg ndgxjstjho ordups (ijo. 6)5

„ t`g ijrst ordup jh t`g Wppgr Odrog wjt` sgttagkghts di

Sbljhb, ^tufjnb, Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr=

„ b sgndhl ordup w`jn` bppgbrs td `bvg spajt dii irdk t`g

ijrst bhl kdvgl ldwhstrgbk wjt` sgttagkghts bt Muab bhl

Dstrdvua Kbrg=

„ b t`jrl ordup (dr pgr`bps kdrg ordups) sgttagl jh t`g

Adwgr Odrog bhl t`g brgb di Maeun, jhnauljho Jndbhb,

Vbzvrbtb, @belunmb Ydlghjnb, Dstrdvua Fbhuauj, ^n`gab

Nabldvgj bhl Dstrdvua Ndrfuauj.

Jh 2:0:, Ydytgm bhl \rjho`bk prgsghtgl b snghbrjd idr t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn w`jn` bttgkptgl td `joàjo`t t`g

rdag di sglghtjsk jh t`g lgvgadpkght di jhtgr-sdnjba rgabtjdhs

bhl t`g hbturg di sdnjdgndhdkjn n`bhogs biigntjho t`g

pdpuabtjdhs ajvjho t`grg. B frjgi sukkbry di t`bt wdrm js

rgqujrgl `grg. \`g brtjnag `bl prgsghtgl b kdlga w`jn`

ndkfjhgl t`g t`rgg ibntdrs di sglghtjsk, iddl stdrbog, bhl

gxn`bhog. \`g but`drs `bl brougl t`bt t`g brn`bgdadojnba

gvjlghng suoogstgl t`bt t`g jhljoghdus ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh

t`g Legrlbp `bl fgndkg agss kdfjag bhl t`bt jh ldjho sd,

t`gy `bl jhtghsjijgl t`gjr usg di adnba rgsdurngs idr tddas bhl

iddl. \`gsg nabjks wgrg gvjlghngl fy strunturba rgkbjhs,

stdhg tddas bhl ibnjajtjgs, bhl b qubhtjty di nuaturba lgfrjs

(Srjhz 2:0?= Vbldvbhdvjn 2::<, 2::9b, 2::9f, 2::9n, jh

prgss= Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).

^tdhg rjhos iduhl bt Yabsbn `bvg fggh jhtgrprgtgl bs tght

rjhos (Srjhz 2:0?) bat`duo` t`gy kby `bvg fggh usgl idr

iddl-prdngssjho bntjvjtjgs sun` bs wjal sggl rgkdvba

(Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:, <:>). Sduhlgrs bhl kdrtbrs iduhl

bt Agpghsmj Yjr bhl Sbljhb w`jn` bat`duo` vbrjdusay

jhtgrprgtgl bs s`rjhgs bhl batbrs kby `bvg fggh usgl idr

orjhljho bhl/dr pduhljho di sggls bhl huts w`jn` js

suoogstgl fy t`g wgbr pbttgrhs dh t`g stdhg jkpagkghts

(^rgedvjn 2:9: (2:?6)). Gxpadjtbtjdh di pabht iddls js

basd rgiagntgl jh dt`gr lbtb5 bhtagr tddas iduhl bt Yabsbn

`bvg fggh bssdnjbtgl wjt` wdrmjho t`g sdja (Agtjnb 2:9:).Sdaagh bhbaysjs di ndprdajtgs irdk Yabsbn bhl Jndbhb s`dws

Orbkjhgbg di ngrgba typg (Nbrnjukbru 2:?>). Ijhbaay,

smgagtba stuly di lghtjtjdh s`dws t`bt pabht iddls wgrg bh

jkpdrtbht pbrt di t`g ljgt (Fdrdhgbht 2:03= y'Glyhbm 2:?0=

y'Glyhbm/Iagjsn` 2:0>). Ibuhba lbtb basd suppdrt t`g t`gdry

di ygbr-rduhl dnnupbtjdh. \`gsg rgkbjhs ndkg irdk ijs`,

pjo, lggr, bhl wjal dx.

Jt wbs iurt`gr brougl t`bt t`g pgrkbhght ibnjajtjgs idr

bnqujrjho rgsdurngs bhl pgr`bps stdrjho t`gk ndual `bvg

fgndkg t`g idnj di ndhtrda fy jhljvjlubas bhl t`g fbsgs idr

sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh. Bhjkba-mggpjho wdual `bvg

bnngagrbtgl t`js prdngss, bat`duo` t`grg js blkjttglay hd

gvjlghng idr ldkgstjn bhjkbas bkdho t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr

sjtgs gxngpt idr ldo. \`grg js gvjlghng, `dwgvgr, idr ldkgstjn s`ggp/odbt bhl nbttag bkdho t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn

sjtgs jh t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh (hdrt` Fbambhs), bhl gxn`bhog

jh kgbt `bs fggh pdstuabtgl fy sdkg brn`bgdadojsts

(N`bpkbh 2::<, 2<2= Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:, <:?) (ijo. >).

Gt`hdorbp`jn stuljgs `bvg lgkdhstrbtgl t`g pdtghtjba giignts

di t`g jhtrdluntjdh bhl bldptjdh di ldkgstjn bhjkbas bs b

sdurng di gxn`bhogbfag wgbat` (Fbjagy 2:03, 9?= Jhodal

2:03, <<). ^dnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh irgqughtay js dhg di t`gk,

ditgh bnndkkdlbtjho t`g ibnt t`bt t`g mhdwaglog di

ldkgstjnbtjdh wdual hdt `bvg fggh ljstrjfutgl gvghay bkdho

t`g pdpuabtjdh (Kgbldws 2:0>).

Gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs fgtwggh t`g jhljoghdus ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs bhl ibrkjho ordups dutsjlg t`g odrogs `bvg fgghojvgh ‐b kbedr rdag‚ jh t`g sdnjdgndhdkjn trbhsidrkbtjdh

wjthgssgl jh t`g Legrlbp (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:, <:0).

Gvjlghng idr gxn`bhog ndkgs abrogay jh t`g idrk di ajt`jn

rgsdurngs bhl pdtghtjbaay ngrbkjns. \`g pdssjfjajty di

sufsjstghng rgsdurngs fgjho jhnaulgl wjt`jh gxn`bhog

dpgrbtjdhs `bs bargbly fggh tdun`gl updh jh tgrks di

ldkgstjnbtgl bhjkbas idr kgbt. Ndhngrhjho pabht iddls, dhg

kjo`t spgnuabtg t`bt t`g ngrbkjns w`jn` kjo`t `bvg fggh

pbrt di bh gxn`bhog `bl prjhnjpbaay sgrvgl bs ndhtbjhgrs idr

sun` sufstbhngs w`jn` wgrg t`g rgba jtgks di fbrtgr.

\d ndhnaulg t`js frjgi sukkbry, wg wdual hdtg t`bt t`g

odba di t`g 2:0: brtjnag wbs td uhlgrstbhl gagkghts t`bt

wdual idstgr sdnjdgndhdkjn n`bhog bkdho fdt` t`g ùhtgr-

obt`grgr bhl iddl-prdlungr pdpuabtjdhs „ t`bt js, td gxpadrg

t`g hbturg di trbhsidrkbtjdh rbt`gr t`bh trbhsjtjdh. ^jhng jts

pufajnbtjdh, ndhsjlgrbfag rgsgbrn` `bs fggh ldhg dh t`g

ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh t`g Legrlbp (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6, 2::9b,

2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). _g hdw `bvg b nagbrgr pjnturg di

t`g gxtght di t`gjr sdnjba ndkpagxjty bhl sjohjijnbhng td t`g

prg`jstdry di t`g Fbambhs bs b w`dag.

>.6. ^GLGH\J^K

Bs kghtjdhgl, dhg di t`g gagkghts w`jn` odgs tdwbrl

lgijhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn di t`g Legrlbp js t`g gvjlghng idr

sglghtjsk. \`g gvjlghng `bs fggh dutajhgl bfdvg. \`grgbsdhs brg pgr`bps agss nagbr. Mgaay (2::6) `bs sukkbrjzgl

sdkg di t`g pdssjfag rgbsdhs, ghnbpsuabtjho t`gk wjt`jh b

ndkpbrjsdh di ‑pus` bhl puaa `ypdt`gsgs‛ (Mgaay 2::6, 72-

7<). Bat`duo` `js stuly prdlungl hd lgijhjtjvg rgbsdh w`y

sdkg ùhtgr-obt`grgrs fgndkg sglghtbry, jt ljl pdjht dut t`g

jkpdrtbhng di lgbajho wjt` rgsdurng iauntubtjdh lurjho t`g

prdngss. \`bt js, jh brgbs wjt` jhirgqught rgsdurng

62 J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN



iauntubtjdh, t`g hggl td kdvg wdual fg agss bppbrght (Mgaay

2::6, 7>).

Bat`duo` pbttgrhs di rgsdurng iauntubtjdh nbhhdt fg

jhvdmgl bs nbusgs idr jhnrgbsgl sglghtjsk, t`gy nagbray paby

b rdag, gspgnjbaay jh vjgw di t`g ibnt t`bt sglghtjsk tghls td

prdlung jhnrgbsgl pdpuabtjdh lghsjty (@brrjs 2:??b, 2:??f=

Mgaay 2::6, 7:, 2::2, 2<2-2<<= Vbiigrty 2:07, 263, 2>?).

\`bt js, rgobrlagss di t`g nbusgs idr jhnrgbsgl sglghtjsk

(bhl jh ibnt, t`grg nbh fg kbhy, ni. Vbiigrty 2:07), rgsdurng

iauntubtjdh kust fg bllrgssgl jh kgt`dls dt`gr t`bh

kdfjajty. Fy jts vgry lgijhjtjdh, sglghtjsk prgnaulgs kdfjajty

bs b kgn`bhjsk idr rglunjho rjsm (@bastgbl/D'^`gb 2:0:, >).

_`gh rgsjlghtjba bhl/dr adho-tgrk kdfjajty nbh hd adhogr fg

pgrngjvgl bs ‐vjbfag sdautjdhs td adnba rgsdurng ibjaurg‚,

sglghtbry ùhtgr-obt`grgrs kust usg dt`gr kgbhs (Mgaay

2::6, 70= Vbiigrty 2:07, 22:). Jh blljtjdh, sglghtbry ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs ld hdt `bvg kdfjajty bs b kgn`bhjsk td ndhsgrvg

rgsdurngs (@uhh 2:06, 2?). \`bt js, hgw kgbhs di prgsgrvjho

rgsdurngs, gspgnjbaay dvgr t`g adho-tgrk, kust fg lgvgadpgl.

Iddl-stdrbog wdual sgrvg bs dhg pdssjfag lgvgadpkght,

bat`duo` t`g gvjlghng idr iddl-stdrbog jh t`g Legrlbp js hdt

gspgnjbaay nagbr. Dt`gr kgbhs kby jhnaulg hgw baajbhngs dr

kbhjpuabtjdh di kbrrjbog (Mgaay 2::6, 70). Jkpdrtbhtay,

ibntdrs w`jn` ndhtrjfutg td gobajtbrjbhjsk fgtwggh oghlgrs jh

kdfjag sdnjgtjgs nbh fgndkg ndkprdkjsgl bkdho sglghtbry

pdpuabtjdhs. Jh sglghtbry ndkkuhjtjgs idr w`dk iddl


JHLGP5

KG^DAJ\@JN DV KG^DAJ\@JN /GBVAZ HGDAJ\@JN ^J\G^

Bajfgo Ygtgrbhj tgrbsb

Sbljhb @belunmb Ydlghjnb

^tufjnb JndbhbJajsdvb Vãzvrbtb

Jzabz Dstrdvua Fbhuauj

Agpghsmj Yjr ^n`gab Nabldvgj

Yabsbn Dstrdvua Ndrfuauj

Nujhb \urnuauj Dstrdvua Kbrg

Najkghtg J bhl JJ Muab

GBVAZ HGDAJ\@JN ^J\G^ (*gvjlghng idr ldkgstjn bhjkbas)

Sdegeghb Ldheg Futdrmg

Kbngstj Bekbhb

Kdaldvb Ygn`g Sgsbmîjhtb Gaghb Ygagshjnb

Odrhgb* Fjaegvjhb

Ajufndvb* Kj`beadvbn sjtgs

^vjhj≬b

Ijourg 6. Kbp di t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog (Legrlbp). Njrnags kbrm oghgrba adnbtjdh di Kgsdajt`jn sjtgs dr sjtgs wjt` Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn=

trjbhoags ; Gbray Hgdajt`jn sjtgs/ijhls (irdk Vbldvbhdvj© 2::6= Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).



stdrbog `bs fggh t`g prjhnjpba kgbhs di ndpjho wjt` rgsdurng

iauntubtjdhs, igkbags tghl td fg ndhsjlgrgl kdrg vbaubfag bs

b sdurng di abfdr t`bh bs adnj idr pdtghtjba baajbhngs (Mgaay

2::2, 2<7-2<9). \`bt js, kbjhtghbhng di surpaus idr stdrbog

ghtbjas jhnrgbsgl ndsts di rgsdurng-`brvgstjho (di pabhts dr

ijs`) bhl rgsdurng-prdngssjho. Jh t`js wby, sufsjstghng

bntjvjtjgs fgndkg kdrg abfdr jhtghsjvg bhl jhnrgbsjho buhjt's prdluntjdh rgqujrgs jhnrgbsjho b uhjt's sjzg.

Badho t`g sbkg ajhgs, jhnrgbsgl lgpghlghny dh idrbojho,

w`jn` nbh prdvjlg b stbfag iddl suppay, nbh basd agbl td

lgpagtjdh di b rgsdurng brgb (Mgaay 2::2, 273). Idr

sglghtbry/sgkj-sglghtbry ndkkuhjtjgs, t`js ibntdr t`gh

rgjhidrngs t`g hggl idr iddl stdrbog bhl dt`gr rjsm-bvdjlbhng

strbtgojgs w`jn` brg basd abfdr-jhtghsjvg. Jh blljtjdh, jh b

sglghtbry ndhtgxt, tbsms fgndkg ljiigrghtjbtgl bs abfdr tjkg

jhnrgbsgs bhl n`jalrgh brg frduo`t jhtd t`g abfdr idrng

(@jtn`ndnm 2:06, 673). ^dnjba rgabtjdhs`jps brg dfvjdusay

biigntgl.

\`gsg jhtgrrgabtgl gagkghts di sglghtjsk suoogst t`bt

oghlgr rdags brg basd jhiaughngl w`gh b ordup ‐sgttags ldwh‚,b prdngss t`bt ghtbjas hgw gndhdkjn bhl pdajtjnba ndhljtjdhs.

Ljvjsjdh di abfdr wjt`jh skbaa-snbag sdnjgtjgs js abrogay

lgijhgl bnndrljho td sgx. _`jag igkbags ndkg td jh`bfjt b

kdrg rgstrjntgl spbng (bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g `dusg dr ‐ldkus‚

di @dllgr (2::3, 9?-?0)), kbags tghl td fgndkg kdrg

jhvdavgl jh gxtrb-ordup biibjrs (Lrbpgr 2:?7, ?0, 233-23<).

^dkg `bvg brougl t`bt bs t`g stbtus di wdkgh fgnbkg

ldkgstjnbtgl, jt basd lgnrgbsgl (Fabhl gt ba. 2:?0, 279=

@bylgh gt ba. 2:09= Mgaay 2::2= ^bnms 2:?<, 623). _`gt`gr

sun` b ndrrgabtjdh nbh fg prdvgh dr hdt, jt js rgbsdhbfag td

prdpdsg t`bt wjt` jhnrgbsgl sglghtjsk, t`g lyhbkjns di

n`bhojho oghlgr rdags wjt`jh t`g sdnjgty wdual `bvg fggh

dpgrbtjvg. Iurt`grkdrg, t`g giignts di t`gsg lyhbkjns wdual

`bvg jkpbntgl dt`gr oghlgr-fbsgl lgvgadpkghts „ idr

gxbkpag, jh t`g brgb di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh bhl t`g

jhnrgbsgl sjohjijnbhng di abfdr. _g s`baa rgturh td t`js pdjht

iurt`gr dh jh t`g pbpgr.

>.>. IJ^@ BHL VJ M VGLWN\JDH

Fgidrg ljsnussjho t`gsg lgvgadpkghts jh t`g Legrlbp jh kdrg

lgtbja, wg s`dual pgr`bps rgturh td t`g sufsjstghng fbsg. \`g

ùhtgr-obt`grgrs di t`g Legrlbp `bl gxpadjtgl b wjlg

spgntruk di wjal bhjkbas bhl ijs`. \`g rgsgbrn` fy

Vbldvbhdvjn jhtd ibuhba rgkbjhs bhbayzgl irdk t`gsg sjtgs

suoogsts t`bt ijs` `bl fggh bh jkpdrtbht iddl rgsdurng, futhdt hgngssbrjay b stbpag. Jh t`g Gpjpbagdajt`jn bhl gbray

Kgsdajt`jn dnnupbtjdhs, t`grg js gvjlghng t`bt baa spgnjgs di

ijs` `bl fggh gxpadjtgl, w`jag lurjho t`g abtg Kgsdajt`jn,

ijs`jho idnussgl kdrg dh nyprjhjlbg bhl t`grg js b abnm di

t`g abrogr bhblrdkdus ijs` (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, 2::9n=

`dwgvgr, sgg Frjhmùjzgh 2:09 idr ljsnussjdh di sturogdh

rgkbjhs irdk Sbljhb). \`g abnm ndual fg lug td prgsgrvbtjdh,

gxnbvbtjdh, prg`jstdrjn n`djng, dr pgr`bps gndadojnba n`bhogs

w`jn` biigntgl t`g sgbsdhba ruh di t`g ijs`. Bat`duo` t`g

gvjlghng kbmgs jt ljiijnuat td bhswgr kbhy qugstjdhs bfdut

t`g gxpadjtbtjdh di ijs` jh t`g Legrlbp, t`g jkpdrtbhng di t`js

rgsdurng s`dual fg gxbkjhgl jh b frdblgr sghsg t`bh jts

qubhtjtbtjvg sjohjijnbhng.

Bs kghtjdhgl, ijs` ljl hdt bppgbr td `bvg fggh b stbpagrgsdurng, fut jt js bh jkpdrtbht dhg jh tgrks di sgbsdhba

bfuhlbhng bhl jts pdtghtjba bs stdrgl iddl dr ‐iddl rgsgrvg‚

(@uhh 2:06, >2->6= Vdwagy-Ndhwy/Uvgagfja 2:0:, 76-7>).

Jt js basd rgspdhsjvg td n`bhogs jh pdpuabtjdh lghsjty.

Ndhtgkpdrbry ùhtgr-obt`grgrs `bvg fggh mhdwh td bldpt b

‐spgnjbajzgl rjvgrjhg drjghtbtjdh‚ td suppdrt jhnrgbsgs jh

pdpuabtjdh lghsjty. \`g spgnjbajzbtjdh nbh jhndrpdrbtg

prbntjngs sun` bs rjtuba bhl kyt`dadojnba ‐kbrmjho‚ di

sgbsdhba rgsdurng brgbs sd t`bt dhay ngrtbjh ordups s`dual

gxpadjt t`gk bhl dhay bt spgnjijn pgrjdls (@uhh 2:06, >2).

Dppdrtuhjtjgs idr pdpuabtjdh booadkgrbtjdh bhl sglghtbrjhgs

brg diigrgl fy ndhnghtrbtjdhs di kjorbtdry ijs` w`jn` nbh

sustbjh b ndhnghtrbtgl pdpuabtjdh, bs suoogstgl idr t`gpdpuabtjdh di Daghjj Dstrdv (Uvgagfja 2::>, 7?). @brvgstjho

bhblrdkdus ijs` `bs fggh ndkpbrgl td obt`grjho kdrg t`bh

ùhtjho, suoogstjho jts jkpdrtbhng jh tgrks di sn`gluajho bhl

kbjhtbjhjho b sglghtbry dr gvgh sgkj-sglghtbry ajigstyag

(Mght 2:0:, 7).

Jh giignt, ijs` nbh fgndkg t`g adnbajzgl rgsdurng w`jn`

baadws b sglghtbry/sgkj-sglghtbry ordup td rgkbjh jh pabng

(Vdwagy-Ndhwy/Uvgagfja 2:0:, 72). \`g rgabtjdhs`jp di t`js

iddl sdurng td dt`gr typgs s`dws jhtgrgstjho pbttgrhs. Jh `gr

gndadojnba kdlga di Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn jhtgrbntjdh

pdstuabtgl idr ^dut`wgst Ogrkbhy, Orgoo `bs brougl t`bt ji

t`g suppay di rgl lggr lgnrgbsgs lug td ndkpgtjtjdh wjt`

nbttag bhl s`ggp, t`g jhtgrgst jh ijs` jhnrgbsgs. Bt t`g sbkg

tjkg, t`g blljtjdh di ldkgstjn rgsdurngs rglungs t`g hggl idr

ijs` jh t`g ljgt bhl rglungs t`g lgpghlghng dh t`g sgbsdhba

oadut bssdnjbtgl wjt` kjorbtdry ijs` (Orgoo 2:00, 2?2, 63>,

660, 6>?). Jh b rgojdh t`bt `bs hd bhblrdkdus ijs` ruhs,

hdh-kjorbtdry ijs` wdual `bvg fggh t`g ajkjtjho ibntdr jh

tgrrjtdry sjzg. \grrjtdrjgs wdual `bvg `bl td jhnrgbsg fy ?%

td baadw idr suiijnjght ijs`. Dhg batgrhbtjvg td jhnrgbsjho t`g

tgrrjtdry sjzg js b rgstrunturjho di wjal rgsdurng gxpadjtbtjdh

td lgnrgbsg t`g sjohjijnbhng di ijs` jh t`g ljgt (Orgoo 2:00,

63>). Bobjh, t`g blljtjdh di ldkgstjn rgsdurngs bnndkpajs`g

t`js odba bs wgaa. Jh frjgi, bat`duo` t`g jkpdrtbhng di ijs`

jh b pdpuabtjdh's ljgt js ditgh ljiijnuat td prdvg dr gvghkgbsurg, jts sjohjijnbhng jh tgrks di ordup lyhbkjns,

ghbfajho dr ibnjajtbtjho sglghtjsk bhl jhnrgbsjho pdpuabtjdh

lghsjtjgs, js hdtbfag.

>.<. ^DNJBA NDKSAGPJ\Z

\`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn ghlurgl sgvgrba ùhlrgl ygbrs bitgr

t`g bppgbrbhng di t`g adnba Gbray Hgdajt`jn bhl kby `bvg

6> J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN



pgrsjstgl uhtja t`g fgojhhjho di t`g gbray Yjhnb pgrjdl jh t`g

rgojdh. Jt ndhtjhugl b rgabtjvgay adho `jstdrjnba trbegntdry jh

t`bt ngrtbjh gagkghts di t`g Kgsdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg `bvg

fggh rgabtgl td t`g prgngljho Gpjpbagdajt`jn pgrjdl w`jn` js

fgttgr ldnukghtgl dh t`g agit fbhm di t`g rjvgr bhl rgabtgl td

t`g sd-nbaagl Nujhb \urnuauj/^`bh-Mdfb/Fgadagsyg ndkpagx

(Vbldvbhdvjn

2::9b, 2::9l). \`js `jstdrjnba ndhtgxt jsjkpdrtbht td uhlgrstbhljho t`g ndkpagxjty di t`g Legrlbp

Kgsdajt`jn bhl jts jlgdadojnba kbhjigstbtjdhs (Vbldvbhdvjn

2::9l= Uvgagfja 2::9b, >6>).

Bs kghtjdhgl bfdvg, t`rduo` tjkg, t`rgg sgpbrbtg fut

rgabtgl ordups lgvgadpgl. Jh ndkkdh t`gy s`brgl

brn`jtgnturba gagkghts sun` bs sjkjabr typgs di lwgaajhos, bhl

gagkghts di furjba prdnglurg. @uhtjho, obt`grjho bhl ijs`jho

wgrg t`g ldkjhbht sufsjstghng strbtgojgs wjt`jh t`g Legrlbp

bhl t`g fdhg, bhtagr, bhl fdbr tusm jhlustrjgs wgrg bakdst

jlghtjnba t`rduo`dut t`g rgojdh. Ljiigrghngs bkdho t`g t`rgg

ordups jhnaulgl lgtbjas di brn`jtgnturba gagkghts, pbrtjnuabray

bssdnjbtgl wjt` `gbrt`s. \`g bppgbrbhng di ‐batbrs‚ bhl

snuapturgs jh t`g Wppgr Odrog, w`jn` brg gspgnjbaay hukgrdusjh t`g Agpghsmj Yjr sgttagkghts ndhtrbsts wjt` bhdt`gr vbrjgty

di rbrg snuapturg jh t`g Adwgr Odrog (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b,

2::9l).

Ljiigrghngs `bvg basd fggh hdtgl jh sdkg bspgnts di t`g

n`jppgl stdhg jhlustry, prjhnjpbaay jh t`g rbw kbtgrjbas usgl.

Ndhngrhjho sufsjstghng strbtgojgs, ibuhba bhbaysgs `bvg s`dwh

b kdrg prdkjhght drjghtbtjdh tdwbrl ùhtjho rgl lggr bhl wjal

pjo jh t`g Adwgr Odrog, w`jag rgl lggr bhl burdn`s wgrg t`g

kbjh spgnjgs gvjlghngl jh t`g Wppgr Odrog. Jt basd sggks

t`bt ijs`jho pabygl b kdrg jkpdrtbht rdag jh t`g Wppgr Odrog

prdfbfay fgnbusg di t`g prdluntjvg w`jrapddas sun` bs t`g

Odspdljh Yjr bhl Agpghsmj Yjr (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, 2::9l).

B abrog hukfgr di furjbas `bvg fggh rgojstgrgl bt gjo`t

sjtgs di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn. \`g vbrjbtjdhs bhl idrkba

ljspdsba brgbs suoogst b ndkpagx `drjzdhtba bhl prdfbfay

basd vgrtjnba sdnjba strbtjijnbtjdh wjt`jh t`g Legrlbp

Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjty. Lgtbjas nbh fg iduhl jh Vbldvbhdvjn

2::6, 2::<, 2::9b, 2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). Yabsbn prdvjlgs

t`g kdst gxtghsjvgay pufajs`gl lbtb ndhngrhjho brn`bgdadojnba

bhl fjd-bht`rdpdadojnba bspgnts di t`g furjbas. Jh t`g dt`gr

nbsgs, t`g brn`bgdadojnba lbtb brg pbrtjbaay pufajs`gl. Bpbrt

irdk Sbljhb B6, t`g dalgst typg di furjba prdnglurg js iduhl

jh t`g gbrajgr furjbas bt Yabsbn jh t`g Wppgr Odrog, bhl bt

^n`gab Nabldvgj jh t`g Adwgr Odrog. \`g lgngbsgl wgrg

furjgl jh ordups bt pbrtjnuabr adnbtjdhs, ditgh brduhl `gbrt`sbhl `bfjtbtjdhs.

Vgsgbrn` fy Vbldvbhdvjn jhtd sgx bhl bog strunturg di t`g

smgagtdhs rgvgbagl t`bt t`gy jhnaulgl kbags, igkbags bhl

sufbluats bat`duo` hdt jh uhjidrk prdpdrtjdhs bkdho t`g

sgttagkghts (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, 2::9n). \`g sbkpag irdk

Sbljhb dftbjhgl irdk ijgal ldnukghtbtjdh js kbrmgl fy b

ldkjhbhng di kbags (<0%), idaadwgl fy igkbags (>9%) bhl

b skbaa sbkpag di n`jalrgh (29%). \`g lbtb irdk Agpghsmj

Yjr lgrjvg irdk ^rgedvjn (2:9: (2:?6)), bh bhbaysjs di

smgagtba rgkbjhs fy Udiikbhh (2:0>) bhl t`g uhpufajs`gl

ijgal ldnukghtbtjdh. \`g prdpdrtjdh di n`jalrgh bt Agpghsmj

Yjr js hdtbfag bt ?3% di jlghtjijbfag furjbas, w`jag kbag

furjbas brg 20.7% bhl igkbags 22.<%. \`g igkbag furjbas brg

bntubaay rbrgr sjhng t`js prdpdrtjdh jhnaulgs igkbag smgagtbargkbjhs (kbhljfags) w`jn` `bl fggh jhndrpdrbtgl jh `gbrt`

ndhstruntjdh bt AY J. Idr AYJJ, igkbag furjbas ldkjhbtg,

bat`duo` t`g sbkpag js rgabtjvgay skbaa (0 igkbags dut di 2>=

> kbag= bhl 6 sgx uhlgtgrkjhgl). Bhbaysjs di t`g pufajs`gl

lbtb fy ^rgedvjn bhl Agtjnb (2:?0) dh Yabsbn prdvjlgs b

sbkpag abrogr t`bh Sbljhb, fut t`g oghgrba frgbmldwh di sgx

bhl bog strunturgs js sjkjabr. Kbag furjbas ldkjhbtg (<9.2%

jh Gbray Yabsbn p`bsg= <7.7% jh abtgr) idaadwgl fy igkbags

(67% jh gbray p`bsg, >6.?% jh abtgr) bhl sufbluats (60.0% jh

gbray p`bsg, 62.>% jh abtgr). \`g sgx bhl bog strunturg bt

@belunmb Ydlghjnb rgsgkfags t`g pbttgrh di Sbljhb bhl

Yabsbn wjt` prjhnjpbaay kbag furjbas (7<.7%) idaadwgl fy

igkbags (66.?%) bhl n`jalrgh (66.?%). \`g lbtb irdk dt`gr Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts prdvjlg rbt`gr skbaa sbkpags.

^n`gab Nabldvgj js bh gxngptjdh td t`js pbttgrh wjt` bt agbst

>> furjbas, fut jt nbhhdt fg jhnaulgl lug td b abnm di

pufajs`gl lbtb.

Jh suk, t`g abrog idrkba furjba brgbs jh t`g Legrlbp

Kgsdajt`jn, w`jn` nbh fg rgpdrtgl, ndhtbjhgl b kbedrjty di

kbag furjbas <7-7<%, igkbags 66->9%, bhl n`jalrgh 29-6:%.

Jh t`js pjnturg t`g Agpghsmj Yjr J furjba pbttgrh js bh

gxngptjdh, ndhtbjhjho ?3% n`jalrgh wjt` rbrg igkbag furjbas

bpbrt irdk kbhljfags wjt`jh `gbrt` ndhstruntjdhs.

B stuly di t`g orbvg oddls bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g furjbas `bs

fggh ldhg bs wgaa bhl nbh dhay fg sukkbrjzgl `grg

(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, jh prgss). \`js stuly suoogstgl t`bt

ngrtbjh trbjts wgrg sjohjijnbht n`rdhdadojnbaay bs wgaa bs

spbtjbaay. B orgbt vbrjgty di orbvg oddl idrks wbs dfsgrvgl

bt Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr J, Sbljhb bhl Agpghsmj Yjr JJ.

Baa t`gsg sjtgs brg adnbtgl jh t`g Wppgr Odrog. \`g sjtgs di

t`g Adwgr Odrog bhl ldwhstrgbk sjtgs ndhtbjhgl igw orbvg

oddls. Ngrtbjh idrks di orbvg oddls sggk td fg gxnausjvg td

Yabsbn (orbp`jtg, dn`rg) bhl Yabsbn bhl Muab (nyprjhjlbg

tggt`). \`g abttgr bppgbr td `bvg fggh ijxgl td obrkghts,

w`jn` `bl igbsjfay fggh kbrmgrs di stbtus.

Dn`rg wbs iduhl rgouabray bt Yabsbn bhl ^n`gab Nabldvgj J.

\`g gbray typg di furjbas bt Yabsbn ndhtbjhgl dn`rg

rgobrlagss di sgx bhl bog di t`g smgagtdhs. \`g bluats `blfggh sprjhmagl dr pbjhtgl wjt` dn`rg bt vbrjdus spdts, w`jag

t`g sufbluats bhl sdkgtjkgs igkbags brg ndkpagtgay

sprjhmagl wjt` dn`rg. Abtgr furjbas wjthgssgl b sjohjijnbht

n`bhog jh t`bt kbags wgrg gxnaulgl irdk t`js bspgnt di t`g

furjba prdnglurg. Igkbags wgrg sprjhmagl wjt` dn`rg

gxnausjvgay dvgr t`g pgavjn brgb w`jn` kby fg rgabtgl td

lgbt` jh t`g prdngss di ojvjho fjrt`.




\`g Yabsbn furjbas wjt` t`js dn`rg pbttgrh lbtg td t`g ?t`

kjaaghhjuk FN. \`g Agpghsmj Yjr J furjbas brg lbtgl td t`g

?t` bhl pgr`bps t`g fgojhhjho di t`g 9t` kjaaghhjuk FN.

\`gy ndhtbjh bhjkba fdhgs, smuaas (fdvjl, lggr, ùkbh) bhl

kbhljfags (`grfjvdrg, ldo, ùkbh). Hdhg di t`gsg orbvg

oddl idrks sykfdajzg t`g bnt di fjrt` sun` bs sggh jh t`g

abtgr Yabsbn igkbag furjbas. \`g sbkg js trug idr Sbljhb bhl

Muab. @dwgvgr, jkbogry ndhhgntgl wjt` t`g bnt di fjrt`, dr

kdrg oghgrbaay sgxuba rgprdluntjdh, wbs nagbray sykfdajzgl

bt Agpghsmj Yjr J bhl JJ fut jh bspgnts dt`gr t`bh dn`rg. Idr

gxbkpag, vuavb snuapturgs `bl fggh jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd `gbrt`

ndhstruntjdhs dr bssdnjbtgl wjt` `gbrt`s (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b

jh prgss= ^rgedvjn 2:9: (2:?6), ijo. 67, ijo <0).

\`g ndhtrbst fgtwggh Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr J bhl JJ

`bs fggh ljsnussgl bs jhljnbtjdh di rgkdvjho t`g fjrt`

sykfda irdk bh jhljvjluba agvga bhl jhtgrwgbvjho jt jhtd b

ndkpagx sgt di dt`gr sykfdas fgadhojho td t`g ndaagntjvg

(Vbldvbhdvjn jh prgss= ^rgedvjn 2:9: (2:?6)). Srgvbaghng di

t`g ndaagntjvg dvgr t`g jhljvjluba `bs fggh hdtgl bt dt`gr Jrdh

Obtgs sgttagkghts jh tgrks di t`g furjba prdnglurgs. Gbray

67 J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN

Ijourg >. Kbp di Fbambhs, jhljnbtjho

oghgrba adnbtjdh di Gbray Hgdajt`jn

sjtgs/ijhlspdts (^tbrngvd-Mdrds,

^tbrngvd-Nrjs dr gbray Yjhnb B

brn`bgdadojnba nuaturgs) (irdk Ojrj©

2:?<= Ndrhgajb-Kbolb 2::2=

Abzbrdvjnj 2:?:= ^rgedvj© 2:00=

Yabssb 2:?9= Ydytgm 2:07, ><).

JHLGP5

(* jhljnbtgs prgsghng di ldkgstjn

s`ggp/odbt bhl/dr nbttag)5

2. Fbatb ^brbtb

6. \urlbs*

>. Njrngb*

<. Irbtgajb

7. Mdzaum

9. Yrsbn sjtgs5 Fgagtjhnj bhl

Sbvajs= Sdtpdrbhe sjtgs5

Mrgkghebm bhl Wtrjhg

?. ^tbrngvd*

0. Odadmut - Yjzjnj*

:. Yjhnb*

23. Fjsgrhb Dfbab-Hdsb*= Fulzbm-

Aulds*, bhl Nurob-Aulds

22. Ourb Fbnjuauj*

26. Kdalbvjbh sjtgs, g.o., Sdjghg≧tj,

Orukãzg≧tj, Ygrkg≧tj, Fbj≧,

\rgstjbhb

2>. Hdrt Fbhbt sjtgs, g.o., hgbr

Hdvd Kjadsgvd, Fdnbr, Ndmb,

Kdmrjh, Jlds= sjtg di ‐Ldkfds‚

hgbr ^bebh*

2<. Orjvbn, Ljvdstjh*



typgs di furjbas brg jhljvjlubajzgl bhl vbrjdusay drjghtgl,

bat`duo` jh t`g abtgr furjbas t`grg js bh drjghtbtjdh t`bt

idaadws t`g Lbhufg rjvgr ndursg. \`g `gbl di t`g lgngbsgl js

bawbys ljrgntgl ldwhstrgbk. Ybrjgty js tdagrbtgl dhay jh t`g

ldkbjh di vgrtjnba rbhmjho wjt`jh t`g ndkkuhjty

(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, jh prgss).

>.7. JLGDADOZ

Bs kghtjdhgl, sdkg gagkghts di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn

kbtgrjba nuaturg rgabtg td t`g prgngljho Gpjpbagdajt`jn pgrjdl.

Lurjho t`g 0t` kjaaghhjuk FN, t`g kdfjajty di t`g ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs wbs rglungl bhl agl td b kdrg pgrkbhght

sgttagkght di t`g kdst ibvdrbfag zdhgs di t`g rgojdh. Fbsgl

updh stuljgs fy Vbldvbhdvjn, rgigrghngl bfdvg, bs wgaa

bs b sgrjgs di nbajfrbtgl rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs, b n`rdhdadojnba

sn`gkg wjt` sgvgrba p`bsgs `bs fggh prdpdsgl (ijo. <=

Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9l).

\`g p`bsgs brg uhgqubaay rgprgsghtgl jh t`g rgojdh,

pdssjfay lug td b prdngss di tgrrjtdrjba gxpbhsjdh bhl/dr

rgstrjntjdh. \`bt js, w`jag pdpuabtjdhs wjt`jh ngrtbjh zdhgs di t`g Legrlbp kbjhtbjhgl trbjts di t`g adnba Kgsdajt`jn, dt`grs

abnmgl t`gk dr ndkfjhgl hgw trbjts, jhnauljho lgtbjas di

`gbrt` ndhstruntjdh. Hgglagss td sby, t`js vbrjbtjdh kby

rgiagnt t`g nuaturba jlghtjty di t`g ordups wjt`jh t`g Odrog.

\`g qugstjdh di nuaturba jlghtjty nbhhdt fg ljsnussgl bpbrt

irdk t`g brn`bgdadojnbaay vjsjfag sjohs rgiagntjho jlgdadojnba

jhtgorbtjdh di t`g ndkkuhjty. Gagkghts di jlgdadojnba

jhtgorbtjdh brg rgiagntgl jh sgttagkght brn`jtgnturg, fut t`gsg

gagkghts brg gspgnjbaay wgaa-rgprgsghtgl bhl rgpgbtgl jh

kbhjidal bspgnts di t`g Wppgr Odrog sgttagkght igbturgs,

hdtbfay bt Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr. \`gsg igbturgs jhnaulg

t`g pbrtjnuabr sgttagkght pbttgrh, sdp`jstjnbtgl fujaljho

tgn`hjqugs, abrog idrkba furjba brgbs, ndkpagx furjba

prdnglurgs, qubhtjty di ‐sykfdajn‚ brtjibnts, bhl snuapturgs.

\ùs, t`g Wppgr Odrog sgttagkghts, bhl Agpghsmj Yjr bfdvg

baa, kbhjigst b idnus di sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba idrngs wjt`jh

t`g ghtjrg ndkkuhjty.

\`g adho ajigspbh di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn prdvjlgs bh

dppdrtuhjty td pdstuabtg twd rgabtgl fut sgpbrbtg ‐stgps‚ jh

t`g prdngss di jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh (ijo. <). Jh p`bsgs 2

t`rduo` > (t`g 0t` td ijrst `bai di t`g ?t` kjaaghhjb FN), t`g

ijrst ‐stgp‚ wbs rgabtgl td t`g sgt di n`bhogs rgabtgl td t`g

rgstrjntjdh di ùhtgr-obt`grgr kdfjajty, sufsjstghng strbtgojgs

td lgba wjt` rgsdurng iauntubtjdhs, bhl gabfdrbtjdh di sdnjba

rgabtjdhs, suoogstjho stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdh dh t`g fbsjs di sgx.Jh blljtjdh, ljsnrjkjhbtg dn`rg usg bkdho igkbag furjbas bt

Yabsbn lbtgs td t`js pgrjdl. Bs wg tghtbtjvgay suoogstgl, t`g

sprjhmajho di dn`rg dh t`g pgavjn rgojdh kby rgiagnt b ndhngrh

wjt` fjrt` bhl rgprdluntjdh, pgr`bps rgabtgl td t`g rgstrjntjdh

di frggljho hgtwdrms bssdnjbtgl wjt` rglungl kdfjajty.

Bhdt`gr ‐stgp‚ js kbrmgl jh p`bsgs <-9 (t`g sgndhl `bai di

t`g ?t` kjaaghhjuk FN uhtja nb. kjl-9t` kjaaghhhjuk FN)

w`jn` us`grs jh hgw gagkghts, iduhl jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrl. \`gsg hgw gagkghts brg rgabtgl td t`g ‐pdrtbfag

jhvghtdry‚ bhl jhnaulg t`g idaadwjho5

2. Iajht irdk Srgfbambh Sabtidrk sdurngs (sd-nbaagl Fbambh

`dhgy iajht) bppgbrs jh t`g n`jppgl stdhg jhlustry,

pbrtjnuabray bt Sbljhb F, Agpghsmj Yjr, bhl Yabsbn.

Gbrajgr bssgkfabogs wgrg ndkprjsgl dhay di adnba iajhtsbhl qubrtz/qubrtzjtg. Fbambh `dhgy iajht js ndkkdh jh

Gbray Hgdajt`jn ^tbr ngvd nuaturg ndhtgxts, usubaay jh t`g

idrk di ndkpagtg fablgs (Ydytgm 2:07, 673-677). Jt

ndhtrbsts wjt` t`g oghgrbaay pddr qubajty di dt`gr Gbray

Hgdajt`jn n`jppgl stdhg kbtgrjbas jh t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh.

Iurt`grkdrg, iabmgs bhl fablgs di Fbambh `dhgy iajht `bvg

fggh iduhl jh Gbray Hgdajt`jn ndhtgxts jh pdts, bs t`duo`

`bvjho fggh stdrgl (Ydytgm 2:07, 673). Dfsjljbh js

bhdt`gr rbw kbtgrjba w`jn` bppgbrs td fg ghtgrjho t`g

Legrlbp t`rduo` gxn`bhog bitgr t`g sgndhl `bai di t`g

?t` kjaaghhjuk FN.

6. Bt Yabsbn, Agpghsmj Yjr, bhl Muab, n`jppgl stdhg fablgs

di t`g sd-nbaagl ‐Kdhtfbhj typg‚ bppgbr jh t`g bssgkfabog

badho wjt` ogdkgtrjn kjnrdajt`s (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6).

\`gsg gagkghts ndhtrbst wjt` t`g iabmg-fbsgl tgn`hdadojgs

di gbrajgr agvgas.

>. ^`dg-abst bxgs di bhlgsjtg brg iduhl jh t g agvgas di

Agpghsmj Yjr JJJb, w`jag skbaa trbpgzg bxgs di sgrpghtjhjtg

brg iduhl wjt`jh b naby pdt irdk Agpghsmj Yjr JJJf. Irdk

Agpghsmj Yjr JJJb, fgbls di bzurjtg bhl kbabn`jtg wgrg

basd uhndvgrgl (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).

<. N`bhogs jh t`g tgn`hdadoy di kbhuibnturjho tddas kblg

di bhtagr bhl tusm `bvg fggh hdtgl idr Sbljhb F

(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6).

7. Sdttgry bppgbrs bt sdkg sjtgs wjt`jh t g sgndhl bai di t`g?t` kjaaghhjuk FN. Jh oghgrba, t`g kbhuibnturg, s`bpgs,

bhl lgndrbtjdh di t`g pdttgry jh t`g Legrlbp ijt wjt`jh t`g

abrogr rgojdhba ndhtgxt di t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh. @dwgvgr,

t`g pgrjdljzbtjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di Gbray Hgdajt`jn

pdttgry (di t`g sd-nbaagl ^tbr ngvd-Mùrùs-Nrj≧ brn`bgdadoj-

nba nuaturgs) rgqujrg sgrjdus wdrm fgidrg t`g ngrbkjns di

t`g Legrlbp nbh fg fgttgr rgabtgl td t`g rgojdhba

lgvgadpkght di t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs.

Dhg nbh broug t`bt t`g prgsghng di t`g kbtgrjbas sjohbas kdrg

jhtghsjvg pbrtjnjpbtjdh di t`g Legrlbp sjtgs wjt`jh b abrog

rgojdhba gxn`bhog hgtwdrm. \`g jhtrdluntjdh di t`gsg hgw

gagkghts js kdrg dr agss ndhndkjtbht wjt` vbrjbtjdhs jhbrn`jtgnturg bhl furjba prdnglurg, jhnauljho t`g n`bhog di

drjghtbtjdh di furjbas tdwbrl t`g rjvgr. Bs kghtjdhgl, t`g

strunturg di furjba drjghtbtjdh, badho wjt` dt`gr gagkghts di

furjba prdnglurg, nbh rgabtg td t`g jhnrgbsjho prgvbaghng di b

ndaagntjvg kghtbajty wjt`jh t`g nuaturg „ t`bt js, t`g sghsg di

jhljvjluba jlghtjty `bl fggh sufsukgl wjt`jh b ndaagntjvg

(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6, 2::9l= N`bpkbh 2::>, 03-0<). Bt t`g




6? J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN

\bfag 2. N`rdhdadojnba n`brt - Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn (tbmgh irdk Vbldvbhdvj© 2::9b= Ydytgm/ \rjho`bk 2:0:

Gbray Hgdajt`jn5 Yabsbn JY, Agpghsmj Yjr JJJ, Nujhb \urnuauj JJJ, ^n`gab Nabldvgj JJJ, Jndbhb JJJ, Dstrdvua

Fbhuauj JY (bhl dt`grs s`dwh dh ijo. 6).

S`bsg Wppgr Odrog jtgs Adwgr Odrog jtgs Ldwhstrgbk jtgs

KJL 9\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN

9 Sbljhb F (JJJ) @belunmb Y, JF

Agpghsmj Yjr JJ/JJJb Vbzvrbtb JJ

D. Ndrfuauj JJ

D. Kbrg mk. 0?>/0?

?\@ /9\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN

(ajt`jn n`bhogs)

7 Bajfgo JJ @belunmb Y. Jb Muab J-JJ

Sbljhb F (JJ) D. Fbhuauj JJJf D. Kbrg mk.0?7

Agpghsmj Yjr J (>)

(bppgbrbhng di ngrbkjns)

^GNDHL @BAI DI ?\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN

< Sbljhb F (J)

Agpghsmj Yjr J (6)

Yabsbn JJJ Jndbhb JJ Muab J

@belunmb Y, Jb

D. Fbhuauj JJJb-f

^n`gab Nabldvgj JJ

D. Ndrfuauj JJ (`. Y-YJ)

IJV^\ @BAI DI ?\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN

> Sbljhb B-F

Agpghsmj Yjr, J (2)

Yabsbn Jf-JJ

0\@ /?\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN

6 Sbljhb B/B-F @belunmb Y, 2b

Yabsbn Jb-f D. Fbhuauj JJJb

Srdtd-Agpghsmj Yjr ^n`gab Nabldvgj J

D. Ndrfuauj J (`. JJJ-JY)

0\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN

2 Sbljhb B Ygtgrbhj-tgrbsb

Bajfgo J Jndbhb Jb-f

Yabsbn Jb Vbzvrbtb J

^n`gab Nabldvgj J

D. Ndrfuauj J (`. JJ)

SD^\ SAGJ^\DNGHG

Nujhb \urnuauj JJ

Fbjag @grnuabhg JJ

D. Fbhuauj JJ

\GVKJHBA SAGJ^\DNGHG

Najkghtg JJ

D. Fbhuauj J

Nujhb \urnuauj J

Najkghtg J

Fbjag @grnuabhg J



sbkg tjkg, `dwgvgr, t`g gxn`bhog trbhsbntjdhs bhl

jhtrdluntjdh di hgw rgsdurngs, dnnbsjdhgl fy ndhtbnt wjt`

t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn ordups mhdwh irdk t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh

(ijo. >), wdual `bvg drn`gstrbtgl hgw jhstjtutjdhba rgspdhsgs

di ndhtrda dvgr t`bt ndaagntjvg (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).

Sgr`bps bakdst pbrbldxjnbaay, bat`duo` b ndaagntjvg

ndhsnjghng kby `bvg fggh idrkjho, dhay b igw pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas wdual `bvg `bl sdnjba bnngss td t`g ‐dutsjlg‚

ordup, t`rduo` w`jn` bnngss td rgsdurngs di t`bt ordup

wdual fg iuhhgagl (Mgaay 2::2, 2<>).

Sgr`bps hdt surprjsjhoay, bh jlgdadojnba sykfda di t`g

Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn js ijs`, bs sggh jh t`g ijs`-ajmg snuapturgs,

‐batbrs‚, bhl sykfdajn brtjibnts drhbkghtgl fy kdtjvgs t`bt

pgr`bps rgprgsght sykfdas di wbtgr. Bs kghtjdhgl, bat`duo`

ijs` wgrg hdt b vjtba rgsdurng jh t`g ljgt, t`gjr gxpadjtbtjdh

nbh fg tjgl td t`g spbtjba tgrrjtdry bhl jts kbjhtghbhng bs b

`bfjtbtjdh. \`g ibnt t`bt sdkg spgnjgs `bl pdssjfay hdt fggh

gxpadjtgl bs b iddl rgsdurng bkdho t`g Kgsdajt`jn Legrlbp

ndkkuhjty ldgs hdt hgobtg t`g ibnt t`bt ijs` bhl t`g rjvgr

jtsgai `bl ndkg td sgrvg bs b sykfda di t`g jhtgorjty di t`gndkkuhjty. \`bt js, `bl ijs` `jstdrjnbaay fggh b ibntdr jh t`g

prdngss di sglghtjsk, gajkjhbtjho dr kjtjobtjho t`g rjsm

ibntdrs kghtjdhgl bfdvg, jts jlgdadojnba vbaug wdual `bvg

fggh sgnurgl „ gspgnjbaay ojvgh t`g bpprdprjbtg sdnjba idrngs

td prdkdtg jts kgbhjho wjt`jh t`g ndkkuhjty. Bs kghtjdhgl

bfdvg, gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs wjt` ‐dutsjlg‚ ordups wdual `bvg

idstgrgl t`g blvbhng di pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas t`rduo` w`dk

sun` gxn`bhog wdual `bvg fggh n`bhhgagl, pdssjfay t`rduo`

hgw jhstjtutjdhs sun` bs trblg pbrthgrs`jps (Mgaay 2::2=

Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:). \`g ibnt t`bt ngrtbjh ndkkdljtjgs

bhl sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps wdual `bvg fggh bnngssjfag dhay td

pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas wdual `bvg wgbmghgl t`g gobajtbrjbh

ljstrjfutjdh systgk wjt`jh t`g sdnjgty bhl sgt t`g ndhljtjdhs

idr ndhtrda.

<. Ljsnussjdh bhl ndhnausjdhs

(‑^d adho, bhl t`bhms idr baa t`g ijs`...‛ ]Blbks 2:095<?2[)

_g `bvg pbjhtgl b pjnturg di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn bs t`g

sgttjho di b sglghtbry ùhtgr-obt`grgr pdpuabtjdh ghobogl jh

gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs wjt` hgjo`fdrjho pdpuabtjdhs w`d

‐jhtrdlungl‚ hgw rgsdurngs „ fdt` jh tgrks di sufsjstghng

bhl hdh-sufsjstghng oddls. Bat`duo` t`g pjnturg js dhg di

bppbrght stbfjajty, t`g sggls di n`bhog `bvg fggh hdtgl.

^dkg rgnght stuljgs di kgsdajt`jn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs `bvgstrgssgl t`g jlgdadojnba ndkpdhght di t`g sdnjgtjgs w`jn`

dnnupjgl ngrtbjh rgojdhs bhl ngrtbjh tjkgs. Srdngssuba

bhbaysgs di gndhdkjn strgss bhl blbptbtjdh `bvg fggh

supgrsglgl fy ljsnussjdhs di pdwgr bhl sdnjba ndhtrda

(N`bpkbh/Ldaum`bhdv 2::>= \jaagy 2::<). \`gsg

ljsnussjdhs prdvjlg ghobojho lgsnrjptjdhs di sdnjba pdwgr bs

fgjho kbhjigst jh ndhtrda dvgr pabng. \`g lgsnrjptjdhs brg

hbrrbtjvgs w`jn` bttgkpt td rgprdlung prg`jstdry= bt t`g sbkg

tjkg, hbrrbtjvgs brg stdrjgs di ùkbh gxpgrjghng bhl ùkbh

rgabtjdhs`jps. Jh t`js sghsg, sdnjba ndhtrda hggls fg gxbkjhgl

bs w`bt jt rgbaay js „ ndhtrda dvgr ùkbh rgabtjdhs`jps

(N`bpkbh 2::>, ?2). Bh jlgdadoy w`jn` prdkdtgs pdwgr

dvgr b abhlsnbpg kbsms ndhtrda dvgr pgdpag fy pabnjho jt jh

rgbaks t`bt brg iurt`gr rgkdvgl irdk t`g ùkbh bntdrs.Vdkbhtjn vjgws bfdut t`g bhnjghts' ndhngrh idr t`g spjrjts,

‑t`g rjtuba jkbogry di t`g wddls bhl t`g rjvgr‛ (N`bpkbh

2::<, 2<2) brg hdt hgngssbrjay ibasg, fut jt js basd jkpdrtbht

td lgavg fghgbt` t`g kystjijnbtjdh w`jn` js t`g prdngss di

jlgdadoy (Fbrrgtt 2::2, 29?).

Hdhgt`gagss, wg wdual hdt broug t`bt jlgdadoy js

sufsjstghng fbsgl. \`grg brg `jstdrjnba bhl adnbtjdhba ibntdrs

jhvdavgl jh jts ndhngptjdh (Fbrrgtt 2::2, 20-><= N`bpkbh

2::>). Badho t`gsg ajhgs, wg `bvg brougl t`bt ijs`jho

bat`duo` bppbrghtay hdt vjtba bs b sufsjstghng rgsdurng, `bl

ndkg td fg b kbedr ibntdr tyjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjty td

spbtjbaay ajkjtgl tgrrjtdrjgs badho t`g rjvgr. \`g sjohjijnbhng

di ijs`jho, sggh jh t`js ajo`t, wdual `bvg ndkg td `dalorgbtgr jhiaughng jh t`g jlgdadojnba t`bh jh t`g gndhdkjn

sp`grg di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b=

@bastgbl/D'^`gb 2:0:, 7).

\`g lgorgg di jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh sggks td `bvg fggh

orgbtgr jh t`g Wppgr Odrog t`bh jh t`g Adwgr Odrog bhl

ldwhstrgbk sgttagkghts, ajmgay lug td t`g gbrajgr bppgbrbhng

di b ndkpagx bhl gabfdrbtg sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba systgk

w`jn` `bl fggh jhtghsjijgl lurjho t`g ndursg di ndhtbnts

fgtwggh t`gsg sgttagkghts bhl t`g pdpuabtjdhs bssjohgl td

t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn di t`g rgojdh. \d b ngrtbjh gxtght t`js

systgk wdual `bvg baadwgl t`g Wppgr Odrog ordup td rgsjst

bssjkjabtjdh fy t`g hgw pdpuabtjdh adhogr t`bh jh t`g nbsg di

t`g Adwgr Odrog bhl ldwhstrgbk ordups (Lghhgaa 2:0<,

222). Fbsgl dh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, t`js ldgs sggk td

`bvg fggh t`g nbsg (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9l).

Kdlgajho t`g giignts di t`g ndhtbnt fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn

bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g Legrlbp tbmgs us

sdkgw`bt fgydhl t`g sndpg di t`js pbpgr. ûn` jhtgrbntjdh

nagbray pabygl b rdag jh t`g trbhsidrkbtjdh di fdt`. \`g

jhhdvbtjdhs jhtrdlungl fy t`g gbray iddl-prdlungrs brg dhay

dhg pbrt di t`g puzzag. Bs gagobhtay ljsnussgl gasgw`grg, t`g

sdnjba ndhtgxt di sun` jhhdvbtjdhs kust fg ndhsjlgrgl

(Uvgagfja 2::9f, 27?). \`g giignts di jhtgr-ordup gxn`bhog

dh t`g lgvgadpkght di hgw jhtrb-ordup rgabtjdhs `bvg fggh

suoogstgl bhl rgabtgl td t`g dppdrtuhjtjgs idr ndhtrda wjt`jhbh jhnrgbsjhoay ndaagntjvjzgl sdnjgty (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk

2:0:). Bs kghtjdhgl bfdvg, t`gsg dppdrtuhjtjgs wdual `bvg

upsgt bh gobajtbrjbh strunturg fy biidrljho ngrtbjh jhljvjlubas

bnngss td dutsjlg ndkkdljtjgs bhl sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps.

Iurt`grkdrg, bs ljsnussgl gbrajgr, jh b sglghtbry sdnjgty,

sun` jhljvjlubas wdual `bvg ajmgay fggh kbag. Idr t`g

Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn t`gsg giignts `bl fggh dpgrbtjvg lurjho b




pgrjdl di jhtghsjvg jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh, jhndrpdrbtjho

sykfdas t`bt rgiagnt bh `jstdrjnbaay jkpdrtbht rgsdurng bhl

t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g rjvgrjhg adnbtjdh. \`g strghot` di t`g

jlgdadoy kby `bvg idrgstbaagl bssjkjabtjdh fy ‐dutsjlgrs‚,

fut bt t`g sbkg tjkg, jt lgvgadpgl jh rgspdhsg td t`g t`rgbt di

t`gjr prgsghng (N`bpkbh 2::>, 237).

\`bt js, t`g prdngss di jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh trjgs tdkbjhtbjh fdt` t`g fjdadojnba bhl t`g sdnjba rgprdluntjdh di

t`g ndkkuhjty. Idr t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn bh gxpbhlgl

gxdobkdus frggljho hgtwdrm kby `bvg fggh jhjtjbaay `gapiua

jh t`g brgb di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh. _g `bvg tghtbtjvgay

pdstuabtgl t`bt t`g dn`rg furjbas bt Yabsbn bhl t`g abtgr

sykfdas bt Agpghsmj Yjr kjo`t `bvg fggh rgabtgl td ndhngrh

wjt` igrtjajty bhl n`jalfjrt`. @dwgvgr, bh gxpbhlgl frggljho

hgtwdrm wdual `bvg ndkg td paby b lgtrjkghtba rdag jh tgrks

di sdnjba rgprdluntjdh di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty. Dh dhg

agvga, jt wdual `bvg ndhtrjfutgl td jhnrgbsgl pdpuabtjdh

lghsjty, b ibntdr w`jn` wdual `bvg put strbjh dh rgsdurng

rgqujrgkghts bhl agl td jhtghsjijgl sufsjstghng giidrts.

Watjkbtgay, t`gsg wdual `bvg jhnaulgl gkp`bsjs dh ldkgstjnrgsdurngs. Badho t`gsg ajhgs, b lgpghlghny dh ijs` bhl jts

usg bs b iddl rgsgrvg kby `bvg orblubaay fggh rgpabngl dr bt

agbst rglungl fy t`g bvbjabfjajty di ldkgstjn rgsdurngs.

Dh bhdt`gr agvga, t`g bfstrbnt tgrk, ‐frggljho hgtwdrm‚,

fbsjnbaay rgigrs td ùkbh jhtgrbntjdhs bhl td sdkg gxtght,

ùkbh n`djng. Hgglagss td sby, t`js agvga di bhbaysjs js kdrg

ljiijnuat td ldnukght idr prg`jstdrjbhs. Jt `bs fggh brougl

t`bt dftbjhjho kbtgs irdk ùhtgr-obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs kby

`bvg fggh bttrbntjvg td kbag iddl-prdlungrs bhl jh t`g ghl,

frduo`t bfdut t`g bppbrght ljsbppgbrbhng di t`g idrkgr

(Lghhgaa 2:0<, 223-222= N`bpkbh 2::<, 229). Dhg kjo`t

basd bsm w`gt`gr t`js sjtubtjdh wdual `bvg fggh bttrbntjvg td

igkbag ùhtgr-obt`grgrs.

Jt ndual fg brougl t`bt t`g ndhtrdas di t`g Legrlbp

Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty, kbsmgl jh bh jlgdadoy t`bt diigrgl ajttag

rgba blvbhtbog td igkbag bntdrs, ndual hdt jh t`g ghl idrgstbaa

t`g prdngss di bssjkjabtjdh fgnbusg di jts ajkjtgl oghlgr bppgba.

Ji, bs suoogstgl bfdvg, t`g oghlgr rgabtjdhs di t`bt sdnjgty

`bl kdvgl jh t`g ljrgntjdh di jhnrgbsgl jhgqubajtjgs fgtwggh

t`g sgxgs, t`g bldptjdh di b ljiigrght ajigstyag bhl/dr sdnjba

rdag kjo`t `bvg sggkgl prgigrbfag. _jt` abfdr bssukjho rgba

vbaug, t`g jkpdrtbhng di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh wdual `bvg

`bl hgw sjohjijnbhng idr t`g uhjt di prdluntjdh. \`g

ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh igrtjajty sykfdas bhl t`g jkpdrtbhng di

fjrt` td t`g ndaagntjvg wbs lrbwh bfdvg. Ji t`g ndhtrdas di t`gndaagntjvg wgrg jhnrgbsjhoay uhibvdrbfag td igkbags, pgr`bps

fy bttgkptjho td ndhtrda bspgnts di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh,

t`g blvbhtbogs di n`bhojho t`g uhjt di prdluntjdh „ irdk t`g

ndaagntjvg td t`g `dusg`dal „ kby jh ibnt ‐`bvg addmgl

bttrbntjvg‚. ûn` n`bhogs wdual `bvg dfvjdusay prdkdtgl t`g

ordwt` bhl sprgbl di t`dsg prbntjnjho iddl-prdluntjdh bhl

ndhtrjfutgl td t`g lgkjsg di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrs.

Bobjh, t`gsg broukghts brg ljiijnuat td prdvg. \`g furjbas

irdk Agpghsmj Yjr J, wjt` bh jhdrljhbtgay `jo` prdpdrtjdh di

n`jalrgh bhl abnm di igkbags, kjo`t fg rgagvbht `grg. Sgr`bps

iurt`gr bht`rdpdadojnba stuly di t`g Legrlbp smgagtdhs kjo`t

`gap s`gl ajo`t dh t`gsg qugstjdhs. Srgvjdus bhbaysgs sggk td

suoogst t`g kggtjho bhl kjxjho di twd sgpbrbtg pdpuabtjdhs

(Kjmjn

2:00, 6>).B rgojdhba Gbray Hgdajt jn jh t`g Nghtrba Fbambhs bhl

\rbhsyavbhjb lbtgs td t`g abst nghtury di t`g ?t` kjaagh-

hjuk FN. Jts snbhty rgkbjhs tdogt`gr wjt` prdfagks di

pgrjdljzbtjdh oghgrbtg prdfagks idr b prgnjsg jhtgrprgtbtjdh

di t`g ijhls. \`g Legrlbp prdvjlgs b oddl dppdrtuhjty td

stuly t`g jhtgrbntjdh di ordups bssjohgl td t`g Hgdajt`jn wjt`

t`dsg ndhsjlgrgl Kgsdajt`jn, bhl kbhy sun` stuljgs `bvg

fggh ldhg. Whidrtuhbtgay, t`js rgojdh rgkbjhs b rgabtjvgay

jsdabtgl p`ghdkghdh „ sjohjijnbht fut bakdst uhjqug.

^ystgkbtjn rgsgbrn` di t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbray

Hgdajt`jn di t`g Nghtrba Fbambhs js stjaa rgqujrgl, tdogt`gr

wjt` b rgjhtgrprgtbtjdh di ‐dal‚ sjtgs bhl t`gjr ndhtgxt. ûn`

stuljgs wjaa surgay fg ldhg bhl `dpgiuaay ldhg wjt` t`g sbkgbttghtjdh td sdnjba ndhtgxt w`jn` wg `bvg trjgl td broug idr

`grg.

rgigrghngs

Blbks, Lduoabs 2:09. \`g kdrg t`bh ndkpagtg `jtn``jmgr's oujlg,

Hgw Zdrm.

Fbjagy, a. V. 2:03. Ji ydu tbmg ky s`ggp, Sbsblghb.

Fbrrgtt, K. 2::2. \`g pdajtjns di trut`5 irdk Kbrx td Idunbuat ,

^tbhidrl.

Fabhl, A. gt ba. 2:?0. Vgabtjdhs di rgprdluntjdh5 bpprdbn`gs t`rduo

bht`rdpdadoy. Jh5 _dkgh tbmg jssug5 bspgnts di wdkgh's sufdr-

ljhbtjdh, Whjvgrsjty di Fjrkjho`bk, _dkgh's ^tuljgs Ordup,

Nghtrg idr Ndhtgkpdrbry Nuaturba ^tuljgs, Adhldh, 277-2?7.

Fdrdhgbh†, Y. 2:03. Srdfagkg bag nuaturjj ^n`gab Nabldvgj-Agpghsm

Yjr jh aukjhb hdjadr ngrngtbrj, Lrdfgtb <, 6?-<6.

Frjhmùjzgh, L. N. 2:09. Igbturgs dfsgrvgl dh t`g smgagtdhs di

sdkg rgnght Gurdpgbh Bnjpghsgrjlbg5 t`gjr jkpdrtbhng idr t`g stuly

di gxnbvbtgl rgkbjhs di sturogdh. Jh5 L.N. Frjhmùjzgh & B.\.

Nabsdh (gls.) Ijs` bhl brn`bgdadoy5 stuljgs jh dstgdkgtry,

tbp`dhdky, sgbsdhbajty bhl ijs`jho kgt`dls, Dxidrl, Frjtjs`

Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 6:<, 20->>.

Nbrnjukbru, K. 2:?>. Bhbaysg pdaajhjqug lgs ndprdajt`gs ajvrêg pbr

qugaqugs stbtjdhs brn`gdadojqugs lgs lgux fdrls lu Lbhufg lbhs a

zdhg lgs ‑Sdrtgs lg Igr‛, Lbnjb 2?, 7>-93.

N`bpkbh, E. 2::<. \`g drjojhs di ibrkjho jh ^dut` Gbst Gurdpg,

Srê`jstdjrg Gurdpêghhg 9, 2>>-279.

6: J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN



N`bpkbh, E. 2::>. ^dnjba pdwgr jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5

E. N`bpkbh & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdhs bhl

jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Bvgfury, ?2-262.

N`bpkbh, E. & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) 2::>.Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdhs

bhl jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Bvgfury.

Ndrhgajb-Kbolb, K. 2::2. \`g ^tbr ngvd-Nrj≧ sgttagkght irdkSdjghgstj (Ybsauj Nduhty), Fbhbtjnb 22, 2?>-20>.

Lghhgaa, V. 2:0<. \`g gxpbhsjdh di gxdoghdus-fbsgl gndhdkjgs

bnrdss Gurdpg5 t`g Fbambhs bhl Nghtrba Gurdpg. Jh5 ^.S. LgBtagy &

I.^. Ijhladw (gls.) Gxpadrjho t`g ajkjts5 irdhtjgrs bhl fduhlbrjgs jh

prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba

^grjgs 66>, :>-229.

Lrbpgr, S. 2:?7. !Muho wdkgh5 ndhtrbsts jh sgxuba gobajtbrjbhjsk

jh idrbojho bhl sglghtbry ndhtgxts. Jh5V.V. Vgjtgr (gl.) \dwbrl bh

bht`rdpdadoy di wdkgh, Hgw Zdrm/Adhldh, ??-23:.

y'Glyhbm, O.E. 2:?0. Nuaturg, ljgt bhl lghtba rgluntjdh jh kgsdajt`jn

idrbogr-ijs`grs di Zuodsabvjb, Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy 2:, 929-920.

y'Glyhbm, O.E. & ^. Iagjsn` 2:0>. Kjnrdgvdautjdh bhl fjdadojnba

blbptbfjajty jh t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk iddl-ndaagntjho td iddl-prdlunjho

jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs di Zuodsabvjb, Edurhba di @ukbh Gvdautjdh 26,

6?:-6:9.

Ibhabn, S. 2:97. @gurgusg prê`jstdjrg, Sgrjougux.

Ojrjn, K. 2:?<. Mùrùs-^tbr ngvd hbabzjstb u ^gvgrhdk Fbhbtu.

Jh5 Sdn gnj Vbhj` Ugkaedrblhjnmj` Muaturb u Ydevdljhj j ^rpsmdk

Sdluhbvaeu. Kbtgrjebaj P. Fgdorbl, 206-200.

Orgoo, ^. B. 2:00. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs5 pdpuabtjdh jhtgrbntjdh

bhl borjnuaturba gxpbhsjdh jh prg`jstdrjn Gurdpg, N`jnbod.

@bastgbl, S. & E. D'^`gb 2:0:. Jhtrdluntjdh5 nuaturba rgspdhsgs td

rjsm bhl uhngrtbjhty. Jh5 S. @bastgbl & E. D'^`gb (gls.) Fbl ygbr

gndhdkjns5 nuaturba rgspdhsgs td rjsm bhl uhngrtbjhty , Nbkfrjlog,

2-?.

@brrjs, L. 2:??b. Batgrhbtjvg pbt`wbys tdwbrl borjnuaturg. Jh5

N. Vggl (gl.) \`g drjojhs di borjnuaturg, \`g @boug, 2?:-6<>.

@brrjs, L. 2:??f. ^gttajho ldwh5 bh gvdautjdhbry kdlga di t`g

trbhsidrkbtjdh di kdfjag fbhls jhtd sglghtbry ndkkuhjtjgs. Jh5

E. Irjglkbh & K. Vdwabhls (gls.) \`g gvdautjdh di sdnjba systgks,

Adhldh, <32-<2?.

@bylgh, F., gt ba. 2:09. Gndadojnba lgtgrkjhbtjdh di wdkgh's stbtus

bkdho ùhtgr-obt`grgrs, @ukbh Gvdautjdh 2(7), <<:-<?<.

@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Adhldh.

@jtn`ndnm, V.M. 2:06. Sbttgrhs di sglghtjsk bkdho t`g Fbsbrwb di

gbstgrh Fdtswbhb. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns bhl

`jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 66>- 69:.

@uhh, G.^. 2:06. Kdfjajty bs b ibntdr ajkjtjho rgsdurng usg jh

t`g Ndaukfjb Sabtgbu di Hdrt` Bkgrjnb. Jh5 H.K. _jaajbks &

G.^. @uhh (gls.) Vgsdurng kbhbogrs5 Hdrt` Bkgrjnbh bhl

Bustrbajbh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs, Fdualgr, 2?-<<.

@uhh, G.^., & H.K. _jaajbks 2:06. Jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5

H.K. _jaajbks & G.^. @uhh (gls.) Vgsdurng kbhbogrs5 Hdrt`

Bkgrjnbh bhl Bustrbajbh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs, Fdualgr, 2-29.

Jhodal, \. 2:03. @uhtgrs, pbstdrbajsts bhl rbhn`grs, Nbkfrjlog.

Mgaay, V.A. 2::6. Kdfjajty/sglghtjsk5 ndhngpts, brn`bgdadojnba

kgbsurgs, bhl giignts, Bhhuba Vgvjgw di Bht`rdpdadoy 62, <>-99.

Mgaay, V.A. 2::2. ^glghtjsk, sdnjdpdajtjnba jhgqubajty, bhl rgsdurng

iauntubtjdhs. Jh5 ^.B. Orgoo (gl.) Fgtwggh fbhls bhl stbtgs,

Nbrfdhlbag, Nghtgr idr Brn`bgdadojnba Jhvgstjobtjdhs Dnnbsjdhba

Sbpgr Hd. :, 2>7-270.

Mght, ^., gl. 2:0:. Ibrkgrs bs ùhtgrs5 t`g jkpajnbtjdhs di sglghtjsk,

Nbkfrjlog.

Abzbrdvjnj, O. 2:?:. Hgdajtjnua Fbhbtuauj, Naue Hbpdnb, Kuzuga lg

Jstdrjg ba \rbhsjavbhjgj.

Agtjnb, U. 2:9:. Yabsbn „ hduvga `bfjtbt lg ab nuaturg lg Agpghsmj

Yjr, Brn`bgdadojb Juodsabvjb 23, ?-22.

Kgbldws, V. 2:0>. Bhjkba ldkgstjnbtjdh jh t`g Kjllag Gbst5

b vjgw irdk t`g Gbstgrh Kbrojh. Sbpgr prgsghtgl bt t`g

<t` Jhtgrhbtjdhba Ndhigrghng dh Brn`bgdzddadoy, Dxidrl.

Kjmjn, U. 2:00. Bht`rdpdadojnba rgkbjhs irdk t`g hgdajt`jn sjtgs jh

^grfjb. Jh5 ^. ^rgedvjn (gl.) \`g Hgdajt`jn di ^grfjb5 brn`bgdadojnba

rgsgbrn` 2:<0-2:00, Fgaorblg, 63-6>.

Srjhz, F. 2:0?. Kgsdajt`jn blbptbtjdhs dh t`g Adwgr Lbhufg5Yabsbn bhl t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba

Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs >>3.

Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::6. Kgzdajt Legrlbpb. S`.L. ljssgrtbtjdh,

Ijadzdismj Ibmuatgt, Whjvgrsjtgt u Fgdorblu.

Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::<. B rgvjgw di idrkba ljspdsba brgbs jh t`g

kgsdajt`jn di Gurdpg, ^tbrjhbr PAJJJ-PAJY, 2::6-:>, :>-236.

Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9b. \`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn, Jhtgrhbtjdhba

Kdhdorbp`s jh Srg`jstdry 22, Bhh Brfdr.

Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9f. Muaturhj jlghtjtgt Lgrlbpsmdo kgzdajtb,

Ufdrhjm Vbldvb Hbrdlhdo Kuzgeb PYJ(2), >:-<9.

Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9n. ^dkg bspgnts di furjba prdnglurg jh t`g

Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn bhl jkpajnbtjdhs di t`gjr kgbhjho,^tbrjhbr

<?, :-63.

Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9l. Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn ndhtbnts5 b nbsg di t`g

Jrdh Obtgs Vgojdh. Sdrdn jad d Vbzjsmdvbhju Sbagdajtjmb, Hgdajtjmb jh

Ghgdajtjmb v âdvghjj, Aeufaebhb, >:-<0.

>3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



Vbldvbhdvjn, J. Jh prgss. \`g Agpghsmj Yjr Nuaturg5 b ndhtrjfutjdh

td jhtgrprgtbtjdh di jts jlgdadojnba bspgnts, Ufdrhjm Vbldvb

Sdsvgnghj` L. ^rgedvjnu, Nghtbr zb Br`gdadsmb Jstrbzjvbheb Ijad-

zdismdo Ibmuatgtb u Fgdorblu.

Vbiigrty, E.G. 2:07. \`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl dh sglghtbrjhgss5

rgndohjtjdh, lgvgadpkght bhl jkpajnbtjdhs, Blvbhngs jh

Brn`bgdadojnba Kgt`dl bhl \`gdry 0, Hgw Zdrm, 22>-279.

Vdwagy-Ndhwy, S. & K. Uvgagfja 2:0:. ^bvjho jt idr abtgr5 stdrbog

fy prg`jstdrjn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Gurdpg. Jh5 S. @bastgbl &

E. D'^`gb (gls.) Fbl ygbr gndhdkjns5 nuaturba rgspdhsgs td rjsm

bhl uhngrtbjhty, Nbkfrjlog, <3-79.

^bnms, M. 2:?<. Ghogas rgvjsjtgl5 wdkgh, t`g drobhjzbtjdh di

prdluntjdh, bhl prjvbtg prdpgrty. Jh5 K.U. Vdsbald & A. Abkp`grg

(gls.) _dkgh, nuaturg bhl sdnjgty, ^tbhidrl, 63?-666.

^`grrbtt, B. 2::7. Vgvjvjho t`g orbhl hbrrbtjvg5 brn`bgdadoy bhl

adho-tgrk n`bhog, Edurhba di Gurdpgbh Brn`bgdadoy >(2), 2->6.

^rgedvjn, L. 2:9: (2:?6). Agpghsmj Yjr , Fgaorblg/Adhldh.

^rgedvjn, L., gl. 2:00. \`g Hgdajt`jn di ^grfjb5 brn`bgdadojnba

rgsgbrn` 2:<0-2:00, Fgaorblg.

^rgedvjn, L. & U. Agtjnb 2:?0. Yabsbn, b Kgsdajt`jn ^gttagkght jh

t`g Jrdh Obtgs, Fgaorblg.

\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pabngs, pbt`s bhl

kdhukghts, Dxidrl/Srdvjlghng VJ.

Yabssb, H. 2:?9. ^dhlbeua lg sbavbrg lg ab Ourb Fbnjuauj, ndk.

Fbnju, dr. Naue. Jh5 Hgdajtjnua \rbhsjavbhjgj, Naue-Hbpdnb5 Kuzgua

lg Jstdrjg ba \rbhsjavbhjgj, ?6-06.

Ydytgm, F. B. 2:07. \`g Gxpadjtbtjdh di Ajt`jn Vgsdurngs jh

Hgdajt`jn ^dut`gbst Gurdpg. S`.L. ljssgrtbtjdh, Lgpbrtkght di

Bht`rdpdadoy, Whjvgrsjty di Nbajidrhjb bt Fgrmgagy.

Ydytgm, F.B. & V. G. \rjho`bk 2:0:. Vgt`jhmjho t`g kgsdajt`jn5

t`g nbsg di ^dut`-Gbst Gurdpg. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn

jh Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, <:6-<::.

Udiikbhh, M.U. 2:0>. Srg`jstdrjn smgagtba rgkbjhs irdk Agpghsmj

Yjr (Jrdh Obtgs, Zuodsabvjb), @dkd ><, 26:-2<0.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::9b. \`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr bhl t`g trbhsjtjdh tdibrkjho jh t`g njrnuk-Fbatjn rgojdh. Jh5 L.V. @brrjs (gl.) \`g

drjojhs bhl sprgbl di borjnuaturg bhl pbstdrbajsk jh Gurbsjb,

Adhldh, >6>-><7.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::9f. Ibrkgrs, dur bhngstdrs bhl t`g jlghtjty di

Gurdpg. Jh5 S. Orbvgs-Frdwh, ^. Edhgs & N. Obkfag (gls.) Nuaturb

jlghtjty bhl brn`bgdadoy5 t`g ndhstruntjdh di Gurdpgbh

ndkkuhjtjgs, Adhldh/Hgw Zdrm, 2<7-299.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::>. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl ‑prgsghnjho‛ t`g

kgsdajt`jn, Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw irdk Nbkfrjlog 26(6), 72-?3.

Jvbhb Vbldvbhdvjn

Ibnuaty di S`jadsdp`y

Whjvgrsjty di Fgaorblg

Njmb Aeufjhb 2063

22333 Fgaorblg

^grfjb/Zuodsabvjb

Fbrfbrb Ydytgm

Nghtgr idr âbvjn bhl Gbst Gurdpgbh ^tuljgs

Whjvgrsjty di Nbajidrhjb

Fgrmgagy, NB :<?63-6>3<

W^B

>2 J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Jh ky ndhtrjfutjdh, J wdual ajmg td bllrgss t`g prdfagk di jhtgrprgtbtjdh, dr uhlgrstbhljho, di sdnjba strunturg bhljlgdadoy di ùhtgr-obt`grgr stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs jhGurdpg, bhl jaaustrbtg, dh t`g nbsg stuljgs irdk Hdrt`grhGurdpg bhl _gstgrh ^jfgrjb, t`g prdfagks bhl pdssjfjajtjgsjhvdavgl jh sun` bh uhlgrtbmjho. J wdual ajmg td bpprdbn`t`js t`gkg irdk t`g pdjht di vjgw di abhlsnbpg. Jh kydpjhjdh, spbtjbaay rgigrghngl ùkbh bntjvjty „ bhl t`g

nuaturba sjohbturgs sun` bntjvjty agbvgs dh t`g p`ysjnbaabhlsnbpg „ prdvjlg b irbkg di rgigrghng w`jn` ndkfjhgst`g prbntjnba ndhngrhs bhl t`g kdrg bfstrbnt bspgnts di jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh. Jt kby fg pdssjfag td‐rgbl‚, jh dt`gr wdrls, td uhlgrstbhl bhl jhtgrprgt sun`nuaturba igbturgs jh t`g abhlsnbpg wjt`jh jts spbtjba-tgkpdrbairbkg di rgigrghng bhl wjt` t`g bjl di t`g bpprdprjbtgndhngptuba irbkgwdrms. Ky bjk, t`gh, js td lgvgadp t`gndhngpt di abhlsnbpg, w`jn` ndkfjhgs t`g prbntjnba bhl t`grjtuba bspgnts di abhlsnbpg usg, bhl td usg t`js bs birbkgwdrm idr uhlgrstbhljho t`g sdnjba strunturg bhljlgdadoy di ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho ndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg,bhl jh pbrtjnuabr, Hdrt`grh Gurdpg.

Abhlsnbpgs rgiagnt t`g usg di ogdorbp`jnba spbng fyjhljvjlubas bhl ndkkuhjtjgs dvgr gxtghlgl pgrjdls di tjkg, w`jn` jhnaulgs t`g drobhjsbtjdh di sgttagkght jh tgrksdi sgbsdhbajty, `jgrbrn`y bhl iuhntjdh, t`g prdsgnutjdh di rgsdurng usg strbtgojgs bhl t`g ghbntkght di rjtuba bntjvjtjgs.Abhlsnbpg js kdljijgl bhl ghnuaturbtgl t`duo` sun`bntjvjtjgs. Bs abhlsnbpg bhtgnglghts bhl abhlsnbpgsunngssdrs, igbturgs di t`g abhlsnbpg nbh jkpdsg ndhstrbjhtsbhl dppdrtuhjtjgs dh t`g ndkkuhjtjgs jhvdavgl (Vdfgrts2:0?).

@dw ibr nbh wg od jh dur bttgkpts bt strunturjho sun`ùhtgr-obt`grgr usg di abhlsnbpgs jh t`g pbst4 Bitgr ijrstljsnussjho sdkg oghgrba igbturgs ndhngrhjho abhlsnbpgs,J bllrgss t`js qugstjdh usjho t`rgg nbsg stuljgs irdk t`ghdrt`grh idrgst zdhg di Gurdpg bhl wgstgrh ^jfgrjb.

6. \`g strunturg di pbst abhlsnbpgs

\`grg js hdt kun` pdjht jh odjho t`rduo` t`g kbhy, ditghndhtrbljntdry, kgbhjhos di t`g hdtjdh abhlsnbpg. \dbpprgnjbtg t`g rbhog di kgbhjhos, dhg dhay hggls td addm bt

\jaagy's baa jhnausjvg lgijhjtjdh di t`g p`ghdkghdh (\jaagy2::<, 67, ><). \d kg, abhlsnbpg js sunnjhntay lgijhgl bs b sgdi rgba-wdral igbturgs, hbturba bhl nuaturba, w`jn` ojvgn`brbntgr bhl ljvgrsjty td Gbrt`'s suribng (Vdfgrts 2:0?).Brn`bgdadojnba abhlsnbpgs, t`gh, nbh fg lgijhgl bs b abhlsuribng wjt`jh b spgnjijgl spbh di tjkg, w`jn` brg kdljijglfy t`gjr dwh `jstdry. Jh sukkbry, abhlsnbpgs brg hdt pbssjvgrgnjpjghts di ùkbh bntjvjtjgs, fut lyhbkjn bhl jhtgrbntjvggagkghts jh t`g gvdautjdh di pbst sdnjgtjgs.

_jt`jh t`js irbkgwdrm, wg nbh bssukg t`bt abhlsnbpgs brgstrunturgl fy t`gjr usgrs, bhl rgiagnt t`g prbntjnba bhl rjtubabntjvjtjgs jh t`g abhlsnbpg. \`js js trug rgobrlagss di t`ggxtght td w`jn` dur uhlgrstbhljho di sun` pbst usg jskgljbtgl fy dur dwh kdlgrh pgrngptjdh bhl ndhngrhs,bat`duo` wg ld hggl td mggp jh kjhl t`bt t`g vgryljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g prbntjnba bhl rjtuba usg js b kdlgrh,`gurjstjn lgvjng.

Abhlsnbpgs brg strunturgl jh tjkg bhl spbng. Fdt` di t`gsgljkghsjdhs brg rgba, bhl bt t`g sbkg tjkg pgrngptuba, ghtjtjgssdnjba ndhstrunts kdljijgl fy t`g ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms di t`g usgrs. Fdt` ljkghsjdhs, jh t`gjr kdljijgl, `jstdrjnbaaybhl sdnjbaay sjtubtgl idrk, jhiaughng jh b iuhlbkghtba wby

t`g strunturjho di abhlsnbpgs5 agt us ijrst frjgiay addm bt tjkg.\jkg js b ndhtjhudus p`ghdkghdh, pbnmbogl jhtd ljiigrgh

ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms idr t`g fghgijt di sgai-drjghtbtjdh,ndkkuhjnbtjdh bhl ndkprg`ghsjdh (b.d. Nabrm 2::6= Odslgh2::<= Jhodal 2::>= Uvgagfja 2::>). Bs Glkuhl Agbn`dfsgrvgl5

‑\jkg, bs wg gxpgrjghng jt, js ndhtjhudus= jt ndhtbjhs hd ljsnrgtg‐gvghts‚. \`g gvghts brg put t`grg fy rgiagntjdh dh t`g pbst‛(2::3, 66?).

^d, ndhngpts di tjkg brg nuaturba ndhstrunts, bhl ljiigrghtndhngpts di tjkg `bvg bntgl t`rduo` ùkbh fg`bvjdur dh t`gstrunturg di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl (Nabrm 2::6= Odslgh2::<= Uvgagfja 2::>). \jkg js basd t`g ndhljtjdh di sdnjbaprbntjng bhl di `jstdry. Jt idaadws, t`gh, t`bt fdt` t`g pbst

bhl prgsght tgkpdrba irbkgwdrms brg rgiagntgl jh t`gbrn`bgdadojnba rgndrl5 t`g ijrst jh t`g nrgbtjdh di jts strunturgt`g sgndhl jh jts jhtgrprgtbtjdh (ijo. 2). Jh tgrks di pbst abhlusg, b ljstjhntjdh nbh fg kblg fgtwggh rgouabr, bfstrbnt tjkgbhl pgrsdhba, sufstbhtjba tjkg, t`g abttgr kgljbtgl kdrg

Kbrgm Uvgagfja @uhtgr-obt`grgr rjtuba abhlsnbpgs5 spbtjba drobhjsbtjdh,sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy bkdho ùhtgr-obt`grgrsdi hdrt`grh Gurdpg bhl wgstgrh ^jfgrjb



ljrgntay fy ùkbh gxpgrjghng. ûfstbhtjba tjkg nbh fg iurt`gr sufljvjlgl jhtd sgnuabr bhl rjtuba= t`g idrkgr, bnndrljho tdFadn` (2:??) js bssdnjbtgl wjt` ‑t`g systgks fy w`jn` wgmhdw t`g wdral‛, t`g abttgr, rjtuba bhl kyt`dadojnba, wjt` t`gsystgks fy w`jn` wg `jlg jt‛ (2:??, 6:3).

Jt nbh fg brougl t`bt t`g drobhjsbtjdh di ùhtgr-obt`grgr bntjvjtjgs jh spbng rgiagnts t`g ljiigrght tgkpdrba irbkgwdrmsbt t`gjr ljspdsba, jh pbrtjnuabr t`g dpgrbtjdh di sgnuabr bhl

sbnrgl tjkg ljkghsjdhs. Bt t`g prbntjnba agvga, ùhtgr-obt`grgr abhl usg js oujlgl fy prbntjnba ndhsjlgrbtjdhs sun`bs t`g gndadojnba strunturg bhl prdluntjvjty di t`gjr rgsdurngs, sgbsdhbajty, t`g fbabhng fgtwggh t`g pdpuabtjdhbhl t`gjr rgsdurngs, tgn`hdadoy, bhl kdtjvbtjdh oujljhorgsdurng usg strbtgojgs5 j.g. blgqubtg prdvjsjdh di iddl, adho-tgrk rjsm kjhjkjsbtjdh, prdnurgkght idr kbrmgt bhlgxn`bhog, dr sdnjba ndkpgtjtjdh.

>< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

NDHNGS\^ DI \JKG

KbrmglSgrsdhgaûfstbhtjba

BfstrbntKgbsurgl

^gnuabrSrdibhg

Vjtuba^bnrgl

VgouabrN`rdhdadojnbaJhlgx sgntjdhgljhtd gvghts,gpjsdlgs,

`jstdrjnbahbrrbtjvgs

@ukbhBntjvjty

SgrngjvglVgkgkfgrgl^ykfdajsgl

Lgpdsjtgl bs‑gt`hdorbp`jnjhstbht‛

@jstdrjnbaay sjtubtgl bhl jhtgrprgtgl jh _gstgrh sdnjgty

Jhljvjluba ^dnjba AdhougLurgê

\bp`dhdkjn Frbulgajbh

Kuhlbhg \ypdadojnba

^dnjbaGvdautjdhbry

Srdngssuba

Ijourg 2. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl



Jh tgkpgrbtg bhl fdrgba rgojdhs, ùhtgr-obt`grgr n`djngdi rgsdurng-usg strbtgojgs js ndhstrbjhgl fy t`g kbrmglsgbsdhbajty di t`g ghvjrdhkght bhl fy uhgvgh ljstrjfutjdh di rgsdurngs dvgr t`g abhlsnbpg. Abtg wjhtgr/gbray sprjho tghl tdfg agbhgst tjkgs di t`g ygbr, bhl, t`rduo`dut t`g ygbr, iddlrgsdurngs tghl td ndhnghtrbtg jh wbtgr glog adnbtjdhs badhorjvgrs, abmg s`drgs bhl ndbstba zdhgs. Jh kbhy brgbs, t`gndhnghtrbtjdh di wbtgr glog rgsdurngs js rbjsgl jh t`gsukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr fy sgbsdhba kjorbtjdhs di

bhblrdkdus ijs`, wbtgridwa, bhl sgb kbkkbas. \ypjnbaay,ùhtgr-obt`grgrs rgspdhl td t`js sjtubtjdh fy rgsjlghtjbakdfjajty, adojstjnba kdfjajty, stdrjho di iddl, bhl sdnjbastdrbog5 rgnjprdnjty bhl stdrjho di sdnjba dfajobtjdhs wjt`dt`gr ordups (ijo. 6) Jh prbntjng, igw ùhtgr-obt`grgrs idaadwb sjhoag strbtgoy, fut gkpady b ndkfjhbtjdh di t`gsg. \`grgluntjdh jh rgsjlghtjba kdfjajty bhl jhnrgbsg jh adojstjnbakdfjajty, bnndkpajs`gl fy kgbhs di sghljho dut tbsm ordupsrbt`gr t`bh kdvjho bs b ordup, ghtbjas bh jhnrgbsg jh

>7 K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^

Ijourg 6. Srbntjnba drobhjsbtjdh di ùhtgr-obt`grgr kdfjajty jh t`g abhlsnbpg. ^ystgks B, N bhl L jh t`js

ijourg ndrrgspdhl td t`g rgndhstruntgl drobhjsbtjdhba brrbhogkghts B, F bhl N rgspgntjvgay jh hdrt`grh

Gurdpg jh ijourg 9. Bitgr Vdwagy-Ndhwvy bhl Uvgagfja 2:0:.

fbsg nbkp rgsdurng pdjht rgsjlghtjba kdfjajty adojstjnba kdfjajt



sglghtjsk, lgvgadpkght di tgrrjtdrjbajty, bhl orgbtgr jhtgrigrghng jh „ dr ghnuaturbatjdh di „ t`g abhlsnbpg. \`gsgbrg prbntjnba abhlsnbpgs, oghgrbtgl jh mggpjho wjt` t`gsgbsdhba bhl jhtgr-bhhuba r`yt`ks di sgnuabr tjkg.

Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, prbntjnba abhlsnbpgs brg basd rjtubaabhlsnbpgs. Srbntjnba bntjvjtjgs brg gkfgllgl jh b frdblgr irbkgwdrm di jlgdadoy bhl rjtuba= prdibhg tjkg js ajhmgl tdrjtuba tjkg. Ndskdadoy bhl rjtuba jkpdsg b wgf di kgbhjhodh t`g abhlsnbpg, bhl jh jts turh, abhlsnbpg ghnuaturbtglt`rduo` sykfdajsk bhl rjtuba pabys b rdag jh t`g prdngssgs di sdnjba prdluntjdh bhl rgprdluntjdh (Ojllghs 2:0<= \jaagy2::<). \`grg js hdw bh gxtghsjvg gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl di ùhtgr-obt`grgrs usjho igbturgs di b abhlsnbpg bs b kgbhs di ndkkuhjnbtjdh, bs nabjks td dwhgrs`jp, bs strunturgs di kgbhjho bhl bs strunturgs di pdwgr (Jhodal 2::>= Kdrp`y2::>= \jaagy 2::<). ûn` sdnjba strbtgojgs brg usubaayagojtjkjsgl t`rduo` rjtuba bhl fy rgigrghng td ndskdadoy bhlkyt`dadoy, w`grg bhngstdrs paby b kbedr rdag. Vjtubaabhlsnbpgs t`gh, pdssgss sykfdajn, bhngstrba bhl tgkpdrba

sjohjijnbhng, w`jn` js ndkpagkghtbry td, bhl ljbagntjnbaayjhtgrbntjvg wjt`, t`g prbntjnba, gndhdkjn abhlsnbpgs (ndhtrb

\jaagy 2::<, 9?).

>. Bh gt`hdorbp`jn nbsg stuly5 t`g Mgts di

Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb

\d lgvgadp t`js broukght jh b kdrg ndhnrgtg idrk, J wdualijrst ajmg td turh td bh gt`hdorbp`jn nbsg stuly irdk wgstgrh^jfgrjb. \`g Mgts di Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb (ijo. >) brgdhg di t`g trbljtjdhbaay ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho ordups sgttagljh t`g fbsjh di Zghjsgj bhl Df rjvgrs jh wgstgrh ^jfgrjb(dt`grs brg ^gamups, Hghtsy, Kbhtsy bhl M`bhtsy). Bkdhot`g Mgts, t`dsg sgttagl badho t`g rjvgr Sdmbkghhbyb\uhouzmb (nb. 293 pgdpag jh t`g ijrst nghsus nb. 2933) brgsbjl td `bvg rgkbjhgl purg ùhtgr-obt`grgr pgdpag wjt`dutrgjhlggr `grljho dr rgjhlggr trbhspdrt uhtja t`g ghl di t`g2:t` nghtury (Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Vgsmgtdv 2:?6).

\`g nbaghlbr ygbr di t`g Mgts „ t`gjr sgnuabr tjkg „ wbsljvjlgl jhtd 26 kdht`s bhl rgiagntgl t`g sufsjstghng


Ijourg >. Kbp s`dwjho t`g adnbtjdh di tgrrjtdrjgs di hdh-Vussjbh jh bfjtbhts di ^jfgrjb. Mgts di Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb brg kbrmgl fy b fabnm

rgntbhoag hukfgr 23 hgbr t`g ndhiaughng di Zghjsgy bhl Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouhzmb.

Fabnm njrnags 5 wjhtgr fbsgnbkps di rgjhlggr `grljho ordups= dpgh njrnags 5 sukkgr fbsgnbkps di rgjhlggr `grljho ordups= squbrgs 5 adojstjnbaay

drobhjsgl, pbrtay sglghtbry ndbstba bhl rjvgrjhg ùhtgr-ijs`gr-obt`grgrs= rgntbhoags 5 rgjhlggr-mggpjho ùhtgr-obt`grgrs di t`g ^jfgrjbh jhtgrjdr=

ldttgl spbng 5 ndhjigrdus tbjob idrgst= ajhgl spbng 5 upabhl orbssabhl bhl pbrmabhl= lbs`gl spbng 5 upabhl tuhlrb. Adwabhl pdabr tuhlrb brduhl

t`g s`drgs di t`g Sdabr Dngbh js lghdtgl fy w`jtg spbng.



Ijourg <. \`g bhhuba tgrrjtdry di t`g Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzsmb Mgts.

^qubrg 5 kbjh (wjhtgr) fbsg nbkp= trjbhoag 5 trbljho sjtg dh Zghjsgy

(Vussjbh sgttagkght)= ldttgl squbrgs 5 tgkpdrbry sgbsdhba fbsg

nbkps= fabnm ldts 5 tgkpdrbry prdnurgkght nbkps di b igw lbys'

lurbtjdh (Bitgr Bagmsghmd 2:9?, Vgsmgtdv 2:?6).

bntjvjtjgs bhl kdfjajty pbttgrhs di t`g ordup (ijo. <). \`gbutukh wbs spght jh tghts badho Zghjsgj, \uhouzmb bhltrjfutbrjgs ijs`jho, idwajho bhl obt`grjho fgrrjgs. _jt` ijrstirdsts pgdpag kdvgl td t`gjr wjhtgr sgttagkght uprjvgr. \`ggbray pbrt di t`g wjhtgr wbs spght ùhtjho fgbr bhl iur obkgjh b adojstjnba pbttgrh di rgsdurng usg5 ùhtjho pbrtjgs di

>-< kgh wdual agbvg t`g sgttagkght idr <-7 lbys jh sgbrn` di prgy, idaadwjho b systgk di pbt`s mhdwh bs ‐skbaa rdbls‚.\`js wbs idaadwgl fy b igstjvg sgbsdh, t`g kdht` di ‐s`drtlbys‚, kbrmgl fy boorgobtjdh, kjl-wjhtgr igstjvbas bhl sdnjbabntjvjtjgs. Irdk t`g kjl-Ebhubry, t`g ghtjrg ordup frdmg jhtdskbaagr uhjts bhl sgt dut dh t`g ‐orgbt rdbl‚ jh t`g kbedr rgsjlghtjba kdvg di t`g ygbr. \`g ghtjrg kdvg abstgl bfdut> kdht`s bhl jhvdavgl kdvgkght irdk dhg tgkpdrbry nbkptd bhdt`gr. Gam, rgjhlggr bhl iur bhjkbas wgrg t`g kbjhobkg. Bt t`g ghl di t`js pgrjdl pgdpag rgturhgl td t`g kbjhsgttagkght, w`grg t`gy rgkbjhgl lurjho t`g shdw-kgat bhlt`g frgbm-up di jng. \`g kdht` di t`g pjmg „ Kby „ wbskbrmgl fy b ljspgrsba td t`g trbljtjdhba ijs`jho orduhls,

dwhgl fy gbn` `dusg`dal. \`grg pgdpag fujat ijs` bhlwbtgridwa lbks, ijs` wgjrs, ijs` trbps, bs wgaa bs ijs`jho fy`ddm bhl hgt. \`g kbjh sukkgr bntjvjtjgs wgrg ijs`jho,idwajho bhl obt`grjho di pabht iddl. Kjlsukkgr basdkbrmgl t`g sgndhl sdnjba sgbsdh, kbrmgl fy t`g drobhjsbtjdhdi ibjrs badho t`g kbjh rjvgr „ Zghjsgj. Ibjrs sgrvgl bs bidnus idr t`g gxn`bhog di oddls, adho-ljstbhng trblg,jhtgrbntjdh wjt` dt`gr ordups, t`g kbmjho di kbrrjbogs bhlngrgkdhjba bntjvjtjgs kbrmjho rjtgs di pbssbog.

\d sukkbrjsg, jh tgrks di rgsjlghng bhl kdfjajty, wg`bvg idur drobhjsbtjdhba strunturgs5 rgsjlghtjba boorgobtjdh btt`g kbjh sgttagkght (gbray wjhtgr, gbray sprjho), adojstjnbakdfjajty (gbray wjhtgr ùhtjho pbrtjgs), ordup rgsjlghtjba

kdfjajty dh t`g ‐orgbt rdbl‚, bhl `dusg`dal fbsgl ljspgrsbajh t`g sukkgr. Gbn` ordup `bl bt jts ljspdsba sgvgrbaùhtjho ljstrjnts kbrmgl dut fy t`g skbaa bhl orgbt rdbls, sdljiigrght edurhgys wgrg tbmgh jh ljiigrght ygbrs. @dw ldgst`g prbntjnba usg di spbng bkdho t`g Mgts rgabtg td t`goghgrbtjdh di sdnjbaay ndhstruntgl abhlsnbpgs4

\`g ndskdadoy di t`g Mgts js b pbrt di b frdblgr idrbogrs'fgajgi systgk, w`jn`, jh sukkbry, sggks td idnus dh twdfbsjn strunturgs (Bagsmghmd 2:9?= Fbazgr 2:03= Jhodal 2:09)5

2. \`g ljvjsjdh di t`g uhjvgrsg jhtd t`rgg `drjzdhtba abygrs5smy, gbrt`, bhl t`g uhlgrwdral, w`jn` ndrrgspdhl td bjr,abhl bhl wbtgr rgspgntjvgay. \`gsg abygrs brg ajhmgl fy b

‐ndskjn pjaabr‚, dr ‐ndskjn rjvgr‚, sykfdajsgl jh t`gs`bkbh's turu, dr b trgg ditgh pabngl jh t`g nghtrg di t`gs`bkbh's tght (ijo. 7).

6. \`g ljvjsjdh di ukbhs bhl bhjkbas jhtd t`g p`ysjnbasgai, t`g fdly-sdua bhl t`g irgg-sdua. @ukbh fgjhos bhlt`dsg bhjkbas w`d brg kbstgrs di t`gjr bhjkba n`brogs,sun` bs t`g fgbr, pdssgss baa t`rgg sufstbhngs= wjal

>? K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^

bhjkbas hdrkbaay pdssgss p`ysjnba sgai bhl t`g fdly sdua(t`gjr ndaagntjvg ‐irgg sdua‚ rgsjljho jh t`g bhjkba kbstgr)w`jag bkdho ldkgstjn bhjkbas ‑t`g spjrjt di t`g ldkgstjnbhjkba js t`g sdua di kbh, ndhtrdaajho t`g bhjkba irdkwjt`dut‛ (Jhodal 2:09, 677)= ldkgstjn bhjkbas `bvg hd sdua

_jt`jh t`js ndohjtjvg irbkgwdrm, gam, fgbr bhl wbtgr fjrlspaby nagbray lgijhgl rdags bs oubrljbhs di dt`gr bhjkbas bhlbs n`bhhgas di ndkkuhjnbtjdh wjt` t`g dt`gr, hdh-tgrrgstrjbawdrals. \`g ‐`gbvghay gam‚ idr gxbkpag, js bh jh`bfjtbht di t`g `gbvghs, bhl b nghtrba bntdr jh t`g kyt`s di rgvjvba bhlrgoghgrbtjdh, bs wgaa bs jh t`g kgljbtjdh fgtwggh t`g wdraldi t`g spjrjts bhl di ùkbhs. \`g fgbr pabys bh bhbadodusfut sdkgw`bt ljiigrght rdag bs t`g n`jgi oubrljbh di wjal



bhjkbas bhl b kgljbtdr fgtwggh bhjkba fgjhos bhl ùkbhfgjhos. _btgr fjrls brg pgrngjvgl bs kgssghogrs fgtwggh t`gdt`gr-wdral bhl t`g gbrt`, oubrljho t`g ghtrbhng td t`g adwgr wdral, bhl bntjho bs oujlgs td t`g ‐sgb di t`g lgngbsgl‚ jhsdkg kyt`s, td t`g ‐furjba fgydhl t`g wbtgr‚ jh dt`grs(Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Fbazgr 2:03= Jhodal 2:09).

_jt` t`js fbnmorduhl jhidrkbtjdh jh kjhl, wg nbhrgndohjsg bspgnts di abhlsnbpg bs b sdnjba bhl rjtuba ndhstruntbkdho t`g Mgts5

„ \`g Mgt ‐skbaa rdbls‚ bhl ‐orgbt rdbls‚ wgrg kdrg t`bh eust kjorbtjdh rdutgs. \`gy jkpdsgl b hgtwdrm di pbt`st`rduo` w`jn` t`g abhlsnbpg wbs ghnuaturbtgl= t`gyrgprgsghtgl b pbttgrh di bntjvjty, sgbsdhba strbtgojgs fyw`jn` b pbrtjnuabr tjkg di t`g ygbr wbs lgijhgl (sgg basd\jaagy 2::<, 6:->2).

„ S`ysjnba kbrms di ghnuaturbtjdh wgrg prgsght badho t`gsgpbt`s. \`gy jhnaulgl sjtg adnbtjdhs t`gksgavgs wjt`tgkpdrbry strunturgs sun` bs tghts bhl kdrg pgrkbhghtdhgs sun` bs t`g gbrt`-`dusgs di t`g kbjh sgttagkght.\`gy jhnaulgl ijxgl ibnjajtjgs, sun` bs ijs` wgjrs, trbps bhllbks, pjts bhl trbps idr iur bhjkbas. \`gy basd jhnaulglkbrms kblg dh trggs, dr smj bhl saglog rgkbjhs pabngl tdndkkuhjnbtg spgnjijn nabjks di dwhgrs`jp dr gxnausjvgrjo`ts di usg (Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Vgsmgtdv 2:?6). ^d sunìgbturgs sykfdajsgl ndaagntjvg dwhgrs`jp di t`g abhlsnbpgfy t`g Mgts bs b ordup, bhl t`g dwhgrs`jp di adnbtjdhs jht`g abhlsnbpg fy jhljvjluba `dusg`dals. \`gy sykfdajsglsdnjba drlgr jh t`g abhlsnbpg bhl rgabtjdhs fgtwggh`dusg`dals, ordups bhl pdajtjnba uhjts.

„ ûn` sykfdas di ghnuaturbtjdh wgrg agojtjkjsgl fy rgigrghngtd bhngstdrs bhl ajhmgl td t`g dvgrbrn`jho ndskdadoy di

t`g Mgts. Bt t`g ijrst nbkp di t`g ‐orgbt rdbl‚, bt t`gfgojhhjho di t`g edurhgy, ngrgkdhjgs wgrg pgridrkgl tdndkkuhjnbtg wjt` b igkbag bhngstrba fgjho (t`g ‐dalwdkbh di t`g rdbl‚ (Vgsmgtdv 2:?6)). ^jkjabr ngrgkdhjgswgrg pgridrkgl dh rgturh. Vjtubas ajhmgl td lgbt` bhlrgoghgrbtjdh wgrg basd pgridrkgl bt sukkgr ibjrs.

Vjtubas ajhmjho ndskdadoy bhl abhlsnbpg wgrg basdgkfgllgl jh t`g ndursg di rgouabr sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs.Idr gxbkpag, bitgr t`g ijrst mjaajho di bhjkbas sgrvjho bsoubrljbhs dr kgssghogrs jh Mgt ndskdadoy, t`g sduprgkbjhjho bitgr nddmjho sun` bhjkbas (fgbr, gam, rgjhlggr,wbtgridwa dr ijs`) wbs rgturhgl td t`g rjvgr bt spgnjijn `day

pabngs jh bh bnt di sykfdajn rgoghgrbtjdh (j.g. t`g gssghng di kgssghogr bhjkbas rgturhgl td t`g ‐ndskjn rjvgr‚).Ngrgkdhjgs bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g fgbr ùht lgijhgl sbnrgl,rjtuba pabngs jh t`g abhlsnbpg fy rgigrghng td fgbr bs t`goubrljbh di dt`gr bhjkbas bhl b nrgbturg rgspdhsjfag idr ghsurjho ùhtjho sunngss5 t`js wbs idr jhstbhng sykfdajsglfy spgnjijn fgbr fdhgs (ebws, snbpuabs) fgjho ùho irdk trggs(Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Vgsmgtdv 2:?6).


B5

dhbho

wgstghtrbhng tdadwgr wdral

lbrpg

gbstghtrbhng tduppgr wdral

ijs`

rjvgrjhgkgljtbtjdh

(turu )

trbhsidrkbtjdh

F5

ùkbh pgrsdhs ^@BKBH bhjkba kbstgrs

`grl 2, `grl 6,.. gtn. spgnjgs 2, spgnjgs 6,.. gtn.

LDKG^\JN BHJKBA^ _JAL BHJKBA^

^WSVGKG FGJHO(kbstgr di fgbr)

Ijourg 7. B sukkbry ljborbk lgpjntjho sdkg bspgnts di t`g

ndskdadoy di t`g pgdpags di _gstgrh ^jfgrjb (idr gxpabhbtjdh, sgg

tgxt. 7B5 bitgr Bhjsjkdv 2:9>, \jaagy 2::2= 7F5 bitgr Jhodal 2:09).



<. Brn`bgdadojnba nbsg stuly 25 Hìkidrsgh jh

Hdrt`grh wglgh

@dw ibr nbh wg od jh rgndohjsjho sun` abhlsnbpgs jh t`gbrn`bgdadojnba rgndrl4 Vdnm nbrvjho bhl rdnm pbjhtjho sjtgsrgprgsght dhg kbedr typg di adnbtjdh, w`jn`, wjt` jtssurrduhljho abhlsnbpg, ndhstjtutgs b abhlsnbpg uhjt jhvgstgl

wjt` sykfdajn kgbhjho w`jn` kust `bvg sgrvgl bs b idnusdi rjtuba bntjvjtjgs. \`js js fdrhg dut fy gt`hdorbp`jn nbsgstuljgs di rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs bkdho, idr gxbkpag, t`gBustrbajbh Bfdrjojhbas (Fb`h/Vdsghigal 2::2= Iaddl 2:0?=Abytdh 2:07= Kdrp`y 2:?0), ùhtgr-obt`grgrs jh ^dut`Birjnb (Agwjs-_jaajbks 2:02, 2:0>) bs wgaa bs fy t`gpjntdorbp`jn bhl lgpdsjtjdhba gvjlghng bssdnjbtgl wjt`prg`jstdrjn rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs jh Gurdpg (b.d. Frblagy gt ba.

2::>, 2::7= @baastrdk 2:93= Mu`h 2:79) bhl gasgw`grg(idr gxbkpag, Agg 2::6).

Agt us turh td Hdrt`grh Gurdpg, bhl sukkbrjsg frjgiay t`gsgttagkght-sufsjstghng pbttgrhs rgndhstruntgl idr t`js brgbirdk pbabgdgndhdkjn bhl sgttagkght gvjlghng. \`g pgrjdl jh

qugstjdh ndvgrs t`g abtgr pbrt di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr ^tdhgBog, eust prjdr td t`g orbluba bldptjdh di ibrkjho, nb. 7733-2733 fn. Srbntjnba abhlsnbpgs brg strunturgl brduhl kbedr sgttagkghts bhl t`g sgbsdhba kdfjajty sn`gluags w`grg t`gsgsjtgs paby b kbedr rdag (ijo. 9). Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, rjtubaadnbtjdhs brg kbrmgl dut fy bt agbst twd typgs di sjtgs5 furjbaorduhls bhl rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs (s`dwh bs rgntbhoags bhlsqubrgs rgspgntjvgay dh t`g kbp jh ijo. 9).

Agt us hdw idnus dur bttghtjdh dh Hìkidrsgh. Hìkidrsghjs b adnbtjdh di kbedr rbpjls dh t`g rjvgr Bhogrkbh bhl bkbedr rdnm nbrvjho sjtg, lbtgl vgry frdblay td fgtwggh >333-2733 fn. Jt js t`g abst rbpjls fgidrg t`g rjvgr ghtgrs t`g sgb,sjtubtgl bt t`g euhntjdh di t`g jhtgrjdr upabhls bhl t`g ndbstba

pabjh. Bfdut 2?73, pgtrdoayp`s wgrg nbrvgl jhtd t`g skddt`rdnmy suribng di t`rgg jsabhls jh t`g nghtrg di t`g rjvgr (@baastrùk 2:93= Kbakgr 2:?7= \jaagy 2::2). Hìkidrsgh jsnghtrba td sdkg 933 stdhg bog sjtgs wjt`jh t`g Bhogrkbhrjvgr systgk, bhl bfdut 93 td ?3 mk irdk t`g hgxt rdnmnbrvjho/pbjhtjho sjtgs. @uhtjho gam bhl fgbvgr, ijs`jho bhlfjrl ùhtjho bppgbr td `bvg fggh t`g kbjh sufsjstghngdnnupbtjdhs, jh b ndkfjhbtjdh di rgsjlghtjba bhl adojstjnkdfjajty pbttgrh, wjt` sjtgs hgbr Hìkidrsgh, adnbtgl bt t`g euhnturg di t`g kduhtbjhs bhl t`g pabjh, bs t`g kbjh sprjhobhl sukkgr sgttagkghts. \`g sgbsdhba dnnupbtjdh lurjho t`gsukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr bt Hìkidrsgh js suoogstgl fy t`g

prgsghng di fdhgs di pjmg, sbakdh, sgba, wbtgrfjrls bhlfgbvgr „ typjnbaay b sprjho/sukkgr prgy „ w`jag t`g gam,usubaay ùhtgl lurjho t`g wjhtgr, js bfsght (Idrsfgro 2:07=Uvgagfja 2:02). Bs b adnbtjdh jh t`g prbntjnba abhlsnbpg, t`gh,Hìkidrsgh kby `bvg fggh bhbadodus td t`g sukkgr ijs`jho,idwajho bhl boorgobtjdh sjtgs di t`g Mgts (sgg bfdvg). Dhg di t`g abrogst mhdwh sgttagkghts js adnbtgl fy t`g Hìkidrsghrbpjls, bhl wbs ljsndhtjhudusay dnnupjgl irdk >333 fn. td

t`g Jrdh Bog, wjt` t`g kdst jhtghsjvg dnnupbtjdh lbtjho tdt`g abtg stdhg bog (nb. 6733-6333 fn), kbrmgl fy t`gprgsghng di bsfgstds-tgkpgrgl pdttgry (Kbakgr 2:?7, 2:02).

\`g rdnm nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh lgpjnt gams, fdbts, pgdpagijs`, fjrls, s`dg/iddt jkprjhts, bhl tddas, brrbhogl jhtdndkpdsjtjdhs w`jn` brg rgkbrmbfay abnmjho jh `jgrbrn`jnba

strunturg (ijo. ?). \`g kgbhjho di t`g rdnm nbrvjhos jhoghgrba, bhl di nbrvjhos di gam „ t`g kdst ndkkdh kdtji „ jh pbrtjnuabr bt Hìkidrsgh wbs jhtgrprgtgl jh sgvgrba wbys5bs b nbsg di sykpbt`gtjn kbojn lgsjohgl td ghsurg ùhtjhosunngss, bs tdtgkjn rgprgsghtbtjdhs, bs b ‐trjfba ghnynadpbg-ljb‚ „ b rgndrl di sdnjba mhdwaglog, b ‑vjsuba stbtgkght di kyt`s, ndskjn nbtgodrjgs bhl bssdnjbtjdhs `gal td strunturgfdt` t`g supgrhbturba wdral bhl ùkbh gxjstghng‛ (\jaagy2::2), bs b rjtuba ndhirdhtbtjdh fgtwggh ljiigrght jhtgrgstordups wjt`jh t`g ndkkuhjty, bhl bs b sykfda di pdwgr bhlndhtrda fy kbag galgrs dvgr t`g dt`grs. \`g iuhntjdh di t`gsjtg wbs jlghtjijgl bs b kbedr rjtuba nghtrg (Fbldu 2:??),b sgbsdhba boorgobtjdh nghtrg bhl b nghtrg idr gxn`bhog wjt`

t`g ibrkgr trblgrs irdk t`g sdut` (@baastrùk 2:93= Kbakgr 2:?7= \jaagy 2::2). _jt`dut odjho jhtd t`g lgtbja di vbrjdusbroukghts, jt js nagbr t`bt Hìkidrsgh wbs hdt dhay bhjkpdrtbht ijs`jho adnbtjdh, dnnupjgl lurjho t`g sukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr, fut basd b kbedr rjtuba nghtrg, igbturjho jh bhgxtghsjvg gxn`bhog hgtwdrm fgtwggh sdut`grh bhl hdrt`grh^wglgh.

Jh `js bhbaysjs di Hìkidrsgh, N`rjstdp`gr \jaagy (2::2)iduhl pbrbaagas fgtwggh t`g ndskdadojnba systgk di hdrt`grhùhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl t`g abhlsnbpg igbturgs di Hìkidrsgh.\`gsg nbh fg sukkbrjsgl bs idaadws5

„ \`g jkpdrtbhng di rjvgrs jh t`g ndskdadojnba systgk bhl

t`gjr ajhms wjt` spgnjijn nabhs „ bs wbs, jhlggl, t`g nbsgwjt` Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb Mgts, fgnbusg t`js ordup dMgts js spgnjijgl fy t`g rjvgr w`jn` js nghtrba td t`gjr tgrrjtdry, t`g Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb.

„ \`g hdtjdh di b ndskjn rjvgr iadwjho irdk gbst td wgstbhl kgljbtjho fgtwggh t`g ljiigrght wdrals di ndskds=bhl t`g sykfdajsk di t`g rbpjls bs dpghjhos td t`g dt`gr wdrals5 Hìkidrsgh js adnbtgl fy t`g rbpjls.

„ \`g ajkjhba sykfdajsk bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g s`bkbh'sjsabhl jh t`g ndskjn rjvgr5 t`g rdnm nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsghbrg adnbtgl dh t`rgg jsabhls jh t`g rjvgr.

„ \`g jlgb t`bt t`g pdjht bt w`jn` t`g ndskjn rjvgr iadws

jhtd t`g sgb js kbrmgl fy t`g kdst vjdaght rbpjls kbrmjhot`g ghtrbhng td t`g uhlgrwdral5 Hìkidrsgh js adnbtgl fyt`g abst rbpjls fgidrg t`g sgb.

„ \`g ajhm fgtwggh t`g s`bkbh's turu bhl t`g gam, sykfdajsglfy t`g ijourgs bt Hìkidrsgh `daljho gam giijojgs.

„ Wsg di fjrls bhl ijs` bs b pbrt di dppdsjtjdhba kgbhjhostrunturg jh t`g s`bkbh's rjtuba tght. ûn` b strunturbadppdsjtjdh wbs jlghtjijgl bt Hìkidrsgh.

>: K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^



<3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

Ijourg 9. @uhtgr-obt`grgrsgttagkght-sufsjstghng pbttgrhs bhl

t`g adnbtjdh di kbedr furjba bhl rdnm

nbrvjho sjtgs jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg,

9 333-2 733 fn.

B ; Kdfjag pbttgrh di abhl-usg5

Irgqught rg-adnbtjdh di t`g fbsg

nbkp bs pgdpag kdvg bs b ordup

irdk dhg rgsdurng td bhdt`gr jh b

idrbojho pbttgrh di rgsdurng usg.

F ; ^gkj-sglghtbry pbttgrh5 Sgdpag

kdvg bs b ordup fgtwggh twd

sgbsdhba fbsg nbkps, kdst

rgsdurngs brg dftbjhgl fy tbsm

ordups sght dut di t`g fbsg nbkps

td prdnurg t`gsg jh b adojstjnbapbttgrh di rgsdurng usg.

N ; ^glghtbry pbttgrh5 rgsdurngs

dftbjhgl fy tbsm ordups irdk b

fbsg nbkp dnnupjgl pgrkbhghtay

fy bt agbst sdkg kgkfgrs di t`g

ndkkuhjty.

^ykfdas5 dpgh njrnag5 trjbhoag5

spgnjbajsgl uhtjho-ijs`jho-

obt`grjho sjtg, tgkpdrbry fbsg

nbkp, `bai-nadsgl njrnag5 sgbsdhba

fbsg-nbkp, fabnm njrnag5 pgrkbhght

fbsg nbkp, sabs`gl squbrg5 rdnm

nbrvjho sjtg, futtgriay sykfda5

ngkgtgry.

Agttgrs5 lghdtg prjhnjpba iddl

rgsdurngs iduhl dh sjtgs, w`jn``bvg basd prdvjlgl jhidrkbtjdh

bfdut t`g sgbsdh bhl pgrkbhghng

di dnnupbtjdh. Iu ; Iur bhjkbas,

N ; _jal nbttag (Burdn sgh),

L ; Lggr, S ; Sjo, I ; Ijs`,

Î ; ^`gaaijs`, ^ ; ^gba, _I ;

_jalidwa, Sa ; Sabht iddl (ndaabtjdh

di b wjlg rbhog di sdurngs).



„ \`g ndskdadojnba sjohjijnbhng bnndrlgl td t`g gamndhngjvgl bs b igkbag gam. Kdst gam bt Hìkidrsgh brglgpjntgl wjt`dut bhtagrs.

Jh sukkbry, Hìkidrsgh pabygl b rdag di b nghtrba rjtuba,boorgobtjdh bhl gxn`bhog sjtg di b ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjbaordup, gbn` bssdnjbtgl wjt` bhl sykfdajnbaay rgabtjho td bkbedr rjvgr systgk (Idrsfgro 2:07). \`g sykfdajsk btHìkidrsgh nbh fg ndkprg`ghlgl fy rgigrghng td t`ghdrt`grh ùhtgr-obt`grgr ndskdadoy. \`g abhlsnbpg bhbadojgstd t`g gt`hdorbp`jn sjtubtjdh di t`g Mgts brg basd nagbr, bhl b

sjkjabr pbttgrh `bs fggh basd `jstdrjnbaay ldnukghtgl idr ^bbkj ordups (Ydrrgh 2:03).

Jh b ljbn`rdhjn pgrspgntjvg, Hìkidrsgh kby `bvg fgobh bsb skbaa rdnm nbrvjho sjtg bhl b sukkgr ijs`jho adnbtjdh,w`jn` lgvgadpgl abtgr jhtd b kbedr rgojdhba boorgobtjdhnghtrg, jh w`jn` gam `jlgs bhl iurs wgrg gxn`bhogl idr prgstjog oddls bhl jkpdrts irdk t`g sdut`. Ndhtbnt wjt` t`gtrblgrs irdk t`g sdut` bhl t`g jhndrpdrbtjdh di Hìkidrsghjhtd bh gxn`bhog systgk ajhmjho hdrt`grh bhl sdut`grh^wglgh kust `bvg jhgvjtbfay nbusgl strbjh wjt`jh t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty, nrgbtjho strunturba ndhljtjdhs idr jhnrgbsglsdnjba ndkpgtjtjdh bhl sdnjba lgpghlghny (\jaagy 2::2).

\`g nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh brg hdtbfag idr t`gjr bfsghng di stbtus, rbhm, dr `jgrbrn`jnba drlgrjho di kdtjvgs, rgiagntjho,pgr`bps, t`g jlgbajsgl sdnjba drlgr di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty, jh ndhtrbst td t`g gvjlghng idr sdnjba rbhmjho gvjlghtjh t`g furjbas (Frblagy t`js vdaukg= Nabrm/Hggagy 2:0?=Kgjmaged`h/Uvgagfja 2::2= D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<). Fysykfdajn rgprgsghtbtjdh, pgdpag kby `bvg kbsmgl t`ggxjstghng di sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs, bnmhdwaglogl jh sdnjba

prbntjng bhl jh jhljvjluba furjbas, fut lghjgl fy t`g hdkjhbabl`grghng td t`g gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy. Vjtuba tjkg wbsgkpadygl td dfsnurg t`g sdnjba rgbajty. \jaagy (2::2) brougst`bt ndhtbnts wjt` trblgrs- dutsjlgrs rgqujrgl t`g jhndrpdrb-tjdh di b hgw sgt di sykfdas jhtd t`g gxjstjho rgpgrtdjrg btHìkidrsgh, sun` bs t`g hgw fdbt typgs bhl t`g njrnag nrdss,rgsuatjho jh b strunturba n`bhog5

‑Hdt dhay ljl t`g ùhtgr-ijs`gr-obt`grgrs bt Hìkidrsgh bnndkkdlbtgt`gjr gndhdkjn systgk td t`g lgkbhls di bh gxn`bhog systgk idr w`jn` t`gy rgngjvgl vgry ajttag jh rgturh, fut t`gy gvgh rgstrunturgl

t`gjr ndskdadojnba bhl sykfdajn systgk‛ (\jaagy 2::2, 29<).

Fut t`g mgy pdjht, surgay, js t`bt lgspjtg, dr pgr`bpsfgnbusg di t`js bnndkkdlbtjdh, t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtyndhtjhugl td iadurjs`. \`g ibrkjho wby di ajig `bl fgghrgegntgl fdt` sykfdajnbaay bhl jh prbntjng idr bhdt`gr 733 ygbrs dr kdrg uhtja t`g bfbhldhkght di Hìkidrsgh bhlt`g sufsgqught lgkjsg di ùhtjho-obt`grjho sdnjgtjgsfgtwggh 2733 bhl 733 fn (Bhlgrsdh 2:?9= Fbldu 2:?>=N`rjstjbhssdh/Frdblfght 2:?7= Hyobbrl 2:0:). Js jt pdssjfagtd broug, t`gh, t`bt t`g sykfdajn bhl jlgdadojnba irbkgwdrm „ jh ndkfjhbtjdh wjt` gndadojnba ibntdrs, td fg surg „ prgvghtgl dr prdsnrjfgl t`g bldptjdh di ibrkjho4

7. Brn`bgdadojnba nbsg stuly 65 Daghjj Dstrdv,

Mbrgajb

Daghjj Dstrdv (dr Daghgdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm, Lggr JsabhlNgkgtgry) js t`g abrogst sjhoag Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry mhdwh jhGurdpg, bhl, bt nb. 7733 fn, fy ibr t`g dalgst di t`g sgvgrbaKgsdajt`jn ngkgtgrjgs ljsndvgrgl sd ibr jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg

<2 K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^

Ijourg ?. Vdnm nbrvjhos bt

Hìkidrsgh. \`js jaaustrbtjdh lgpjnts

dhay dhg di t`g nbrvgl suribngs.

Bitgr @baastrùk 2:93.



(Srjng/Ebndfs 2::3). Adnbtgl dh b skbaa jsabhl jh t`ghdrt`grh pbrt di Abmg Dhgob (ijo. 0), t`g ngkgtgry wbsgxnbvbtgl fy Ourjhb bhl pufajs`gl jh 2:79. ûfsgqughtbhbaysgs fy Màdfjstjhb (2:?0), D'^`gb bhl Uvgagfja (2:0<)bhl Ebndfs (2::7) ghl jh ljvgroght jhtgrprgtbtjdhs.

Dur rgndhstruntjdh di t`g Daghjj Dstrdv ngkgtgry bhl jts

sdnjgty suoogsts t`bt b ndkkuhjty di bfdut <33-733 pgdpagwbs usjho t`g ngkgtgry, bhl t`bt t`js ordup wbs sufljvjlgljhtd sgvgrba ordups, gbn` hukfgrjho :3-233 pgrsdhs (Ijo. :).\`g lurbtjdh di usg wbs rgabtjvgay frjgi, prdfbfay 03-263 ygbrs, j.g. <-9 oghgrbtjdhs (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<).\`g gstjkbtgs brg di ndursg vgry bpprdxjkbtg, fut jh ajhgwjt` dt`gr jhljnbtjdhs di s`drt-tgrk dr jhtgrkjttght furjbaprbntjngs, sun` bs bt ^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:0:, 2::>) dr Uvgjhjgmj (Ubodrmjs 2:0?), gvgh t`duo` t`g usg di t`g sbkgadnbtjdh kby `bvg gxtghlgl dvgr sgvgrba kjaaghhjb.

\`g sykfdajsk gvjlght jh t`g furjba rjtg bt Daghjj Dstrdvajhms t`g ngkgtgry td b frdblgr ndrpus di rjtuba bhlndskdadoy di t`g hdrt`grh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs. Kbtgrjbargprgsghtbtjdhs jh t`g furjbas jhnaulg zddkdrp`jn ijourjhgs,bxgs bhl kbng`gbls, bhl gam-`gblgl tgrkjhbas di t`g mjhllgpjntgl bt t`g rdnm-nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh (gvgh t`duo`Daghjj Dstrdv js >333 ygbrs dalgr, bhl 2333 mk bwby irdkHìkidrsgh). Gam, fgbr bhl wbtgrfjrls brg t`g kdst ndkkdhlgsjohs (ijo. 23). \`g s`drgs di Abmg Dhgob, w`grg DaghjjDstrdv js adnbtgl, basd ndhtbjhgl rdnm nbrvjhos wjt` t`g sbkg

rbhog di lgsjohs bs t`dsg iduhl bt Hìkidrsgh, usjho t`g sbkgsykfdas bs t`dsg iduhl jh t`g furjbas bt Daghjj Dstrdv. Bobjh,gam, lggr (rgjhlggr4), ijs` bhl wbtgrfjrls, bhl swbh jh pbrtjnuabr

brg t`g kdst ndkkdh lgsjohs. @ukbhs brg rgprgsghtgl bsghobogl jh ùhtjho, `brpddhjho, smjjho bhl ndpuabtjho wjt`lggr (Ourjhb 2:79= Kbuab 2::3= ^bvvbtgygv 2:?>).

_jt`jh t`js sykfdajn ndhtgxt, t`g kgbhjho di rjtuba sjtgssun` bs Daghjj Dstrdv bhl t`g rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs bt Ubabvruobbhl Fgsdv Hds dh abmg Dhgob nbh fg bobjh ndkprg`ghlglfy rgigrghng td t`g hdrt`grh ùhtgr-obt`grgr ndskdadoy.Idr gxbkpag, t`g gam-`gblgl tgrkjhbas, idur di w`jn` wgrgiduhl bt Daghjj Dstrdv, bhl w`jn` brg lgpjntgl bs fgjhonbrrjgl brduhl dh stjnms bhl pdags dh pgtrdoayp`s di fdt`Dhgob bhl Hìkidrsgh, ijhl b ljrgnt pbrbaaga jh t`g s`bkbh'sturu, b rjtuba rdl usgl td kgljbtg fgtwggh t`g hbturba bhlsupgrhbturba wdrals.

^nghgs di ndpuabtjdh fgtwggh ùhtgrs bhl lggr/gam kbyrgigr td t`g rdag ùhtgrs paby jh t`g rgprdluntjdh di wjalbhjkbas w`jn` jhvdavgs sykfdajn ndpuabtjdh fgtwggh ùhtgrsbhl t`gjr prgy5 t`rduo` t`g bnt di ndpuabtjdh, ùhtgrs rgturht`g bhjkba sdua di t`g mjaagl bhjkba td t`g bhjkba kbstgr,t`grgfy ghsurjho jts p`ysjnba rgprdluntjdh jh t`g hgbr iuturg(Jhodal 2:09)

\`rduo` sjkjabr rgigrghtjba rgbsdhjho, spgnjba s`bit orbvgsbt Daghjj Dstrdv fgndkg kdrg gxpajnbfag bs t`g orbvgs di s`bkbh, dr rjtuba spgnjbajsts5 ijrst, t`gjr wgstgrh drjghtbtjdh


Ijourg 0. Adnbtjdh di Daghjj Dstrdv

ngkgtgry.



<> K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^

Ijourg :. Abydut di Daghjj Dstrdv ngkgtgry. Bitgr Ourjhb 2:79.



(w`jag gvgrydhg gasg wbs ibnjho gbst) nbh fg gxpabjhgl bsibnjho t`g ghtrbhng td t`g adwgr wdral, t`g ldkbjh di spjrjtbhngstdrs di t`g s`bkbh bhl di t`g ruagrs di t`g uhlgrwdral.\`g sduas di t`g rgst di t`g ordup jh`bfjtgl t`g uppgr wdral,

bssdnjbtgl wjt` ijs` sykfdajsk bhl ghtgrgl irdk t`g gbst.\`g prgsghng di fgbvgr jhnjsdrs, b nbtgodry di pghlbhtshdrkbaay bssdnjbtgl wjt` igkbags bt Daghjj Dstrdv, jh t`gs`bit orbvgs jrrgspgntjvg di sgx, nbh basd fg gxpabjhgl, sjhng

<< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

Ijourg 23. ^nuaptgl brtgibnts irdk

Daghjj Dstrdv bhl dt`gr brgbs.

2 ; Daghjj Dstrdv, Mbrgajb= aghot`

7< nk= 6 ; ^vghtdej, Ajtùbhjb,

aghot`5 <> nk= > ; ^vghtdej,

Ajtùbhjb, hd snbag= < ; Daghjj

Dstrdv, Mbrgajb, aghot` 73 nk=

7 ; \uaoufb, Mbrgajb, hd snbag=

9 ; Vbvj, ^ìmmjeìrvj, Mbrgajb, aghot`

2> nk (irbokght). Bitgr Nbrpgabh2:?7, Mjvjmdsmj 2:9?, Kbnjghg 2::3.

2

6

>

<

7

9



t`g s`bkbh's rdag bs b spjrjtuba kgljbtdr wjt` t`g uhlgrwdralrgprgsghtgl fdt` kgh bhl wdkgh= ndhsgqughtay, `js dr `gr rdfg rgtbjhgl sykfdas di fdt` oghlgrs (Bhjsjkdv 2:9>=Nzbpajnmb 2:2<).

\`g ghnadsurg fy wbtgr di t`g Daghgdstrdvsmj jsabhladnbtjdh jtsgai js typjnba idr furjba adnbtjdh jh hdrt`grh

Gurdpg, bhl `bs pgrsjstgl jhtd t`g N`rjstjbh pgrjdl jh sdkgbrgbs sun` bs Ijhabhl, w`grg t`g tgrk mjrmmdsbbrj „ dr nùrn` jsabhl „ lghdtgs bhnjght furjba adnbtjdhs nabjkgl fyN`rjstjbhjty. Jt rgiagnts t`g rjtuba ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh abhlbhl wbtgr, wjt` furjba di t`g lgbl tbmjho pabng ‑fgydhl t`gwbtgr‛ bs hdtgl jh t`g Mbagvbab, t`g Ijhhjs` hbtjdhba gpds(Aùhhrdt 2:9>. ^gg basd Ebndfs 2::>). \`g bssdnjbtjdh di wbtgrfjrls wjt` t`g lgbl, bhl t`g irgqught dnnurrghng di wbtgrfjrl lgsjohs dh abmgsjlg pgtrdoayp`s bhl dh ndhtbjhgrsrgigr td t`g sbkg sgt di bssdnjbtjdhs (j.g. Kbuab 2::3)._btgrfjrls brg ditgh t`g sdag fjrl rgkbjhs iduhl jh furjbas=t`g jhtgrkght di b n`jal dh b swbh's wjho bt Yglfbgm jspbrtjnuabray prgohbht wjt` sykfdajsk (Hjgasgh/Frjhn`

Sgtgrsgh 2::>).Bs wjt` Hìkidrsgh, t`g furjba orduhl bt Daghjj Dstrdv

bppgbrs td `bvg fggh b nghtrba rjtuba bhl boorgobtjdh sjtg idr b ordup di ùhtgr-obt`grgrs, ljvjlgl jhtd twd nabhs, gbn`lgijhgl fy b tdtgkjn sykfda „ bh gam bhl b shbmg. \`gtgrrjtdry di t`js ordup nbh fg lgijhgl fy pbrtjnuabr igbturgs di jts ajt`jn bssgkfabog, bhl fy t`g rgouabr usg di t`rgg ajt`jnkbtgrjbas5 orggh sabtg, qubrtz bhl iajht. \`g rjtuba bhl t`gsgnuabr bntjvjtjgs wgrg jhtgrajhmgl, bhl t`g rjtuba, uhn`bhojhotjkg di ùhtgr-obt`grgrs sun` bs t`g Daghgdstrdvsmj ordupwbs gkfgllgl jh ùhtgr-obt`grgr prbntjng= fdt` wgrgrbtjdhbajsgl fy t`g dvgrbrn`jho fgajgi systgk. Hgjt`gr t`gfgajgi systgk hdr t`g prbntjng rgqujrgl n`bhog= dh t`g

ndhtrbry, t`gy gkp`bsjsgl t`g pgrpgtubtjdh bhl rgpaghjs`-kght di rgsdurngs t`rduo` t`g pgrngptjdh di hbturg bs bojvjho ghvjrdhkght (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::3).

\ghtbtjvgay, wg `bvg rgndhstruntgl t`g sufsjstghng-sgttagkght pbttgrh bs b ljspgrsgl bhl kdfjag dhg lurjho t`gabtgr butukh bhl wjhtgr, bhl bh booadkgrbtgl bhl kdrgsglghtbry dhg lurjho t`g sukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr. Jhsukkgr, ndhnghtrbtjdhs di wbtgridwa bhl kjorbtdry ijs`diigrgl bh boorgobtjdh di rgsdurngs w`jn` wdual sustbjh bndhnghtrbtgl pdpuabtjdh. Daghjj Dstrdv wbs prdfbfay usgldhay lurjho t`js tjkg di t`g ygbr, bhl hdt jh wjhtgr, w`ghpgdpag frdmg up jhtd skbaa ordups idr uhouabtg ùhtjho bhl

trbppjho. \`g sgnuabr tjkg di t`g Daghgdstrdvmj orduprgvdavgl brduhl t`g sgbsdhba prbntjng di t`gsg tbsms, bhl t`gprbntjnba abhlsnbpg wbs strunturgl fy t`gk.

Bat`duo` jhtgr-ajhmgl, t`g gssghtjba tjkgagsshgss di t`grjtuba tjkg bntgl jh ndhtrbljstjhntjdh td t`g prbntjnbandhtjhoghnjgs di sgnuabr tjkg. Idr gxbkpag, Ebndfs hdtglt`g abrog hukfgr di truhnbtgl smgagtdhs bt Daghjj Dstrdv,bttrjfutjho t`js td pddr prgsgrvbtjdh bhl sgndhlbry

ljsturfbhng di furjbas. Bh batgrhbtjvg gxpabhbtjdh js t`btt`gsg jhljvjlubas ljgl bwby irdk t`g ngkgtgry bhl wgrgfrduo`t td t`g ngkgtgry idr furjba jh bh jhndkpagtg stbtg.Gt`hdorbp`jn bhbadougs idr sun` prbntjngs gxjst jh ^jfgrjb,w`grg t`dsg lyjho lurjho t`g wjhtgr wgrg agit gxpdsgl, ditghdh wddlgh pabtidrks jh trggs, fgidrg furjba jh t`g sprjho

(Nzbpajnmb 2:2<). Ji t`js wbs t`g nbsg, sun` prbntjng rgiagntglbnndkkdlbtjdh fgtwggh t`g rgqujrgkghts di prbntjnba tjkgw`jn` ljntbtgl b kdfjag, ljspgrsgl ajigstyag jh wjhtgr bhl di rjtuba tjkg, w`jn` rgqujrgl furjba di t`g lgbl bt t`g bhngstrbaadnbtjdh bs b wby di kgrojho t`g pbst wjt` t`g prgsght bhl bsbh biijrkbtjdh di t`g ajhm wjt` bhngstdrs.

\`g n`djng di bhjkba tggt` bs pgridrbtgl pghlbhts nbhprdvjlg bhdt`gr gxbkpag. Bat`duo` tggt` wgrg bvbjabfag irdkb abrog hukfgr di fdt` tgrrgstrjba bhl bqubtjn spgnjgs,prdnurgl lurjho prbntjnba tjkg jh t`g ndursg di ùhtjho,trbppjho bhl ijs`jho, dhay t`rgg spgnjgs wgrg utjajsgl td kbmgpgridrbtgl tddt` pghlbhts, w`jn` wgrg gjt`gr kblg jhtdhgnmabngs dr suspghlgl irdk fgats abjl bnrdss t`g fdly di t`g

lgngbsgl5 fgbr tusms, gam jhnjsdrs bhl fgbvgr jhnjsdrs. Baat`rgg bhjkbas paby bh jkpdrtbht pbrt jh t`g rjtuba sykfdajskdi kdlgrh ^jfgrjbh ordups5 t`dsg di gam bhl fgbr wgrg hdtglbfdvg, w`jag fgbvgr wbs `gal td `bvg kgljnjhba prdpgrtjgsbkdho kbhy fdrgba pgdpag (Gjlajtz 2:9:). Fgbvgr kbhljfagsidrkgl b pbrt di s`bkbh's dutijt bkdho sdkg ^jfgrjbhordups (Ourjhb 2:79). ^jkjabr sgagntjdh wbs gxgrnjsgl jhnbrvjho dfegnts irdk stdhg, wddl dr fdhg w`jn` igbturgprjhnjpbaay gam, fgbr, fgbvgr bhl wbtgrfjrls. @grg bobjh, t`gjlgdadoy `bs bntgl dh t`g rgsdurngs prdnurgl jh prbntjnbatjkg td kbmg t`gh jhtd sykfdas di t`g rjtuba, sbnrgl tjkg.

\`g adnbtjdh bhl t`g r`yt`k di usg di t`g furjba orduhljtsgai kby fg usgl bs bhdt`gr gxbkpag. \`g ajkjtgl pgrjdl di

bhy dhg gpjsdlg di usg nbh fg ndhtrbstgl wjt` rgpgbtgl usgdi t`g sbkg adnbtjdhs. Bat`duo` bt Daghjj Dstrdv wg `bvggvjlghng di dhay sjhoag gpjsdlg di usg, kdrg gxtghsjvgayjhvgstjobtgl adnbtjdhs sun` bs ^mbtg`dak dr Uvgjhjgmj s`dwsgvgrba gpjsdlgs di usg. Bt Uvgjhjgmj, idr gxbkpag, t`g furjbaorduhl wbs usgl jhtgrkjttghtay dvgr > 333 ygbrs, fgtwgghnb. <033 bhl 2033 fn (Ubodrsmjs 2:0?). _`jag t`g gpjsdlgsdi bntuba usg kby `bvg fggh ljntbtgl fy t`g `jstdry di gvghtsbhl fy t`g prbntjnba, sgnuabr tjkg di ùhtjho bhl obt`grjhondkkuhjtjgs, t`g adhoug lurêg jh t`g usg di t`g sbkg adnbtjdhsrgiagnts t`g rjtuba tjkg snbag bhl t`g pgrsjstghng di lgkbrnbtglrjtuba zdhgs wjt`jh t`g abhlsnbpg (sgg basd Frblagy 2::2, 623)

Ijhbaay, t`g dpgrbtjdh di t`g twd ljiigrght tjkg snbags nbhfg sggh jh t`g ndhtrbst fgtwggh t`g gvjlghng idr sdnjbastrunturg jhigrrgl irdk t`g kdrtubry bhbaysjs bhl t`gsykfdajsk di Daghgdstrdvsmjj sdnjgty. Kdrtubry bhbaysjs `bsrgvgbagl t`g gxjstghng di bt agbst sgvgh sdnjba ljkghsjdhs,gxprgssjho fbhl kgkfgrs`jp, bog, sgx, pgrsdhba wgbat` bhlt`rgg spgnjbajsgl rbhms (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<), suoogstjho blgsnght-fbsgl sdnjgty drobhjsgl jhtd b sgqughtjba `jgrbrn`y

<7 K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^



(Balghigalgr 2::>= Ed`hsdh 2:06), w`jn` wbs ajhmgl tdrjtuba, fut w`jn` dpgrbtgl jhlgpghlghtay irdk dhg bhdt`gr.Bat`duo` rjtuba rdags bppgbr td `bvg fggh jh`grjtgl, wgbat`wbs hdt5 jt tghlgl td lgnajhg wjt` bog (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja2:0<). Ljiigrghngs jh kdrtubry wgbat` bhl `drjzdhtba sdnjbaljiigrghtjbtjdh wgrg jlghtjijgl jh dt`gr kdrtubry ndhtgxts jh

tgkpgrbtg Hdrt`grh Gurdpg (Nabrm/Hggagy 2:0?= Abrssdh2:0:= Kgjmaged`h/Uvgagfja 2::2= Ubodrsmjs 2:0?). Bat`duo`t`gsg jlghtjijnbtjdhs rgkbjh td sdkg gxtght bkfjoudus,t`g gabfdrbtjdh bhl ljiigrghtjbtjdh di furjba prbntjng jh t`gabtg Kgsdajt`jn bppgbrs td fg kun` orgbtgr t`bh bkdho t`ggt`hdorbp`jnbaay mhdwh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs di ^jfgrjb,suoogstjho t`bt sdnjba strunturg wbs kdrg `jgrbrn`jnbaayrbhmgl t`bh wbs t`g nbsg bkdho t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgrs di t`ggt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl. Bs sun`, sdnjba prbntjng, kbrmgl fyrbhmjho, ndhiajnts wjt` t`g gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr kdlg di prdluntjdh, gkfgllgl jh t`g wdral-vjgw di t`g fdrgba ùhtgr-obt`grgrs (Jhodal 2:09, 2:00), bhl ajhmglsykfdajnbaay wjt` Daghjj Dstrdv bhl dt`gr Kgsdajt`jn

ngkgtgrjgs t`rduo` t`g usg di t`g sbkg sykfdas bhl furjbarjtgs.

Frblagy rgkbrmgl t`bt ‑fy lghyjho t`g pbssbog di tjkg,pgdpag nbh kbsm t`g giignt di rgvdautjdhbry lgvgadpkghts‛(2::2, 62?). Bs bt Hìkidrsgh, pgdpag bt Daghjj Dstrdv kby`bvg kbsmgl t`g gxjstghng di sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs, bnmhdwaglogljh sdnjba prbntjng bhl jh jhljvjluba furjbas, fut dfsnurgl fybl`grghng td t`g sykfdas di gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy rgqujrgl fyt`g wdral-vjgw di hdrt`grh ùhtgr-obt`grgrs.

9. Ljsnussjdh bhl ndhnausjdhs

@dw nbh J eustjiy sun` ajtgrbry usg di ljrgnt `jstdrjnba, dr

rgabtjdhba, bhbadoy spbhhjho ?333 ygbrs4 \d fgojh wjt`, t`gusg di t`g bhbadoy jh t`js nbsg sggks vbajl fgnbusg t`gsdnjgtjgs jh qugstjdh brg `jstdrjnbaay ajhmgl bhl fgnbusgt`gy dpgrbtgl jh sjkjabr gndadojnba bhl gndhdkjn ndhljtjdhs(sgg basd \jaagy 2::2). \`js broukght js ndhsjlgrbfaystrghot`ghgl ji wg trbng t`g `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhogfgtwggh t`gsg sdnjgtjgs frdblay jh tgrks di strunturg bhlboghny (Fdurljgu 2:??= Ojllghs 2:0<= Abytdh 2:07, 2::2).Jh ky vjgw, prg`jstdrjn bhl rgnght gt`hdorbp`jn sdnjgtjgss`brg t`g sbkg spbtjba bhl drobhjsbtjdhba strunturgs. \wd sgtsdi strunturgs brg bppbrght5

2. Srbntjnba strunturg ndhljtjdhgl fy t g gndadoy di t`g

rgsdurngs, najkbtg, ogdkdrp`dadoy di t`g hbturbaghvjrdhkght. ^gbsdhba rgojkgs di rgsdurng usg, t`gdrobhjsbtjdh di t`g prbntjnba tjkg, tgn`hdadojnba trbljtjdhsjh t`gjr rgabtjdhs td t`g ljvjsjdh di abfdur bhl sdnjbadrobhjsbtjdh fgadho td t`js nbtgodry di strunturgs.

6. Jlgdadojnba „ ndskdadojnba strunturg brjsjho irdk t gùhtgr-obt`grgr jlgdadoy bhl bs b ndhsgqughng di fdrgbaùhtgr-obt`grgr ndskdadoy.

Jh dt`gr wdrls, t`g rgkbrmbfag sykfdajn ndhtjhujty js bhgxprgssjdh di t`g uhlgrayjho ndhngptuba strunturg= jt js biuhntjdh di bh jlgdadojnba systgk w`jn` gkp`bsjsgstjkgagsshgss bhl njrnuabtjdh di bhjkba rgsdurngs jhrgoghgrbtjdh nynags fy kgbhs di `bvjho t`rgg sufstbhngs „ p`ysjnba sgai, fdly sdua bhl irgg sdua, kbhbogl fy ùkbh

bhl bhjkba kbstgrs jh bh bnt di ndaagntjvg bpprdprjbtjdh(Jhodal 2:09)= fy t`g pgrngptjdh di hbturg bs b ojvjhoghvjrdhkght, bhl fy t`g prdsgnutjdh di t`g gobajtbrjbhjlgdadoy di s`brjho (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::3). Fgbrjho t`js jh kjhl,wg nbh fgojh td uhlgrstbhl t`g adhoug lurêg di sun` jlgdadoy.

\`g sdnjba (bhl gndhdkjn) drobhjsbtjdh di t`g sdnjgtjgs jhqugstjdh, gkfgllgl wjt`jh t`gsg strunturgs, n`bhogs t`rduo`t`g dpgrbtjdh di lyhbkjn ibntdrs5 boghny „ fy w`jn` J kgbh`jstdrjnbaay sjtubtgl hgodtjbtjdh idr pdwgr, ndhtrda bhlbttbjhkght di odbas fgtwggh ljiigrght sgokghts di t`g sdnjgty.\`js ljsndursg tbmgs pabng bt ljiigrght snbags di drobhjsbtjdh,stbrtjho wjt` jhljvjlubas, kdvjho dhtd `dusg`dals, ordupsfduhl fy mjhs`jp tjgs, ndkkuhjtjgs bhl abrogr uhjts. \`g usg

bhl kgbhjho di sykfdas wjaa n`bhog bs b pbrt di t`js prdngssdi hgodtjbtjdh „ wjt`jh t`g jlgdadojnba strunturg w`jn`prdvjlgs t`g irbkg di rgigrghng idr n`bhogs jh jhtgrprgtbtjdh.Jh ky dpjhjdh, bat`duo` t`g boghny kdljijgl t`g usg di sykfdas, t`g jlgdadojnba strunturg jtsgai ljl hdt n`bhog uhtjat`g ndrpus di sykfdas bssdnjbtgl wjt` ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs wbs rgpabngl fy t`dsg bssdnjbtgl wjt` ibrkjho5j.g. hdt tjaa bfdut 2333 fn jh hdrt`grh ^wglgh bhl Ijhabhl,hdt tjaa bfdut BL 733 jh Mbrgajb, bhl hdt tjaa t`g prgsghtnghtury bkdho t`g Mgts di _gstgrh ^jfgrjb.

_`bt ldgs t`js tgaa us bfdut t`g pgrngptjdh bhl usg di abhlsnbpgs fy prg`jstdrjn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl bfdut t`gjr sdnjba strunturg4 \`g gxbkpags w`jn` J `bvg ljsnussgl

gkp`bsjsg hdt dhay rgouabr pbttgrhjho jh t`g prbntjnba usgdi t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr abhlsnbpgs, fut basd t`g gxjstghng di rjtuba bhl furjba zdhgs. \d sdkg gxtght sun` zdhgs brgdvgrabppjho5 sjtgs usgl idr prbntjnba purpdsgs basd `bvgsdnjba sjohjijnbhng bhl rjtuba kgbhjho5 abhlsnbpg js bsdnjbaay ndhstruntgl p`ghdkghdh. Jh blljtjdh, t`grg brg brgbssun` bs Daghjj Dstrdv dr Hìkidrsgh w`grg t`g rjtuba bhlsdnjba rdags brg gkp`bsjsgl bhl sykfdajsgl jh t`g abhlsnbpg.\`gsg adnbtjdhs brg nghtrba td t`g gndhdkjn bhl sdnjba ajig di t`g ordups usjho t`gk.

Ndkpbrjho t`g gndhdkjn, t`g sykfdajn bhl t`g furjbagvjlghng, J `bvg brougl idr b tghsjdh lgvgadpjho fgtwggh t`g

jkpdsjtjdh di b hdrkbtjvg gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy bhl t`g sdnjbargbajty kbrmgl fy bh jhnrgbsg jh sdnjba strbtjijnbtjdh bhlsdnjba ndkpgtjtjdh. Jh brgbs sun` bs Hìkidrsgh, t`js dnnurrgltdwbrls t`g ghl di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr stdhg bog. \d kykjhl, t`js rgprgsghts b oddl jaaustrbtjdh di t`g lyhbkjnidrngs di boghny, jh t`g nbsg di Hìkidrsgh prdvdmgl fyndhtbnt wjt` ibrkjho ordups jh sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh t`g nbsgdi Daghjj Dstrdv sdnjgty, nuaturba gabfdrbtjdh bhl jhnjpjght




<? K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^

Ijourg 22. Jlgdadoy bs bh boghny di sdnjba n bhog.



strbtjijnbtjdh kby `bvg fggh ajhmgl td jts nghtrba rdag jh t`grgojdhba trblg jh iajht bhl t`g `joày vbaugl orggh Dadhgtzsabtg (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<).

\`g `jstdrjnba gxpabhbtjdh, t`gh, js fbsgl dh t`g prgkjsgt`bt t`g jlgdadoy di s`brjho, bat`duo` bl`grgl td hdkjhbaay,jhnrgbsjhoay ljl hdr rgiagnt sdnjba prbntjng jh t`g abtg

Kgsdajt`jn. \`g tghsjdh fgtwggh jlgdadojnba prgsnrjptjdh bhlprbntjng jhnrgbsgl wjt` tgn`hdadojnba jhhdvbtjdh, jhnrgbsg jhtgrrjtdrjbajty bhl, abtgr, ndhtbnt wjt` ibrkjho sdnjgtjgs.\grrjtdrjbajty bhl lgabygl-rgturh tgn`hdadojgs jkpay rgstrjntjdhdi bnngss td rgsdurngs, bhl ghndurbog rgsdurng dwhgrs`jp5t`gjr bpprdprjbtjdh bppgbrs hd adhogr ndaagntjvg, fut bprdlunt di jhljvjluba abfdur.

_jt`jh t`js ndhtgxt, t`g jkpbnt di t`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr wdual `bvg fggh igat jh kbhy bspgnts di ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba ajig. Ibrkjho oddls bhl prdlunts sun` bs pdajs`glstdhg bxgs, ngrbkjns, gtn. ndhtbjhgl b ndkpdhght di bllglvbaug, brjsjho irdk t`gjr gxdtjn drjojh bhl prgstjojdus „ sufvgrsjvg pgr`bps „ jlgdadojnba bssdnjbtjdh. Bs wg mhdw,

stdhg bxg jkpdrts wgrg trblgl wjlgay jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg,bhl t`grg wgrg dt`gr jtgks di trblg (ijo. 9) (Uvgagfja 2::9).Whagss rg-jhtgrprgtgl jh t`g ndhtgxt di ùhtgr-obt`grgr jlgdadoy, sun` gxn`bhog oddls wgrg fduhl td prdkdtg sdnjbagajtgs. \dogt`gr, t`gsg lgvgadpkghts nrgbtgl strunturbandhljtjdhs idr sdnjba lgpghlghny, bhl ‐sjkuatbhgdus‚ rbt`gr t`bh ‐sgqughtjba‚ `jgrbrn`jgs (Ed`hsdh 2:06).

_`bt giignt wdual t`js `bvg dh t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr fgajgi systgk4 Jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, wg nbh, pgr`bps,jlghtjiy fdt` jlgdadojnba nghsurg bhl trbhsidrkbtjdh(ijo. 22).

^gvgrba pgdpag `bvg hdtgl t`g jhndkpbtjfjajty di idrbojhobhl ibrkjho sykfdajn ndlgs5 N`bpkbh, idr gxbkpag, brougs

t`bt prdlunts w`jn` sykfdajsgl ibrkjho wgrg gxnaulgl irdkt`g abtg Kgsdajt`jn sjtg di Agpghsmj Yjr jh t`g LbhufgOdrogs (2::>). Bs pdjhtgl dut gbrajgr, t`g ùhtgr-ijs`gr ndkkuhjtjgs bt Hìkidrsgh bleustgl t`gjr gndhdky td t`glgkbhls di bh gxn`bhog systgk ndhtrdaagl fy ibrkgrs,bhl rgndrlgl t`js jh t`gjr sykfdajn systgk. Jh fdt` nbsgs,t`duo`, ibrkjho wbs rgegntgl sykfdajnbaay bhl jh prbntjng.\`g sufsgqught nuaturba sjkpajijnbtjdh, gvjlght bt AgpghsmjYjr, bs wgaa bs jh t`g ijhba p`bsgs di ùhtgr-obt`grgr sgttagkght jh kbhy pbrts di ^nbhljhbvjb, suoogsts b sdrt di prg`jstdrjn ‑ghnbpsuabtjdh‛ „ b sjtubtjdh hdtgl bkdhogt`hdorbp`jn ùhtgr-obt`grgrs bitgr b pgrjdl di ndhtbnt wjt`

ibrkgrs (_ddlfurh 2:06, 2:00). Batgrhbtjvgay, tghsjdhfgtwggh t`g jlgdadoy di s`brjho bhl t`g prbntjng di bnnukuabtjdh, prdkdtgl fy ndhtbnts wjt` ibrkgrs, wdual`bvg fggh rgsdavgl fy jlgdadojnba trbhsidrkbtjdh, baadwjhoidr t`g dwhgrs`jp di ldkgstjnbtgl rgsdurngs, idrkbajsglrbhmjho, bhl t`g bnnukuabtjdh di wgbat` (ijo. 22).

Bs wg mhdw, ùhtgr-obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs jh hdrt`grhGurdpg bldptgl ibrkjho bt vgry ljiigrght spggls5 rbhojho

irdk 233->33 ygbrs jh t`g _gst Fbatjn td 733-2333 ygbrs jht`g gbst (Uvgagfja 2::9). Jt js ndkkdhay bssukgl t`bt sdnjbabhl jlgdadojnba strunturgs wgrg trbhsidrkgl jh t`g prdngssFut `dw kun` n`bhog wbs bntubaay jhvdavgl4 \`g gkp`bsjsdh ndkkuhba tgrrjtdrjgs bhl ndkkuhba rjtuba, n`brbntgrjstjndi t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn jh hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg, gkp`bsjsgs t`g

ndhtjhubtjdh di Kgsdajt`jn trbljtjdhs. Dt`gr igbturgs ndkkdhtd fdt` t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr bhl gbray ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgsjhnaulg lgpdsjts di iddl bhl bhtagr jh orbvgs, ldo furjbas,kdrtubry `dusgs, njrnuabtjdh di ùkbh fdhgs, vdtjvg lgpdsjtsjh bqubtjn adnbtjdhs bhl t`g usg di stdhg jh orbvg brn`jtgnturg(sgg basd Frblagy, t`js vdaukg= Eghhfgrt, t`js vdaukg=\`dkbs, t`js vdaukg= Kblsgh, t`js vdaukg). Bt t`g sbkgtjkg, t`grg js gvjlghng idr sdnjba gajtgs bhl gxnausjdh irdkrjtuba prbntjng, t`g gxtght di w`jn`, td ky kjhl, `bs hdt fgghborggl updh. Ndual jt fg t`bt, jh sdkg wbys, ndkkuhbarjtuba, sykfdajsgl fy nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs bhl kgobajt`jntdkfs sgrvgl bs bh gabfdrbtg jlgdadojnba prbntjng jhtghlgltd sbigoubrl t`g prbntjng di s`brjho bhl ndkkuhba jlghtjty

fy kdvjho jt irdk b pgrsdhba bhl uhjvgrsba jlgdadoy(gkfgllgl jh ùhtjho-obt`grjho) td b ljiigrght agvga di sdnjbadrobhjsbtjdh5 td b agvga di pufajn rjtuba. \`js wbs pgr`bps t`gtrbhsidrkbtjdh w`jn` ibnjajtbtgl, jlgdadojnbaay, t`g bldptjdhdi ibrkjho.

rgigrghngs

Bagmsghmd, G.B. 2:9?. Mgty, Kdsmvb.

Balghlgrigr, K. 2::>. Vjtuba, `jgrbrn`y bhl n`bhog jh idrbojho

sdnjgtjgs, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 26 (2), 27-<7.

Bhlgrsdh, B. 2:?9. Srg`jstdrjn ndkpgtjtjdh bhl gndhdkjn n`bhog

jh hdrt`grh ^wglgh, S`.L. Ljssgrtbtjdh (uhpufajs`gl), NbkfrjlogWhjvgrsjty, Nbkfrjlog.

Bhjsjkdv, B. 2:9>. Ndskdadojnba ndhngpts di t`g pgdpag id t`ghdrt`. Jh5 @. Kjn`bga (gl.) ^tuljgs jh ^jfgrjbh s`bkbhjsk, \drdhtd.

Fbldu, G. 2:?>. \`g nuaturba ndhngpt jh t`g hdrt` ^wgljs` stdhg bog.Jh5 O. Fgro (gl.) Njrnukpdabr prdfagks, Dxidrl.

Fbldu, G. 2:??. Lgh iùrh`jstdrjsmb i bhostmuaturgh j Yìstgrhdrrabhl.Jh5 G. Fbldu & M.O.^gajhog, Yìstgrhdrrabhls Iùr`jstdrjb, Kdtbab.

Fb`h, S. & B. Vdsghigal 2::2 (gls.) Vdnm brt bhl prg`jstdry,

Sbpgrs prgsghtgl td sykpdsjuk O di t`g BWVB Ndhorgss, Lbrwjh

2:00, Dxidrl.

Fbazgr, K.K. 2:03. \`g rdutg td gtgrhjty5 nuaturba pgrsjstghng bhln`bhog jh ^jfgrjbh M`bhtsy furjba rjtuba, Brntjn Bht`rdpdadoy 6?(2), ??-0:.




Fadn`, K. 2:??. \`g pbst bhl t`g prgsght jh t`g prgsght, Kbh 26,6?0-6:6.

Fdurljgu, S. 2:??. Dutajhg di b t`gdry di prbntjng, Nbkfrjlog.

Frblagy, V. 2::2. Vjtuba, tjkg bhl `jstdry, _dral Brn`bgdadoy 6>,63:-62:.

Frblagy, V., E. @brljho & K. Kbt`gws 2::>. \`g sjtjho di prg`jstdrjn rdnm brt jh Obaadwby, sdut`-wgst ^ndtabhl, Srdnggljhos

di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7:, 69:-0>.

Frblagy, V., I.N. Fdbld & V.I. Ybanbrg 2::7. Vdnm brt bhl t`gprg`jstdrjn abhlsnbpg di Obajnjb5 t`g rgsuats di ijgal survgy 2::6-2::<, Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 92, ><?->?3.

N`bpkbh, E. 2::>. ^dnjba pdwgr jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5N`bpkbh, E. & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdhs bhl

jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Balgrs`dt, ?2-266.

N`rjstjbhssdh, @. & H.L. Frdblfght 2:?7. Srg`jstdrjn Ndbstba

sgttagkght dh t`g uppgr Fdt`jbh Ndbst di Hdrt`grh ^wglgh. Jh5_. Ijtzùo` (gl.) Srg`jstdrjn kbrjtjkg blbptbtjdhs di t`g

njrnukpdabr zdhg, \`g @boug/Sbrjs, <?-7?.

Nabrm, O. 2::6. ^pbng, tjkg bhl kbh, b prg`jstdrjbh's vjgw,Nbkfrjlog.

Nabrm, O. B. & K. Hggagy 2:0?. ^dnjba ljiigrghtjbatjdh jh GurdpgbhKgsdajt`jn furjba lbtb. Jh5 S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy, K. Uvgagfja &@.S. Fabhm`dak (gls.) Kgsdajt`jn Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg, rgnght trghls,^`giijgal, 262-2>3.

Nzbpajnmb, K.B. 2:2<. Bfdrjojhba ^jfgrjb. B stuly jh sdnjba

bht`rdpdadoy, Dxidrl.

Gjlajtz, M. 2:9:. Iddl bhl gkgroghny iddl jh t`g njrnukpdabr brgb,^tuljb Gt`hdorbp`jnb Wppsbajghsjs >6 (kdhdorbp`).

Iaddl, E.K. 2:0?. Vdnm brt di t`g Mddafurrb Sabtgbu, hdrt`Rugghsabhl, Vdnm Brt Vgsgbrn` <, :2-269.

Idrsfgro, A. 2:07. ^jtg vbrjbfjajty bhl sgttagkght pbttgrhs, Brn`bgdadoy bhl Ghvjrdhkght 7 (kdhdorbp`), Wkgb.

Ojllghs, B. 2:0<. \`g ndhstjtutjdh di sdnjgty, Fgrmgagy/AdsBhogags.

Odslgh, N. 2::<. ^dnjba fgjho bhl tjkg, Dxidrl.

Ourjhb, H.H. 2:79. Daghgdstrdvsmjj Kdojahjm, Kbtgrjbay j

Jssagldvbhjb pd Brm`gdadojj ^^^V (kdhdorbp`).

@baastrùk, O. 2:93. Kdhukghtba brt di Hdrt`grh ^wglgh irdk t`g

stdhg bog, ^tdnm`dak.

Jhodal, \. 2:09. \`g bpprdprjbtjdh di hbturg, Kbhn`gstgr.

Jhodal, \. 2::>. \`g tgkpdrbajty di abhlsnbpg, _dral Brn`bgdadoy

(6), 27>-2?<.

Ebndfs, M. 2::7. Vgturh td Daghjj Dstrdv5 sdnjba, gndhdkjn bhlsmgagtba ljkghsjdhs di b fdrgba idrgst Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry, Edurhba

di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 2<, >7:-<3>.

Ed`hsdh, O. 2:06. Drobhjsbtjdhba strunturg bhl snbabr strgss. Jh5N. Vghirgw, K. Vdwabhls & F. ^gborbvgs (gls.) \`gdry bhl

gxpabhbtjdh jh brn`bgdadoy, Hgw Zdrm, <3:-<62.

Màdfjstjhb, K.L. 2:?0. Hgmdtdryjg vdprdsy pbagdsdnjdadojn`gsmdjjhtgrprgtbnjj Daghgdstrdvsmdod Kdojahjmb, ^dvgtsmbyb Brm`gdadojb

>, <?-7?.

Mu`h, @. 2:79. \`g rdnm pjnturgs di Gurdpg, Adhldh.

Abrssdh, A. 2:0:. Gt`hjnjty bhl trbljtjdhs jh Kgsdajt`jn kdrtubryprbntjngs di sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb. Jh5 ^.E. ^`ghhbh (gl.) Brn`bgdadojnba bpprdbn`gs td nuaturba jlghtjty, Adhldh, 623-620.

Abrssdh, A. 2::>. \`g ^mbtg`dak prdegnt5 Abtg Kgsdajt`jn ndbstbasgttagkght jh sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg stuljgs jh

Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Adhldh, >2-96.

Agbn`, G. 2::3. Brybh Jhvbsjdhs dvgr idur kjaaghjb. Jh5 G. D`humj-\jgrhgy (gl.) Nuaturg t`rduo` tjkg5 bht`rdpdadojnba bpprdbn`gs,^tbhidrl.

Agg, O. 2::6. \`g rdnm brt di Gbstgrh Jsabhl5 sykfdas di pdwgr bhl

prbygrs td t`g odls, Ads Bhogags.

Agwjs-_jaajbks, E.L. 2:02. Fgajgvjho bhl sggjho5 sykfdajn

kgbhjhos jh ^dut`grh sgb rdnm brt , Hgw Zdrm.

Agwjs-_jaajbks, E.L. 2:0>. Vdnm brt di ^dut`grh Birjnb, Nbkfrjlog

Abytdh, V. 2:07. \`g nuaturba ndhtgxt di ùhtgr-obt`grgr rdnm brt, Kbh 63, <><-<7>.

Abytdh, V. 2::2. Ijourg, kdtji bhl sykfda jh t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr rdnm brt di Gurdpg bhl Bustrbajb. Jh5 S. Fb`h, S. & B. Vdsghigal(gls.) Vdnm brt bhl prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, 6>->:.

Aùhhrdt, G. 2:9>. \`g Mbagvbab dr pdgks di t`g Mbagvb Ljstrjnt ,Nbkfrjlog, Kbssbnùsgtt.

Kbuab, G. (gl.) 2::3. ^wbhsdhos, Vdnm Brt irdk Abmg Dhgob <333-

6333 F.N., \brtu, \`g ^dnjgty di Srg`jstdrjn Brt.

Kbakgr, K. 2:?7. \`g rdnm nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh, Çhogrkbhabhl,^wglgh bs b prdfagk di kbrjtjkg blbptbtjdh bhl njrnukpdabr rgabtjdhs. Jh5 _. Ijtzùo` (gl.) Srg`jstdrjn blbptbtjdhs di t`g

njrnukpdabr zdhg, \`g @boug.

Kbakgr, K. 2:02. B n`rdhdadojnba stuly di hdrt` Gurdpgbh rdnm

brt , ^tdnm`dak.

<: K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^



Kgjmaged`h, N. & K. Uvgagfja 2::2. @gbat` stbtus di Gurdpgbhpdpuabtjdhs bt t`g borjnuaturba trbhsjtjdh bhl t`g jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`gbldptjdh di ibrkjho. Jh5 @. Fus` & K. Uvgagfja (gls.) @gbat` jh

pbst sdnjgtjgs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba^grjgs 79?, 26:-2<7.

Kdrp`y, @. 2:?0. Kbhooobajaj Brt, Sbjhtjhos fy t`g Bfdrjojhba

Brtjsts Hburjtejh bhl Fbhbpbhb Kbykuru, Nbhfgrrb.

Kdrp`y, @. 2::>. Ndadhjbajsk, `jstdry bhl t`g ndhstruntjdh di pabng5 t`g pdajtjns di abhlsnbpg jh Hdrt`grh Bustrbajb. Jh5 F. Fghlgr (gl.) Abhlsnbpg5 pdajtjns bhl pgrspgntjvgs, Srdvjlghng/Dxidrl, 637-6<>.

Hjgasgh, G.M. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2::>. Furjbas, pgdpag bhl ldos.Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs

di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Ndpgh`bogh, ?9-03.

Hyobbrl, ^. 2:0:. \`g stdhg bog di hdrt`grh ^nbhljhbvjb5 b rgvjgw, Edurhba di _dral Srg`jstdry >, ?2-229.

D'^`gb, E. & K. Uvgagfja 2:0<. Daghgdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm5rgndhstruntjho sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn drobhjsbtjdh di prg`jstdrjnùhtgr-ijs`grs jh hdrt`grh Vussjb, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba

Brn`bgdadoy >, 2-<3.

Srjng, \.L. & M. Ebndfs 2::3. Daghjj Dstrdv5 ijrst rbljdnbrfdhlbtgs irdk b kbedr Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry jh Mbrgajb, Bhtjqujty , 0<:-7>.

Vgsmgtdv, B. 2:?6. Dm`dthjmj, ^dfjrbtgaj, Vyfdadvy, Kdsmvb.

Vdfgrts, F.M. 2:0?. Abhlsnbpg brn`bgdadoy. Jh5 E.K. _bostbii (gl.) Abhlsnbpg bhl nuaturg, Dxidrl, ??-:7.

^bvbttgygv, 2:?>. Sgtrdoajiy Mbrgajj, Ydprdsy Jstdrjj 9 (kdhdorbp ).

\jaagy, N. 2::2. Kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl tgxt. \`g brt di bkfjoujty,Adhldh/Hgw Zdrm.


Ydrrgh, Ð. 2:03. ^bkjsm fdsgtthjho pb Hdrlmbadttgh, brgbaljspdhgr-jho do rgsursuthyttjho j `jstdrjsm-ðmdadojsm fgayshjho. Jh5 G. Fbldu

& M.@. Lb astglt (gls.) Hdrl-^mbhljhbvjghs @jstdrjb j \vìrvgtgh-smbpajo Fgayshjho, Wkgb.

_ddlfurh, E. 2:06. Gobajtbrjbh sdnjgtjgs, Kbh 2?, <>2-<72.

_ddlfurh, E. 2:00. Birjnbh ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh5 js jtfgst uhlgrstddl bs b prdlunt di ghnbpsuabtjdh4 Jh5 \. Jhodal,L. Vjn`gs & E. _ddlfurh (gls.) @uhtgrs bhl obt`grgrs 2, Dxidrl,>2-9<.

Ubodrsmjs, I. 2:0?. Uvgehjgmu Bmukghs Abjmkgtb Mbpuabums, Vjob.

Uvgagfja, K. 2:02. Irdk idrbogr td ibrkgr jh t`g fdrgba zdhg,Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 227.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::>. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl ‑prgsghnjho‛ t`gKgsdajt`jn, Brn`gdadojnba Vgvjgw irdk Nbkfrjlog 26 (6)5 72-?3.

Uvgagfja, K. 2::9. \`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr bhl t`g trbhsjtjdh tdibrkjho jh t`g njrnuk-Fbatjn rgojdh. Jh5 L. @brrjs (gl.) \`g drjojh bhl

sprgbl di borjnuaturg bhl pbstdrbajsk jh Gurbsjb, Adhldh, >6>-><7.

Kbrgm UvgagfjaLgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy bhl Srg`jstdryWhjvgrsjty di ^`giijgalHdrtòbtg @dusg, _gst ^trggt

WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal




2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral nbh fg bpprdbn`gl irdk twd

ljiigrght bhoags. \`g ijrst js bfdut dur dwh kghtbajty bhl dur

sdnjba wdral bhl dur prgndhngptjdhs jh tbnmajho prg`jstdrjn

sdnjgtjgs. Dur pgrngptjdhs di ùkbhmjhl bhl nuaturg brg di

kbedr jkpdrtbhng ji wg brg td bpprdbn` sdnjba strunturgs bhl

jlgdadoy di ^tdhg Bog sdnjgtjgs. \`g sgndhl ljrgntjdh js td

bsm w`bt mjhl di kghtbajty bhl sdnjba wdral t`dsg pgdpag

kby `bvg `bl jh t`g tjkg di t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g

Gbray Hgdajt`jn jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb. J suoogst b lggptjkg pgrspgntjvg jh drlgr td `bvg b n`bhng td pgrngjvg t`g

sjohjijnbhng di kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl sdnjgty.

\`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh ^dut`grh

^nbhljhbvjb js gxtrgkgay ndkpagx jh hbturg, bhl jhvdavgs

kbhy ljkghsjdhs td fg gvbaubtgl. \`g brn`bgdadojnba

gvjlghng bhl dur ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms ndhngrhjho t`g

sjtubtjdh jh t`js brgb wjaa fg ljsnussgl jh t`js ndhtgxt. J bk

odjho td prgsght ky pgrngptjdh di w`bt kby `bvg `bppghgl

lurjho t`g pgrjdl jh qugstjdh jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb.

6. \`g kdlgrh wdral bhl t`g kghtbajty di

addmjho bt dt`gr sdnjgtjgs

Jh rgnght ygbrs t`grg `bs fggh b ndhsjlgrbfag lgfbtg jhbrn`bgdadoy bhl dt`gr ljsnjpajhgs bfdut dur pdssjfjajtjgs di

uhlgrstbhljho sdnjgtjgs di tdlby bhl sdnjgtjgs jh t`g pbst.

Dhg di t`g tdpjns ndhngrhs ‐Ws bhl t`g Dt`grs‚/‐Ws bhl

\`gk‚ (Ibfjbh 2:0>). @dw ld wg idrng t`gsg jlgbs dh t`g

‐Grtgfðaag pgdpag‚ bhl dh t`g ‐Iuhhgafgbmgr pgdpag‚4

\`g ljvjsjdh fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn js

basd b ljvjsjdh fgtwggh twd jlgbs bfdut pgdpag. \`g

Kgsdajt`jn jhljvjluba js n`brbntgrjsgl, bs Euajbh \`dkbs

wrdtg, ‑jh tgrks di blbptjvg rgspdhsgs td ghvjrdhkghtba

prgssurgs‛. \`g ‐Hgdajt`jns‚ wgrg lgsnrjfgl ‑bs purpdsjvg

sufegnts, bntjho jh pursujt di sdnjbaay-lgijhgl odbas‛ (\`dkbs

2:00, 7:). \`g jlgb di ùkbhs n`brbntgrjzgs t`g uhlgrstbhl-

jho di sdnjgty bhl `dw jt js bhbaysgl.

Gajsbfgt` Vulgfgnm `bs prgsghtgl bh jhtgrgstjho stuly,

rgvgbajho `dw sjx pbrtjnjpbhts jh t`g lgfbtg dh Hgdajt`jsbtjdh

jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb (pufajs`gl jh Edurhba di Lbhjs`

Brn`bgdadoy 2:06-2:09) broug jh vgry ljiigrght wbys.

^`g ndhngrhs t`g jkbogs di ùkbh fgjhos gxpadrgl jh t`g

brn`bgdadojnba tgxts usjho ndhngpts sun` bs tgagdadoy,

strunturba ndhtjhujty vgrsus strunturba n`bhog, ùkbh

kdtjvgs, nghtrg-pgrjp`gry, tjkg drjghtbtjdh, bhl t`g Dt`gr.

Jhspjrgl fy @. _`jtg‚s nabssjijnbtjdhs di `jstdrjnba hbrrbtjvgs

s`g iduhls fdt` `grdgs bhl trbojn ijourgs jh t`g hbrrbtjvgs di

t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn. \`grg js bh uhlgrayjho

tghlghny gjt`gr td gkbhnjpbtg t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg irdk dur

prgndhngptjdhs dr td kbmg jt kdrg prjkjtjvg (Vulgfgnm

2::9). Ndhngrhjho ky dwh ljsnussjdhs di Hgdajt`jsbtjdh idr

gxbkpag, J gkbhnjpbtgl t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg, kbmjho jt kdrg

kdlgrh, bnndrljho td t`g bhbaysjs kblg fy Vulgfgnm.\`g stgrgdtypgl bssukptjdhs bfdut pgdpag, bhl basd bfdut

wdkgh bhl kgh, dal bhl yduho s`dual fg qugstjdhgl jh

drlgr td ljsnuss sdnjba lyhbkjns, kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba

wdral. Dur gt`hdnghtrjn fjbs, dur Gurdnghtrjn fjbs bhl

dur bhlrdnghtrjn fjbs agbvg t`gjr ljstjhnt kbrm dh t`g

brn`bgdadojnba pgrngptjdh di pbst sdnjgtjgs. \`g kghtbajty di

t`g kdlgrh sdnjba wdral gvjlghtay biignts t`g pgrngptjdhs di

jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturgs jh pbst sdnjgtjgs.

Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral ndrrgspdhl td jlgdadoy,

w`jn` J rgobrl bs b nuaturba pgrngptjdh di t`g wdral jhnauljho

nuaturba hdrks di jhljvjlubas bhl sdnjgty. Jh kghtbajty J basd

jhnaulg t`g gvgrylby ajig di ùkbh fgjhos. Jh drlgr td ogt sdkg

jlgbs di sdnjgtjgs jh ^tdhg Bog Gurdpg t`g idnus s`dual fg dht`g adho-tgrk strunturg di kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral. Ji wg

brg td `bvg b n`bhng td orbsp t`g jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg,

wg `bvg td od td t`g jhsjlg di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs. Baa nuaturba

rgbajtjgs s`dual fg jhtgorbtgl jh t`g uhlgrstbhljho jhnauljho

sun` bs ajvjho, gbtjho, wdrmjho, igbstjho, ljgt, `gbat` bhl lyjho.

\`g wby jhljvjluba kjhls bhl ndaagntjvg hdrks wdrm js b

prgrgqujsjtg idr uhlgrstbhljho jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba ajig.

Irdk t`g brn`bgdadojnba pdjht di vjgw, t`bt kgbhs t`bt baa mjhls

di brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng s`dual fg frduo`t jhtd t`g ljsnussjdh

\ryjho td gxpadrg kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral nbaas idr fdt` t`g

sdnjba bhl t`g gndhdkjn ndhtgxt. \`g nghtrba ndhngpts jh t`js

uhlgrstbhljho bhl t`g stuly di kbtgrjba nuaturg, sgttagkghts,

furjbas bhl vdtjvg diigrjhos brg tgrrjtdrjbajty, ndkkuhjnbtjdh

sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh, oghlgr bhl pgdpag t`gksgavgs.

>. \`g kghtbajty bhl sdnjba wdral di t`g tdhg

Bog sdnjgtjgs

Ndhngrhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh ^dut`grh

^nbhljhbvjb gxbkjhbtjdhs di t`g ljiigrght brn`bgdadojnba

Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdrl. \`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb



sdurngs bhl ndhsjlgrbtjdhs di nurrght t`gdrjgs wgrg rgnghtay

kblg fy Bhhg Frjojttg Ogfbugr bhl Lduoabs Srjng (2::6).

\`g lgfbtg dh t`g trbhsjtjdh jh t`js pbrt di Gurdpg `bs b adho

trbljtjdh w`grg ljiigrght jhtgrprgtbtjdhs `bvg fggh prgsghtgl,

ditgh jh b vgry vbaug-n`brogl wby. Jh t`g idaadwjho J wdual

ajmg td ljsnuss ky prgsght vjgw di Hgdajt`jsbtjdh jh t`js brgb,

idnusjho dh t`g jhsjlg di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs. Jh b wby, J wdualajmg td pdpuabtg t`g pbst jh drlgr td `bvg pdtghtjbas td dftbjh

pgrspgntjvgs dh bttjtulgs bhl ndhngptjdhs wjt`jh t`g pbst.

Dvgr tjkg, t`grg brg ljiigrght trbljtjdhs jh t`g wgst bhl

gbst di ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb rgspgntjvgay. J ld hdt fgajgvg

t`bt t`g w`dag brgb di t`js rgojdh nbh fg bhbaysgl bs dhg

ghtjty bs t`grg brg kbhy ljiigrght adnba trbljtjdhs. \`g

gxjstghng di t`g Kgsdajt`jn adnba ordups nbh fg jhtgrprgtgl

bnndrljho td ljiigrght adnba trbljtjdhs jh t`g kbtgrjba nuaturg

wjt`jh ljiigrght rgojdhs (Eghhfgrt 2:0<= Ybho Sgtgrsgh

2:0<). Jh t`g gbrajgst pbrt di t`g Hgdajt`jn t`grg wbs pgr`bps

b trghl tdwbrls b kdrg prdhduhngl tgrrjtdrjbajty (Frystjho

Lbkk 2::2= Kblsgh 2:06, 2::>). \`g brn`bgdadojnba

gvjlghng irdk brtgibnt styags bhl pdttgry lgsjoh pdjhts td brgojdhbajsbtjdh jh t`g ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb irdk t`g

Kgsdajt`jn, pgr`bps basd ndhijrkgl wjt` ùkbh kdrp`dadoj-

nba stuljgs (Sgtgrsgh 2::6).

J `bvg suoogstgl t`bt t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs jh

^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb wgrg hdt lgpghlght dh ibrkjho bhl

t`bt t`g usg di ibrkjho prdlunts wbs kbjhay idr sdnjba

prgstjog bhl idr igbstjho (Eghhfgrt 2:0<, 2:07). ^dnjba

lyhbkjns bhl gxn`bhog di ojits, wjt` t`g kgtbp`dr di ‐t`g

igrtjag ojit‚, n`brbntgrjsg ky wdrm bfdut t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk

ùhtjho-obt`grjho td tjaabog.

Sgdpag jh t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn wgrg pgrkbhghtay sgttagl

jh ibvdurbfag gndadojnba ghvjrdhkghts. \`g lghsjty di

sgttagkght sjtgs jh ^nbhjb (sdut`grhkdst ^wglgh) bt t`js tjkg

ojvgs hd jhljnbtjdhs t`bt pgdpag wgrg idrngl td bldpt

borjnuaturg fgnbusg di s`drtbog di spbng idr ùhtjho dr

ijs`jho. Orbjh ljl hdt dnnur hbturbaay jh t`g adnba Grtgfðaag

ndkkuhjtjgs, sjhng t`g gndadojnba prgrgqujsjtgs wgrg abnmjho.

Orbjh kby t`grgidrg `bvg fggh ojvgh td ndkkuhjtjgs jh

^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb t`rduo` gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs.

Borjnuaturba prdluntjdh js bssukgl td `bvg fggh gxnausjvg,

di kjhdr jkpdrtbhng idr pgdpag's survjvba.

^d, ji jt js nabjkgl t`bt t`g ijrst borjnuaturg wbs jkpdrtbht

jh survjvba J nbhhdt borgg. Bh gvbaubtjdh di gndhdkjn

prbntjngs js b qubajtbtjvg rgsgbrn` prdngss, w`grg wg `bvg

fdt` brn`bgdadojnba bhl pbabgdgndadojnba jhidrkbtjdh. \`gbrn`bgdadojnba bhl pbabgdfdtbhjnba rgndrls brg tdd vboug

jh drlgr td kbmg sun` qubhtjtbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdhs. Bhl irdk

bh brn`bgdadojst's pdjht di vjgw t`g ljsnjpajhg ldgs hdt bt

baa ojvg bhy dfegntjvg pjnturg di t`g pbst.

^jhng pgdpag nbhhdt ajvg jh jsdabtjdh, t`grg kust fg ndhtbnt

brgbs fgtwggh ordups di pgdpag. Ojits bhl rgturh ojits nbh fg

jkpdrtbht gagkghts jh t`g ndhtbnt hgtwdrm. Ojit gxn`bhog

ditgh lgpghls dh prgstjog dr ljpadkbny, dr js kdtjvbtgl fy

fdt`. Ojits nbh njrnuabtg, dr t`gy nbh fg `bhlgl dvgr bs

trjfutg= t`gy nbh fg ojvgh idr rgbsdhs di fdt` pgbng bhl wbr.

\`gy brg hdt jh t`gksgavgs iuhntjdhba. Bhdt`gr jkpdrtbht

bspgnt di gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs js t`g gxn`bhog di wdkgh dr

kgh jh kbrrjbog baajbhngs. J t`grgidrg sgg kbrrjbog baajbhngs

bs b sjohjijnbht igbturg di t`g pbttgrh di baajbhngs t`bt kust`bvg gxjstgl fgtwggh t`g iuaay iaglogl Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs jh

Gurdpg bhl t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs jh t`g abtg Grtgfðaag

pgrjdl jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb.

^dnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh bhl sdnjba strunturg nbhhdt fg

ljsnussgl wjt`dut ndhsjlgrjho oghlgr. Jt js b wby di t`jhmjho

bfdut t`g wdral. J bk wgaa bwbrg di t`g ljiijnuatjgs di

jhtgrprgtjho sdnjba oghlgr, sjhng tdlby's dutaddm jhgvjtbfay

ljntbtgs dur pjnturg di prg`jstdry. Idaadwjho t`g oghlgr

pgrspgntjvg, uhidrtuhbtgay, wdkgh bhl kgh ditgh `bvg fggh

ndhngbagl fg`jhl ndhngpts ajmg strunturgs, sp`grgs, rjn` bhl

pddr, ruagrs bhl ruagl. _dkgh bhl kgh, yduho bhl dal,

s`dual t`grgidrg fg kblg vjsjfag bhl ojvgh b kdrg prdkjhght

rdag jh brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs. Brg wdkgh nrgbtjvg dr pbssjvg jhljvjlubas4 Brg t`gy tjgl td t`g `dusg`dal bhl t`g

wdrm di tbmjho nbrg di dt`grs4 Brg t`gy odllgssgs bhl

igrtjajty sykfdas4 Ld kgh ndhidrk td, idr jhstbhng, t`g kyt`

di ‐kbh t`g ùhtgr‚ dr ‐kbh t`g strdho ibrkgr‚4 (Eghhfgrt jh

prgss). Hd kbttgr w`bt wg n`ddsg, wg ndhsnjdusay dr

uhndhsnjdusay ndhstrunt ljiigrght oghlgr rdags bhl ljiigrght

typgs di ibkjay strunturg. Oghlgr rdags, pbrtjnuabray jh t`g

Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn, brg trbppgl jh bh

gvdautjdhjst dutaddm wjt` jts stgrgdtypgl kbag bhl igkbag

rdags. \`grg js kun` kdrg wdrm td fg ldhg dh t`js tdpjn.

_`bt bfdut t`g pgdpag t`gksgavgs4 Kgljnjhg, kbojn bhl

rgajojdh brg ndhngpts w`jn` wgrg kdrg jkpdrtbht td pgdpag

jh bhnjght tjkgs t`bh jh dur kdlgrh, sgnuabrjsgl wdral.

Bhdt`gr ijgal w`jn` ndual fg ljsnussgl jh t`js sghsg bhl jh

tgrks di kghtbajty js ljgt, `gbat` bhl bttjtulgs td ljsgbsgs.

^tbfag-jsdtdpg bhl trbng-gagkght bhbaysjs di fdhgs irdk t`g

Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn jh ^wglgh `bvg s`dwh t`bt t`g

ljgtbry pbttgrhs brg hdt ndrrgabtgl td bhy spgnjijn

brn`bgdadojnba nuaturg dr pgrjdl (Ajlêh 2::7). ^tuljgs jh

pbt`dadoy jh dstgdadojnba gvjlghng wjt`jh Kgsdajt`jn bhl

Hgdajt`jn pdpuabtjdhs `bvg suoogstgl t`bt t`grg js hd kbedr

ljiigrghng jh stbtus di `gbat`. Hd fjdadojnba gvjlghng

suoogsts t`bt strgss wbs jhvdavgl jh t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g

Hgdajt`jn (Kgjmaged`h/Uvgagfja 2::2= Ajlêh 2::7). Bhdt`gr

pgrspgntjvg js pdpuabtjdh lghsjty. Ogfbugr bhl Srjng prgsukglt`bt brduhl >233 fn t`grg js hd gvjlghng di jhnrgbsjho

pdpuabtjdh jh ^dut`grh ^nbhjhbvjb. \`gy prgsukg t`bt hdt

uhtja brduhl 6:33-6033 fn, pbrtjnuabray brduhl 6933 fn ljl

t`g pdpuabtjdh jhnrgbsg (Ogfbugr/Srjng 2::6, 230).

\`grg js orgbt pdtghtjba jh furjbas jh tgrks di bh jhtgrgst jh

kghtbajty bhl jlgdadoy. N`bhogs jh furjba prbntjngs tddm

pabng t`rduo`dut t`g ^tdhg Bog jh t`g idrk di ndhstruntjdhs,




t`g `bhlajho di t`g fdly, bhl t`g typgs bhl ndkpdsjtjdh di

orbvg oddls. Ndhtjhujty bhl t`g wjlt` di vbrjbtjdh jh furjba

prbntjngs rgvgba trbljtjdh bhl rghgwba jh sdnjgty. \`js

prdfbfay dnnurrgl jh ndheuhntjdh wjt` n`bhojho ibkjay

rgabtjdhs`jps bhl hgw brgbs di ndhtbnt, bhl wjt` dt`gr

nuaturba ajhms bhl dt`gr bssdnjbtgl rgajojdus bhl ngrgkdhjba

jhiaughngs. \`g furjba nustdks s`gl ajo`t dh t`g rgabtjdhs`jpfgtwggh sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba ndhngpts. Bhbaysgs di furjba

rjtubas wdual t`gh suppagkght dt`gr jkpdrtbht nbtgodrjgs di

brn`bgdadojnba sdurngs wjt` jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g nustdkbry

ndhngpt di lgbt`.

\`g vjgw di lgbt` bhl rgajojdus gxprgssjdhs wgrg sufegnt

td sadw bhl sunngssjvg n`bhog lurjho t`g ^tdhg Bog, wjt`jh

jhljvjluba bttrjfutgs bhl b ndaagntjvg ndhsnjdushgss. \`g

brn`bgdadojnba kbtgrjba, bafgjt di ajkjtgl gxtght, jaaustrbtgs

pgdpag's rgbntjdhs jh rgabtjdh td lgbt`, dr ajig jh sghsd.

Addmjho bt orbvgs bs kgkdrjbas ojvgs us bh dppdrtuhjty td

trbng trbljtjdh fbnmwbrls bhl `bvg sdkg jlgbs bfdut t`g

n`bhojho jlgbs rgobrljho lgbt`. N`bhojho kdrtubry nustdks

rgiagnt n`bhojho trbljtjdhs, t`bt js t`g kghtba hdrks, w`jn`wgrg jkpdrtbht td t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g sdnjgty. Orbvgs bhl

kdrtubry prbntjngs brg prdegntjdhs di kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba

wdral w`jn` fjhl jhljvjlubas tdogt`gr bs b ndhsgqughng di

sdnjba igaadws`jp. Lgbt` bs dhg di ajig's ‑rjtgs di pbssbog‛

bhl t`g sdnjgtba ndhljtjdhs tdogt`gr wjt` dt`gr rjtuba prbntjngs

diigr b pdssjfjajty td bpprg`ghl b pjnturg di kghtbajty bhl

sdnjba hdrks.

Idr hgbray 63 ygbrs hdw, wg `bvg `bl rjn` brn`bgdadojnba

gvjlghng di orbvgs bhl kdrtubry prbntjngs jh Kgsdajt`jn

tjkgs. Bt t`g kdkght, t`grg brg >-< abrog ngkgtgrjgs,

batdogt`gr bfdut 2>3 orbvgs (Mbhhgobbrl Hjgasgh/Frjhn`

Sgtgrsgh 2::>= Abrssdh 2::>). Dur mhdwaglog di Hgdajt`jn

kdrtubry prbntjngs `bs basd fggh kdljijgl lurjho t`g abst

igw ygbrs. Gspgnjbaay jh t`g wgst di Lghkbrm, gxnbvbtjdhs di

adho fbrrdws `bvg ojvgh us dt`gr pgrspgntjvgs dh kdrtubry

prbntjngs (Kblsgh 2::>), basd jh sdut` ^wglgh gxnbvbtjdhs

`bvg ojvgh hgw rgsuats (Abrssdh 2::6). Jh t`g gbrajgst pbrt di

t`g Hgdajt`jn t`grg brg b igw gbrt`gh orbvgs, w`jn` `bvg

sjkjabrjtjgs wjt` t`g gbrajgr kdrtubry prbntjngs. _jt` t`g

dnnurrghng di t`g adho fbrrdws wg `bvg pgr`bps b stbtus

ljiigrghtjbtjdh gvgh kdrg kbrmgl t`bh `jt`grtd. ^tjaa t`g

sjtubtjdh js `brl td gvbaubtg, sjhng t`g gkpjrjnba ibnts brg igw

jh hukfgr. \`grg js, `dwgvgr, b trghl di ndhtjhujty, rbt`gr

t`bh b kbedr frgbm jh kdrtubry prbntjngs, tùs rglunjho dur

ndhngptuba obp fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn (kdrg prjkjtjvg) bhlt`g Hgdajt`jn (kdrg blvbhngl) kdrtubry prbntjngs.

Jt `bs fggh sbjl t`bt wjt` t`g fgojhhjho di t`g Hgdajt`jn,

t`grg js gvjlghng di vdtjvg diigrjhos. Fut jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn

t`grg brg basd vdtjvg diigrjhos. Jh t`g diigrjhos, wg `bvg b

ndhtjhujty jh trbljtjdhs, hdt b frgbm fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn

bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn jh b Gurdpgbh ndhtgxt (Frblagy 2::3).

Bnndrljho td Sgr Mbrstgh t`g Kgsdajt`jn diigrjho lgpdsjts jh

7> M. EGHHFGV\ „ KGH\BAJ\Z BHL \@G ^DNJBA _DVAL

A

A W V V K

G J \ Z

L D D G AJ JD

J L J

J L W ^ G P

B O G

N J A SD

\ J H

sdut` ^wglgh brg iduhl jh t`g sbkg ndhtgxt bhl brgbs bs t`g

Hgdajt`jn dhgs „ jh wgtabhls bhl jh ndhtgxt di abrog stdhgs

dh ijrk orduhl. \`g brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng js, `dwgvgr,

ajkjtgl, fut Mbrstgh suoogsts t`bt b n`bhog jh t`g n`brbntgr

di vdtjvg diigrjhos tddm pabng jh t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`bt

t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn s`dws b

ndhtjhujty jh diigrjho nustdks (Mbrstgh 2::<).

<. _`bt kby bvg bppghgl4

Ndhngrhjho t`g snghbrjd jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb, kbhy

ljsnussjdhs bhl jlgbs `bvg fggh put idrwbrl. \`g kbjh

jhtgrgst, bs J uhlgrstbhl jt, js td addm bt t`g trbhsjtjdh bs b

sadw bhl orbluba prdngss irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn. J wdual ajmg

td usg t`g ndhngpts di kghtbajty bhl jlgdadoy jh tgrks di

nurrghts jh t`g iadw di tjkg (ijo. 2). \`g ijourg s`dws t`g

iadw di tjkg w`grg t`g ndhngpt kghtbajty js uhlgrstddl bs

sadw batgrjho. Ljiigrght bspgnts di jhljvjlubas bhl sdnjgtjgs

n`bhog bt ljiigrght rbtgs, gjt`gr sadwgr dr ibstgr. Jh t`js

pgrspgntjvg t`g bfstrbntjdhs sun` bs nuaturgs, pgrjdls,

gndhdkjn prbntjngs, kdrtubry prbntjngs `bvg hd prjvjagogl

pdsjtjdh jh rgsgbrn`. \`g kbhy brn`bgdadojnba fdxgs wggkpady rgstrjnt t`g rgbsdhjho di t`g pbst.

\d dftbjh jlgbs bfdut kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral wg

hggl b ndkpagtg sdurng kbtgrjba bfdut t`g ljiigrght pbrts di

sdnjgty. @dwgvgr, t`grg brg adts di qugstjdhs bnndrljho t`g

sjohjijnbhng di t`g brn`bgdadojnba sdurngs. Lug td t`g

brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng irdk 7333-6333 fn wg ld hdt, di

ndursg, `bvg b ndkprg`ghsjvg mhdwaglog di baa mjhls di

Ijourg 2. Nurrghts di tjkg bhl t g vbrjbtjdh di bspgnts di sdnjgty.



brn`bgdadojnba lbtb. Addmjho dvgr tjkg, wg nbh, t`duo`,

ljstjhoujs` ngrtbjh tghlghnjgs jh dur bpprg`ghsjdh di w`bt wbs

bntubaay n`bhojho jh 7333-6333 fn (ijo. 6). Lurjho t`g ndursg

di tjkg t`grg js b sadw batgrjho di kghtbajty bhl jlgdadoy.

Sgrsdhbaay, J ld hdt t`jhm t`bt t`g ijrst borjnuaturg `bl bhy

strdho giignt dh vgogtbtjdh, bs J uhlgrstbhl ibrkjho td fg b

kdrg gxnausjvg prdluntjdh jh sdnjgty. Sgr`bps, abtgr dh,

lurjho Hgdajt`jn tjkgs, ibrkjho kby `bvg jhtgrigrgl kdrg jh

t`g abhlsnbpg (brduhl 6933 fn). \`g rgba ljiigrghng jh sdnjba

ndkpgtjtjdh kby `bvg fggh brduhl 6?33-6933 fn. \`g s`jit

t`bt `bs fggh di nghtrba jkpdrtbhng idr t`g brn`bgdadojst, t`bt

brduhl >633->233 fn, js hdt b kbedr s`jit jh t`g sdnjba

ldkbjhs dr sdnjba drobhjsbtjdhs.

7. B ndhnausjdh5 baa jh b hbkg4

\`g vjgws J `bvg put idrwbrl `grg `bvg di ndursg hdt agl td

bhy rgbly bhswgrs bfdut kghtbajty, jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba

strunturgs. Jt js `brl td ijhl b sdautjdh td w`bt `bppghgl jh

kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn-

Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb. Jt js dfvjdus,

`dwgvgr, t`bt ljsnussjdh di t`g w`dag prdngss jh b adho-tgrk

pgrspgntjvg js b kdrg ndhvjhnjho wby t`bh eust ndkpbrjho

t`g twd pgrjdls bs abrogay ljiigrght nuaturba ghtjtjgs.

Ijhbaay, J wdual ajmg td kbmg sdkg nrjtjnba rgkbrms bfdut t`g

ndhngpts t`bt brg gssghtjba td dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g kghtbajty

bhl t`g sdnjba wdral bhl td t`g pgrngptjdh di t`g ^tdhg Bog

sdnjgtjgs jh qugstjdh. _drls `bvg ljiigrght kgbhjhos td

ljiigrght pgdpag. _g ld hdt `bvg b ndkkdh abhoubog. J t`jhm

t`bt ‐t`g n`bhog irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn‚ js b vgry

oddl gxbkpag di t`js. _g hggl td t`gdrjsg t`g usg di abhoubog.

\`g t`duo`t bhl kdlgrh kghtbajty brg jh ‐uhirgg irggldk‚.

\bmg bhdt`gr gxbkpag5 t`g ndhngpt Hgdajt`jsbtjdh. _`bt b


wdrl „ wjt` sun` b pgssjkjstjn bttrjfutjdh td t`g lgnjsjdh-

kbmjho fy ùkbh fgjhos! @uhtgr-obt`grgrs baadwgl

t`gksgavgs td fg ‐jzgl‚, hdt bs ndhsnjdus sdnjba bntdrs, fut fy

lgibuat, t`rduo` hd bntjvjty di t`gjr dwh. \`grg brg sgvgrba

dt`gr ndhngpts, bs idr gxbkpag ùhtjho-obt`grjho, ibrkjho,

Grtgfðaag nuaturg, Iuhhga Fgbmgr nuaturg, eust td hbkg b igw.

J wdual ajmg td suoogst t`bt t`gsg ndhngpts brg uhlgrkjhjhodur sndpg idr odjho fgydhl dur prgndhngptjdhs bhl iurt`gr,

di objhjho b kdrg `dajstjn vjgw di sdnjgtjgs jh b adho-tgrk

pgrspgntjvg. \`g uhlgrstbhljho di pbst sdnjgtjgs js prdfagkbtjn

bhl t`js js bkdho dt`gr t`jhos ndhhgntgl wjt` t`g abhoubog

bhl kghtbajty di dur kdlgrh wdral. J t`jhm t`bt t`g wdrls

bhl ndhngpts wg usg s`dual fg ojvgh sgrjdus ndhsjlgrbtjdh.

rgigrghngs

Frblagy, V. 2::3. \`g pbssbog di brks. Bh brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs

di prg`jstdrjn `dbrls bhl vdtjvg lgpdsjts, Nbkfrjlog.

Frystjho Lbkk, N`. 2::2. Ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog. Bh bhbaysjs di

sdnjba bhl kbtgrjba pbttgrhs jh t`g Lbhjs` Hgdajt`jn, S`. L. \`gsjs,

Lpt. di Brn`bgdadoy, Whjvgrsjty di Nbkfrjlog.

Ibfjbh, E. 2:0>. \jkg bhl t`g dt`gr. @dw bht`rdpdadoy kbmgs jts

dfegnt , Hgw Zdrm.

Eghhfgrt, M. 2:0<. Lgh prdlumtjvb oçvbh. \rbljtjdh dn` jhhdvbtjdh j

^ylsmbhljhbvjgh iùr dkmrjho 7 >33 çr sglbh, Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb

Auhlghsjb <, 29.

Eghhfgrt, M. 2:07. Hgdajt`jsbtjdh „ b ^nbhjbh Sgrspgntjvg, Edurhba

di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy <, 2:9-2:?.

Eghhfgrt, M. jh prgss. ‑Irdk t`g jhsjlg‛5 b ndhtrjfutjdh td t`g lgfbtg

bfdut t`g jhtrdluntjdh di borjnuaturg. Jh5 A. Ldkbhsmb, V. Lghhgaa &

K. Uvgagfja (gls.) \`g trbhsjtjdh td ibrkjho jh t`g Fbatjn Brgb, Dxidrl.

Mbhhgobbrl Hjgasgh, G. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2::>. Furjbas, pgdpag

bhl ldos. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst.

67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh lghkbrm , Bbrùs, ?9-02.

Mbrstgh, S. 2::<. Btt mbstb yxbh j seùh. Gh stuljg ùvgr rjtugaa

trbljtjdh dn` iùrìhlrjho utjirçh smçhsmb hgdajtjsmb diigriyhl

(wjt` ghoajs` sukkbry), Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb Auhlghsjb, 0, 6>.

Abrssdh, A. 2::6. Ibïblg idr t`g lgbl. B prgajkjhbry rgpdrt dh t`g

gxnbvbtjdh di b adho fbrrdw jh ^dut`grh ^nbhjb, Sbpgrs di t`g

Brn`bgdadojnba Jhstjtutg. Whjvgrsjty di Auhl 2::2-2::6, <7-79.

Abrssdh, A. 2::>. \`g ^mbtg`dak Srdegnt5 Abtg Kgsdajt`jn ndbstba

sgttagkght jh ^dut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg stuljgs jh

Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Nbkfrjlog, >2-96.

Ajlêh, M. 2::7. Srg`jstdrjn ljgt trbhsjtjdhs, \`gsgs bhl Sbpgrs jh

^njghtjijn Brn`bgdadoy 2, ^tdnm`dak.

7333 <333 >333 6333

\JKG

\GVVJ\DVJBAJ\Z

GV\GFÐAAG-IWHHGAFGBMGV

@WH\JHO-OB\@GVJHO-IBVKJHO

KDV\WBVZ SVBN\JNG^-YD\JYG DIIGVJHO^

KGH\BAJ\Z BHL \@G ^DNJBA _DVAL

Ijourg 6. Ndhtjhujty jh Abtg Kgsdajt jn bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn.



Kblsgh, \. 2:06. ^gttagkght systgks di gbray borjnuaturba sdnjgtjgs

jh Gbst Eutabhl, Lghkbrm5 b rgojdhba stuly di n`bhog, Edurhba di

Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 2, 2:?- 6>9.

Kblsgh, \. 2::>. Furjbas wjt` tjkfgr-fujat strunturgs. Jh5 ^. @vbss

& F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di

brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm, Bbrùs, :9-::.

Kgjmaged`h, N`. & K. Uvgagfja 2::2. @gbat` stbtus di Gudpgbh

pdpuabtjdhs bt t`g borjnuaturba trbhsjtjdh bhl t`g jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`g

bldptjdh di ibrkjho. Jh5 @. Fusn` & K. Uvgagfja (gls.) @gbat` jh

pbst sdnjgtjgs. Fjdnuaturba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di ùkbh smgagtba rgkbjhs

jh brn`bgdadojnba ndhtgxts, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts

jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 79?, 26:-2<>.

Sgtgrsgh, @. N`. 2::6. Kuatjvbrjbtg stuljgs di prg`jstdrjn ùkbh

smgagtba rgkbjhs, kbjhay di Hdrt`grh Kgsdajt`jn pdpuabtjdhs, S .L.

\`gsjs. Jhstjtutg di Oghgtjns bhl Gndadoy, Bbrùs Whjvgrsjty.

Srjng, \.L. & B.F. Ogfbugr 2::6. \`g ijhba irdhtjgr5 ijrst ibrkgrs

jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg. Jh5 B.F. Ogfbugr & \.L. Srjng. (gls.) \rbhsj-

tjdhs td borjnuaturg jh prg`jstdry, Kbljsdh, _jsndhsjh, :?-229.

Vulgfgnm, G. 2::9. @grdgs bhl trbojn ijourgs jh hbrrbtjvgs dh t`g

trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn. Gxpadrjho jkbogs di t`g ùkbh fgjho jh

brn`bgdadojnba tgxts, Edurhba di Gurdpgbh Brn`bgdadoy <, 77-09.

\`dkbs, E. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs rgvjsjtgl, Srdnggljhos di

t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7<, 7:-99.


Ybho Sgtgrsgh, S. 2:0<. N`rdhdadojnba bhl rgojdhba vbrjbtjdh jh

t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn di Gbstgrh Lghkbrm, Edurhba di Lbhjs`

Brn`bgdadoy vda >, ?-20.

Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt

Jhstjtutg di Brn`bgdadoy

Whjvgrsjty di Auhl

^bhlobtbh 2

^-66> 73 Auhl, ^wglgh

77 M. EGHHFGV\ „ KGH\BAJ\Z BHL \@G ^DNJBA _DVAL



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Bs Babslbjr _`jttag dhng pdjhtgl dut (2::3b, 63:), t`g ljrgnt

gvjlghng idr t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn jh Frjtbjh js

ajkjtgl, bhl t`g nabssgs di kbtgrjba w`jn` kjo`t prdvjlg

ndhnausjvg jhljnbtjdhs di t`g n`brbntgr di t`js trbhsidrkbtjdh

rgkbjh snbrng. ^trbtjijgl rgsjlghtjba sjtgs wjt` fdt`

Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts, sgbagl bssgkfabogs irdk

t`g tgrkjhba Kgsdajt`jn, dr Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs w`jn`

lgkdhstrbtg nagbr biijhjtjgs wjt` kbtgrjba irdk b ljstjhnt brgb

di t`g Gurdpgbh ndhtjhght stuffdrhay ndhtjhug td ibja tdndkg td ajo`t. Zgt, bs _`jttag odgs dh td suoogst, rgnght

lgfbtg dh t`g trbhsjtjdh `bs ndhtjhugl td fg ajvgay, sjkpay

fgnbusg b rbhog di ljiigrght t`gdrgtjnba pgrspgntjvgs `bvg

fggh bppajgl td t`g gxjstjho gvjlghng (g.o. Brkjt/Ijhabysdh

2::6= _`jttag 2::3f= _jaajbks 2:0:= Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-

Ndhwy 2:09). J wdual suoogst t`bt jt js qujtg pdssjfag t`bt

wg wjaa hgvgr `bvg sjtgs w`jn` prdvjlg t`g mjhl di gvjlghng

w`jn` tgaas us jh bh uhbkfjoudus wby w`gt`gr b kjorbtjho

ndhtjhghtba pdpuabtjdh frduo`t Hgdajt`jn jhhdvbtjdhs td

Frjtbjh, dr w`gt`gr kjxgl borjnuaturg wbs wjlgay prbntjngl

irdk t`g gbrajgst jhngptjdh di t`g Hgdajt`jn. Fut jh b sghsg

t`js ldgs hdt kbttgr. _`bt J wjs` td broug js t`bt wg `bvg

systgkbtjnbaay uhlgrgstjkbtgl t`g vbaug di t`g gvjlghngw`jn` js bargbly bvbjabfag td us. \`js js fgnbusg wg tghl td

addm updh t`g kbtgrjba nuaturg w`jn` n`brbntgrjsgs t`g dpghjho

di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl jh Frjtbjh „ pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs, agbi-

s`bpgl prdegntjag pdjhts, pdttgry, iajht kjhgs, gbrt`gh adho

fbrrdws, nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs bhl kgobajt`jn tdkfs „ bs b

supgrijnjba kbhjigstbtjdh di sdkg dt`gr bhl kdrg iuhlbkghtba

p`ghdkghdh. \`js dt`gr t`jho js t`g prgsukgl gssghng di t`g

Hgdajt`jn, w`jn`, w`jag jt js kdrg prdiduhl t`bt jts suribng

giignts, rgkbjhs jhvjsjfag td us jh t`g prgsght.

Jt nbh fg brougl t`bt t`js ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh gssghng bhl

sufstbhng js n`brbntgrjstjn di pdst-Ghajo`tghkght t`duo`t,

w`jn` ndhtjhubaay sgts up ndhngptuba ljn`dtdkjgs, dhay td

vbadrjsg dhg tgrk dvgr t`g dt`gr (Edrlbhdvb 2:0:= Abtdur

2::>). Dhng bh dppdsjtjdh fgtwggh lgpt` bhl suribng `bs

fggh gstbfajs`gl, t`g ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh b kbtgrjbajst bhl bh

jlgbajst brn`bgdadoy js rgagobtgl td b sufsjljbry stbtus. Fdt`

kbtgrjbajsk bhl jlgbajsk prdpdsg t`bt `jstdry js lgtgrkjhgl

fy t`g dpgrbtjdh di b nbusba kdtdr w`jn` dpgrbtgs fg`jhl t`g

snghgs, agbvjho t`g brn`bgdadojnbaay vjsjfag trbng bs t`g

ndhsgqughng di b prdngss w`jn` nbh dhay fg jhigrrgl

jhljrgntay. Jh t`js ibs`jdh, kbtgrjbajst brn`bgdadojgs prgsukg

t`bt n`bhogs jh kbtgrjba nuaturg lghdtg b n`bhog jh t`g

lyhbkjn rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh rgsdurngs bhl pdpuabtjdh.

Ditgh, t`g iuhlbkghtba prdngss prdpdsgl js b lgkdorbp`jn

dhg, jhvdavjho t`g ordwt` dr gxpbhsjdh di pdpuabtjdh.

Jh sdkg nbsgs t`js rjsg jh pdpuabtjdh js t`g ndhsgqughng

di borjnuaturg, sd t`bt t`grg js sdkg dvgrabp fgtwggh

lgkdorbp`jn kdlgas bhl t`dsg w`jn` strgss t`g ogdorbp`jnba

gxpbhsjdh di borjnuaturg jtsgai, w`gt`gr fy ljiiusjdh dr pdpuabtjdh kdvgkght (g.o. Bkkgrkbh/Nbvbaaj-îdrzb 2:?2,

2:?>= Nabrm 2:99= Nbsg 2:9:= Vghirgw 2:?9, 2:0?). Jh

dt`gr nbsgs, gndadojnba prdngssgs lgtgrkjhg bh jhtghsjijnbtjdh

di sufsjstghng prbntjng dh t`g pbrt di jhljoghdus ùhtgr-

obt`grgrs (g.o. Lghhgaa 2:0>= Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09)

_`grg n`bhogs jh t`g sufsjstghng fbsg brg sggh bs

lgtgrkjhjho (dr bt agbst uhlgrayjho) nuaturba n`bhogs, t`grg

js b tghlghny td usg t`g tgrk ‐Hgdajt`jn‚ bs b syhdhyk idr

‐borjnuaturg‚. Jh t`g nbsg di Bkkgrkbh bhl Nbvbaaj-îdrzb‚s

pbpgrs bt agbst, t`js nbh agbl td b ngrtbjh njrnuabrjty di

broukght5 t`g spbtjba gxpbhsjdh di borjnuaturg js

lgkdhstrbtgl fy t`g prgsghng di bhy trbjt di Hgdajt`jn

nuaturg. Kdrgdvgr, gjt`gr Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts dr nuatjoghs brgtbmgh td lgkdhstrbtg t`g sprgbl di b oghgtjnbaay ljstjhnt

ùkbh pdpuabtjdh. \`js prbntjng fgndkgs kdst prdfagkbtjn

jh t`g nbsg di Frjtbjh, w`grg t`g ljrgnt gvjlghng idr bh bfrup

n`bhog td ldkgstjnbtgl rgsdurngs js hdt strdho (\`dkbs 2::2)

Dhg js tgkptgl td qugstjdh w`gt`gr t`g kdlgas di gndhdkjn

trbhsidrkbtjdh w`jn` `bvg fggh prdpdsgl idr Frjtbjh wdual

hdt `bvg fggh vgry ljiigrght ji t`gy `bl `bl td rgay updh t`g

sggl bhl fdhg gvjlghng badhg.

Jlgbajst brn`bgdadojgs bkduht td t`g twjh di kbtgrjbajst

dhgs5 rbt`gr t`bh sggjho t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn bs

gjt`gr b rgpabngkght di pdpuabtjdh dr b n`bhog jh gndhdkjn

prbntjng, t`gy broug idr b n`bhog jh jlgdadoy. Idaadwjho t`g

prdpdsjtjdh t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg js kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl

(@dllgr 2::6, 26), n`bhogs jh kbtgrjba nuaturg `bvg fggh

prgsghtgl bs lghdtjho b hgw jlgbtjdhba strunturg (\`dkbs

2:00), w`jag t`g prbntjng di borjnuaturg bhl t`g ndhstruntjdh

di ijgal kdhukghts `bvg fggh jhtgrprgtgl bs `bvjho fggh

kblg pdssjfag fy t`g jhtrdluntjdh di b ndhngptuba sgpbrbtjdh

fgtwggh nuaturg bhl hbturg (Frblagy 2::>= @dllgr 2::3). Jh

Euajbh \`dkbs \`g kbtgrjbajty di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdhjh Frjtbjh



t`gsg broukghts, t`g Hgdajt`jn stjaa `bs bh gssghng, bat`duo`

t`js ajgs jh b hgw sgt di jlgbs, w`jn` kjo`t jhvdavg b

nbtgodrjnba sgpbrbtjdh fgtwggh t`g ldkgstjn bhl t`g wjal.

\`gsg pgrspgntjvgs tghl td ibvdur bh jhljoghdus trbhsidrkb-

tjdh rbt`gr t`bh bhy jhndkjho pdpuabtjdh5 `bvjho bldptgl b

hgw jlgdadoy, t`g Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs di Frjtbjh wdual

fgojh td kbmg pdttgry, ndhstrunt kdhukghts, bhl gxn`bhogpdajs`gl stdhg bxgs. Jlgbajst brn`bgdadojgs tbmg jt idr

orbhtgl t`bt, bs @dllgr (2:0<b, 6:) puts jt, ‑ji wg wbht td

sby bhyt`jho jhtgrgstjho bfdut t`g pbst, wg kust jhnaulg

stbtgkghts bfdut pbst jlgbs". Di ndursg, irdk b prdngssubajst

pdjht di vjgw t`g ljsblvbhtbog di sun` bh bpprdbn` js t`bt jt

bkduhts td b idrk di pbabgdpsyn`dadoy5 bh bttgkpt td ogt

bt jlgbs adlogl jh t`g `gbls di adho-lgbl pgdpag (Fjhidrl

2:0?, >:0). Zgt sd adho bs wg pgrngjvg kbtgrjba nuaturg bs

rgprgsghtjho t`g prdlunt dr ndhsgqughng di bntjdhs bhl

jlgbs, brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh wjaa oghgrbaay `bvg t`js

kgtbp`ysjnba qubajty. Kjorbtjho pdpuabtjdhs, s`jitjho gndhdkjn

rgojkgs bhl n`bhojho jlgdadojgs brg baa jhtbhojfag ghtjtjgs

w`jn` brg kgrgay rgiagntgl jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl.\d ndkpduhl t`g prdfagk, t`g hdtjdh t`bt jlgbs brg

rgiagntgl jh kbtgrjba nuaturg giigntjvgay rgajgs updh b t`gdry

di rgprgsghtbtjdh jh w`jn` b idrkba rgabtjdhs`jp gxjsts

fgtwggh sjohjijgr bhl sjohjijgl, fgtwggh t`g brtgibnt bhl t`g

kgbhjho w`jn` js vgstgl jh jt. Idr t`g Hgdajt`jn td ndhstjtutg

b strunturg di kgbhjho w`jn` uhlgrajgs kbtgrjba kbhjigstb-

tjdhs ljspgrsgl dvgr t`dusbhls di mjadkgtrgs di spbng bhl

ùhlrgls di ygbrs di tjkg rgqujrgs bh gxtrbdrljhbry lgorgg di

ijxjty jh sun` kgbhjho. Jt kjo`t fg dfegntgl t`bt kbtgrjba

nuaturg ldgs hdt sd kun` ghndlg kgbhjho t`rduo` jts

ibs`jdhjho, bs prdvjlg bh bppbrbtus idr t`g nrgbtjdh di

kgbhjho. \ùs kgbhjho js hdt b stbtjn qubajty di t`jhos, fut js

ndhstbhtay fgjho nrgbtgl bhl rgprdlungl (Dasgh 2::3= \jaagy

2:0:). Gvgh ji t`g styags di kbtgrjba jtgks bhl kdhukghts

fgjho nrgbtgl wgrg jlghtjnba bnrdss t`g w`dag di Gurdpg, wg

ndual hdt hgngssbrjay bssukg t`bt t`gy ‐kgbht' t`g sbkg t`jho

jh gbn` ljiigrght sdnjba ndhtgxt, dr gvgh td baa kgkfgrs di b

ojvgh ndkkuhjty. \`g kgbhjho w`jn` b pbrtjnuabr pgrsdh

nrgbtgs idr b pbrtjnuabr brtgibnt lgpghls updh t`g rgsdurngs di

gxpgrjghng bhl mhdwaglog w`jn` t`gy frjho td t`g ghnduhtgr,

bhl t`g ndhtgxt wjt`jh w`jn` t`g ghnduhtgr tbmgs pabng.

6. N`brbntgrjzjho t g Hgdajt jn

J wdual ajmg td suoogst t`bt wg s`dual bfbhldh t`g bttgkpt

td sgbrn` idr b kgtbp`ysjnba ghtjty w`jn` uhlgrajgs t`gnuaturba jhhdvbtjdhs w`jn` wgrg jhtrdlungl td Frjtbjh bt t`g

stbrt di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl. \`js fgajgi jh b `jllgh gssghng

td t`g Hgdajt`jn (bhl gqubaay, uhlgrayjho hukgrdus dt`gr

nuaturba prdngssgs jh t`g pbst) `bs t`g giignt di prdkdtjho b

pgssjkjstjn vjgw di brn`bgdadoy, jh w`jn` t`g kbtgrjba t`jhos

w`jn` wg gxnbvbtg, sgg, bhl igga brg sjkpay b pbag s`bldw

di sdkgt`jho kdrg jkpdrtbht w`jn` wg nbhhdt ljrgntay

gxpgrjghng. Hdw, blkjttglay, Fjhidrl (2:0?, >:>) wbs qujtg

ndrrgnt td pdjht dut t`bt brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng gxjsts jh t`g

prgsght, bhl t`bt t`g pbst js odhg irdk jt. Bhl gqubaay,

wg nbhhdt sgg t`g pgdpag di t`g pbst (w`gt`gr t`gy wgrg

jhljoghdus Kgsdajt`jn idam bldptjho hgw wbys, dr jhndkjho

kjorbhts), wg nbhhdt jhtgrrdobtg t`gk ndhngrhjho t`gjr sdnjba

drobhjsbtjdh, wg nbhhdt wbtn` t`gk uhlgrtbmjho t`gjr lbjaygndhdkjn tbsms, bhl wg nbhhdt rgbn` jhsjlg t`gjr `gbls idr

t`gjr jlgbs. @dwgvgr, jt js b kjstbmg td ndhsjlgr t`g kbtgrjba

t`jhos w`jn` brg bvbjabfag td us bs b kgrg fy-prdlunt di baa

di t`gsg `bppghjhos (Fbrrgtt 2:00). Kbtgrjba nuaturg js

jhtgorba td kdst ùkbh uhlgrtbmjhos, bhl idrks t`g ndhtgxt

idr baa di t`gk. Kbtgrjba t`jhos brg hdt sjkpay b rgndrl di

ùhtjho, ibrkjho, nddmjho bhl gbtjho, fut brg t`g kgbhs

t`rduo` w`jn` t`gsg prdegnts brg nbrrjgl dut. ^jkjabray,

pgdpag ld hdt wbam brduhl wjt` bfstrbnt jlgbs jh t`gjr `gbls,

w`jn` t`gy t`gh jhtrdlung td t`g wdral fy lgndrbtjho pdts

bhl fujaljho kdhukghts. Jh t`js sghsg t`g ljvjsjdh fgtwggh

bh jhtgrhba kjhl bhl bh gxtgrhba kbtgrjba wdral js bhdt`gr

kdlgrhjst lubajty w`jn` `bs fggh gxtrgkgay uh`gapiua tdbrn`bgdadoy (\`dkbs 2::9b). \`jhmjho ldgs hdt tbmg pabng

jh b sgpbrbtg kgtbp`ysjnba wdral. Sgdpag nbrry dut prdegnts

bhl nrgbtg kgbhjhos t`rduo` t`gjr ghobogkght wjt` kbtgrjba

t`jhos bhl pabngs.

B rgnght gxbkpag irdk t`g ajtgrbturg wjaa sgrvg td kbmg

t`g pdjht. ^`grrbtt (2::7) dfsgrvgs t`g gkgroghng di

kgobajt`jn tdkfs brduhl t`g Btabhtjn irjhog di Gurdpg, bhl

ndhsgqughtay suoogsts t`bt t`gsg kdhukghts brg jh sdkg wby

jkpajnbtgl jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh. Idaadwjho

Lghhgaa (2:0>) bhl Uvgagfja bhl Vdwagy-Ndhwy (2:09),

`g hdtgs t`bt t`js js b pbrtjnuabr ogdorbp`jnba brgb jh w`jn`

idrbojho bhl ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgs wjaa `bvg fggh jh

prdadhogl ndhtbnt. Jh ndhtrbst wjt` Vghirgw‚s (2:?>= 2:?9)

broukght t`bt kgobajt`s gkgrogl bs tgrrjtdrjba kbrmgrs uhlgr

ndhljtjdhs di pdpuabtjdh strgss dh abhl, ^`grrbtt suoogsts t`bt

t`g nrjtjnba rgsdurng jh gbray Hgdajt`jn sufsjstghng prbntjng

wjaa `bvg fggh abfdur. Whlgr t`gsg njrnukstbhngs, gbray

borjnuaturba ndkkuhjtjgs wjaa `bvg fggh bt pbjhs td rgnrujt

pgrsdhhga. Kgobajt`jn tdkfs brg ngrgkdhjba strunturgs, wjt`

bh bnngssjfag jhtgrhba spbng jh w`jn` bntjvjtjgs kby `bvg

tbmgh pabng w`jn` jhvdavgl bnngss td t`g rgkbjhs di t`g

lgbl, t`g usg di ndhsnjdushgss-batgrjho sufstbhngs, bhl

pgrngjvgl ghnduhtgrs wjt` dt`gr ljkghsjdhs. \ùs ^`grrbtt

brougs t`bt t`gsg rjtuba nghtrgs kby `bvg ndhstjtutgl

‐jhstrukghts di ndhvgrsjdh‚, t`rduo` w`jn` idrbogrs kby`bvg fggh jhjtjbtgl bhl bssjkjabtgl jhtd ibrkjho pdpuabtjdhs.

Fut `grg bobjh, t`g kdhukghts brg prgsghtgl bs bh

gpjp`ghdkghdh. \`gy kby `bvg `bl b sdnjd-gndhdkjn rdag

td paby, ygt t`g iuhlbkghtba prdngss w`jn` t`rdws t`gk up js

t`bt di t`g orbluba n`bhog irdk ùhtjho, ijs`jho bhl

obt`grjho td ibrkjho. Kgobajt`s ibnjajtbtg t`js n`bhog, fut

t`gy brg sufsjljbry. J wdual rbt`gr broug t`bt w`jag b




pbrtjnuabr sufsjstghng gndhdky kby `bvg fggh iuhlbkghtba

td t`g n`brbntgr di t`g Hgdajt`jn jh sdut`-gbst bhl nghtrba

Gurdpg, jh t`g Btabhtjn zdhg t`g trbhsjtjdh ljl hdt bawbys

jhvdavg prdhduhngl n`bhogs jh gndhdkjn prbntjng. Kbtgrjba

t`jhos ljl hdt bttghl t`g Hgdajt`jn, t`gy wgrg t`g Hgdajt`jn.

Hbturbaay, t`js ajhg di broukght wjaa prdkpt t`g qugstjdh

di prgnjsgay w`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn wbs, ji dhg js td lghy t`btt`grg js b sjhoag prdngss dr strunturg di jlgbs uhlgrayjho baa

di t`g n`bhogs w`jn` dvgrtddm Gurbsjb fgtwggh t`g ghl di

t`g abst oabnjbtjdh bhl t`g jhtrdluntjdh di kgtbas. Bh dhay

pbrtjbaay ibngtjdus bhswgr js t`bt ‐t`g Hgdajt`jn' js b ndhngpt,

b ajhoujstjn nbtgodry w`jn` `bs fggh nrgbtgl fy kdlgrh

brn`bgdadojsts. Ndhngpts brg kblg td t`jhm wjt`, bhl jh t`g

prdngss t`gy `gap us td uhlgrstbhl t`g wdral (Lgaguzg/Oubt-

tbrj 2::<, 0). @dwgvgr, wg ld wgaa td rgkgkfgr t`bt bs

idrks di rglgsnrjptjdh, ndhngpts brg ghtjrgay sgpbrbtg irdk

t`g wdralay p`ghdkghb w`jn` t`gy brg nrgbtgl jh drlgr td

bttgkpt td gxprgss (Vdrty 2:0:, 7). \`rduo` jts `jstdry, t`g

prgnjsg sjohjijnbtjdh di t`g wdrl ‐Hgdajt`jn' `bs s`jitgl

suftay (\`dkbs 2::>). \`js js prdfbfay b kgbsurg di t`ggxtght td w`jn` `bvjho b abhoubog w`jn` ghbfags us td

lgsnrjfg brn`bgdadojnba p`ghdkghb bhl `jstdrjnba prdngssgs

`bs `gapgl lgfbtg td kdvg dh. @dwgvgr, bs Vjn`brl Vdrty

(2:0:, :) `bs brougl, t`grg ditgh ndkgs b tjkg w`gh b sgt di

tgrks w`jn` `bvg sgrvgl vgry giigntjvgay bs b kgbhs di

brtjnuabtjho b pbrtjnuabr lgfbtg ngbsgs td fg `gapiua. Bt t`js

pdjht, bnblgkjn broukght kby ndkg td jhvdavg ‑b ndhtgst

fgtwggh bh ghtrghn`gl vdnbfuabry w`jn` `bs fgndkg b

hujsbhng bhl b `bai-idrkgl vdnbfuabry w`jn` vbougay

prdkjsgs orgbt t`jhos‛ (jfjl.). Jh t`bt wg stjaa ijhl dursgavgs

bttgkptjho td ndvgr b rbhog di vgry ljspbrbtg ndhtgxts wjt`

t`g tgrk ‐Hgdajt`jn‚, jt kby fg t`bt t`g wdrl `bs hdw

fgndkg eust sun` b hujsbhng.

Hdhg t`g agss, agt us prdnggl fy usjho t`g gxjstjho

abhoubog5 t`g Hgdajt`jn w`jn` fgobh jh Frjtbjh bt brduhl

>633 FN (<333 FN) wbs b hgw mjhl di Hgdajt`jn. \`g

kbtgrjba t`jhos w`jn` rgprgsght t`g prjhnjpba jhhdvbtjdh di

t`js `drjzdh wgrg hdt b rgiagntjdh di t`js lgvgadpkght5 t`gy

wgrg t`g Hgdajt`jn. Jt `bs fggh brougl t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg

`bs bh bntjvg rdag, t`bt jt nbh brtjnuabtg sdnjgty (@dllgr

2:06). \`js wbs prg-gkjhghtay t`g nbsg wjt` t`g jhngptjdh di

t`g Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn. Bs ^`grrbtt jkpajgs jh t`g nbsg di

kgobajt`s, baa di t`g hgw kbtgrjba idrks di t`g pgrjdl fdt`

gxprgss bhl trbhsidrk sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn rgabtjdhs`jps.

_`bt J bk suoogstjho, t`duo`, js t`bt bpbrt irdk t`gbldptjdh di t`gsg vbrjdus mjhls di kbtgrjba nuaturg t`grg wbs

hd uhjidrk n`bhog w`jn` dvgrtddm t`g w`dag di t`g Frjtjs`

kbjhabhl. J wdual gkp`bsjsg t`bt J bk hdt nabjkjho `grg t`bt

baa di t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Frjtbjh ndhtjhugl td prbntjng b

kdfjag idrbojho gndhdky t`rduo`dut t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl.

Jt kby fg t`bt b orbluba trghl tdwbrl b kdrg jhtghsjvg usg di

iddl rgsdurngs `bl bargbly fgouh fgidrg t`g bppgbrbhng di

Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg, ji wg brg td ndhsjlgr bhy di t`g

gvjlghng idr prg-gak lgnajhg ngrgba pdaagh nrgljfag

(Glwbrls/@jrdhs 2:0<= _jaajbks 2:07= _jaajbks 2:0:,

726). \`g prdngss fy w`jn` t`g usg di ldkgstjnbtgl

rgsdurngs rgpabngl ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho wbs b aghot`y dhg,

bhl kbhy ndkkuhjtjgs ljl hdt bldpt bh brbfag gndhdky

uhtja t`g wjlgsprgbl jhtrdluntjdh di ghnadsgl ijgals bhlsglghtbry sgttagkghts jh t`g Kjllag Frdhzg Bog (Fbrrgtt

2:03= Fbrrgtt/ Frblagy/Orggh 2::2, 2<>). Jhlggl, ji wg

wjs`gl td fg pglbhtjn dh t`g pdjht wg ndual hdtg t`bt kbhy

pgdpag ndhtjhugl td prbntjng ùhtjho uhtja t`g Kgljgvba

pgrjdl. Ji wg addm bt ndhtgkpdrbry hdh-jhlustrjba brgbs di

t`g wdral, jt js oghgrbaay t`g nbsg t`bt jhljvjluba ndkkuhjtjgs

wjaa fg jhvdavgl jh ljiigrght sufsjstghng rgojkgs, bhl t`bt

rgnjprdnba rgabtjdhs`jps kby gxjst fgtwggh `drtjnuaturbajsts,

ùhtgrs, swjllghgrs bhl pbstdrbajsts. J sufkjt t`bt jt js

fgnbusg wg n`ddsg td sgg kjxgl borjnuaturg bs t`g

iuhlbkghtba gssghng di t`g Hgdajt`jn t`bt wg ibja td

rgndohjsg t`g pdtghtjba rbhog di gndhdkjn vbrjbfjajty w`jn`

kjo`t n`brbntgrjsg t`g pgrjdl. Jh t`js rgspgnt, t`g bppbrghtgndhdkjn `dkdoghgjty di t`g Gurdpgbh Fbhlmgrbkjm js

gvgry fjt bs rgkbrmbfag bs t`g uhjidrkjty di `dusg pabhs bhl

pdttgry styags w`jn` jt kbjhtbjhgl bnrdss nghtrba Gurdpg

(Fbmgas 2:06= Ndulbrt 2::2).

Bs b rgsuat, b sjhoag ijgal systgk dr bh jhljvjluba gxbkpag

di paduo` kbrms iduhl fghgbt` b fbrrdw ndkgs td fg

jhtgrprgtgl bs fgjho ljbohdstjn di b ‐Hgdajt`jn gndhdky‚, bhl

t`js gndhdky js tbmgh bs `bvjho fggh n`brbntgrjstjn di Frjtbjh

(dr Frjtbjh bhl Jrgabhl) bs b w`dag. \`g gxngptjdhba js tbmgh

bs t`g ruag. Ngrtbjhay, bt bhy pdjht jh t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl

sdkg ordups di pgdpag wjaa `bvg fggh prbntjnjho ngrgba

borjnuaturg, fut wg s`dual sgg t`js bs dhg gagkght di b

pbtn`wdrm di iddl-prdlunjho bhl iddl-obt`grjho bntjvjtjgs

w`jn` tghlgl td jhnrgbsg jh ljvgrsjty dvgr tjkg. \`js sadw

trghl tdwbrls borbrjbh sufsjstghng `bl supgrjkpdsgl updh jt

b kun` kdrg rbpjl jhtrdluntjdh di Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg

(ijo. 2). ^jkjabray, jh Jrgabhl Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts sggk td `bvg

fggh usgl jh t`g ibrt`gst pbrt di t`g jsabhl irdk t`g vgry stbr

di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl (Orggh/Uvgagfja 2::3, 70). Di ndursg

w`jag t`g prdngssgs di gndhdkjn bhl nuaturba n`bhog brg

ljstjhnt, t`gy brg basd kutubaay jhiaughnjho. ^gvgrba spgnjgs

di ldkgstjnbtgl pabhts bhl bhjkbas prdfbfay wgrg jhtrdlungl

td Frjtbjh bt t`g sbkg tjkg bs pdttgry, pdajs`gl stdhg tddas

bhl kdhukght-fujaljho. J wdual broug, t`duo`, t`bt t`gjr

jhjtjba sjohjijnbhng wbs b nuaturba dhg, bhl t`bt t`g jhnghtjvgtd bldpt t`gk wbs sdnjba. Ldkgstjnbtgl pabhts kby `bvg

ndhstjtutgl ‐spgnjba iddls‚, w`jag nbttag wdual `bvg

ndhstjtutgl fdt` kdfjag wgbat` bhl b sdurng di kgbt idr

ngrgkdhjba igbstjho. Jt js broubfag t`bt ldkgstjnbtgs di baa

sdrts brg ndkpbrbtjvgay rbrg irdk hdh-kdhukghtba ndhtgxts

jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn, bhl t`bt bat`duo` wg `bvg abrog

bssgkfabogs di bhjkba fdhgs idr t`g pgrjdl, t`gy bakdst baa

7: E. \@DKB^ „ KB\GVJBAJ\Z DI \@G KG^DAJ\@JN-HGDAJ\@JN



ndkg irdk nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs, fbrrdws bhl tdkfs

(\`dkbs 2::2, 60). Fut t`js js hdt td lghy t`bt t`jsjhtrdluntjdh kjo`t `bvg `bl b mhdnm-dh giignt jh w`jn`

jhljvjluba ndkkuhjtjgs kjo`t `bvg dptgl td tbmg up ngrgba

ibrkjho dr stdnm-`grljho, bitgr t`gsg rgsdurngs `bl fggh

bvbjabfag idr dhg dr twd oghgrbtjdhs. Nagbray, t`duo`, t`grg

wgrg w`dag brgbs di Frjtbjh jh w`jn` ldkgstjnbtgs `bl dhay

t`g kdst kbrojhba di jkpbnts. Jh wgstgrh ^ndtabhl, idr

gxbkpag, Brkjt bhl Ijhabysdh (2::6, 990) broug idr b

Hgdajt`jn wjt` b frdbl-spgntruk, adojstjn sufsjstghng pbttgrh,

w`grg skbaa-snbag lwgaajho strunturgs brg iduhl jh nbkps

w`jn` wgrg dnnupjgl spdrbljnbaay dr sgbsdhbaay. Jh t`js

rgojdh, sglghtjsk bppgbrs hdt td `bvg gkgrogl uhtja t`g Jrdh

Bog. Zgt lgspjtg t`js, t`g _gstgrh Jsags `bvg hukgrdus skbaa

kgobajt`jn tdkfs, pdttgry bhl pdajs`gl iajht bhl stdhg bxgs,

lgkdhstrbtjho t`bt bh bfrupt bldptjdh di Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba

nuaturg hggl hdt fg fbsgl updh gndhdkjn n`bhog.

\`js broukght giigntjvgay turhs dh jts `gbl dhg w`jn` wbs

put idrwbrl fy @ukp`rgy Nbsg (2:9:, 202). Bnndrljho td

Nbsg, nuaturba jhhdvbtjdhs ajmg pdttgry, gbrt`gh adho fbrrdws

bhl nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs s`dual fg sggh bs b sgt di

‐dptjdhba gxtrbs‚, w`jn` kjo`t fg bllgl td t`g kdrg

iuhlbkghtba gndhdkjn gagkghts di t`g Hgdajt`jn pbnmbog

dhng b hgngssbry agvga di gndhdkjn surpaus `bl fggh

oghgrbtgl. ‑Lgkbhljho rgijhgkghts brg uhajmgay td `bvg

fgadhogl td t`g pgrjdl di gbray sgttagkght, fut rbt`gr td

stbfag bleustkghts di kbturg bhl iuaay gxtghlgl gndhdkjgsdh ibvdurbfag ghvjrdhkghts" (jfjl.). \`js pjnturg di kbtgrjba

nuaturg orblubaay fgjho bllgl td bh jhnrgbsjhoay stbfag wby

di ajig prdvjlgl b kgbhs di broujho t`bt t`g ijrst Hgdajt`jn

prgsghng jh Frjtbjh kjo`t fg gbrajgr t`bh t`g gxjstjho

rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs irdk kdhukghtba ndhtgxts, bhl basd

gxpabjhgl w`y Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts bhl strunturgs jh Frjtbjh

abnmgl gxbnt ndhtjhghtba pbrbaagas. Dhng wg ndhnglg t`bt


kbtgrjba nuaturg wbs di nrjtjnba jkpdrtbhng td t`g n`bhogs

w`jn` dvgrtddm t`g jhljoghdus pdpuabtjdh di Frjtbjh, jt js

agss gbsy td broug idr t`js ‐brn`bgdadojnbaay jhvjsjfag

Hgdajt`jn'. Jt sggks prdfbfag t`bt t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn

ndkkuhjtjgs di Frjtbjh wgrg gxngptjdhbaay ljvgrsg jh t`gjr

wbys di ajig bhl usg di wjal rgsdurngs, ygt bs kdrg

rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs fgndkg bvbjabfag t`g pjnturg di b kdrg dr agss syhn`rdhdus bldptjdh di Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg

ndhtjhugs td fg strghot`ghgl (\`dkbs 2:00, 93= Mjhhgs

2:00). _`bt js strjmjho js t`bt bat`duo` t`g ndhstruntjdh di

kdhukghts bppgbrs td `bvg fgouh kdrg dr agss syhn`rd-

hdusay t`rduo`dut Frjtbjh jh t`g ygbrs fgtwggh >633 bhl

>333 fn (<333->?33 FN), t`g gvjlghng idr ùkbh jkpbnt dh

t`g ghvjrdhkght js gxtrgkgay vbrjbfag irdk rgojdh td rgojdh.

Jh sdkg brgbs dpgh ndhljtjdhs kby `bvg fggh gstbfajs`gl

qujtg rbpjlay, w`jag jh dt`grs gxtghsjvg brgbs di wddlabhl

rgkbjhgl uhtdun`gl (Ghtwjstag/Orbht 2:0:= _btdh 2:06).

Kdrgdvgr, t`grg js ndhsjlgrbfag gvjlghng t`bt wjal pabhts bhl

wddlabhl rgsdurngs rgkbjhgl di ndhsjlgrbfag jkpdrtbhng

uhtja t`g abtg Hgdajt`jn bhl fgydhl (Orjosdh 2:06). \ùs t`ggvjlghng idr rbpjl bhl wjlgsprgbl nuaturba n`bhog stbhls

badhosjlg t`bt idr gndhdkjn bhl gndadojnba ljvgrsjty.

>. \ g brn bgdadojnba ndhtgxt

J `bvg brougl gasgw`grg (\`dkbs 2::9b, 2::9f) t`bt

Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs jh Btabhtjn Gurdpg s`dual fg sggh

bs bntjvg pbrtjnjpbhts jh t`g nrgbtjdh di t`js hgw mjhl di

Hgdajt`jn. Bs wg `bvg kghtjdhgl, t`g jhtrdluntjdh di

Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba idrks jhtd Frjtbjh bhl ^nbhljhbvjb wbs

prgnglgl fy b prdadhogl pgrjdl jh w`jn` Kgsdajt`jn bhl

Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs wgrg rdutjhgay jh ndhtbnt wjt` dhg

bhdt`gr. \`g giignts di t`js gxn`bhog bhl jhtgrbntjdh sggk td

`bvg fggh ljiigrght bt ljiigrght pdjhts jh tjkg. Jt sggks

pdssjfag t`bt t`g Ajkfuro bhl Ab @dougttg pdttgry styags

ldnukght t`g bldptjdh di ngrbkjn tgn`hdadoy fy jhljoghdus

ndkkuhjtjgs irdk t`g vgry gbrajgst Fbhlmgrbkjm jhnursjdhs

jhtd wgstgrh Gurdpg (Añhjho/Madds/Bafgrt 2:0:). Abtgr,

ordups ajmg t`g Grtgfðaag bhl ^wjitgrfbht sggk td `bvg

bpprdprjbtgl vbrjdus gagkghts di t`g Hgdajt`jn rgpgrtdjrg

(pjos, pdttgry, s`bit`dag blzgs gtn.) irdk t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm ,

Vùssgh bhl Aghoyga ndkkuhjtjgs di nghtrba Gurdpg,

bat`duo` t`gsg bppgbr td `bvg usgl td buokght b kdfjag

idrbojho wby di ajig, rbt`gr t`bh td trbhsidrk jt jh bhy

lgnjsjvg wby. @dwgvgr, wjt` t`g gkgroghng di t`g Ngrhy

ordup jh nghtrba hdrt`grh Irbhng bhl t`g gbrajgst \VF dh t`gHdrt` Gurdpgbh Sabjh, b rbt`gr ljiigrght prdngss kby `bvg

fggh fgojhhjho td dpgrbtg. Fdt` di t`gsg ghtjtjgs brg

oghgrbaay lgsnrjfgl bs ‐Hgdajt`jn nuaturgs', bat`duo` fdt`

jhvdavg bh gxpbhsjdh di bntjvjty fgydhl t`g adgss zdhg.

Jhlggl, t`g kbtgrjba rgabtjho td t`gsg twd trbljtjdhs `bs b

ljstrjfutjdh w`jn` spbhs w`bt `bl `jt`grtd fggh brgbs di fdt`

Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght (ijo. 6). Fdt` di t`gsg

Ijourg 2. \`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh nuaturba n`bhog bhl n`bhog jh

sufsjstghng gndhdky jh Frjtbjh, fgtwggh 7333 bhl 2?33 FN.



ordups `bvg fggh suoogstgl jh t`g pbst td `bvg fggh t`g

dutndkg di b kgrojho di Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn

ndkkuhjtjgs (Kjloagy 2::6). Jt ngrtbjhay sggks pabusjfag

t`bt t`gsg ljstjhntjvg hgw nuaturba idrkbtjdhs gkgrogl irdk

b p`bsg di `gjo`tghgl jhtgrbntjdh fgtwggh idrbogrs bhl

ibrkgrs. \`js js pgr`bps prgigrbfag td t`g fbal n`djng

w`jn` ^dafgro (2:0:, 6?9) prgsghts us wjt`, jh w`jn`

\VF ngrbkjns jh ^nbhljhbvjb kust fg gjt`gr bh jhtgrhba

lgvgadpkght irdk t`g Grtgfðaag, dr t`g rgsuat di b pdpuabtjdh

kdvgkght irdk t`g sdut`.

^johjijnbhtay, jt js wjt`jh t`g gbray \VF bhl Ngrhy

ndhtgxts t`bt kbhy di t`g ljstjhntjvg gagkghts di t`g Btabhtjn

Hgdajt`jn nbh fg rgndohjsgl idr t`g ijrst tjkg. \`gsg sggk

td jhvdavg b lrbwjho-tdogt`gr dr `yfrjljsbtjdh di gagkghts

w`jn` lgrjvg irdk fdt` t`g Btabhtjn Kgsdajt`jn bhl nghtrba

Gurdpgbh Hgdajt`jn trbljtjdhs. Ygry ditgh, w`gh wg ndkpbrg

t`g Btabhtjn Hgdajt`jn wjt` jts prglgngssdrs, jt sggks t`bt

brtgibnts di ljstjhntjvgay ‐Hgdajt`jn' idrk nbkg td fg

jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd prbntjngs w`jn` brg ‐Kgsdajt`jn' jh

jhspjrbtjdh. Vgpgbtglay, t`gkgs ajmg t`g lgajfgrbtg lgpdsjtjdh

di dfegnts, ndhspjnudus igbstjho, t`g ndkpagx trgbtkght di

t`g lgbl, bhl t`g jhtrdluntjdh di sykfdajnbaay-n`brogl pabng

jhtd t`g abhlsnbpg dnnur jh t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn rgndrl di

hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg. \`gsg brg gxbntay t`g mjhls di prbntjngs

w`jn` wg kjo`t ndhsjlgr td fg n`brbntgrjstjn di t`g Hgdajt`jn

jh Frjtbjh dr ^nbhljhbvjb. \d ojvg sdkg gxbkpags, wg ndual

kghtjdh t`g njst furjbas, bhjkba fdhg lgpdsjts, ijrgs bhl

stdhg nbjrhs bt t`g Frgtdh s`gaa kjllghs di \êvjgn bhl

@dàljn (Sêqubrt/Sêqubrt 2:7<), bhl t`g idrkba pjt lgpdsjt

ndhtbjhjho bhjkba fdhg, bhtagr, lgndrbtgl s`gaa bhl fdhg

irdk Fgo-gr-Yja, basd jh Frjttbhy (Mjrm 2::2). Jh sdut`-gbst

Ghoabhl, ghjokbtjn abtgr Kgsdajt`jn pjts bt Bfjhogr,

92 E. \@DKB^ „ KB\GVJBAJ\Z DI \@G KG^DAJ\@JN-HGDAJ\@JN

Ijourg 6. \`g spbtjba rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh pdst-Fbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkght bhl t`g gbrajgst \VF bssgkfabogs jh nghtrba/hdrt`grh Gurdpg

(rg-lrbwh irdk Kjloagy 2::6, ijos. 9 bhl 9?).



Ibrh`bk, @bssdnms bhl ^gakgstdh, sdkg di w`jn` ndhtbjh

vgry abrog qubhtjtjgs di strunm iajht (Lrgwgtt/Vulajho/

Obrljhgr 2:00, 2?-63), kby rgprgsght bhtgnglghts di t`g

idrkba pjt lgpdsjts di t`g Hgdajt`jn (\`dkbs 2::2, n`bptgr <).

\`js mjhl di lgajfgrbtg lgpdsjtjdh js kun` agss gbsy td

sufstbhtjbtg jh wgstgrh Fbhlmgrbkjm ndhtgxts. Gqubaay, wg

kjo`t kghtjdh lgajfgrbtgay lgpdsjtgl brtgibnts, ajmg t`g brrdws`bits irdk Adsùat jh ^nbhjb (Abrssdh 2::3).

Kdst di t`g furjbas di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm wgrg sjkpag pjt

orbvgs, sdkgtjkgs jh ngkgtgrjgs, fut abtg Kgsdajt`jn iuhgrbry

prbntjngs sggk td s`dw kdrg biijhjty wjt` t`g Frjtjs` dr

^nbhljhbvjbh Hgdajt`jn. Orbvgs bt ^mbtg`dak jh ^nbhjb,

idr jhstbhng, brg surkduhtgl fy furht tjkfgr strunturgs, bhl

t`grg js gvjlghng di iuhgrbry igbstjho, ljskgkfgrkght bhl

ljsbrtjnuabtjdh. \`g Ebhjsabwjng orbvg, jh Sdabhl, ndhtbjhgl b

nrdun`gl furjba wjt` trbngs di rgl dn`rg, hukgrdus wdrmgl

bhl uhwdrmgl bhjkba fdhgs bhl bt agbst <6 strunm iajhts

(\dkbszgwsmj/_jaajs 2::>). Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkght sjtgs ajmg

Bogrùl J jh ^nbhjb `bvg prdlungl jsdabtgl ùkbh smgagtba

gagkghts, suoogstjho t`g njrnuabtjdh di fdly pbrts. Basd bt^mbtg`dak, t`g sd-nbaagl ^trunturg 6< sggks td `bvg fggh b

kdhukghtba idnus di sdkg sdrt, pgr`bps usgl idr t`g

prdngssjho di t`g lgbl, jhvdavjho furhjho bhl lgajfgrbtg

lgpdsjts di iajhts bhl bhjkba fdhgs. @grg, t`g gxnbvbtdr

gxpajnjtay ndkpbrgl t`g strunturg wjt` t`g tjkfgr strunturgs

w`jn` `bvg fggh iduhl fghgbt` Hgdajt`jn gbrt`gh adho

fbrrdws jh Frjtbjh bhl ^nbhljhbvjb (Abrssdh 2:00). Bhl di

ndursg, w`jag broukghts nbh fg kblg w`jn` lgrjvg t`g

gbrajgst gbrt`gh adho kduhls bhl kgobajt`jn tdkfs irdk t`g

ldkgstjn strunturgs di t`g nghtrba Gurdpgbh Fbhlmgrbkjm ,

Vùssgh bhl Aghoyga (@dllgr 2:0<f), t`g furjbas w`jn` brg

iduhl fghgbt` t`gk brg lgpdsjtgl bnndrljho td Kgsdajt`jn

prbntjng (Kjloagy 2:07). \`g gbrajgst adho kduhls bhl adho

ghnadsurgs brg iduhl jh Ngrhy bhl gbray \VF ndhtgxts, bhl

rgprgsght b kbtgrjbajsbtjdh di t`g iusjdh di Kgsdajt`jn bhl

Hgdajt`jn trbljtjdhs.

Ji wg nbh jkpay t`bt t`g jhtrdluntjdh di idrkbaay Hgdajt`jn

trbjts jhtd Frjtbjh, Jrgabhl bhl ^nbhljhbvjb idaadws dh

jkkgljbtgay irdk t`js `gjo`tghgl jhtgrbntjdh jh wgstgrh

Irbhng bhl dh t`g Hdrt` Gurdpgbh Sabjh, jt js gvjlght t`bt t`g

mjhl di Hgdajt`jn w`jn` wbs fgjho bldptgl jh t`gsg brgbs

wbs ljiigrght jh n`brbntgr irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn di nghtrba

Gurdpg. _g `bvg sggh t`bt w`jag n`bhogs jh sufsjstghng

prbntjng wgrg tbmjho pabng jh Frjtbjh bt t`js tjkg, t`gy wgrg

hdt uhjvgrsba. Ygry sjkjabr idrks di kbtgrjba nuaturg wgrgfgjho bldptgl t`rduo`dut Frjtbjh, bhl J wdual broug t`bt

t`gsg `bl b trbhsidrkbtjvg rdag td paby jh sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps.

@dwgvgr, J suoogst t`bt t`g n`bhogs w`jn` tddm pabng wgrg

fy hd kgbhs uhjidrk, bhl t`bt t`g hgw brtgibnts bhl

strunturgs wgrg usgl jh ljiigrght wbys jh ljiigrght sdnjba bhl

ogdorbp`jnba ndhtgxts. Bs Brkjt bhl Ijhabysdh (2::6, 9?6)

broug, t`g vbryjho ndhljtjdhs jhtd w`jn` hgw idrks di

kbtgrjba nuaturg wgrg fgjho jhtrdlungl wgrg td sdkg lgorgg

ndhljtjdhgl fy t`g prgvjdusay gxjstjho rgojdhba trbljtjdhs di

t`g Kgsdajt`jn. \`g hgw kbtgrjba idrks `bl hd ijxgl dr

gkfgllgl kgbhjho5 t`gy rgprgsghtgl b rgsdurng, b kgbhs fy

w`jn` kgbhjhos kjo`t fg nrgbtgl bhl rgprdlungl bt b adnba

snbag. \`js suoogsts t`bt iuturg wdrm dh t`g Kgsdajt`jn-

Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh s`dual fg ljrgntgl pbrtjnuabraytdwbrl t`g jhvgstjobtjdh di ljiigrjho pbttgrhs di n`bhog

w`jn` brg ajmgay td fg kbhjigstgl bt t`g rgojdhba agvga

(_`jttag 2::3f, 23>).

<. Ndhnausjdh

_`bt `bl gkgrogl irdk t`g ghnduhtgr fgtwggh Kgsdajt`jn

bhl Hgdajt`jn trbljtjdhs jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg wbs bh bnutg

rgndohjtjdh di t`g wby jh w`jn` t`g kbtgrjba wdral kjo`t fg

usgl bs b systgk di sykfdajn gagkghts. \`gsg ndual fg

kbhjpuabtgl bhl rgndhijourgl jh sun` wbys bs td jhtrdlung

vgry spgnjijn sjohjijnbhngs jhtd pbrtjnuabr adnbtjdhs. \`js js

hdt td broug t`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn wbs sjkpay b sykfdajn

systgk5 t`gsg wgrg p`ysjnba t`jhos w`jn` wgrg jhvdavgl jht`g bntjvjtjgs bhl trbhsbntjdhs di gvgrylby ajig. Fut t`g

jhtgorbtjdh di t`g Hgdajt`jn jh t`g idrk jh w`jn` jt brrjvgl jh

Frjtbjh aby jh t`g wby t`bt brtgibnts ibnjajtbtgl t`g bttrjfutjdh

di sjohjijnbhng td pabngs, pgdpag bhl t`jhos, bhl t`g

gstbfajs`kght di rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh t`gk. \`g pbrtjnuabr

dfegnts bhl prbntjngs w`jn` wgrg fgjho jhtrdlungl baa ijt

jhtd t`js pbttgrh. Sdttgry vgssgas wgrg jkpajnbtgl jh t`g

jhtgrpgrsdhba trbhsbntjdhs di iddl prgpbrbtjdh, sgrvjho, bhl

igbstjho. Iajht kjhgs, w`jn` brg bh jhhdvbtjdh di t`g pdst-

Fbhlmgrbkjm pgrjdl jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg, nrgbtgl b idrkba

ndhtgxt idr t`g prdluntjdh di vbaugl jtgks, bhl basd

rgprgsghtgl bh ghlurjho trbhsidrkbtjdh di abhlsnbpg.

^jkjabray, gbrt`gh adho kduhls bhl nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs

wgrg nrgbtgl fy dpghjho t`g gbrt` bhl nrgbtjho b sjohjijnbht

pabng. Sdajs`gl iajht bxgs wgrg tbmgh dut di t`g iajht kjhgs

bhl njrnuabtgl irdk `bhl td `bhl fgidrg t`gy wgrg rgturhgl

td t`g gbrt`, badho wjt` frdmgh s`grls di pdttgry bhl bhjkba

fdhgs, jh t`g ljtn`gs di t`g ghnadsurgs dr jh jsdabtgl pjts.

\`gsg pjts, sdkgtjkgs idrkjho naustgrs rgsuatjho irdk b

sgrjgs di jhtjkbtg bnts di lgpdsjtjdh (Frdwh 2:00= @gbagy

2:00), kjo`t t`gh sgrvg td prgsgrvg jh kgkdry pbrtjnuabr

pabngs td w`jn` pgdpag wdual rgpgbtglay rgturh. @ukbh

fdhgs wgrg pabngl jh t`g n`bkfgrs di t`g fbrrdws, bhl t`g

ljtn`gs di t`g ghnadsurgs. \`grg js b ngrtbjh sykkgtry bfdut

t`g rgabtjdhs`jps w`jn` wgrg fgjho gstbfajs`gl fgtwggh ajvjhopgdpag, lgbl pgdpag, brtgibnts bhl t`g gbrt`, bhl ygt J wdual

rgsjst t`g tgkptbtjdh td bssgrt t`bt t`gy wgrg uhlgrabjh fy b

uhjidrk strunturg di fgajgi. \`gsg dfegnts bhl prbntjngs wgrg

t`g kbtgrjba gqujvbaght di b abhoubog, bhl t`gy kjo`t fg

usgl td gxprgss b rbhog di ljiigrght kgssbogs.

Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg biidrlgl idr t`g bfdrjojhba

jh`bfjtbhts di Frjtbjh t`g dppdrtuhjty td nrgbtg t`gsg




rgabtjdhs`jps, bhl td trbhsidrk t`g kgbhjhos di t`gjr

abhlsnbpgs t`rduo` t`gjr ghobogkghts wjt` kbtgrjba t`jhos.

\`g qugstjdh js, w`y, bitgr t`gy `bl rgsjstgl idr ùhlrgls di

ygbrs bhy tgkptbtjdh td bldpt b Hgdajt`jn w`jn` wbs

prjhnjpbaay borjnuaturba, s`dual t`gy hdw bldpt b Hgdajt`jn

ndkpdsgl di kbtgrjba sykfdas4 B sjkpag bhswgr ajgs jh t`g

iagxjfjajty bhl bkfjoujty di t`g kbtgrjba jtsgai. Ji Hgdajt`jnkbtgrjba nuaturg ibnjajtbtgl t`g nrgbtjdh di ndhhgntjdhs

fgtwggh pgrsdhs bhl pabngs wjt`dut jkpayjho bhy pbrtjnuabr

gndhdkjn rgojkg di jlgdadojnba systgk, jt kjo`t ghbfag t`g

jhtgorbtjdh di vgry ljvgrsg ndkkuhjtjgs. B Hgdajt`jn

kdhukght ldgs hdt kgbh bhy dhg t`jho (Dasgh 2::3, 633),

js hdt ndhhgntgl wjt` bhy dhg prbntjng, ygt jts p`ysjnba

prgsghng nbh dnnbsjdh t`g nd-drljhbtjdh di b rbog di ljiigrght

prbntjngs. B pdajs`gl stdhg bxg nbh fg ojvgh bs frjlgwgbat`,

dr td gstbfajs` b lgft, dr nbh kbjhtbjh bh baajbhng. Bs sddh bs

t`gsg ndhhgntjdhs bhl rgabtjdhs`jps brg jh gxjstghng, t`gy nbh

sgrvg bs t`g fbsjs idr kutuba bssjstbhng jh tjkgs di `brls`jp,

fut t`gy nbh gqubaay fg kbhjpuabtgl fy jhljvjlubas dr ordups

bs b kgbhs di fujaljho up jhiaughng bhl but`drjty. \`gpgrngjvgl fghgijt di b rgpgrtdjrg di hgw nuaturba idrks ndual

fg bt dhng batrujstjn bhl sgaijs`, bt dhng rgabtjho td t`g jhtgrgsts

di ndkkuhjtjgs bhl sgokghts di t`dsg ndkkuhjtjgs. Fut

bfdvg baa, t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g mjhl di Hgdajt`jn t`bt wbs

jhtrdlungl td Frjtbjh aby jh jts kbtgrjbajty, bhl t us jh t`g

pgrsjstghng di jts vbrjdus gagkghts. Kdhukghts bhl brtgibnts

ld hdt kgrgay trbhsidrk sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn rgabtjdhs, t`gy

sgrvg bs b rgpgbtgl rgkjhlgr t`bt t`jhos `bvg n`bhogl, t`rduo`

t`gjr ndhtjhuba prgsghng jh pgdpag's gvgrylby ajvgs.

rgigrghngs

Bkkgrkbh, B.E. & A.A. Nbvbaaj-îdrzb 2:?2. Kgbsurjho t`g rbtg di

sprgbl di gbray ibrkjho jh Gurdpg, Kbh 9, 9?<-900.

Bkkgrkbh, B.E. & A.A. Nbvbaaj-îdrzb 2:?>. B pdpuabtjdh kdlga

idr t`g ljiiusjdh di ibrkjho jhtd Gurdpg. Jh5 B.N. Vghirgw (gl.)\`g

gxpabhbtjdh di nuaturg n`bhog5 kdlgas jh prg`jstdry, Adhldh, ><>->70.

Brkjt, J. & F. Ijhabysdh 2::6. @uhtgr-obt`grgrs trbhsidrkgl5 t`g

trbhsjtjdh td borjnuaturg jh hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh Gurdpg, Bhtjqujty

99, 99<-9?9.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:06. \`g sgttagkght systgk di t`g Lutn` Ajhgbr-

fbhlmgrbkjm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 27, >2-<>.

Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2:03. \`g gvdautjdh di abtgr Frdhzg Bog sgttagkght.

Jh5 E.N. Fbrrgtt & V.E. Frblagy (gls.) \`g Frjtjs` Abtgr Frdhzg Bog,

Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 0>, ??-233.

Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2:00. Ijgals di ljsndursg5 rgndhstjtutjho b sdnjba

brn`bgdadoy, Nrjtjqug di Bht`rdpdadoy ? (>), 7-29.

Fbrrgtt, E.N., V.E Frblagy & K. Orggh 2::2. Abhlsnbpg, kdhukghts

bhl sdnjgty, Nbkfrjlog.

Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:0?5 Lbtb, rgabtjvjsk bhl brn`bgdadojnba snjghng,

Kbh 66, >:2-<3<.

Frblagy, V.E. 2::>. Batgrjho t`g gbrt`, Gljhfuro`.

Frdwh, H. 2:00. B abtg Frdhzg Bog ghnadsurg bt Adits Ibrk, Gssgx

Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7<, 6<:->36.

Nbsg, @.E. 2:9:. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs, Bhtjqujty <>, 2?9-209.

Nabrm, E.O. 2:99. \`g jhvbsjdh `ypdt`gsjs jh Frjtjs` brn`bgdadoy,

Bhtjqujty <3, 2?6- 0:.

Ndulbrt, B. 2::2. ^dnjba strunturg bhl rgabtjdhs`jps jh prg`jstdrjn

skbaa-snbag sdnjgtjgs5 t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm ordups jh Hgdajt`jn Gurdpg

Jh5 ^.B. Orgoo (gl.) Fgtwggh fbhls bhl stbtgs, Nbrfdhlbag, 6:7-<63

Lgaguzg, O. & I. Oubttbrj 2::<. _`bt js p`jadsdp`y4, Adhldh.

Lghhgaa, V. 2:0>. Gurdpgbh gndhdkjn prg`jstdry, Adhldh.

Lrgwgtt, S., L. Vulajho & K. Obrljhgr 2:00. \`g ^dut` Gbst td

BL 2333, Adhldh.

Glwbrls, M.& M. @jrdhs 2:0<. Ngrgba pdaagh orbjhs jh prg-gak

lgnajhg lgpdsjts5 jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`g gbrajgst borjnuaturg jh Frjtbjh

bhl Jrgabhl, Edurhba di Brn`bgdadojnba ^njghng 22, ?2-03.

Ghtwjstag, V. & B. Orbht 2:0:. \`g gvjlghng idr ngrgba nuatjvbtjdh

bhl bhjkba ùsfbhlry jh t`g sdut`grh Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn bhl Frdhzg

Bog. Jh5 B. Kjaags, L. _jaajbks & H. Obrlhgr (gls.) \`g fgojhhjhos

di borjnuaturg, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts s<:9, 63>-627

Orggh, ^. & K. Uvgagfja 2::3. \`g Kgsdajt`jn ndadhjsbtjdh bhl

borjnuaturba trbhsjtjdh di sdut`-gbst Jrgabhl, Srdnggljhos di t`g

Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 79, 7?-00.

Orjosdh, N. 2:06. Sdrrjlog bhl pbhhbog5 pjo ùsfbhlry jh Hgdajt`

Ghoabhl. Jh5 K. Fgaa & ^. Ajkfrgy (gls.) Brn`bgdadojnba bspgnts di

wddlabhl gndadoy, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts s2<9,

6:?->2<.

@gbagy, I. 2:00. ^pdho @jaa Sbrt YJ5 ?t` td 6hl Kjaaghhjb FN,

Lgrg`bk, Gbst Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy >:.

@dllgr, J.V. 2:06. \`gdrgtjnba brn`bgdadoy5 b rgbntjdhbry vjgw.

Jh5 J.V. @dllgr (gl.) ^ykfdajn bhl strunturba brn`bgdadoy,Nbkfrjlog, 2-29.

@dllgr, J.V. 2:0<b. Brn`bgdadoy jh 2:0<, Bhtjqujty 70, 67->6.

@dllgr, J.V. 2:0<f. Furjbas, `dusgs, wdkgh bhl kgh jh t`g

Gurdpgbh Hgdajt`jn. Jh5 L. Kjaagr & N. \jaagy (gls.) Jlgdadoy,

pdwgr bhl prg`jstdry, Nbkfrjlog, 72-90.

9> E. \@DKB^ „ KB\GVJBAJ\Z DI \@G KG^DAJ\@JN-HGDAJ\@JN



@dllgr, J.V. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Dxidrl.

@dllgr, J.V. 2::6. \`gdry bhl prbntjng jh brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.

Edrlbhdvb, A. 2:0:. ^gxuba vjsjdhs5 jkbogs di oghlgr jh snjghng bhl

kgljnjhg fgtwggh t`g gjo`tgght` bhl twghtjgt` nghturjgs, Adhldh.

Mjhhgs, J.B. 2:00. \`g nbttags`jp Sdtgkpmjh5 t`g ijrst Hgdajt`jn jhFrjtbjh. Jh5 E. Fbrrgtt & J. Mjhhgs (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di ndhtgxt

jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl Frdhzg Bog, ^`giijgal, 6-0.

Mjrm, \. 2::2. ^trunturg, boghny bhl pdwgr rgabtjdhs ‐n`gz ags

lgrhjgrs n`bssgurs- nugjaagurs‚ di hdrt`wgst Irbhng. Jh5

V._. Srgunga (gl.) Srdngssuba bhl pdstprdngssuba brn`bgdadojgs,

Nbrfdhlbag, 230-267.


abtg Kgsdajt`jn, Kgllgabhlgh Irçh Auhls Whjvgrsjtgts @jstdrjsmb

Kusguk ?, 7-20.

Abrssdh, A. 2::3. \`g Kgsdajt`jn di sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb, Edurhba

di _dral Srg`jstdry <, 67?->3:.

Abtdur, F. 2::>. _g `bvg hgvgr fggh kdlgrh, Adhldh.

Añhjho, E., Y. Madds & ^. Bafgrt 2:0:. _gstajn`g Hbn`fbrh lgr

Fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh Muatur5 Ab @dougttg uhl Ajkfuro,Ogrkbhjb 9?,

>77-<63.

Kjloagy, K.^. 2:07. \`g drjojh bhl iuhntjdh di t`g gbrt`gh adho

fbrrdws di Hdrt`grh Gurdpg, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba

Vgpdrts s67:.

Kjloagy, K.^. 2::6. \VF Nuaturg5 \`g ijrst ibrkgrs di t`g Hdrt`

Gurdpgbh Sabjh, Gljhfuro`.

Dasgh, F. 2::3. Vdabhl Fbrt`gs5 irdk sjoh td tgxt. Jh5 N. \jaagy

(gl.) Vgbljho kbtgrjba nuaturg, Dxidrl, 29>-637.

Sêqubrt, K. & ^.E. Sêqubrt 2:7<. @ùgljn, lguxjàkg stbtjdh

hênrdpdag lu Kêsdajt`jqug Nütjgr Brkdrjnbjh, Bhvgrs.

Vghirgw, B.N. 2:?>. Fgidrg njvjajsbtjdh5 t`g rbljdnbrfdh rgvdautjdh

bhl prg`jstdrjn gurdpg, @brkdhlswdrt`.

Vghirgw, B.N. 2:?9. Kgobajt`s, tgrrjtdrjgs bhl pdpuabtjdh. Jh5 ^. lg

Abgt (gl.) Bnnuaturbtjdh bhl ndhtjhujty jh Btabhtjn Gurdpg, Fruogs,

2:0-663.

Vghirgw, B.N. 2:0?. Brn`bgdadoy bhl abhoubog5 t`g puzzag di Jhld- Gurdpgbh drjojhs, Nbkfrjlog.

Vdrty, V. 2:0:. Ndhtjhoghny, jrdhy bhl sdajlbrjty, Nbkfrjlog.

^`grrbtt, B. 2::7.Jhstrukghts di ndhvgrsjdh4 \`g rdag di kgobajt`s

jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg,Dxidrl

Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy 2<, 6<7-693.

^dafgro, F. 2:0:. \`g Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb5

jhtgrhba lgvgadpkght dr kjorbtjdh4,Dxidrl Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy

0, 692-6:7.

\`dkbs, E.^. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs rgvjsjtgl5 t`g Kgsdajt`jn-

Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh bhl sdut` ^nbhljhbvjb, Srdnggljhos di


\`dkbs, E.^. 2::2. Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Nbkfrjlog.

\`dkbs, E.^. 2::>. Ljsndursg, tdtbajsbtjdh bhl ‐t`g Hgdajt`jn'. Jh5

N. \jaagy (gl.), Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh, >7?->:<.

\`dkbs, E.^. 2::9b. \jkg, Nuaturg bhl Jlghtjty5 Bh Jhtgrprgtjvg

Brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.

\`dkbs, E.^. 2::9f. \`g nuaturba ndhtgxt di t`g ijrst usg di

ldkgstjnbtgs jh hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg. Jh5 L. @brrjs (gl.) \`g drjojhs

di borjnuaturg bhl pbstdrbajsk jh Gurbsjb, Adhldh, >23->66.

\jaagy, N.Z. 2:0:. Jhtgrprgtjho kbtgrjba nuaturg. Jh5 J. @dllgr (gl.)

\`g kgbhjhos di t`jhos, Adhldh, 207-2:<.

\dkbszgwsmj, B.E. & V. _jaajs 2::>. \dda-mjts bhl furjba rjtgs5 t`g

nbsg di t`g Ebhjsabwjng orbvg, Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty

7:, 237-226.

_btdh, S.Y. 2:06. Kbh‚s jkpbnt dh t`g n`bamabhls5 sdkg hgw

gvjlghng. Jh5 K. Fgaa & ^. Ajkfrgy (gls.) Brn`bgdadojnba bspgnts di

wddlabhl gndadoy, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts ^2<9,

?7-:2.

_`jttag, B._.V. 2::3b. Srdagodkghb td t`g stuly di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-

Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh bhl Jrgabhl. Jh5 L. Nb`gh& K. Dttg

(gls.) Vufbhê gt Nbrljba, Ajàog, 63:-66?.

_`jttag, B._.V. 2::3f. B kdlga idr t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn

trbhsjtjdh jh t`g Wppgr Mghhgt Ybaagy, hdrt` _jats`jrg, Srdnggljhos

di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 79, 232-223.

_jaajbks, N.\. 2:07. Kgsdajt`jn gxpadjtbtjdh pbttgrhs jh t`g Nghtrba

Sghhjhgs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 2>:.

_jaajbks, G. 2:0:. Lbtjho t`g jhtrdluntjdh di iddl prdluntjdh jhtd

Frjtbjh bhl Jrgabhl, Bhtjqujty 9>, 723-762.

Uvgagfja, K. & S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs jh

Btabhtjn Gurdpg. Jh5 K. Uvgagfja (gl.) @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh,

Nbkfrjlog, 9?-:>.

Euajbh \`dkbs

Lgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy

Whjvgrsjty di ^dut``bkptdh

@joìjgal, ^dut`bkptdh ^D2? 2FE

Ghoabhl




2. Jhtrdluntjdh

\`g rgojdhba Kgusg Ybaagy Srdegnt `bs fggh jh dpgrbtjdh^jhng 2:0? (_bhsaggfgh/Ygr`brt 2::3, 2::7). \`js js bnddpgrbtjdh fgtwggh t`g Hbtjdhba Kusguk di Bhtjqujtjgs jhAgjlgh bhl t`g ^tbtg Whjvgrsjty jh Agjlgh. \`g nghtrba bjkdi t`js prdegnt js td stuly t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdhjh t`g sdut`grh pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls. Dhg di t`g t`gkgs jstd bhbaysg t`g hbturg di ndhtbnts fgtwggh ùhtgr/obt`grgrsbhl ibrkgrs bhl w`bt t`js `bs kgbht idr t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk b

iddl-ndhsukjho td b iddl-prdlunjho gndhdky.Jh ajtgrbturg, t`g jlgbs bhl kdlgas bfdut ndhtbnts rbhogirdk pgbngiua ndgxjstghng td b ndkpagtg stbtg di wbr, dr irdk bh jhtghsjvg jhtgrbntjdh td b idrfjlljho sgpbrbtjdh(Fabnmfurh 2:06= @brt/@brt 2:09= \urhfuaa 2:92, 2:97,2:0>= _ddlfurh 2:90, 2:00). \`g ijhba rgsuat di t`gsgndhtbnts wbs t`bt ùhtgr/obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs rbpjlay dr orblubaay jhndrpdrbtgl gagkghts di t`bt ibrkjho gndhdky.

\`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh kdlgas ditgh bssukg t`bt t`grg js dhgsjhoag lgnjsjvg ibntdr jh t`js prdngss, sun` bs n`bhogs jhnajkbtg, pdpuabtjdh prgssurg, dutsjlg gndhdkjn prgssurg dr sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps (Fghlgr 2:?0, 2:02, 2::3= Fghlgr/ Kdrrjs 2:00= Fjhidrl 2:90, 2:0<= Ogfbugr/Srjng 2::6=

Orgoo 2:00= Uvgagfja 2:09). Dt`grs `dal t`bt jh t`gtrbhsjtjdhba sjtubtjdh b ndkfjhbtjdh di ibntdrs js dpgrbtjho(Lghhgaa 2:07). \`g bjk di t`js brtjnag js td idnus dh t`gsdnjba gagkghts jh t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk Kgsdajt`jn td Hgdajt`jnfy stulyjho gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb.

6. Gt`hdorbp`jn jhidrkbtjdh

Kdst di t`g kdlgas idr t`g n`bhog irdk Kgsdajt`jn tdHgdajt`jn brg fbnmgl up fy gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb di sdnjgtjgsw`jn` brg bt t`js kdkght jh b trbhsjtjdhba stbog irdkùhtgr/obt`grgr td ibrkgr. _gaa-mhdwh hbkgs jh t`js rgspgntbrg t`g @blzb (_ddlfurh 2:00), t`g Dmjgm (Fabnmfurh2:06= _ddlfurh 2:00), t`g Bmb bhl Kfutj-pyokggs(Fbùn`gt/Oujaabukg 2:06= \urhfuaa 2:92, 2:97, 2:0>=_bgàg 2:09) t`g ^bh Fus`kgh (Fbrhbrl 2::6= @jtn`ndnm2:06= Mght 2:0:= Agg 2:?:, 2::6= _jgsshgr 2:06, 2:0>=_jaksgh/Lghfdw 2::3) bhl t`g Botb (Orjiijh 2:0<=Orjiijh/Gstjdmd-Orjiijh 2:07= Sgtgrsdh 2:?0). @dwgvgr,t`gsg sdnjgtjgs baa bppgbr td `bvg `bl ndhtbnts wjt` dutsjlgrsidr b adho tjkg. Bs b kbttgr di ibnt, t`gsg brg sgndhl-stbog

Agd F.K. Ygr`brt _bstg bhl prgstjog= t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdhKjand _bhsaggfgh jh t`g Hgt`grabhls irdk b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg

Ijourg 2. Bzbrd kbh, Hgw Oujhgb (Ndaa. Agb`y).

ndhtbnts5 b stbog w`grg t`g kutuba lgsjrgs di t`g ljiigrghtsdnjgtjgs jhvdavgl brg kgt. Bs brn`bgdadojsts wg kustndhnaulg t`bt t`gsg gt`hdorbp`jn lgsnrjptjdhs brg uhsujtbfagidr t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt fgtwgghibrkgrs bhl ùhtgr/obt`grgrs jh hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg.\`gy ld, `dwgvgr, prdvjlg us wjt` vgry usgiua jhidrkbtjdhndhngrhjho t`g lgvgadpkght di ndhtbnts dvgr tjkg.

@dw gasg td ljsndvgr w`bt `bppghgl jh b ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt, w`bt wbs t`g hbturg di t`gsg ndhtbnts bhl w`bt wgrg

t`g jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss4 \d sdavg t`jsprdfagk bh bttgkpt `bs fggh kblg td stuly t`g ndhtbnts di kutubaay ljiigrght sdnjd-gndhdkjn systgks jh kdrg lgtbja.



\`js rgsgbrn` wbs spgnjijnbaay bjkgl bt t`g ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt, t`g rgspdhsgs bhl t`g lgvgadpkght di kutubargabtjdhs`jps, t`g kbtgrjba rgiagntjdh di t`gsg ndhtbnts bhl t`gn`bhogs jh t`g rdag bhl kgbhjho di dfegnts t`bt nbh fgrgabtgl td t`gsg ndhtbnts. Irdk t`js, oghgrba kdlgas nbh fglgvgadpgl idr t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh Kgsdajt`jn ùhtgr/

obt`grgrs bhl ibrkgrs jh hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl kdrgspgnjijnbaay jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. \`g rgsuats di t`js bhbaysjsbrg ndkpbrgl td t`g kdlgas bhl gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb di t`gsgndhl stbog di ndhtbnt, j.g. t`g stbog stjaa td fg iduhl tdlbyjh idr gxbkpag Birjnb.

Kdst lgsnrjptjdhs di ndhtbnts fgtwggh ljiigrght sdnjd-gndhdkjn sdnjgtjgs brg di suf-rgnght bog, ajmg t`g OrgghabhlJhujt bhl Yjmjhos (KnOdvgrh 2:03, 2:07), Orgghabhl Jhujtbhl Gurdpgbhs (Jsrbga 2:9:), Nbhbljbh Jhujt bhl Gurdpgbhw`bagrs bhl iur trblgrs (KnIbllgh Nabrm 2:??= Vby 2:?<,2:?7), Bustrbajbh Bfdrjojhgs bhl Ghoajs` ndadhjsts(Adurbhlds 2:07= Kuavbhgy 2:0:), Bkgrjnbh Jhljbhs bhlGurdpgbhs (Sbolgh 2::>= ^kjt` 2:0?). \`gsg lgsnrjptjdhs

brg ditgh ndadurgl, jhndkpagtg bhl pddray ldnukghtgl.^trbhogay ghduo` t`grg js dhg gxngptjdh. \`js ibsnjhbtjholgsnrjptjdh di ndhtbnt js fy hd kgbhs bhnjght bhl, fy dur prgsght nrjtgrjb, nbh gvgh fg nbaagl kdlgrh. Bs bh gxbkpag,bhl hdt bs bh bhbadoy, wg wjaa ljsnuss t`js ndhtbnt jh kdrglgtbja hdw.

>. Bh Bustrbajbh jh Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb

Jh 2:>3 t`g Bustrbajbh Kjn`bga Agb`y sgt dut wjt` b ordupdi Sbpubhs irdk t`g ndbst jhtd t`g jhtgrjdr di t`g idrkgr Bustrbajbh Hgw Oujhgb, prdspgntjho idr odal. Baa `jsgxpgrjghngs `bvg fggh rgndrlgl jh ljbrjgs, brtjnags,p`dtdorbp`s bhl dh ijak (Ndhhdaay/Bhlgrsdh 2:00= Agb`y

2:>9, 2::2). Jh t`g ijvg ygbrs `g rgpgbtglay vjsjtgl t`g brgb,`g iduhl `brlay bhy odal fut ljl ndaagnt b trgbsurg trdvg di gt`hdorbp`jn jhidrkbtjdh.

\`g jhtgrjdr di Hgw Oujhgb `bl bawbys fggh rgobrlgl bsuhjh`bfjtgl bhl uhjh`bfjtbfag. Fy t`g abtg twghtjgs b sadwtrjnmag di jhidrkbtjdh stbrtgl, suoogstjho t`bt pgdpag wgrgajvjho t`grg bitgr baa. Agb`y bttgkptgl td trbng upstrgbk,sd lggp jhtd t`g jhtgrjdr, t`g sdurng di t`g odal t`bt wbs wdhjh t`g adwgr ndursgs di t`g rjvgrs. \d `js bkbzgkght t`gjhtgrjdr prdvgl td ndhsjst di b vgry igrtjag borbrjbh brgb jhw`jn` tghs di t`dusbhls pgdpag wgrg ajvjho.

\`g w`jtg prdspgntdrs bttgkptgl bt t`g ijrst ndhtbnts td

sgnurg ijrst di baa oddl rgabtjdhs wjt` t`g adnba pdpuabtjdhbhl sgndhlay td dftbjh iddl fy wby di ojits. \`gy `bl tbmghbadho fgbls, sbat, tgxtjags bhl kgtba dfegnts. Jhjtjbaay t`gSbpubhs wgrg dhay jhtgrgstgl jh t`g sbat bhl tgxtjags. Jt turhsdut t`bt jh b sjtubtjdh di ijrst ndhtbnt dhay t`g dfegntsrgndohjzbfag td t`g dwh nuaturg nbh fg gxn`bhogl. \`g kgtbadfegnts, `dwgvgr supgrjdr jh qubajty bhl giigntjvjty, bt ijrstld hdt paby b sjohjijnbht pbrt. Kdst jhtgrgst js ljrgntgl bt t`g

s`gaas, dr b sufstjtutg jh t`g s`bpg di pdrngabjh sbungrs (ijo. 6).Jt turhs dut t`bt w`bt js kdst jkpdrtbht js hdt t`g prjkbryiuhntjdh di t`g gxn`bhogl dfegnt, fut t`g pbrt jt nbh paby jht`gjr dwh ndkpgtjtjvg gxn`bhog systgk. \`g gxdtjn n`brbntgr di t`g gxn`bhogl dfegnts bhl t`gjr bssdnjbtjdh wjt` t`gdutsjlgrs kbmg t`gk vbaubfag. \`js agbls td t`g p`ghdkghdh

t`bt bhyt`jho gxdtjn bhl bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g dutsjlgrs kbystbrt td paby b pbrt jh t`g gxn`bhog systgk. Bt t`js stbog gvght`g wbstg di t`g vjsjtdrs, ajmg gkpty tjhs (ijos 2 bhl >),fdttags, ndadurgl abfgas, dal rbzdr fablgs, gkpty fdxgs,nbrtrjlog nbsgs, ndadurgl tgxtjags, kgtba mgys bhl nbr pbrts,bssukgs b ngrtbjh vbaug bhl js usgl jh t`g gxn`bhog systgkdr wdrh bs pgrsdhba lgndrbtjdh.

Dvgr t`g hgxt ygbrs Agb`y spghls jh t`g brgb, t`g jkpdrtdi `joày lgsjrbfag dfegnts ordws trgkghldusay. _jt` t`gsg,td dutsjlgrs n`gbp, dfegnts abfdurgrs nbh fg rgnrujtgl td wjht`g odal dr td prdvjlg dt`gr sgrvjngs bhl iddl nbh fggxn`bhogl. \`g giignts dh t`g trbljtjdhba gxn`bhog systgkbrg ljsbstrdus5 b ojobhtjn jhiabtjdh dnnurs. Iurt`grkdrg t`grg

js b lgvgadpkght wg wdual ajmg td nbaa b mjhl di lgabyglprgstjog. \`g bnqujsjtjdh di gndhdkjnbaay usgiua ndkkdlj-tjgs, bs t`g jrdh bxgs bhl ndkkgrnjba iddl nrdps, agbls td borgbtgr surpaus prdluntjdh w`jn` jh jts turh kby fg usgl tdobjh kdrg prgstjog.

<. Ndhnausjdhs irdk t g gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb

Irdk t`g Hgw Oujhgb gxbkpags (@gbagy 2::3= Kby/Hgasdh2:06= Hgasdh 2:?9= Vblidrl 2:0?= ^bajsfury 2:96=^n`jgiigajh/Nrjttghlgh 2::2) bhl t`g dt`gr sjtubtjdhs di ijrstndhtbnt wg stuljgl, b hukfgr di prgajkjhbry ndhnausjdhs nbhfg lrbwh5

2. \`g rgsuats di ijrst ndhtbnts brg kbjhay bppbrght wjt jht`g sdnjba sufsystgk bhl `brlay dr hdt bt baa wjt`jh t`ggndhdkjn sufsystgk.

6. \`g kgbhjho t`g dutsjlgr bttbn`gs td bh dfegnt ditgh ldgshdt kbtn` t`g kgbhjho ojvgh fy t`g adnba pdpuabtjdh.

>. \d b abrog gxtght t`g vbaug di t`gsg dfegnts prdvgs td fgsufegnt td jhiabtjdh (ijo. <). \`js rgsuats jh b qubhtjtbtjvgjhnrgbsg jh t`g hukfgr di dfegnts dr jh t`g bppgbrbhngdi dt`gr vbaubfag dfegnts td paby b pbrt jh t`g gxn`bhogsystgk.

<. \`g iadw di ndkkdljtjgs fgtwggh twd ljiigrghtsdnjdnuaturba systgks js `joày ljiigrght. \`g adnba

pdpuabtjdh js jhtgrgstgl jh dfegnts, bakdst hgvgr jh iddl.\`gjr dwh iddl js suiijnjght idr t`gjr lbjay sufsjstghng=dhay t`g iddl t`bt `bs b vbaug jh t`g prgstjog systgk jsgxn`bhogl. \`g dutsjlgrs, dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, brggxnausjvgay jhtgrgstgl jh iddl bhl prdijtbfag rbw kbtgrjbas,hgvgr jh brtgibnts, w`jn` brg ditgh rgobrlgl bs jhigrjdr.

7. Dhay bt b kun` abtgr stbog „ w`jn` wg rgigrrgl td bs t`gsgndhl p`bsg di ndhtbnt jh t`g nbsg di t`g kdlgrh ùhtgr/




obt`grgrs „ gndhdkjn kdtjvgs ndkg jhtd dpgrbtjdh, bhlt`gh kbjhay bs b pdssjfjajty idr ‐lgabygl prgstjog'. Bt t`jsstbog t`g trbhsjtjdh td bhdt`gr gndhdkjn systgk kby dnnur.

Brg t`g lgvgadpkghts bhl n`brbntgrjstjns lgsnrjfgl bfdvgbasd gvjlght jh hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg4 Jh t`g sjtubtjdhs di ndhtbnt wg stuljgl t`g adnba pdpuabtjdh gxn`bhogl bkdhodt`gr t`jhos s`gaas, igbt`grs, `jlgs, iur, tgxtjags, ijs`, kgbt,iddl nrdps, kgljnjhba `grfs, rgsjh, pjokghts, `dhgy bhl sbat.Baa di t`gsg brg prdlunts uhajmgay td `bvg fggh prgsgrvgl bhl

wg wjaa hdt ijhl gvjlghng idr t`gjr idrkgr prgsghng. Jhtgstjho t`gsg ndhnausjdhs wg s`baa t`grgidrg `bvg td rgstrjntdursgavgs td t`g jkpgrjs`bfag ndkpdhght di t`g kbtgrjbanuaturg, j.g. stdhg bhl pdttgry.

7. \`g Hgt`grabhls bhl hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg

Jh t`g sdut` di t`js nduhtry t`g prgsghng di Fbhlmgrbkjmndadhjsts bhl t`gjr sunngssdrs, t`g Vùssgh Nuaturg, sggks td

`bvg `bl `brlay bhy gndhdkjn giignts dh t`g adnba pdpuabtjdh(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2::>b, 2::>f= _bhsaggfgh/Ygr`brt 2::32::7). \`g trbhsjtjdh td b ibrkjho wby di ajig `bs hdtdnnurrgl uhtja t`g ghl di t`g Vùssgh p`bsg. Jh t`g sunnggljhoKjn`gasfgro p`bsg b ibrkjho gndhdky ldgs gxjst, wjt`strdho Kgsdajt`jn dvgrtdhgs.

_g nbh jhigr t`js irdk t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs di brtgibnts bhl t`g adnbtjdh di t`g sgttagkghts jh t`g KgusgYbaagy. Jh t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm p`bsg wg ijhl b ndhnghtrbtjdhdi sgttagkghts jh t`g adgss rgojdh, skbaa sgttagkghts jh t`g

blebnght ndvgrsbhl brgb bhl b ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry bhlblzgs jh b hdrt`gray ljrgntjdh (ijo. 7 bhl 9). Jh t`g Vùssghp`bsg t`grg brg hd sgttagkghts jh t`g adgss rgojdh. Jh t`gndvgrsbhl brgb wg ijhl b pbttgrh jlghtjnba td t`bt di t`gprgvjdus p`bsg5 b t`jh ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry bhlFrgjtmgjag. Jh t`g Kjn`gasfgro p`bsg t`grg js b ndkpagtgayljiigrght pbttgrh5 sgttagkghts bfduhl jh t`g ghtjrg ndvgrsbhlbrgb.

9? A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BHÂGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG

Ijourg 6. Srgsghtbtjdh di wgbat`.

\`g agit kbh js wgbrjho b pdrngabjh

sbungr dh t`g irdht di `js `gbl bs

sufstjtutg idr b s`gaa (Ndaa. Agb`y).



Ijourg <. \`g bkduht di pgrsdhba lgndrbtjdh di Kduht @bogh wdkgh brrduhl 2:>> (agit) bhl Kduht @bogh n`jalrgh jh 2:>9/>? (rjo`t)

(Ndaa. Agb`y).


Ijourg >b. Kbh wgbrjho b tjh bs lgndrbtjdh (Ndaa. Agb`y). Ijourg >f. Kbh wgbrjho b fjsnujt fbo bs lgndrbtjdh (Ndaa. Agb`y).



9: A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BHÂGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG

Lurjho t`g pgrjdls di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm bhl t`g VùssghNuaturg wg t`grgidrg `bvg b p`bsg di ndhtbnt, wjt`dut bhyvjsjfag giignts dh t`g gndhdkjn sufsystgk. _g ld ijhl t`gjr brtgibnts jh t`g ndvgrsbhl brgb, wgaa bwby irdk t`gjr

sgttagkghts. Kdst di t`gsg brg strby ijhls, fut sdkg brg hdt.Irdk Lñrrghfgro, Ogrkbhy, t`g gxjstghng di b AbtgKgsdajt`jn orbvg sprjhmagl wjt` rgl dn`rg js mhdwh,ndhtbjhjho kjnrdajt`s bhl bh blzg (Fjnmgr 2:>9). Jh blljtjdht`grg brg Abtg Kgsdajt`jn ijhl spdts wjt` blzgs, Frgjtmgjagbhl dnnbsjdhbaay pdttgry, bs idr gxbkpag ^nàgtbu (Frggst2:00), Orbfdw (Frggst 2:0?) bhl _gjlght`ba-@ùàg (Nzjgzab2::6) jh Ogrkbhy bhl Zssgastgjh, @gakdhl bhl Obssga(Frduhgh/Lg Edho 2:00) jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. @dw td jhtgrprgtt`gsg ijhls4

Hukgrdus gxpabhbtjdhs `bvg fggh put idrwbrl fy dt`gr rgsgbrn`grs. \`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`gsg brtgibnts js t`duo`t tdfg t`g rgsuat di t`g sgttajho di Gbray Hgdajt`jn ibrkgrs,sndutjho gxpgljtjdhs fy t`gsg ibrkgrs, nbttag trbhsùkbhngnbkps, dr t`git dr gxn`bhog di dfegnts fy Kgsdajt`jnùhtgr/obt`grgrs. \`g ijrst twd dptjdhs sggk hdt vgrypabusjfag. Dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg hd sgttagkghts `bvg fgghiduhl jh t`gsg pbrts sd ibr t`bt nbh fg ndkpbrgl td t`dsg wgmhdw irdk t`g adgss jtsgai. \`g sndutjho gxpgljtjdhs kby`bvg pabygl b pbrt jh t`g ljstrjfutjdh, fut jt kust `bvg fggh

ajkjtgl. \`g kbtgrjba rgiagntjdh wjaa `bvg fggh skbaa, jhndhtrbst td t`g bntuba ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh bhl t`g kutubaljiigrghngs jh t`g ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry bhl blzgs. \`g t`jrldptjdh, nbttag nbkps, kby gxpabjh t`g ljstrjfutjdh di brtgibnts

jh t`g jkkgljbtg bledjhjho ndvgrsbhl brgb. \`g kdlgaFbmgas (2:?0) `bs lgvgadpgl idr t`g Orbgt`gjlg naustgr suoogsts b s`drtbog di pbsturg jh t`g adgss zdhg bhlhgngssjtbtgs b trbhsùkbhng systgk idr nbttag. Jh t`js wby t`gndvgrsbhl brgb brduhl t`g adgss kby `bvg fggh gxpadjtgl.@dwgvgr, t`js dptjdh js dhay vbajl jh t`g brgb jkkgljbtgaybledjhjho t`g adgss. \`g ijhls t`bt wgrg adnbtgl kdrg td t`ghdrt` bhl wgst sggk td fg t`g rgsuat di bhdt`gr kgn`bhjsk._g ndhsjlgr t`js ljstrjfutjdh td fg t`g rgiagntjdh di ndhtbntsfgtwggh ùhtgr/obt`grgrs bhl ibrkgrs bhl di bh gxn`bhogbkdho ùhtgr/obt`grgrs. \`js kby rgigr td rdffgl kbtgrjba bswgaa bs gxn`bhogl dfegnts.

Jh t`g nbsg di rdffgl kbtgrjba wg kby t`jhm di rbjls, futbasd di ndaagntjho dr snbvghojho wbstg, ajmg pdttgry s`grls, jhbfbhldhgl sgttagkght brgbs, kdrg pbrtjnuabray jh t`dsg skbaatgkpdrbry sgttagkghts dr nbkps jh t`g ndvgrsbhl rgojdh(ijo. 7). Sbrt di t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh di t`g pdttgry nbh fggxpabjhgl jh t`js wby. Bhdt`gr pbrt, `dwgvgr, js surg td fgt`g rgsuat di gxn`bhog. Idr Kgsdajt`jn ùhtgr/obt`grgrspdttgry wjaa fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g hgw brrjvbas bhl t`grgidrg

Ijourg 7. Hdrt wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl

t`g ljstrjfutjdh di Fbhlmgrbkjm

pdttgry dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg.

Fbhlmgrbkjm dnnupbtjdh naustgrs

`btn`gl= adgss ldttgl.



?3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

Ijourg ?. Hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl

t`g ljstrjfutjdh di Vùssgh Frgjtmgjag

dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg. Vùssgh

dnnupbtjdh naustgrs `btn`gl= adgss

ldttgl.

Ijourg 9. Hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl

t`g ljstrjfutjdh di Fbhlmgrbkjm

blzgs dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg.

Fbhlmgrbkjm dnnupbtjdh naustgrs

`btn`gl= adgss ldttgl.



`bvg bh gxdtjn bppgba. \`js bssdnjbtjdh obvg jt bh bllglvbaug. \d t`g ibrkgrs jt wbs b n`gbp ndkkdljty, fut bs t`gpdtghtjba hgw dwhgr s`dual fg bfag td bssdnjbtg t`g pdttgrywjt` t`g drjojhba usgr „ jh dt`gr wdrls s`dual mhdw t`btdrjojhba usgr „ jt wdual `bvg `bl b rgstrjntgl ljstrjfutjdh.\`g brn`bgdadojnba ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh suppdrts t`js

`ypdt`gsjs. B sgndhl ibntdr t`bt kby paby b pbrt jh t`g ajkjtglsjzg di t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh js t`g irbojajty di pdttgry.\`g ljstrjfutjdh di blzgs s`dws bhdt`gr pbttgrh (ijo. 9).

_g hdtjng b ndhnghtrbtjdh jh t`g vjnjhjty di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjmsgttagkghts bhl b ibhhjho dut jh b hdrt`gray ljrgntjdh. \`gblzgs rgprgsghtgl b rgabtjvgay `jo` vbaug jh Fbhlmgrbkjmsdnjgty, bs lgkdhstrbtgl jh t`g stuly di orbvg jhvghtdrjgs(Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:). ^d t`g n`bhngs brg rgkdtg t`bt t`gywgrg agit fg`jhl dh bfbhldhgl sgttagkght brgbs. \`gljstrjfutjdh sggks kdrg ajmgay td fg t`g rgsuat di gxn`bhog.Iuhntjdhbaay ndkpbrbfag brtgibnts dnnur bkdho t`gjkpagkghts di Kgsdajt`jn ùhtgr/obt`grgrs. ^d td t`gk t`jsbrtgibnt wbs b rgndohjzbfay iuhntjdhba dfegnt kblg kdrg

vbaubfag fy jts gxdtjn n`brbntgr. Jt ljl hdt `bvg td fgbssdnjbtgl ljrgntay wjt` t`g drjojhba dwhgr dr kbmgr. \`jsrgsuatgl jh b wjlgr ljstrjfutjdh. \d gxpabjh t`g ndhnghtrbtjdhdi blzgs jh t`g dutgr adgss zdhg bh jhiabtjdhbry prdngss kjo`tfg put idrwbrl. Sdttgry fgnbkg b agss lgsjrbfag gxn`bhogdfegnt jh ibvdur di blzgs.

Jh t`g hgxt n`rdhdadojnba p`bsg, t`g Vùssgh Nuaturg,wg sgg t`bt pdttgry, jh t`g s`bpg di ndkpagtg pdts, jsgxn`bhogl dvgr b ajkjtgl ljstbhng. _g t`jhm jt ajmgay t`bt bn`bhog jh kgbhjho dnnurrgl `grg, irdk prjkbrjayprgstjojdus dfegnt td kdrg iuhntjdhba dfegnt. \`g gxn`bhogjs vgry wgaa ldnukghtgl, bs lgkdhstrbtgl fy t g ijhl di jkpdrtgl Vùssgh pdts bt @ñlg dh t`g Lñkkgrsgg

(^n`wbfgljssgh 2:99, 2:?:). \`g rgstrjntgl ljstrjfutjdhpbttgrh kby `bvg fggh nbusgl fy t`g irbojajty di t`gkbtgrjba `grg bs wgaa. \`g ljstrjfutjdh di pgridrbtgl blzgsbhl Frgjtmgjag (ijo. ?) sggks td jhljnbtg t`g ordwjhojkpdrtbhng di t`gsg jkpagkghts jh t`g prgstjog systgk.\`g pbttgrh fgndkgs hdtjngbfay kdrg lghsg bhl gxtghlsgvgh td t`g sdut` di ^nbhljhbvjb.

\`g ijrst jhljnbtjdhs di gndhdkjn n`bhogs lbtg irdk t`jsp`bsg bs wgaa. Jh t`g sgttagkghts di Fgrosn`gh`dgm, Frbhl-wjem, @bzghldhm, ^wjitgrfbht bhl b Ogrkbh sjtg bs @ñlg wgghnduhtgr t`g ijrst iddl nrdps bhl fdhgs di ldkgstjnbtglbhjkbas (Lgjn`kuaagr 2:9:= Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2::>b,

2::>f= ^n`wbfgljssgh 2:?:).

9. Ndhnausjdh

Jh t`g njrnukstbhngs lgsnrjfgl bfdvg t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdhprdngss kby jhjtjbaay fg ndhsjlgrgl b prdngss di jhtghsjijnb-tjdh. \`js jhtghsjijnbtjdh wbs ljrgntgl jh t`g ijrst jhstbhng btjhnrgbsjho t`g dppdrtuhjtjgs wjt`jh bh gxn`bhog systgk fbsgldh mjhs`jp bhl pdajtjnba baajbhngs. \`js ijrst p`bsg js

n`brbntgrjzgl fy, bkdho dt`gr t`jhos, bh gxn`bhog di prgstjojdus dfegnts. \`js js idaadwgl fy b sgndhl p`bsg wjt`t`g gkp`bsjs dh lgabygl prgstjog. Lurjho t`js p`bsg t`gjhtgrbntjdhs wjt` Hgdajt`jn ordups jhtghsjiy bhl orblubaaygndhdkjn gagkghts brg jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty.Ijhbaay, t`js wjaa rgsuat jh b Hgdajt`jn sdnjgty.

Bs b ijhba rgkbrm wg put idrwbrl t`bt t`gsg jlgbs bhl lbtbkby suoogst t`bt wg ndhsjlgr t`g sdnjba gagkght td fg t`gsdag nrunjba ibntdr jh t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss. \`js js fyhd kgbhs trug. _g kgrgay wbhtgl td gkp`bsjzg t`g ditghuhlgrrbtgl jkpdrtbhng di sdnjba ibntdrs. _g t`jhm t`bt t`ghgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss js bh jhtgrpaby di sgvgrba ibntdrs5lgkdorbp`jn, gndhdkjn, pgr`bps najkbtdadojnba bhl sdnjba.Fut wg ld t`jhm t`bt t`g sdnjba ibntdr `bs b agbljho pbrt,gspgnjbaay jh b ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt.

Bnmhdwaglogkghts

_g `bvg td t`bhm t`g Hbtjdhba Ajfrbry di Bustrbajb bhl krs.N`rjstjhg Agb`y mjhlay idr t`gjr pgrkjssjdh td rgprdlung t`g

p`dtdorbp`s di Kjn`bga bhl Lbh Agb`y.\`g tgxt wbs trbhsabtgl fy @. Dttgh-Ydogabbr.

rgigrghngs

Fbùn`gt, ^. & @. Oujaabukg 2:06. Bmb-ibrkgr rgabtjdhs jh t`ghdrt`-wgst Ndhod-fbsjh. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns

bhl `jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 20:-622.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:?0. Idur Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkghts bhl t`gjr

ghvjrdhkght5 b pbabgdgndadojnba stuly di ^jttbrl, ^tgjh, Gasadd bhl

@jgh`gjk, Agjlgh.

Fbrhbrl, B. 2::6. @uhtgrs bhl `grlgrs di sdut`grh Birjnb, b

ndkpgrbtjvg stuly di t`g M`djsbh pgdpags, Nbkfrjlog.

Fghlgr, F. 2:?0. Obt`grgr-ùhtgr td ibrkgr5 b sdnjba pgrpgntjvg,_dral Brn`bgdadoy 23, 63<-666.

Fghlgr, F. 2:02. Obt`gr-ùhtgr jhtghsjijnbtjdh. Jh5 B. ^`grjlbh &O. Fbjagy (gls.), Gndhdkjn Brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, FrjtjsBrn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts, Jht. ^gr. :9, 2<:-27?.

Fghlgr, F. 2::3. \`g lyhbkjns di hdh`jgrbrn`jnba sdnjgtjgs. Jh5^. Wp`bk (gl.) \`g gvdautjdh di pdajtjnba systgks5 ^dnjdpdajtjns jh

skbaa-snbag sglghtbry sdnjgtjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 6<?-69>.

Fghlgr, F. & F. Kdrrjs 2:00. \wghty ygbrs di `jstdry, gvdautjdhbhl sdnjba n`bhog jh obt`grgr-ùhtgr stuljgs. Jh5 \. Jhodal,L. Vjn`gs & E. _ddlfurh (gls.) @uhtgrs bhl obt`grgrs 25 @jstdry,

gvdautjdh bhl sdnjba n`bhog, Hgw Zdrm/Dxidrl, <-2<.

Fjnmgr, I.M. 2:>9. Gjh sn`hurmgrbkjsn`gs Vùtgaorbf kjt Kjmrd-ajt`gh uhl ^n`jalmrùtg jh Lñrrghfgro, Mr. Kgrsgfuro. Eb`rgssn`rjit

@baag 6<, 7:-02.

?2 A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BHÂGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG



Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:90. Sdst-Sagjstdnghg blbptbtjdhs. Jh5 ^.V. Fjhidrl& A.V. Fjhidrl (gls.) Hgw pgrspgntjvgs jh brn`bgdadoy, N`jnbod,>2>-><2.

Fabnmfurh, V. @. 2:06. Jh t`g abhl di kjam bhl `dhgy5 Dmjgmblbptbtjdhs td t`gjr idrgsts bhl hgjo`fdurs. Jh5 G. Agbndnm &V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns bhl `jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog,

60>->37.

Frggst, M. 2:0?. Gjh spìtkgsdajt`jsn`gr ^jglauhospabtz jk Ñfgrobhozuk Srdtdhgdajt`jmuk fgj Orbfdw, Almr. Añn`dw-Lbhhghfgro, Ljg

Muhlg >0, <:-70.

Frggst, M. 2:00. Gjh ^nùàgjstghmgja vdh gjhgk kjttgastgjhzgjtajn`ghIuhlpabtz jh lgr Ogkbrmuho ^nàgtbu. Almr. Añn`dw-Lbhhghfgro, Ljg Muhlg >:, 7>-96.

Frduhgh, I.\.^. & E.S.K. lg Edho 2:00. Dpkgrmgajemgvrdgohgdajt jsn`g vdhlstgh fje Obssga, _gstgr`ggk >?, 20>-2:6.

Ndhhdaay, F. & V. Bhlgrsdh 2:0?. Ijrst ndhtbnt. Hgw Oujhgb's

`joàbhlgrs ghnduhtgr t`g dutsjlg wdral , Hgw Zdrm.

Nzjgsab, G. 2::6. Eìogr uhl ^bkkagr. Ljg kjttagrg ^tgjhzgjt jk

Abhlmrgjs Sjrkbsghs, Frñ a.

Lgjn`kñaagr, E. 2:9:. Ljg hgdajt`jsn`g Kddrsjglauho @ñlg J bkLñkkgr, Mrgjs Orbisn`bit Ljgp`daz. Hgug Busorbfuhogh uhl

Idrsnùhogh jh Hjglgrsbn`sgh <, 60- >9.

Lghhgaa, V._. 2:07. \`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr/borjnuaturba irdhtjgs jhprg`jstdrjn tgkpgrbtg Gurdpg. Jh5 ^. Orggh & ^. Sgrakbh (gls.) \`g

Brn`bgdadoy di irdhtjgrs bhl fduhlbrjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 22>-2>:.

Ogfbugr, B.F. & \.L. Srjng 2::6. \rbhsjtjdhs td borjnuaturg jh

prg`jstdry, Kbljsdh.

Orgoo, ^. 2:00. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs. Sdpuabtjdh jhtgrbntjdh bhl

borjnuaturba gxpbhsjdh jh prg`jstdrjn Gurdpg, N jnbod.

Orjiijh, S.F. 2:0<. Idrbogr rgsdurng bhl abhl usg jh t`g ùkjntrdpjns5 t`g Botb di hdrt`gbstgrh Auzdh. Jh5 N. ^n`rjrg (gl.) Sbst

bhl prgsght jh ùhtgr-obt`grgr stuljgs, Hgw Zdrm, :7-262.

Orjiijh, S.F. & B. Gstjdmd-Orjiijh 2:07. \`g Botb di hdrt`gbstgrh

Auzdh, Ngfu Njty.

@brt, \ & E. @brt 2:09, \`g gndadojnba fbsjs di ùhtgr-obt`grgr sufsjstghng jh Birjnbh rbjh idrgsts5 t`g Kfutj di gbstgrh Ubjrg,

@ukbh Gndadoy 2<, 6:-77.

@gbagy, N.E. 2::3. Kbrjho ùhtgrs bhl trblgrs. Srdluntjdh bhl

gxn`bhog jh t`g Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb `joàbhls, Fgrmgagy.

@jtn`ndnm, V.M. 2:06. Sbttgrhs di sglghtjsk bkdho t`g Fbsbrwb di gbstgrh Fdtswbhb. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns bhl

`jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 66>- 69?.

Jsrbga, @. 2:9:. Muaturwbhlga orùhabhljsn`gr Gsmjkd jk 20. Eb`r-ùhlgrt. Bf`bhlauhogh uhl Fgrjn`tg lgs ^tbbtajn`g Kusguks iñr

Ydamgrmuhlg Lrgslgh, Fbhl 6:.

Mght, ^. 2:0:. Ibrkgrs bs ùhtgrs5 t`g jkpajnbtjdhs di sglghtjsk,Nbkfrjlog.

Agb`y, K.E. 2:>9. \`g nghtrba `joàbhls di Hgw Oujhgb. Edurhba di t`g Vdyba Ogdorbp`jnba ^dnjgty Adhldh 0?->, 66:-696.

Agb`y, K.E. 2::2. Gxpadrbtjdhs jhtd @joàbhl Hgw Oujhgb 2:>3-

2:>7, \usnbaddsb.

Agg, V.F. 2:?:. \`g Muho! ^bh5 kgh wdkgh bhl wdrm jh b idrbojho

sdnjgty, Nbkfrjlog.

Agg, V.F. 2::6. Brt, snjghng dr pdajtjns4 \`g nrjsjs jh ùhtgr-obt`grgr stuljgs, Bkgrjnbh Bhtrdpdadoy :<, >2-7<.

Adurbhlds, @. 2:07. Jhtghsjijnbtjdh bhl Bustrbajbh prg`jstdry.Jh5 \.L. Srjng & E.B. Frdwh (gls.) Srg`jstdrjn ùhtgrs-obt`grgrs,

Hgw Zdrm, >07-<6>.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>b. _gtabhl gxpadjtbtjdh bhl upabhlrgabtjdhs di prg`jstdrjn ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh5E. Obrljhgr (gl.) Iabtabhls bhl wgtabhls5 nurrght t`gkgs jh gbst

Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy, Gbst Bhoajbh Brn bgdadoy Vgpdrt Hd. 73,?2-229.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>f. \`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jntrbhsidrkbtjdh jh t`g Adwgr V`jhg Fbsjh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg

stuljgs jh Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Fdnb Vbtdh, :7- 2<7.

Kby, V.E. & @. Hgasdh 2:06. Kgabhgsjb5 fgydhl ljvgrsjty, Yda. 2.Nbhfgrrb.

KnIbllgh Nabrm, B. 2:??. \rblg bt nrdssrdbls. Jh5 E. @gakgr,^. Ybh Lymg & I. Mghsg (gls.) Srdfagks jh t`g prg`jstdry di t`g

Hdrt` Bkgrjnbh ûfbrntjn5 t`g Bt`bpbsmbh Rugstjdh, Nbaobry, 2>3-2><.

KnOdvgrh, \.@. 2:03. Ndws, `brp sgbas, bhl nùrn` fgaas5blbptbtjdh bhl gxtjhntjdh jh Hdrsg Orgghabhl, @ukbh Gndadoy 0,6<7-6?7.

KnOdvgrh, \.@. 2:07. \`g Brntjn irdhtjgr di Hdrsg Orgghabhl.Jh5 ^. Orggh & ^. Sgrakbh (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di irdhtjgrs bhl

fduhlbrjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 6?7->6>.

Kuavbhgy, L.E. 2:0:. Ghnduhtgrs jh pabng, dutsjlgrs bhl Bfdrjojhba Bustrbajbhs, ^t. Aunjb.

Hgasdh, @.H. 2:?9. Fabnm, w`jtg bhl odal5 odalkjhjho jh Sbpub

Hgb Oujhgb, 20?0-2:>3, Nbhfgrrb.

Sbolgh, B. 2::>. Gurdpgbh ghnduhtgrs wjt` t`g Hgw _dral , Hgw@bvgh.




Sgtgrsdh, E.\. 2:?0. \`g gndadoy di sdnjba fduhlbrjgs5 Botb

idrbogrs di t`g S`jajppjhgs, Wrfbhb.

Vblidrl, V. 2:0?. @joàbhlgrs bhl idrgjohgrs jh t`g Wppgr Vbku.

\`g Mbjhbhtu Brgb 2:2:-2:<6, Kgafdurhg.

Vby, B.E. 2:?<. Jhljbhs jh t`g iur trblg, \drdhtd.

Vby, L.E. 2:?7. \`g Gsmjkds di Fgrjho ^trbjt 2973-20:0, ^gbttag.

^bajsfury, V.I. 2:96. Irdk stdhg td stgga5 gndhdkjn ndhsgqughngs

di tgn`hdadojnba n`bhog jh Hgw Oujhgb, Kgafdurhg.

^n`jgiigajh, G.A. & V. Nrjttghlgh (gls.) 2::2. Ajmg pgdpag ydu sgg jh

b lrgbk. Ijrst ndhtbnt jh sjx Sbpubh sdnjgtjgs, ^tbhidrl.

^n`wbfgljssgh, @. 2:99. Gjh `drjzdhtjgrtgr Frgjtmgja bus ^btrupuhl ljg kbhhjoibn`gh Muaturvgrfjhluhogh lgs fgojhhghlghHgdajt`jmuks jk Hdrlgh uhl Hdrlwgstgh, Sbabgd`jstdrjb 26, <3:-<90.

^n`wbfgljssgh, @., 2:?:5 Lgr Fgojhh lgs Hgdajt`jmuks jkhdrlwgstajn gh Lgutsnàbhl. Jh5 @. ^n`jrhjo (gl.) OrdÔstgjhorìfgr

jh Hjglgrsbn`sgh, @jalgs`gjk, 63>- 666.

^kjt`, K.\. 2:0?. Brn`bgdadoy di bfdrjojhba nuaturg n`bhog jh t`g

jhtgrjdr ^dut`gbst. Lgpdpuabtjdh lurjho t`g Gbray @jstdrjn Sgrjdl ,Objhgsvjaag.

\urhfuaa, N. 2:92. \`g idrgst pgdpag, Adhldh.

\urhfuaa, N. 2:97. _bywbrl sgrvbhts5 t`g twd wdrals di t`g Birjnbh

Syokjgs, Obrlgh Njty.

\urhfuaa, N. 2:0>. \`g Kfutj Syokjgs. N`bhogs bhl blbptbtjdhs,

Hgw Zdrm.

Ygalg, S. vbh lg 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg, Agjlgh.

_bgàg, G. 2:09. Gig (Kfutj Syoky) rgabtjdhs td Agsg Lgsgvjaabogrs jh t`g Jturj idrgst, Ubjrg5 `jstdrjnba n`bhogs lurjho t`g abst273 ygbrs, ^prbn`g uhl Ogsn`jn`tg jh Birjmb ?, >?7-<22.

_bhsaggfgh, K. & A.F.K. Ygr`brt 2::3. Kgusg Ybaagy Srdegnt5 t`gtrbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn jh t`g Lutn` KgusgYbaagy. Jh5 S.K. Ygrkggrsn` & S. vbh Sggr (gls.) Ndhtrjfutjdhs td

t`g Kgsdajt`jn jh Gurdpg, Aguvgh, >0:-<36.

_bhsaggfgh, K. & A.F.K. Ygr`brt, 2::75 OJ^ dh ljiigrght spbtjbaagvgas bhl t`g Hgdajt`jzbtjdh prdngss jh t`g sdut`-gbstgrh Hgt`grabhls

Jh5 O. Adnm & U. ^tbhnjn (gls.) Brn`bgdadoy bhl ogdorbp`jnbajhidrkbtjdh systgks5 b Gurdpgbh pgrspgntjvg, Adhldh, 27>-29:.

_jgsshgr, S. 2:06. Vjsm, rgnjprdnjty bhl sdnjba jhiaughng dh !Muho^bh Gndhdkjns. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.), Sdajtjns bhl `jstdr

jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 92-0<.

_jgsshgr, S. 2:0>. ^tyag bhl sdnjba jhidrkbtjdh jh Mbab`brj ^bhprdegntjag pdjhts, Bkgrjnbh Bhtjqujty <0, 67>-6?9.

_jaksgh, G.H. & E.V. Lghfdw 2::3. Sbrbljokbtjn `jstdry di ^bh-spgbmjho pgdpags bhl nurrght bttgkpts bt rgvjsjdh, Nurrght

Bht`rdpdadoy >2 (7), <0:-76<.

_ddlfurh, E. 2:90. ^tbfjajty bhl iagxjfjajty jh @blzb rgsjlghtjbaordupjhos. Jh5 V.F. Agg & J. LgYdrg (gls.) Kbh t`g @uhtgr ,N`jnbod, 23>-223.

_ddlfurh, E. 2:00. Birjnbh ùhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh5js jt fgst uhlgrstddl bs b prdlunt di ghnbpsuabtjdh4 Jh5 \. Jhodal,L. Vjn`gs & E. _ddlfurh (gls.) @uhtgrs bhl obt`grgrs 25 `jstdry,

gvdautjdh bhl sdnjba n`bhog, Hgw Zdrm/Dxidrl, >2-9<.

Uvgagfja, K. (gl.) 2:09. @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh, Nbkfrjlog.

Agd F.K. Ygr`brtVjeskusguk vbh Dul`glghSdstfus 2222<HA-6>32 GN AgjlghKjand _bhsaggfghIbnuaty di Brn`bgdadoySdstfus :727HA-6>33 VB Agjlgh

?> A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BHÂGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

\`g purpdsg di t`js pbpgr js td dutajhg t`g strunturg di

vbrjdus sgts di lbtb di jkpdrtbhng td t`g uhlgrstbhljho

di jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn

(bhl pbrtay Kgsdajt`jn) jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb, dr jh tgrks di

brn`bgdadojnba nuaturgs t`g Iuhhga Hgnmgl Fgbmgr (\VF)

bhl t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg.

\`g pbpgr js ljvjlgl jh twd pbrts. Ijrst J wjaa addm bt sdkg

sgagntgl gvjlghng fgbrjho dh t`g sdnjba strunturg di t`g

Grtgfðaag bhl t`g \VF nuaturg. \`g gvjlghng, J fgajgvg, tghltd suoogst t`bt jh ngrtbjh bspgnts t`grg wbs ajttag strunturba

n`bhog irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn. Jh t`g sgndhl

pbrt J wjaa addm bt gvjlghng idr t`g jlgdadoy di t`g \VF

nuaturg. J wjaa hdt jhnaulg t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg jhtd t`js pbrt,

bs jt bppgbrs bs ji t`grg js b ndhsjlgrbfag s`jit jh jlgdadoy bt

t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn.

\`g Grtgfðaag bs wgaa bs t`g \VF nuaturg nbh fg ljvjlgl

n`rdhdadojnbaay jhtd b hukfgr di p`bsgs (g.o. Frjhn`

Sgtgrsgh 2::>, <?= Hjgasgh 2::>, 07). Idr t`g purpdsg di t`js

pbpgr, `dwgvgr, J wjaa wdrm wjt` t`g idaadwjho ljvjsjdh

w`grg t`g lbtgs brg fbsgl dh nbajfrbtgl N-2<5

„ Grtgfðaag5 7<33->:33 FN

„ Gbray Hgdajt`jn J5 >:33->733 FN „ Gbray Hgdajt`jn JJ5 >733->>33 FN

„ Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B J5 >>33->233 FN

„ Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B JJ-Y5 >233-6033 FN

6. ^durngs dh sdnjba strunturg

6.2. SB\\GVH^ DI \GVVJ\DVJBA FG@BYJDWV

\`g strghot` di tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur bhl t`g sjzg di tgrrjtdrjgs

kbrmgl, brg jkpdrtbht gagkghts idr t`g uhlgrstbhljho di

sdnjba strunturg jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn. \`g gvjlghng

js dhg sjlgl di ndursg. Gagkghts di tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur kby

fg rgndohjsgl bs sun`, w`grgbs abnm di gvjlghng nbhhdt fg

trbhsabtgl jhtd stbtgkghts di abnm di tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur.

\`g sgttagkght pbttgrh di t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg gx`jfjts b

ljstjhnt naustgrjho jh ndbstba brgbs, bhl b kbrmgl tghlghny

idr abrog sgttagkght sjtgs js dfvjdus (^.@. Bhlgrsgh 2::>,

99). \`js, `dwgvgr, ldgs hdt fy jtsgai jhljnbtg b strdho

tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur, sjhng t`g naustgrjho kust jh pbrt fg lug

td t`g ndhnghtrbtjdhs di t`g sgb-fbsgl rgsdurngs ibvdurgl. Dh

t`g dt`gr `bhl, gspgnjbaay prdkjhght ndhnghtrbtjdhs di stbfag

rgsdurngs nbh fg b strdho jhstjobtdr di b tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur

jh b ùhtgr-obt`grgr pdpuabtjdh.

\`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs, `dwgvgr, s`dw gvjlghng idr kbrmgl

rgojdhba ljvjsjdhs. \`js js kdst nagbray sggh dh Ugbabhl.

@grg b stuly di styajstjn gagkghts dh iabmg bxgs `bs s`dwh

t`bt badho t`g gbstgrh ndbst di t`g jsag t`rgg ljstjhnt ordups

nbh fg ljstjhoujs`gl bhl t`bt t`g brgb di gbn` ordup

kgbsurgs hd kdrg t`bh >3-73 mk bnrdss (Ybho Sgtgrsgh

2:0<, ijo. 27). Bhdt`gr jhljnbtjdh di rgojdhba ljiigrghtjbtjdh

js t`g kbrmgl vbrjbtjdh jh furjba trbljtjdh fgtwggh gbstUgbabhl (Bafrgt`sgh/Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh2:??= Hjgasgh/Frjhn`

Sgtgrsgh 2::>) bhl sdut`grh ^nbhjb, bs gvjlghngl fy t`g

^mbtg`dak furjbas sdkg 73 mk bwby (Abrssdh 2:00, 2?3-?6)

Dh b sdkgw`bt abrogr, ygt stjaa adnba snbag, wg ijhl

ndhsjlgrbfag vbrjbfjajty jh t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs, gspgnjbaay dh

bh gbst-wgst bxjs, wjt` t`g Orgbt fgat bs t`g kbedr ljvjlgr.

Bt t`g fgojhhjho di t`g Hgdajt`jn bh jhabhl ljspgrsba di t`g

sgttagkght brgbs dnnurs. \`g dal ndbstba brgbs brg hdt

bfbhldhgl, fut baa dvgr wg ijhl hgw skbaa sjtgs dh kbjhay

wgaa lrbjhgl sbhly sdjas, bhl gspgnjbaay t`g ljstrjfutjdh di

furjbas jhljnbtg b vgry kbrmgl kdvgkght jhabhl (Kblsgh

2::>, :9= \`drvjalsgh 2:<2, ijo. <2). Gvgh nadsg td t`g

ndbsts t`g sjtgs tghl td s`jit adnbtjdh irdk fgbn` pdsjtjdhs tdsbhly pbtn`gs fg`jhl t`g ndbst (Kblsgh/Eghsgh 2:06).

Jh t`g gbrajgst p`bsg di t`g \VF nuaturg wg brg lgbajho

wjt` twd ljiigrght pdttgry trbljtjdhs (Kblsgh 2::<, 6>7).

Dhg js hbkgl t`g Dxjg ordup. Jt `bs t`g kdst ajkjtgl

ljstrjfutjdh, n`jgiay jh t`g gbstgrh pbrts di ^dut` ^nbhlj-

hbvjb, bhl js t`g dhg wjt` t`g kdst dfvjdus rddts jh t`g

Grtgfðaag Nuaturg. Jt js t`g dt`gr, `dwgvgr, w`jn` jh t`js

ndhtgxt js di kbedr jhtgrgst, bs jt js t`g fgbrgr di w`bt kby

fg sggh bs t`g jlgdadojnba n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g \VF nuaturg.

Ydaajho, ^vbagmajht, @bvhgagv, ^vghstdrp, Kdssfy, Yrç,

^tghoblg JJ, ^jooghgfgh ^ñl, brg hbkgs bppajgl td jt. \`g

kbhy hbkgs brg hdt lug td b rjvbary di w`d `bs t`g rjo`t di

t`g hbkg ojvjho sjtg, fut js b rgsuat di b `jo` lgorgg di

rgojdhba vbrjbtjdh jh t`g lgndrbtjvg styag di t`g pdttgry. Dur

mhdwaglog di t`g lbtb js stjaa tdd ajkjtgl td baadw us td sby

gxbntay `dw adnba t`g styag vbrjbtjdh rgbaay js, fut jt sggks

surprjsjhoay adnbajsgl ndhsjlgrjho t`g ibnt t`bt wg brg lgbajho

wjt` pdttgry dnnurrjho jkkgljbtgay bitgr b kbedr nuaturba

trbhsjtjdh.

\drstgh Kblsgh Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jndi sdut` ^nbhljhbvjb. B vjgw irdk t`g sdurngs



_jt` t`g GH JJ bhl iurt`gr jhtd t`g KH B J wg sgg b

uhjijnbtjdh di t`g pdttgry styags ndvgrjho baa di ^dut`

^nbhljhbvjb, bhl gvgh t`g Hdrt`grh adwabhl irjhogs di

nghtrba Gurdpg5 uhjidrk, fbsjn styag sn`gkgs wjt` b pdssjfag

jlgdadojnba fbnmorduhl ldkjhbtg dur pgrngptjdh, fut fgadw,

t`grg sggks td fg kjhutg styag vbrjbtjdhs t`bt kby fg

bttrjfutgl td b fbsjn tgrrjtdrjba pbttgrhjho. \`gy brg hdt bt baawgaa stuljgl, `dwgvgr, bhl idr t`g kdkght fgjho kust

rgkbjh `ypdt`gtjnba.

Ji, `dwgvgr, wg addm bt t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh di

nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs bhl kgobajt`jn tdkfs, wg ijhl vgry

ndhvjhnjho gvjlghng idr gvgh vgry skbaa snbagl rgojdhba

ljvjsjdhs. \`js js kdst nagbray lgkdhstrbtgl jh b stuly jh

gbstgrh Eutabhl, w`grg kgobajt`jn tdkfs naustgr lghsgay brduhl

mhdwh bhl prgsukgl ghnadsurgs, wjt` ljstbhngs di dhay

7-23 mjadkgtrgs fgtwggh naustgrs (Kblsgh 2:06). Ndkpbrbfag

naustgrs brg iduhl brduhl kbhy di t`g mhdwh ghnadsurgs. Bt

^brup, w`grg b abnm di mhdwh tdkfs hgbr t`g sjtg drjojhbaay

agl td t`g bssukptjdh di b rgojdhba stbtus di t`g ghnadsurg

(H.@. Bhlgrsgh 2:02, 06), survgys idaadwgl fy gxnbvbtjdhs`bvg hdw rgvgbagl >7 kgobajt`jn tdkfs wjt`jh dhg mk irdk

t`g sjtg (H. @. Bhlgrsgh 2::>, bhl pgrsdhba ndkkuhjnbtjdh).

Jh t`g KH B JJ-Y t`g pdttgry lgorblgs orblubaay. Lurjho

t`js prdngss t`g rgojdhbajsbtjdh jh t`g pdttgry lgndrbtjdh

styags (bs adho bs t`grg brg bhy lgndrbtjdhs agit) fgndkgs

vgry dfvjdus bobjh. \ùs gvgh fgtwggh hgjo`fdurjho naustgrs

di kgobajt`jn tdkfs ljiigrghngs kby fg hdtgl (Ogfbugr

2:00, 227). Bpbrt irdk t`js t`grg js b tghlghny idr hunagbtjdh

jh t`g sgttagkght pbttgrh wjt` ùog bhl rbt`gr pgrkbhghtay

sgttagl sjtgs (Kblsgh 2:06). Iurt`gr t`grg js b strdho

ndhtjhujty jh sgttagkght brgbs (Lbvjlsgh 2:?0, 27:-293) bhl

jh furjba brgbs (Ogfbugr 2:00, 22?) wjt` b irgqught rg-usg di

gxjstjho kgobajt`jn tdkfs.

6.6. S@Z JNBA YJDAGHNG

Jh t`g Grtgfðaag bhl t`g \VF nuaturg t`grg js bh bstduhljho

bkduht di gvjlghng idr vjdaghng, ditgh di b ibtba hbturg.

Dh ibng vbaug t`g gvjlghng pdjhts td bfdut t`g kdst vjdaght

pgrjdl jh Lbhjs` Srg`jstdry.

Brrdw s`dts sggk td fg b irgqught nbusg di lgbt`

(Bafrgt`sgh/Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2:??, 2<= Abrssdh 2:00, :2=

Kblsgh 2::3f, <3), fut gvgh kdrg ndkkdh brg agsjdhs td

t`g smuaa. _g ijhl sgvgrba smuaas wjt` irbnturgs bs wgaa bs

nagbr kbrms irdk jkpbnt di bxgs. B spgnjba ordup di

gvjlghng brg trgpbhbtjdhs, kbhy di w`jn` wgrg sunngssiua.\`gy naustgr dh t`g uppgr agit pbrt di t`g `gbl, bhl brg tdlby

ndhsjlgrgl td fg surojnba dpgrbtjdhs td sbvg vjntjks irdk

dpgh irbnturgs di t`g smuaa jhiajntgl fy strjmjho wgbpdhs

(Fghhjmg 2:07, :6 ii.). B t`jrl ordup di ijhls ndhsjsts di

smgagtba kbtgrjba irdk fdo diigrjhos (Fghhjmg/Gffgsgh

2:0?). \`grg brg qujtg b igw ùkbh smgagtdhs bssdnjbtgl

wjt` diigrjhos jh t`g fdos, bhl bt agbst sdkg di t`gsg wgrg

lgajfgrbtgay mjaagl. Jh twd nbsgs strbhouabtjdhs wjt` ndrls brg

bttgstgl, bhl jh dt`gr nbsgs sabyjho wjt` bxgs sggks `joày

prdfbfag.

Jt js tgkptjho td sgg t`js bkpag gvjlghng idr vjdaghng jh

ljrgnt ndhhgntjdh wjt` t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g kbtgrjba nuaturg

idr skbaa snbag rgojdhba ljvjsjdhs. \ùs, jt kby fg t`bt t`g

tghlghny idr bh btdkjsgl ordup pbttgrh js bssdnjbtgl wjt` b`jo` lgorgg di hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty dh t`g jhtgr-ordup agvga.

6.>. FWVJBA SVBN\JNG^

\`g kbedr pbrt di t`g Kgsdajt`jn furjbas brg irdk t`g

fgojhhjho di t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg dr irdk t`g ghl di t`g

prgngljho pgrjdl. @grg wg ijhl dn`rg ndadurjho bs wgaa

bs sgx bhl stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdh's jh t`g furjbas. Jh t`g abtgr

pbrt di t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg t`g furjbas brg rbt`gr igw bhl

oghgrbaay uhiurhjs`gl bhl wjt`dut dn`rg (Hjgasgh/Frjhn`

Sgtgrsgh 2::>, ??). Jh Lghkbrm smgagtdhs hgbray bawbys ajg

jh b supjhg pdsjtjdh, gxtghlgl wjt` t`g brks badho t`g sjlg,

w`grgbs jh ^nbhjb t`grg js b orgbtgr vbrjbfjajty, jhnauljho

furjbas jh `dnmgr bs wgaa bs sjttjho pdsjtjdh (Abrssdh 2:00,23> ii.). Bat`duo` kdst orbvgs ndhtbjh jhljvjluba furjbas,

kdrg t`bh dhg pgrsdh jh b orbvg js hdt uhndkkdh5 bs kbhy

bs gjo`t pgrsdhs `bvg fggh iduhl jh dhg orbvg (Frjhn`

Sgtgrsgh 2:00).

Irdk t`g \VF nuaturg wg `bvg dhay b igw furjbas, w`grg

wg nbh jlghtjiy t`g jhljvjlubas t`rduo` t`g smgagtba kbtgrjba.

\ùs jh GH J t`grg brg dhay t`rgg orbvgs, w`grg wg nbh fg

pdsjtjvg di `bvjho t`g iuaa jhtgrhkght. ûrprjsjhoay, twd di

t`gsg orbvgs ndhtbjh idur bhl ijvg jhljvjlubas rgspgntjvgay,

furjgl bt t`g sbkg tjkg jh supjhg gxtghlgl pdsjtjdh wjt` t`g

brks fy t`g sjlgs (Kblsgh 2::>). Baa gvjlghng irdk dt`gr

agss wgaa prgsgrvgl furjbas suoogst t`g sbkg typg di

jhtgrkght, bat`duo` wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr kuatjpag furjbas

brg t`g gxngptjdh dr t`g ruag.

B stuly `bs fggh nbrrjgl dut td gstbfajs` sgx bhl stbtus

ljiigrghtjbtjdhs jh t`g GH J furjbas, fut jh vbjh. \`g rjn`hgss

di t`g iurhjs`jho vbrjgs ndhsjlgrbfay, fut t`grg ldgs hdt sggk

td fg b ndhsjstghny jh t`g ndkfjhbtjdhs. \`js kby rgiagnt t`bt

t`grg brg hd dvgrrjljho ruags, fut jt kby basd kgbh t`bt

kuatjpag furjbas brg kdrg ndkkdh t`bh wg tghl td fgajgvg.

Kdst di t`g furjbas brg iduhl jh wddlgh n`bkfgrs dr ndiijhs

jh adho fbrrdws. B trbljtjdh di pabnjho pdttgry, kdstay rjnày

lgndrbtgl auoogl fgbmgrs, bt t`g tgrkjhba ibnblgs di t`g

fbrrdws js prdkjhght.

Jh GH JJ wg stjaa nbh idaadw t`g trbljtjdh di supjhggxtghlgl furjbas. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg b nustdk di pabnjho dhg

dr twd iabsms (gjt`gr auoogl dr ndaabrgl) bt t`g iggt di t`g

lgngbsgl lgvgadps. Dt`gr jtgks brg rbrg bhl, bobjh, t`grg js

hd pbrtjnuabr strunturg s`dwjho sgx dr stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdhs.

Jh blljtjdh, pdttgry (auoogl fgbmgrs, fdwas, bhl iuhhga

fgbmgrs) js pabngl bt vbrjdus pdsjtjdhs badho t`g pgrjp`gry di

t`g kduhl.




Jh KH B J wg ndkpagtgay addsg trbnm di t`g hbturg di t`g

furjbas. Jt js t`g kbjh fut basd t`g ijhba p`bsg di fujaljho

kgobajt`jn tdkfs, bhl uhidrtuhbtgay t`g sufsgqught rgusg di

t`g tdkfs `bs ndkpagtgay dfajtgrbtgl t`g prjkbry furjbas.

Nagbrgl kbtgrjbas irdk t`g n`bkfgrs, `dwgvgr, jhljnbtg b

irgqught iurhjs`jho wjt` pdttgry. Sdttgry lgpdsjtjdhs dutsjlg

t`g tdkfs jhnrgbsg sufstbhtjbaay, bhl t`gy brg, bs b ruag,pabngl bt t`g ghtrbhng.

\`g abrog naustgrs di kgobajt`jn tdkfs, bhl t`g s`drt

ljstbhngs fgtwggh t`g naustgrs, suoogst b vgry `jo` rbtg di

tdkf fujaljho. Jhlggl bh gstjkbtgl 67.333 kgobajt`jn tdkfs

jh Lghkbrm (Gffgsgh 2:07, <3= ^mbbrup 2::>, 23<) `bvg

fggh fujat wjt`jh <33 ygbrs, bvgrbojho kdrg t`bh 93 tdkfs b

ygbr. _jt`jh t`g kbedr naustgrs hukfgrjho >3 tdkfs dr kdrg

jt wdual `bvg kgbht bh bvgrbog fujaljho rbtg di dhg tdkf

gvgry 23 td 27 ygbrs, bhl prdfbfay kdrg jh t`g pgbm pgrjdls.

Kgobajt`jn tdkfs jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb `bvg fggh

jhtgrprgtgl bs gvjlghng idr b strbtjijgl sdnjgty, bhl jhlggl idr

n`jgildks (Mrjstjbhsgh 2:0<= ^mbbrup 2::3). \dogt`gr wjt`

t`g wddlgh n`bkfgrs jh adho fbrrdws irdk t`g prgngljhopgrjdl t`gy ngrtbjhay sggk bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g lgbt` bhl

furjba di pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas, jh ndhtrbst td idr jhstbhng

Orgbt Frjtbjh, w`grg nagbr jhljnbtjdhs idr dssubry iuhntjdhs

brg dfsgrvgl (@glogs 2:0<,2>> ii.= Mjhhgs 2::6, :0 ii.).

\`g kuatjpag furjbas bhl jhlggl t`g irgqughny di t`g tdkfs,

`dwgvgr, ldgs hdt spgbm jh ibvdur di b kbrmgl strbtjijnbtjdh.

Irdk KH B JJ t`g ndhstruntjdh di kgobajt`jn tdkfs

ngbsgl. \`grg wbs, `dwgvgr, bh gxtghsjvg rg-usg di t`g

tdkfs. Ndhsjlgrbfag bkduhts di kbtgrjba jh t`g n`bkfgrs

lbtg irdk KH B JJ bhl dhwbrls, bhl bt t`g ghtrbhngs t`g

prbntjng di lgpdsjtjho pdttgry ndhtjhugl. Jh b igw wgaa-

jhvgstjobtgl nbsgs wg nbh nduht ?-0 ljstjhnt lgpdsjtjdhs2,

prdfbfay jhljnbtjho t`g sbkg hukfgr di jhtgrkght gpjsdlgs,

ndvgrjho b pgrjdl di bpprdxjkbtgay 233 ygbrs. \dwbrls t`g

ghl di t`g \VF nuaturg lgpdsjtjdh di pdttgry dutsjlg t`g

tdkfs ngbsgl, fut jhstgbl b hgw trbljtjdh di lgpdsjtjho ijrg

nrbnmgl iajht bxgs bppgbrs (^mbbrup 2::>, 23:). Bt t`g sbkg

tjkg t`g jkpdrtbhng di bxgs jhsjlg t`g n`bkfgrs kbrmglay

jhnrgbsgs.

Lug td t`g ndhtjhuds rg-usg di t`g kgobajt`jn tdkfs lurjho

t`g rgst di t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl jhtd t`g Frdhzg bog, wg mhdw

vgry ajttag di t`g n`brbntgr di t`g furjbas. Jh ^nbhjb jt sggks

qujtg ngrtbjh t`bt fy t`g ghl di KH B t`g tdkfs brg usgl bs

dssubrjgs, bs gvjlghngl irdk t`g prgsghng di sdrtgl `gbps di

fdhgs dh sgvgrba tdkf iaddrs (^trùkfgro 2:?2b, 2:?2f).\`grg js gvgh b nbsg di ljskgkfgrgl fdhgs jh b pjt uhlgr t`g

iaddr di t`g pbssbog orbvg Nbras`ùogh, lbtjho td t`g gbray

KH B, bhl prdfbfay ndhtgkpdrbry wjt` t`g fujaljho di t`g

tdkf (^trùkfgro 2:?2b, 70 ii.). ^nbhjb, `dwgvgr, js ljiigrght

irdk t`g rgst di ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb. \`g hukfgr di tdkfs js

gxtrgkgay adw, bhl t`g lghsg naustgrjho js hdt prgsght. Jt js

prgsghtay uhngrtbjh td w`jn` gxtght t`g lgvgadpkght tdwbrls

bh dssubry iuhntjdh di t`g tdkfs basd tddm pabng jh

Lghkbrm, bat`duo` bt Madmmg`ðe dh ^dut`grh Iyh `gbps di

fdhgs irdk kbhy jhljvjlubas lbtjho td t`g ghl di KH B

wgrg iduhl (\`drsgh 2:02).

6.<. NBW^G_BZGL GHNAD^WVG^

\`grg js nurrghtay b ajttag kdrg t`bh >3 mhdwh ghnadsurgs jhLghkbrm, fut wjt` t`g mhdwaglog wg `bvg hdw, wg nbh

gxpgnt gvgry kbedr naustgr di kgobajt`jn tdkfs td `bvg bh

ghnadsurg bssdnjbtgl wjt` jt. Ngrtbjhay, wg nbh gxpgnt t`g

hukfgr di ghnadsurgs td bkduht td sgvgrba ùhlrgl.

Dfvjdusay, kun` gkp`bsjs `bs fggh pabngl dh t`g ùog,

sggkjhoay pabhhgl bhl drobhjsgl ndhstruntjdh wdrms. Bt ijrs

sjo`t, t`js sggks td jhljnbtg b strdho nghtrba but`drjty,

rgjohjho b ndhsjlgrbfag hukfgr di sufegnts. Fut t`jhos kby

hdt fg t`bt strbjo`t idrwbrl. Baa ghnadsurgs wgrg fujat wjt`jh

GH JJ bhl KH B J, ndhtgkpdrbry wjt` t`g kgobajt`jn tdkfs

(Kblsgh 2:00). Oghgrbaay t`gy ndhsjst di dhg dr kdrg rdws

di jhtgrruptgl ljtn`gs bhl dnnbsjdhbaay basd pbajsblgs.

B nadsgr jhvgstjobtjdh di t`dsg nbsgs wjt` kuatjpag rdws di ljtn`gs suoogsts t`bt t`gy kby hdt baa fg ndhtgkpdrbry.

Iurt`grkdrg, w`gh wg addm bt t`g jhljvjluba ljtn` sgokghts

wjt`jh b rdw di ljtn`gs wg ijhl bh ditgh ndkpagx pbttgrh di

rgusg. Nuttjhos brg idaadwgl fy b sgqughng di rgijaajho bhl

sufsgqught rg-nuttjho (H.@. Bhlgrsgh 2::>= Kblsgh 2:00).

\`g ghnadsurgs brg di ndursg kdhukghtba ndhstruntjdhs

fut, kdrg jkpdrtbhtay, t`gy brg t`g idnj di ndhtjhudus bntjdh

ljoojho `dags, ldjho sdkg rjtubas bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g `dags,

bhl ndvgrjho gvgryt`jho up bobjh. _g `bvg, di ndursg,

ljiijnuatjgs lgnjljho w`gt`gr bntjvjtjgs jh ljiigrght ljtn`

sgokghts brg ndhtgkpdrbry dr hdt, fut bt agbst t`g bntjvjty

pbttgrh js sgokghtgl jh t`g sghsg t`bt gvgry ljtn` sgokght

ndhstjtutgs bh bntjvjty brgb fy jtsgai. Ndkfjhgl jh tjkg bhl

spbng bnrdss t`g ghnadsurg wg ogt bh boorgobtg di sgokghtgl

bntjvjty. Jt js t`js boorgobtg w`jn` js rgbaay t`g kdhukght,

bhl J lduft vgry kun` t`bt wg nbh sgg t`js boorgobtg bs

gvjlghng di b nghtrba but`drjty. Vbt`gr, J wdual ajmg td strgss

t`g sgokghtbtjdh bs jkpdrtbht, jhljnbtjho b nd-dpgrbtjvg

vghturg di sgokghtgl pdpuabtjdhs.

6.7. ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG5 @JGVBVN@Z DV ^GOKGH\B\JDH4

Jt js dfvjdus t`bt t`g spgntbnuabr kgobajt`jn tdkfs bhl t`g

jkprgssjvg nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs nbh jhlung t`g nbsuba

jhvgstjobtdr td ndhnaulg b `joày `jgrbrn`jnba sdnjgty. \`js

`bs fggh tbmgh td gxtrgkgs, wjt` sdkg but`drs gvgh spgbmjhodi mjholdks (Mùrhgr/Abux 2:03). Sgrsdhbaay, J ijhl vgry

ajttag gvjlghng idr b `jgrbrn`jnba strunturg jh t`g \VF nuaturg

(sgg basd Kblsgh 2::3b). Dh t`g ndhtrbry, J igga t`bt t`g

gvjlghng oghgrbaay pdjhts tdwbrls b strdhoay sgokghtgl

sdnjgty wjt` b `jo` lgorgg di hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty. Fbabhnjho

t`g hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty, `dwgvgr, rgqujrgs b hukfgr di

jkpdrtbht ndkkuhba trbhsbntjdhs, baa `gbvjay rjtubajsgl. \`g

?? \. KBL^GH „ JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs kby `bvg pabygl bh jkpdrtbht rdag jh

t`js ndhhgntjdh, fut basd gxn`bhog, w`jn` J `bvgh't lgbat

wjt` `grg, kust `bvg fggh jkpdrtbht (jhnauljho kjhgl iajht

idr kbohjijnght bxgs, bkfgr idr drhbkghts, bhl jhlggl

qubhtjtjgs di gxdtjn ndppgr) (Kblsgh 2::2, <:<). B

sgokghtgl sdnjgty sggks td `bvg prgvbjagl lurjho t`g

Grtgfðaag pgrjdl bs wgaa, bhl jt js qugstjdhbfag w`gt`gr bhykbedr n`bhogs jh t`g dvgrbaa pbttgrh di sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh

dnnurrgl wjt` t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g

Hgdajt`jn.

>. ^durngs dh jlgdadoy

>.2. KDHWKGH\^ „ B MGZ \D JLGDADOZ4

\`grg js hd lduft t`bt t`g kdhukghts „ tdkfs bhl

nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs „ pabygl b ldkjhbht rdag jh sdnjgty.

Bpbrt irdk w`btgvgr prbntjnba purpdsgs t`gsg kdhukghts

kby `bvg `bl jh \VF gndhdkjn bhl sdnjba ajig, jt sggks sbig

td bssukg t`bt mgy igbturgs di t`g jlgdadoy wgrg bssdnjbtgl

wjt` bhl lggpay gkfgllgl jh t`gsg kdhukghts.

_g brg, J fgajgvg, ibr irdk uhlgrstbhljho t`js jlgdadoy.Ndkpbrgl td t`g abtgr nuaturba lgvgadpkght jh ^dut`

^nbhljhbvjb, t`g jkprgssjdhs wg ogt irdk t`g sdurngs brg

dll bhl bajgh. _g nbh dhay `gsjtbhtay bttgkpt td uhlgrstbhl

t`g `jhtgrayjho jlgbs. Dhg pdjht td stbrt irdk ndual fg t`g

uhjvgrsba bppgbrbhng di t`g twd typgs di kdhukghts jh

hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh Gurdpg. Hdt dhay ld t`gy bppgbr baa

dvgr, fut b ndkpbrjsdh s`dws bh bstdhjs`jho sjkjabrjty jh

strunturg bhl bntjvjty pbttgrhs jh wjlgay sgpbrbtg rgojdhs.

\ùs lgspjtg t`g ljstbhng fgtwggh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb bhl

sdut`grh Ghoabhl, bhl lgspjtg t`g vbst ljiigrghngs jh kbtgrjba

nuaturg t`bt kby spgbm bobjhst bhy nadsgr ndhtbnt, t`grg js b

surprjsjho borggkght jh t`g strunturg di t`g adho fbrrdws jh

fdt` rgojdhs (ndkpbrg Mjhhgs 2::6 wjt` Kblsgh 2:?:), bhl

t`g sbkg js trug wjt` pbrt di t`g bntjvjty pbttgrhs wjt`jh t`g

ghnadsurgs (Kblsgh 2:00, >>6).

Bh gxpabhbtjdh idr t`gsg sjkjabrjtjgs ndual fg t`bt t`g

kdhukghts brg t`g nbrrjgrs di vjrtubaay t`g sbkg jlgbs „

jlgbs wjt` b ndkkdh drjojh. \`js drjojh ndual vgry wgaa ajg

badho t`g irjhogs di t`g abtg ajhgbr pdttgry nuaturgs, bhl jh

t`dsg brgbs w`jn` `bvg fggh pbrt di t`g prdngss t`bt nrgbtgl

t`g nuaturba bhl gndhdkjn prbntjngs idr t`g typg di

borjnuaturg t`bt sprgbl jhtd Hdrt` bhl Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg

brduhl <333 FN, wgaa blbptgl td t`g idrgstgl kdrbjhg

abhlsnbpgs. @dllgr (2::3) `bs suoogstgl t`bt t`g gbray

trbpgzdjlba adho fbrrdws brg strunturba ndpjgs di t`g abtgajhgbr pdttgry `dusgs, bh jlgb t`bt J bk wjaajho td s`brg.

@g basd suoogsts t`bt t`g fbrrdws wgrg ndhsjlgrgl bs `dusgs

fy t`g vbrjdus ordups jh Hdrt` bhl Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg. \`js

dal bhl ditgh stbtgl jlgb js agss ajmgay, J fgajgvg. \`g idrk di

t`g `dusgs vbrjgl ndhsjlgrbfay wjt`jh t`g brgb, fut hdhg di

t`gk sggks td `bvg fggh di b idrk t`bt rgsgkfags t`g ajhgbr

pdttgry `dusgs. Jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb wg ijhl, idr jhstbhng,

skbaa dvba ùts (Grjmsgh 2::6). \`g adho fbrrdws kdrg ajmgay

rgprgsght b strunturg bssdnjbtgl wjt` jlgbs di bh brn`bjn

`dkg, bhl jlgbs di pbssbog td t`js.

\`g ghnadsurgs kby basd fg sggh jh rgabtjdh td ajhgbr

pdttgry ghnadsurgs, fut wg brg nurrghtay dh uhngrtbjh orduhl.

_g s`dual hdtg, `dwgvgr, t`bt ghnadsurgs bhl kdhukghtba

tdkfs jh Hdrt` bhl Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg brg vgry jhtjkbtgaybssdnjbtgl, bhl t`bt wg nbhhdt uhlgrstbhl t`g dhg wjt`dut

t`g dt`gr. \`js js hdt dhay fgnbusg di t`g irgqught dnnurrghng

di ùkbh fdhgs, pbrtjnuabray smuaas, jh t`g ghnadsurgs, fut jt

js basd fdrhg dut fy sjkjabrjtjgs jh rjtuba bntjvjtjgs pgridrkgl

bt t`g twd typgs di kdhukghts. Fbsjn gagkghts jh ^dut`

^nbhljhbvjb brg pdttgry bhl ijrg.

>.6. \@G WHJIJNB\JDH DI SD\\GVZ

\`g pdttgry di t`g hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh ordups di t`g \VF

nuaturg js rghdwh idr jts `jo` qubajty, tgn`hjnbaay bs wgaa bs

brtjstjnbaay. Idr t`dsg hdt prjkbrjay stulyjho t`g \VF nuaturg

jt js agss bpprgnjbtgl, J fgajgvg, t`bt t`grg js b kbrmgl

uhjidrkjty di styag irdk @daabhl jh t`g ^dut`wgst td ^nbhjbjh t`g Hdrt`gbst, b ljstbhng di 033 mjadkgtrgs. \`js js

gspgnjbaay trug di t`g orgbt styags di t`g gbray Kjllag

Hgdajt`jn. \ùs fdwas irdk dhg ghl di t`g brgb brg `brlay

ljstjhoujs`bfag irdk fdwas irdk t`g dt`gr ghl, bhl t`g sbkg

js trug sajo`tay abtgr wjt` s`dualgrgl vgssgas (idr b oghgrba

dvgrvjgw di t`g \VF pdttgry, sgg Kjloagy 2::6).

B nbsg di ibs`jdh4 @brlay! Ijrst di baa, t`g lgndrbtjvg

styags brg strjntay fduhl td spgnjijn idrks. B fdwa `bs dhg

typg di lgndrbtjdh, b pglgstba fdwa bhdt`gr, bhl b s`dualgrgl

vgssga b t`jrl. _jt` b igw spgnjijn gxngptjdhs, lgndrbtjdhs

hgvgr nrdss irdk dhg typg td bhdt`gr. ^gndhlay, pbrtjnuabr

typgs `bvg b tghlghny td dnnur jh pbrtjnuabr ndhtgxts. Irdk

t`g vgry fgojhhjho di t`g \VF nuaturg jh Lghkbrm wg ijhl

rjnày lgndrbtgl auoogl fgbmgrs wjt` rgpgbtgl lgndrbtjdvg

pbttgrhs dh hgnm bhl fgaay. \`gsg auoogl fgbmgrs brg kdst

irgqughtay iduhl bt t`g ibnblgs di t`g adho fbrrdws, bhl

sgaldk jh dt`gr ndhtgxts.

Jh t`g idaadwjho GH JJ p`bsg t`g lgndrbtjdh styag n`bhogs

ndhsjlgrbfay. Zgt t`g trbljtjdh di t`g rjnày lgndrbtgl auoogl

fgbmgrs js kbjhtbjhgl, bhl gvgh ji t`g lgndrbtjdh pbttgrhs

t`gksgavgs `bvg n`bhogl ndhsjlgrbfay (hdw ldkjhbtgl fy

n`gvrdh fbhls jh t`g sd nbaagl Iun`sfgro styag), t`g

rgpgtjtjdh di pbttgrhs dh hgnm bhl fgaay ndhtjhug. \`g fdwa

js jhtrdlungl bt t`js tjkg, bhl jt rgngjvgs t`g sbkg n`gvrdh

fbhl typg di lgndrbtjdh. Fdt` t`g auoogl fgbmgrs bhl fdwasjh Iun`sfgro styag brg hdw jhnrgbsjhoay iduhl bt t`g mgrfs di

kgobajt`jn tdkfs. \`gy brg basd irgqughtay iduhl bt t`g

ghnadsurgs, w`grg bt ^brup, idr jhstbhng, wg ijhl t`gk bt t`g

pbajsblg, bhl jh t`g pgrjp`grba ljtn`gs (H.@. Bhlgrsgh 2::>,

236).

\`g Iun`sfgro styag ljrgntay lgvgadps jhtd t`g styag di

vgrtjnba fbhls n`brbntgrjstjn di fdwas bhl auoogl fgbmgrs jh




t`g KH J-JJ. Jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb t`g fdwas brg kdst

irgqughtay iduhl jh t`g pdttgry lgpdsjts bt t`g ghtrbhngs. Jt js

prdfbfag t`bt b spgnjijn kgbhjho wbs bttbn`gl td t`js pdttgry.

\`g nadsg bssdnjbtjdh di rjn` lgndrbtjdh wjt` t`g auoogl

fgbmgr bhl abtgr t`g fdwa idrk idr bakdst b kjaaghhjuk, bhl

t`g rgpgbtgl pbttgrhs dh hgnm bhl fgaay, bs wgaa bs t`g

ndhsjstght usg di t`gsg typgs jh ndhhgntjdh wjt` lgpdsjtjdhsbt t`g ibnblgs, w`gt`gr di tdkfs dr nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs,

strgssgs t`js pdjht. \`g prdspgnt fgndkgs hd agss jhtgrgstjho

w`gh wg ndhsjlgr t`bt t`g sdnjba strunturg prdfbfay jhvdavgl

b kbrmgl tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur bkdho rbt`gr skbaa ordups,

bhl wjt` b kbrmgl tghlghny idr hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty.

\ùs t`g ndoght styag/idrk ndkfjhbtjdhs prdfbfay `bl b

vgry nagbr kgbhjho t`bt wbs wgaa uhlgrstddl bnrdss t`g

sdnjd-pdajtjnba abhlsnbpg. \`g ùog bkduht di `jo` qubajty

pdttgry t`bt wbs ‐ndhsukgl‚ bhl lgstrdygl jh abrog snbag

rjtubas t`bt kby irgqughtay `bvg obt`grgl kbhy kdrg t`bh

t`g adnba sdnjba ordup, sggks td suppdrt t`g jlgb di bh

jh`grght kgbhjho, w`jn` kby wgaa `bvg fggh bntjvbtgl dh

t`gsg dnnbsjdhs.

>.>. \@G JKSDV\BHNG DI IJVG

_`grgbs t`g kgbhjho di t`g pdttgry kby fg `brl, ji hdt

jkpdssjfag, td uhlgrstbhl, wg kby fg b ajttag fgttgr dii wjt`

ijrg. Ijrg js bh ditgh dvgraddmgl, ygt pdssjfay jkpdrtbht

gagkght jh t`g \VF-nuaturg w`gh wg tbam bfdut jlgdadoy.

^ggkjhoay, ijrg js prgsght gvgryw`grg td b lgorgg di

pyrdkbhjb. Jt js b ndhstbht gagkght jh bssdnjbtjdh wjt` t`g

kdhukghtba tdkfs, bhl jt pabys b ldkjhbtjho rdag jh

ndhhgntjdh wjt` t`g ghnadsurgs.

Jh t`g GH J adho fbrrdws, ijrg wbs usgl td lgstrdy t`g

wddlgh n`bkfgrs, fgidrg t`gy wgrg ndvgrgl dvgr wjt` gbrt`.

Ajmgwjsg t`g `gbvy tgrkjhba tjkfgr ibnblgs wgrg, ji hdt

lgstrdygl, t`gh `gbvjay sndrn`gl fy ijrg. Jh t`g GH JJ bhl

KH J kgobajt`jn tdkfs ijrg wbs usgl td nrbnm t`g iaddr tjags

bhl furh t`g naby fghgbt` t`g iaddr td b rgl ndadur. Jt wbs

iurt`gr usgl td nrbnm iajht hdluags w`jn` wgrg usgl bs

pbnmjho brduhl t`g n`bkfgr dr jh nrus`gl skbaa irbokghts bs

b ijhg w`jtg iaddr abygr. \`g ijrg nrbnmgl iajht ndual iurt`gr

fg pabngl jh skbaa qubhtjtjgs jhsjlg vgssgas, dr badho wjt`

vgssgas jh skbaa `gbps bt t`g pdttgry lgpdsjtjdhs jh irdht di

t`g tdkfs. Bt t`js tjkg dhay uhusgl hdluags di iajht sggks td

`bvg fggh nrbnmgl fy ijrg.

Bt t`g ghnadsurgs t`grg brg `gbvy trbngs di ijrgs jh t`g

ljtn`gs, ditgh bs jt sggks ndvgrgl up w`jag furhjho. \`grgbrg kbedr pdttgry lgpdsjts t`bt `bvg fggh lgstrdygl fy

dvgr`gbtjho, pdssjfay lgajfgrbtgay. \`grg js kbssgs di furht

lbuf, kdrg t`bh jh bhy dt`gr pgrjdl di Lbhjs` prg`jstdry,

bhl prdfbfay kdrg t`bh nbh fg gxpabjhgl fy bnnjlghtba ijrjho

di `dusgs.

\dwbrls t`g ghl di t`g \VF nuaturg t`g usg di ijrg

nrbnmgl iajht fgndkgs kbssjvg. _g `bvg pbssbog orbvgs,

w`grg b >3 nk t`jnm abygr di furht iajht hdluags surrduhl t`g

furjba ojits di abtg \VF furjbas bhl ndvgrs up fdhg kbtgrjba

irdk prgvjdus furjbas. Dutsjlg t`g tdkfs t`g pdttgry

lgpdsjtjdhs brg sufstjtutgl fy b lgpdsjtjdh di ijrg-nrbnmgl

iajht tddas, kdstay bxgs.

\d uhlgrstbhl t`js gxngssjvg usg di ijrg wg `bvg td rgbajsg

t`g hbturg di t`g \VF gndhdky. \`g hbturba ghvjrdhkghtwbs `gbvjay idrgstgl, bhl b sabs` bhl furh gndhdky `bs fggh

bssukgl idr kbhy ygbrs. Idr vbrjdus rgbsdhs t`js bssukptjdh

wbs strdhoay ljsnrgljtgl jh t`g sgvghtjgs bhl gjo`tjgs

(Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:02). Irdk rgnght pdaagh jhvgstjobtjdh

fghgbt` fbrrdws irdk t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn bhl t`g gbray

kjllag Hgdajt`jn, jt `bs hdw fggh prdvgh t`bt sabs` bhl furh

ndhstjtutgl b vgry jkpdrtbht gagkght jh t`g abhl kbhbogkgh

(^.\`. Bhlgrsgh 2::>b, 2::>f). Jhlggl, bs jt addms hdw, t`g

sgttagl brgbs wbs ldkjhbtgl fy b sgndhlbry idrgst di ijrst

fjrn` bhl abtgr ndppjngl `bzga, usgl bs t`g fbsjs idr t`g sabs`

bhl furh bntjvjtjgs.

Bobjhst t`js fbnmorduhl ijrg kby wgaa `bvg bttbjhgl b

kgbhjho bs b ajig nrgbtdr t`rduo` lgstruntjdh. Ijrg wbs blgstruntjvg idrng, fut jh t`g prdngss di lgstruntjdh t`g

iduhlbtjdh di hgw ajig wbs abjl ldwh. \ùs, w`gh ijrg wbs

usgl gxtghsjvgay jh furjba ndhtgxts, jt kby wgaa fg b rgiagntjdh

di `dw t`g hbturg di ajig wbs uhlgrstddl. Iurt`grkdrg, ijrg

wbs jhlggl t`g idrng t`bt nrgbtgl bhl prgsgrvgl t`g pdttgry.

Ijrjho kby wgaa `bvg fggh ndhsjlgrgl t`g bntjdh t`bt nrgbtgl

kgbhjho bhl jkpdrtbhng td t`g pdttgry. Ji J s`dual ojvg b fjl

idr b sjhoag fbsjn gagkght dh w`jn` t`g jlgdadoy di t`g \VF

sdnjgty wbs fujal, jt wdual fg ijrg. \dogt`gr wjt` pdttgry, jt j

t`g gagkght t`bt ldkjhbtgs dur gvjlghng idr rjtubas, bhl sggh

jh rgabtjdh td t`g gndhdky jt js bh gagkght di pdtghtjbaay

uhlgrstbhlbfag kgbhjho.

<. Ndhnausjdh

Jh ndhnausjdh, J rgorgttbfay `bvg td blkjt t`bt t`grg js ajttag

td ndhnaulg. J `bvg trjgl td pdjht dut t`bt t`grg js hdt`jho td

suoogst b n`bhog di t`g fbsjn sdnjba strunturg irdk t`g

Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn. \`rduo`dut, J fgajgvg, wg lgba

wjt` b strdhoay sgokghtgl, ndkpgtjtjvg sdnjgty. Bpbrt irdk

t`js, J igbr wg brg stjaa ibr irdk b nadsgr uhlgrstbhljho di t`g

sdnjba strunturg.

Gvgh kdrg spgnuabtjvg js dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g

jlgdadoy. \`g sggkjhoay jrrbtjdhba hbturg di t`g gvjlghng

prgvghts dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g jlgbs odvgrhjho \VF

sdnjgty. _jt` t`g ndrlgl wbrg nuaturg bhl iurt`gr dh t`rduo`prg`jstdry, pgdpag stbrt td fg`bvg jh b kdrg ‑hdrkba‛ bhl

uhlgrstbhlbfag wby. Jh t`g \VF nuaturg, `dwgvgr, wg brg

agit wjt` b igw `jhts di kgbhjho dhay. Gvgh ji wg kby

fgajgvg t`bt wg brg nbpbfag di uhlgrstbhljho t`gsg jhljvjluba

gagkghts, J igbr wg kby hgvgr rgbn` b pdjht, w`grg wg nbh

nabjk t`bt wg `bvg b nd`grght uhlgrstbhljho di t`g \VF

uhjvgrsg.

?: \. KBL^GH „ JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



hdtg

2 Bs bt Hðrrgkbrmsoçrl nadsg td @drsghs jh Gbstgrh Eutabhl. \`g

sjtg wbs gxnbvbtgl fy t`g but`dr. Jt js stjaa uhpufajs`gl.

rgigrghngs

Bafrgt`sgh, ^.G. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2:??. Gxnbvbtjdh di b

Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry bt YglfŞm, Lghkbrm, Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb Yda. <?, 2:?9 , 2-60.

Bhlgrsgh, H. @. 2:02. ^brup. FgiŞstglg hgdajtjsmg bhaŞo do lgrgs

fbooruhl, Muka 2:03, Çrfdo idr Eysm BrmŞdadojsm ^gasmbf, 9>-23>.

Bhlgrsgh, H. @. 2::>. Nbusgwbygl nbkps di t`g Iuhhga Fgbmgr

Nuaturg. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Bbrùs, 233-23>.

Bhlgrsgh ^.@. 2::>. Kgsdajt`jn ndbstba sgttagkght. Jh5 ^. @vbss &F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoyjh Lghkbrm , Bbrùs, 97-90.

Bhlgrsgh ^. \`. 2::>b. Gbray borjnuaturg. Jh5 ^. @vbss bhl

F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoyjh Lghkbrm , Bbrùs, 00-:2.

Bhlgrsgh ^. \`. 2::>f. Gbray bhl Kjllag Hgdajt`jn borjnuaturg gh

Lghkbrm. Sdaagh spgntrb irdk sdjas jh furjba kduhls di t`g Iuhhga

Fgbmgr Nuaturg, Edurhba di Gurdpgbh Brn`bgdadoy 2, 27>-203.

Fghhjmg, S. 2:07. Sbabgdpbt`dadoy di Lbhjs` ^mgagtdhs5 Bndkpbrbtjvg stuly di lgkdorbp`y, ljsgbsg bhl jheury, Mðfgh`bvh.

Fghhjmg, S. & M. Gffgsgh 2:0?. \`g fdo ijhl irdk ^jogrslba5

ùkbh sbnrjijng jh t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn, Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy 7, 07-227.

Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh, G. 2:00. Gjh kgsdajt`jsn`gs Orbf kjt bn`t

Sgrsdhgh bus ^ggabhl, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 20, 6.

Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh, G. 2::>. \`g Abtg Sbabgdajt`jn bhl t`g Kgsdajt`jn.

Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrsdi brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Bbrùs, <9-<:.

Lbvjlsgh, M. 2:?0. \`g ijhba \VF nuaturg jh Lghkbrm. B sgttagkght stuly. BrmŞdadojsmg ^tuljgr, Ydaukg Y, Ndpgh`bogh.

Gffgsgh, M. 2:07. Idrtjlskjhlgrgojstrgrjho j Lbhkbrm , Mðfgh`bvh.

Grjmsgh, A.F. 2::6. Drhgùs pç ^tgvhs „ gh tjlajohgdajtjsm ùstdkt,

Bbrfðogr idr Hdrljsm Dalmyhljo`gl do @jstdrjg 2::2, ?-2:.

Ogfbugr, B.F. 2:00. ^tyajstjn vbrjbtjdh jh t`g pdttgry di t`g Iuhhga

Fgbmgr Nuaturg. Jh5 \. Kblsgh (gl.) Kuatjvbrjbtg brn`bgdadoy.

Hukgrjnba bpprdbn`gs jh ^nbhljhbvjbh brn`bgdadoy, Eutabhl

Brn`bgdadojnba ^dnjgty Sufajnbtjdhs PPJ, :2-22?.

@glogs, E._. 2:0<. \dkf di t`g gboags. B wjhldw dh stdhg bogtrjfba Frjtbjh, Adhldh.

@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg. ^trunturg bhl

ndhtjhoghny jh Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs, Dxidrl.

Mjhhgs, J. 2::6. Hdh-kgobajt`jn adho fbrrdws bhl baajgl strunturgsjh t`g Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn, Frjtjs` Kusguk Dnnbsjdhba Sbpgr 76,

Adhldh.

Mrjstjbhsgh, M. 2:0<. Jlgdadoy bhl kbtgrjba nuaturg5 bh brn`bgd-

adojnba pgrspgntjvg. Jh5 K. ^prjoos (gl.) Kbrxjst pgrspgntjvgs jhbrn`bgdadoy, Nbkfrjlog, ?6-233.

Mùrhgr, O. & I. Abux 2:03. Gjh Mùhjorgjn` bh lgr Au`g, Kusguks-

vgrgjh iñr lbs Iñrstghtuk Añhgfuro, Añhgfuro.

Abrssdh, A. 2:00. Gtt içhostsbk`ìaa iùr ?333 çr sglbh. Fdpabtsgr dn` orbvbr j ^mbtg`dak, Mrjstjbhsstbl.

Kblsgh, \. 2:?:. Gbrt`gh adhofbrrdws bhl tjkfgr strunturgs5

bspgnts di t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn kdrtubry prbntjng jh Lghkbrm,

Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty <7, >32->63.

Kblsgh, \. 2:06. ^gttagkght systgks di gbray borjnuaturba sdnjgtjgs

jh Gbst Eutabhl Lghkbrm5 b rgojdhba stuly di n`bhog, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 2, 2:?-6>9.

Kblsgh, \. 2:00. Nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb.

Jh5 N. Furogss, S. \dppjho, N. Kdrlbht & K. Kblljsdh (gls.)

Ghnadsurgs bhl lgighngs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di _gstgrh Gurdpg,

Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs <3>, Dxidrl.>32->>9.

Kblsgh, \. 2::3b. N`bhojho pbttgrhs di abhl usg jh t`g \VF nuaturg

di ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb. Jh5 L. Ebhmdwsmb (gl.) Ljg \rjn`tgr-fgn`grmuatur. Hgug Idrsnùhogh uhl @ypdt`gsgh. Kbtgrjba lgs Jhtgrhbtjdhbagh ^ykpdsjuks Lykbnzgwd, 63-6< ^gptgkfgr 2:00.

Sdzhbh, 6?-<2.

Kblsgh, \. 2::3f. Kbhllrbf „ Kurlgr. Jh5 Daltjlghs Bhsjot. Ibngsdi t`g Sbst. \ja @ghlgs KbegstŞt Lrdhhjho Kbrorgt`g JJ. 29. bprja2::3, Lgt mdhogajog Hdrljsmg Dalsmrjitssgasmbf, Eysm BrmŞdadojsm

^gasmbf.

Kblsgh, \. 2::2. \`g sdnjba strunturg di Gbray Hgdajt`jn sdnjgty jh^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb. Jh5 E. Ajn`brlus (gl.) Ljg Mupigrzgjt bas`jstdrjsn`g Gpdn`g. ^ykpdsjuk ^bbrfrñnmgh uhl Dazgh`busgh 9. -2>.22.2:00, Fdhh, <0:-<:9.

Kblsgh, \. 2::>. Fbrrdws wjt` tjkfgr-fujat strunturgs. Jh ^. @vbss

& F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoyjh Lghkbrm , Bbrùs, :9-::.




Kblsgh, \. 2::<. Ljg Oruppghfjaluho jk irñ`stgh Hgdajt`jmuk

Lìhgkbrms uhl j`rg Fglgutuho. Jh5 E. @djmb & E. Kgurgs-Fbamg

(gls.) Fgjtrìog zur irñ`hgdajt`jsn`gh \rjn`tgrfgn`grmuatur jkwgstajn`gh Dstsggogfjgt. 2. Jhtgrhbtjdhbags \rjn`tgrfgn`grsykpd-sjuk jh ^nàgswjo vdk <. fjs ?. Kìrz 2:07, Hgukñhstgr, 66?-6>?.

Kblsgh, \. & @. Euga Eghsgh 2:06. ^gttagkght bhl abhl usg jh Gbray

Hgdajt`jn Lghkbrm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 27, 9>-09.

Kjloagy, K. 2::6. \VF nuaturg, t`g ijrst ibrkgrs di t`g Gurdpgbh Sabjh, Gljhfuro`.

Hjgasgh, S.D. 2::>. \`g Hgdajt`jn. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl

(gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm ,Bbrùs, 0<-0?.

Hjgasgh, G.M. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2::>. Furjbas, pgdpag bhl ldos.

Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrsdi brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Bbrùs, ?9-03.

Vdwagy-Ndhwy, S. 2:02. âbs` bhl Furh jh t`g tgkpgrbtg Gurdpgbh

Hgdajt`jn. Jh5 V. Kgrngr (gl.) Ibrkjho prbntjng jh Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Gljhfuro`, 07-:9.

^mbbrup, E. 2::3. Furjba, vdtjvg diigrjhos bhl sdnjba strunturg jh

gbray Hgdajt`jn ibrkgr sdnjgty jh Lghkbrm. Jh5 L. Ebhmdwsmb (gl.)

Ljg \rjn`tgrfgn`grmuatur. Hgug Idrsnùhogh uhl @ypdt`gsgh. Kbtgrjba lgs Jhtgrhbtjdhbagh ^ykpdsjuks Lykbnzgwd, 63-6<^gptgkfgr 2:00, Sdzhbh, ?>-:2.

^mbbrup, E. 2::>. Kgobajt`jn orbvgs. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl

(gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm ,Bbrùs, 23<-23:.

^trùkfgro, K. 2:?2b. Ljg Kgobajtòrìfgr vdh @bogstbl. Uur Srdfagkbtjm vdh Orbffbutgh uhl Orbfrjtgh, Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb

Auhlghsjb ^grjgs :, Fdhh.

^trùkfgro, K. 2:?2f. Oçhoorjitgh j \çobrp Ù. \dkkbrp,

Iùrghjhogh iùr Idrhkjhhgs- dn` @gkhyolsvçrl j ^ylùstrb ^mçhg,

^kçsmrjitgr 22, ^jkrjs`bkh.

\`drsgh, ^. 2:02. ‑Madmmg`ðe" vgl Fðelgh. Gt sylvgstiyhsm

lyssgmbkkgr kgl fgvbrgt prjkŞrorbv, Muka 2:03, 237-2<9.

\`drvjalsgh, M. 2:<2. Lyssgtjlghs orbviuhl j Lbhkbrm, Bbrfðogr idr Hdrljsm Dalmyhljo`gl do @jstdrjg 2:<2, 66-0?.

Ybho Sgtgrsgh, S. 2:0<. N`rdhdadojnba bhl rgojdhba vbrjbtjdh jh t`g

Abtg Kgsdajt`jn di Gbstgrh Lghkbrm, Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy >, ?-20.

\drstgh Kblsgh

Jhstjtut idr Idr`jstdrjsm Brmbgdadoj

Kdgsoçrl

LM-06?3 @ðefegro

02 \. KBL^GH „ JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Ky bjk jh t`g prgsght pbpgr js td ljsnuss adnba furjba

prbntjngs jh t`g Nghtrba Gurdpgbh Hgdajt`jn bhl bs b sjlgajhg

td nrjtjnjsg sdkg di dur bpprdbn`gs td t`dsg prbntjngs.

\`g sgttjho ndhsjsts di twd ndhtgkpdrbhgdus Fbhlmgrbkjm

ndkkuhjtjgs bt agss t`bh b lby‚s wbam irdk gbn` dt`gr,

adnbtgl dh twd sgpbrbtg adgss pbtn`gs „ t`g Orbgt`gjlg jh

Lutn` ^dut`grh Ajkfuro, bhl t`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg jh t`g

Ogrkbh V`jhgabhl, bfdut twghty mjadkgtrgs td t`g Gbst=

jh tjkg t`g abtgr `bai di t`g Zduhogr Fbhlmgrbkjm, rduoàysgvgh t`dusbhl ygbrs bod.

Jh b hukfgr di tgxts J `bvg bttgkptgl td lglung

Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg irdk t`g jhvghtdry di dhg di

t`gjr orbvgybrls (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:= 2::3). _jt` t`g

jhtghtjdh td tgst ky gbrajgr jlgbs J `bvg rgnghtay gxpbhlgl

ky lbtb fbsjs td jhnaulg b sgndhl ngkgtgry, Hjglgrkgrz jh

t`g V`jhgabhl, adnbtgl bpprdxjkbtgay <3 mk gbst di Gasadd,

bhl di sjkjabr lbtg (Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9).

\`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty di ky lbtb `bs sdkgtjkgs fggh

qugstjdhgl, t`g broukght fgjho t`bt t`g hukfgr di rgndvgrgl

Fbhlmgrbkjm orbvgs js s`drt „ jhlggl, vgry s`drt „ di w`bt

js td fg gxpgntgl dh t`g fbsjs di lgkdorbp`jn gstjkbtgs=

kdrgdvgr, irdk b skbaa sbkpag dhay ajkjtgl jhigrghngs nbhfg lrbwh. Bpbrt irdk t`js kgt`dljnba prdfagk, dfegntjdhs

`bvg fggh rbjsgl rgobrljho ndhtght, tdd. Di ndursg jt js

jkpdssjfag td od jhtd baa di t`gk (Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9

prdvjlgs bh gxtghsjvg ljsnussjdh), fut irdk bkdho t`gk J

wjaa frjgiay ljsnuss oghlgr bhl mjh bs jkpdrtbht fbsgs idr

iurt`gr jhigrghngs. J wjaa basd od jhtd t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty

prdfagk `grg, td sgg w`gt`gr t`g qubhtjtbtjvg nrjtjqug `dals

wbtgr, bhl ji sd, w`bt nbh fg ldhg bfdut jt. Fut ijrst J wjaa

sby b igw wdrls dh t`g sufstbhtjba jssugs di sgx, oghlgr, bhl

ajhgbog bajohkght.

6. ^gx, oghlgr bhl mjh5 kun` bld

\d kg, ‐sdnjba strunturg‚ `bs bh gt`hdadojnba dr sdnjdadojnba

rjho5 jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba ijgal di iuhgrbry bhbaysjs t`grg js

kdrg td jt t`bh n`rdhdadoy (rgabtjvg dr bfsdautg), sgx, bhl

wgbat` di t`g orbvgs jh b ngkgtgry. Vbt`gr t`g rgabtjdhs

fgtwggh t`g furjbas brg jhvdavgl, wjt` `jgrbrn`y, ordup

kgkfgrs`jp bhl mjh rgabtjdhs bs kbedr idnus5 syhtbx , hdt

sgkbhtjns jh t`g wdrls di Gnd (2:?>, 92). ^jhoag orbvgs, bs

jsdabtgl lbtb sgts, nbhhdt gaunjlbtg sdnjba strunturg bt baa bs

t`g abttgr js rddtgl jh rgabtjdhs bhl t`gjr rgprdluntjdh fy

sdnjgty. Jhljvjlubas kby fg jhstrukghtba t`grg, pdssjfay gvgh

fg boghts (sghsu Ojllghs 2:0<, :), ygt boghny wdrms jh bhl

t`rduo` rgabtjdhs.

\`g ijrst tjkg J bttgkptgl b iuhgrbry bhbaysjs (Ybh lg

Ygalg 2:?:) jt wbs di t`g ngkgtgry di Gasadd, jh t`g sdut`grh

Hgt`grabhls, gxnbvbtgl jh t`g 2:93‚s (Kdllgrkbh 2:?3).

\`grg, t`g orduhl wbtgr `bl ljssdavgl baa di t`g smgagtba

kbtgrjba bhl hd p`ysjnba bht`rdpdadojnba lgtgrkjhbtjdh di sgx bhl bog wbs pdssjfag. @dwgvgr, sgx, j.g., p`ysjnba

bht`rdpdadojnba sgx, js b fjdadojnba nbtgodry w`grgbs ky

jhtgrgst js wjt` t`g sdnjba wdral, oghlgr fgjho ditgh wrdhoay

gqubtgl wjt` sgx. Bs b sdnjba ndhstrunt (Ab Idhtbjhg 2:?0),

oghlgr s`dual fg bpprdbn`gl t`rduo` t`g jhvgstjobtjdh di

sdnjba lbtb= p`ysjnba bht`rdpdadoy nbh dhay fg jhljnbtjvg

rbt`gr t`bh ndhnausjvg6. Bakdst twd t`jrls di t`g orbvgs jh

t`g Gasadd ngkgtgry `gal orbvg ojits, sd naugs td sdnjba

nbtgodrjgs wgrg bvbjabfag. Jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz lbtb (w`jn` wja

basd fg gxbkjhgl `grg), tddt` ghbkga irdk t`jrty orbvgs

ndual stjaa fg bhbaysgl bs td t`g fjdadojnba sgx di t`g

lgngbsgl (Ld`rh-J`kjo 2:0>, 23?)= `grg, tdd, bfdut twd

t`jrls di t`g orbvgs `gal orbvg ojits.Jh b stbtjstjnba bhbaysjs di t`g Gasadd ngkgtgry jt wbs

pdssjfag td rgabtg t`g ojits bhl t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g orbvgs

td t`g ljvjsjdh di abfdur (j.g., oghlgr) jh Fbhlmgrbkjm

sdnjgty5 `jo` blzgs bhl brrdw`gbls pdjhtgl td kbag

dnnupbtjdhs, rgl dn`rg bhl ruffjho stdhgs jhljnbtgl igkbag

pursujts. ^gvgrba dt`gr nbtgodrjgs wgrg ‐irggay‚ sprjhmagl dvg

t`g twd oghlgr nabssgs (tbf. 2). Jt js jkpdrtbht td hdtg t`bt

hdt gvgry nbtgodry irdk t`g rgagvbht ‐mjt‚ (Sblgr 2:06, :0) js

prgsght jh gvgry orbvg, fut dhay b sgagntjdh>. \ùs, igkbag

orbvgs ljl dnnbsjdhbaay ndhtbjh fdt` b ruffjho stdhg bhl rgl

dn`rg, kdrg ditgh gjt`gr di t`g twd, bhl sdkgtjkgs hdhg.

^jkjabray sd idr t`g dt`gr mjts. Basd, orbvgs di ljiigrght oghlgr

wgrg nagbray pbjrgl bat`duo` sjhoag orbvgs basd dnnurrgl=

kdst di t`gsg abttgr wgrg hdt kbrmgl td oghlgr bhl t`grgidrg

kby `bvg `gal t`g rgkbjhs di uh-jhjtjbtgl, dr di dal pgdpag.

Idr t`g Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgry t`g lgrjvbtjdh di oghlgr wbs

dhay pbrtjbaay pdssjfag5 w`jag >3 kbag orbvgs ndual fg

lglungl irdk t`g bnndkpbhyjho orbvg ojits (jh t`js ngkgtgry

brrdw`gbls bhl iabt blzgs), igkbag orbvgs `bl hd sun`

Sjgtgr vbh lg Ygalg2 Kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho5 Fbhlmgrbkjm iuhgrbry rjtuba

B vjntdry js twjng jtsgai w`gh t`g bn`jgvgr frjhos `dkg iuaa hukfgrs.

_. ^`bmgspgbrg5 Kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho.




\bfag 2. Orbvg ojits fy oghlgr bt Gasadd, prgsghng/bfsghng lbtb= jh

orgy oghlgr-hgutrba nbtgodrjgs (irdk Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9, tbfag 7).

igkbag kbag dt`gr

aukps dn`rg 27 6 „

ruffjho stdhgs 26 „ „

brrdw`gbls „ 23 „ t`jnm blzgs 2 29 „

pabjh ngrbkjns 22 2? ?

lgndrbtgl ngrbkjns 2< 27 0

fablgs 26 ? 2

iabt blzgs ? ? 2

>< >0 <2

kbrmgrs, bhl dhay 29 ndual fg jhigrrgl irdk t`gjr fgjho

nadsgst pbrthgr td b kbag orbvg< hgbrfy. \`grgidrg, t`g

hukfgr di fdt` kbag bhl igkbag orbvgs jh t`js ngkgtgry

s`dual fg `jo`gr t`bh t`gsg nduhts5 uhjlghtjijbfag kbag

orbvgs kby fg ndkpbhjdh td uhrgndohjsbfag igkbag furjbas

jh bt agbst bhdt`gr 22 pbjrs di orbvgs.

Bs hdtgl bfdvg, sgx bhl oghlgr brg rbrgay ljiigrghtjbtgl jhbrn`bgdadojnba furjba bhbaysgs bat`duo` ‑… t`g nuaturba usg

di t`g fdly js pbrt di bhy sdnjgty‚s sdnjba ndhstruntjdh di

rgbajty‛ (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:06, 2><= basd ni. Fbrrgtt 2::3).

\ùs, Ld`rh-J`kjo (2:0>, 23?) hdtgs t`bt bkdho 66 orbvgs

irdk Hjglgrkgrz w`jn` ndual fg bht`rdpdkgtrjnbaay

lgtgrkjhgl, idur dldhtdadojnba bttrjfutjdhs wgrg bt dlls wjt`

t`g orbvg ojits. Irdk `gr tgxt jt nbh fg jhigrrgl t`bt t`g

ljsnrgpbhnjgs brg bttrjfutgl td prdfagks di kgbsurgkght

rbt`gr t`bh td b prg`jstdrjn nuaturba rgwdrmjho di fjdadojnba

nbtgodrjgs. Gvgh jh b sdp`jstjnbtgl stuly bs ^`bhms bhl

\jaagy‚s di ^wgljs` bhl Frjtjs` kgobajt` iuhgrbry nustdks

oghlgr js oabrjhoay bfsght bhl jkpajnjtay gqubtgl wjt`

bht`rdpdkgtrjn nbtgodrjgs (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:06). Jh kdrgoghgrba bnnduhts, t`g sgx/oghlgr jssug js usubaay jkkgljbtgay

pbssgl dvgr (sgg gsp. Sblgr 2:06, 29-2?, :3= dr Kdrrjs 2::6,

692 w`grg t`g jhlgx sbys5 ‐oghlgr, sgg sgx‚). Jh ky dpjhjdh

t`js sjaghng js bh jhstbhng di w`bt Kurrby `bs lgsnrjfgl bs

‐t`g t`rgbt di t`g pbst‚ (Kurrby 2::>)5 ji oghlgr lgijhjtjdh jh

dt`gr sdnjgtjgs js hdt bs rjojl bs jt js jh durs, t`gh dur

sdnjgty‚s lgijhjtjdh di oghlgr kby fg/js nuaturbaay fjbsgl.

Abnmjho b t`drduo` ljsnussjdh di oghlgr jh brn`bgdadojnba

furjba ndhtgxts (bs, g.o., Ogrd/Ndhmgy 2::2 idr prg-iuhgrba

brn`bgdadojnba sdnjgtjgs) t`g jkpdrtbht ljkghsjdhs brg hdt

rgbljay bppbrght. @dwgvgr, idr fdt` Hjglgrkgrz bhl Gasadd J

wdual kbjhtbjh t`bt „ bt agbst jh furjba „ Fbhlmgrbkjm

oghlgr nabssgs wgrg dh bh gquba iddtjho bs t`g qubhtjtbtjvg

bhl qubajtbtjvg ljstrjfutjdhs di orbvg ojits dvgr oghlgr brg

vgry sjkjabr wjt`jh t`gsg ngkgtgrjgs, ndhtrbry td Ld`rh-

J`kjo‚s bssgrtjdh. Kdrgdvgr, bat`duo` oghlgr ljiigrghngs brg

kbrmgl t`gy brg hdt vgry kun` gkp`bsjsgl5 qujtg b hukfgr

di orbvgs bttrjfutbfag td gjt`gr rdag dh dt`gr orduhls (kbjhay

pbjr-fdhljho) `bvg hd oghlgr-spgnjijn iurhjs`jhos (tbf. 6).

J basd trjgl td bsngrtbjh t`g mjh rgabtjdhs fgtwggh t`g

pgdpag jhtgrrgl jh t`g Gasadd Orbvgybrl. @grg, t`g lgndrbtjdh

di t`g pdttgry bppgbrgl jhljnbtjvg (ijo. 2)5 jh igkbag orbvgs

gjt`gr nurvjajhgbr dr rgntjajhgbr lgsjohs wgrg iduhl, jh kbag

orbvgs t`g twd ditgh dnnurrgl tdogt`gr (tbf. >) „ prgnjsgay

t`g mjhl di ‑hdhvbaubfag ljstjhntjdhs‛ prgljntgl idr `drjzdhtba ljiigrghtjbtjdh (D‚^`gb 2:0<, <9). \`g vgry sbkg

pbttgrh js rgpgbtgl jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgry. ûn` b

‐strdho pbttgrh‚ (Kdrrjs 2::6, 636) lgkbhls bh gxpabhbtjdh.

\d stbrt wjt`, jh b sdnjgty prbntjsjho gxdobky gjt`gr t`g

kbags dr t`g igkbags wjaa agbvg t`gjr fjrt` ordup bt kbrrjbog

bhl fgndkg bsnrjfgl td t`g ordup di t`gjr pbrthgr (Idx 2:9?=

Aêvj-^trbuss 2:9?). Bt t`gjr ajig‚s ghl t`dsg w`d kdvgl dut

\bfag 6. Oghlgr kbrmjho bhl pbjr-fdhljho jh t`g Gasadd bhl Hjglgr-

kgrz ngkgtgrjgs (lbtb kbjhay irdk Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9 paus rgigrghngs).

GAÂDD

kbag igkbag dt`gr

oghlgr kbrmgl 67 66

hdt-kbrmgl 2> 26 <2

tdtbas >0 >< <2

kbrmgl, pbjrgl >3 >2

kbrmgl, sjhoag 0 >

dt`gr sjhoag <2

HJGLGVKGVU

kbag igkbag dt`gr

oghlgr kbrmgl 6: 4

hdt-kbrmgl 22 6? <7

tdtbas <3 6?+ <7·

kbrmgl, pbjrgl 6? 6?kbrmgl, sjhoag 2> 4

dt`gr sjhoag <7

\bfag >. Ljstrjfutjdh di lgndrbtjvg lgsjohs fy oghlgr jh twd Fbhl-

mgrbkjm ngkgtgrjgs= N5 nurvjajhgbr lgsjoh= V5 rgntjajhgbr lgsjoh

(lbtb idr Gasadd irdk Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:, 2:7).

GAÂDD

K I x

N dr V ? 29 > 69

N & V 9 „ 6 0

2> 29 7 ><

HJGLGVKGVU

K I x

N dr V : 0 2< >2

N & V < „ > ?

2> 0 2? >0



Ijourg 2. Fbsjn strunturgs di Fbhlmgrbkjm pdttgry lgndrbtjdh lgsjoh

(bitgr Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:, ijo. 7 bhl 2:09, ijo. 2).

wjaa t`grgidrg fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` twd ordups (t`dsg di fjrt`

bhl kbrrjbog= jh tgn`hjnba tgrkjhdadoy5 di biijajbtjdh bhl

biijhba bssdnjbtjdh). Jh b pbtrjajhgbr sdnjgty t`g igkbags wjaa

kdvg dut di t`gjr mjh ordup, bhl fgndkg bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g

dt`gr kdjgty= jh b kbtrjajhgba sjtubtjdh t`g kbags ld sd (np.

t`g trbljtjdhba n`bhog dr ldufajho di t`g hbkg di t`g igkbag

pbrthgr jh dur sdnjgtjgs bt wglljho bs b tdmgh di t`g hgw

pbtrj-ajmg biijajbtjdh= jh t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm jt js hdt hbkgs, fut

t`g lgsjoh di pdt lgndrbtjdh w`jn` js usgl jhstgbl. Di ndursg

t`gsg sjohs brg tdmghs dhay idr brrbys di rjo`ts bhl lutjgs). Jh

t`g Gasadd bhl Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgrjgs bajmg t`g kbags `bvg

fggh sjkuatbhgdusay bssdnjbtgl wjt` fdt` bttrjfutgs w`grgbs

igkbags brg kbrmgl wjt` gjt`gr di t`g twd fy gxnausjdh.

\`grgidrg, t`g kgh kust `bvg n`bhogl t`gjr baagojbhng „ bs

wjt` kbtrjajhgba brrbhogkghts. \`g nagbr ljiigrghtjba

ljstrjfutjdh di t`g lgndrbtjdh dh pdts jh t`gsg orbvgybrls

kust fg jhtgrprgtgl, J t`jhm, bs b mjhl di ‐jlgba‚ rgprgsghtb-

tjdh di t`gjr sdnjba prbntjng7. \`gy usgl, bhl wgrg usgl fy

t`gjr brtgibnts td lgkdhstrbtg ndhidrkjty td trbljtjdh.Bs b kbttgr di ibnt t`g sufegnt di mjh biijajbtjdh js `brlay

gvgr frdbn`gl jh brn`bgdadojnba ajtgrbturg. Bitgr b igw gbray

bttgkpts (Adhobnrg 2:90= _`baadh 2:90) jhtgrgst `bs turhgl

tdwbrls `jgrbrn`y. D‚^`gb hdtgl jh b t`duo`tiua pbrborbp`

dh t`g tdpjn t`bt stbtus `jgrbrn`y js kun` gbsjgr td rgtrjgvg

t`bh js `drjzdhtba ljiigrghtjbtjdh sun` bs mjh dr nabh

biijajbtjdh. \`js js lug td t`g brn`bgdadojnba n`brbntgrjstjns di

07 S. YBH LG YGALG „ FBHLMGVBKJM IWHGVBVZ VJ\WBA

t`g bssdnjbtgl sykfdas (D‚^`gb 2:0<, 676-67<). ^jkjabr

stbtgkghts nbh fg iduhl gasgw`grg (g.o. N`bpkbh/Vbhlsfdro

2:02), bhl gvgh hgobtjvg prdhduhngkghts5 ‑… dhg …

lgijhjtgay nbhhdt rgndhstrunt lgsnght dr pdst- kbrjtba ruags, f

t`gy t`g rgba dr t`g jlgba vgrsjdh‛ (Sblgr 2:06, 7<= gkp`bsjs

bllgl). Ngrtbjhay, t`g sufegnt `bs jts dwh ljiijnuatjgs, bhl

ghqujry jhtd t`g sufegnt kby hdt fg pdssjfag idr gvgrysdnjgty, ygt bh b prjdrj hgobtjdh js prgkbturg5 dur ajkjts brg

hdt sgt fy t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl fut fy dur (abnm di)

jkbojhbtjdh, bs Fjhidrl `bs rgkjhlgl us (2:?7, 672).

>. Vgprgsghtbtjvjty5 kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho4

\d t`g Gbst di t`g Orbgt`gjlg w`grg Gasadd js sjtubtgl, ajgs

t`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg, w`grg gxtghsjvg gxnbvbtjdhs `bvg

frduo`t td ajo`t kbhy Fbhlmgrbkjm rgkbjhs. Di abtg, Añhjho

bhl ^tgàj (2:0:) wrdtg t`bt t`g sjhoag ngkgtgry ljsndvgrgl

t`grg, Hjglgrkgrz (Ld`rh-J`kjo 2:0>), nbhhdt fg ndhsjlgrgl

rgprgsghtbtjvg (fgjho ‑buÔgrdrlghtajn`‛, ‐gxtrbdrljhbry‚ jh

t`gjr wdrls) di t`g Balgh`dvgh Sabtgbu Fbhlmgrbkjm5 dhay

226 orbvgs s`dual stbhl idr bh gstjkbtgl ijvg td tgh t`dusbhlpgdpag. \`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg `bs ghtjrgay fggh rgkdvgl

fy dpgh pjt kjhjho di ajohjtg, supgrvjsgl brn`bgdadojnbaay fy

b tgbk agl fy Añhjho. ^d jt js vjrtubaay ngrtbjh t`bt dhay dhg

Fbhlmgrbkjm ngkgtgry `bs fggh abjl dut dh t`g pabtgbu,

nbtgrgl idr fy pgr`bps tgh dr kdrg `bkagts. @ghng jt nbh fg

jhigrrgl t`bt b abrog hukfgr di prgsukbfay ibjray s`baadw

orbvgs kust `bvg ibaagh vjntjk td borjnuaturg fgtwggh t`gh

bhl hdw, bnndrljho td Añhjho & ^tgàj (2:0:, 00).

\`g Gasadd ngkgtgry (wjt` 22> orbvgs) js sjtubtgl dh t`g

blebnght adgss-pabtgbu td t`g _gst di t`g Balgh`dvghgr

Sabttg. Srgsghtay, t`g Orbgt`gjlg js lghsgay jh`bfjtgl, bhl

bat`duo` jt `bs hdt fggh s`dvgaagl bwby, wg kby fg prgtty

ngrtbjh t`bt b sgndhl Fbhlmgrbkjm ngkgtgry wdual hdt `bvg

gsnbpgl hdtjng. Fut gvgh ji jt `bl, t`gh t`g ibnt rgkbjhs t`bt

t`grg brg ibr tdd igw orbvgs jh ndkpbrjsdh wjt` bh drjojhba

pdpuabtjdh di, sby, 23,333 Fbhlmgrbkjbhs (sukkgl dvgr

26 oghgrbtjdhs). \`grgidrg Añhjho & ^tgàj‚s rgkbrms dh

rgprgsghtbtjvjty brg basd bppajnbfag td t`g Lutn` lbtb,

bat`duo` J `bvg rgsgrvbtjdhs bfdut t`gjr bpprdbn`.

Fgjho jh t`g drlgr di 2% t`g pbunjty di orbvgs jh rgabtjdh

td t`g vbst hukfgr di drjojhba jh`bfjtbhts kby sggk ibtba td

bhy bttgkpt bt oghgrbajzbtjdh, ygt stbtjstjnba t`gdry sbys t`bt b

sbkpag di 233 gagkghts js oghgrbaay suiijnjght td prdhduhng

updh stbtjstjnba jssugs (@bys 2:?>) „ hdt t`g sbkpajho agvga

(t`g rgabtjvg prdpdrtjdh di t`g pdpuabtjdh t`bt js jhndrpdrbtgljs jkpdrtbht fut rbt`gr t`g bfsdautg hukfgr di gagkghts, t`g

sjzg di t`g stbtjstjnba uhjvgrsg fgjho di hd ndhsgqughng jh

t`js rgspgnt. \`grg js dhay dhg ndhljtjdh, t`bt t`g gagkghts

`bvg fggh rbhldkay sgagntgl jh rgabtjdh td t`g ljkghsjdh

uhlgr snrutjhy. Bhl `grg ajgs b prdfagk, idr J ld hdt fgajgvg

t`bt t`g sgagntjdh di t`g pgdpag td fg furjgl jh b Fbhl-

mgrbkjm ngkgtgry wbs rbhldk jh bhy stbtjstjnba sghsg. _`gh

nurvjajhgbr rgntjajhgbr

wbvg

spjrba



sdnjdadojnba, gt`hdorbp`jnba, dr lgkdorbp`jn rgsgbrn`

qugstjdhs brg td fg bhswgrgl irdk b orbvgybrl, jt s`dual ijrst

fg gstbfajs`gl t`bt t`g rgagvbht iuhgrbas `bvg dnnurrgl

rbhldkay, bs rgobrls prgnjsgay t`gsg ljkghsjdhs. Bhl t`js js

wgaa-hjo` jkpdssjfag. Dh t`bt sndrg Añhjho & ^tgàj brg

bppbrghtay rjo`t, bitgr baa.

Fut t`grg js kdrg td t`js prdfagk, idr jt nbh fg suoogstglt`bt t`gsg ngkgtgrjgs ndhtbjh hgbray ndkpagtg pdpuabtjdhs

jhstgbl. \`g Gasadd Orbvgybrl, idr jhstbhng, ajgs dh b spur td

t`g H_ di b sgttagkght (Gasadd) bfdut 673 dr >33 kgtrgs

bwby= dt`gr Fbhlmgrbkjm vjaabogs brg baa kun` ibrt`gr bwby,

truay ‐fg`jhl‚ Gasadd. Jh t`g abttgr vjaabog fgtwggh 0 bhl

22 `dusgs `bvg stddl, wjt` bpprdxjkbtgay 7 dr 9 dnnupbhts

gbn`, tdogt`gr sdkg <3 td 93 pgdpag. Bs t`g usg ajig di t`g

ngkgtgry nbh fg put bt bfdut t`rgg oghgrbtjdhs fgtwggh

263 bhl 203 pgdpag `bvg ljgl jh t`g vjaabog lurjho t`js

pgrjdl „ hdt kbhy kdrg t`bh t`g 22> furjbas uhndvgrgl fy

Kdllgrkbh. Hd prddi nbh fg prgsghtgl, ygt t`g ibjray ajmgay

jkpajnbtjdh js t`bt dhay t`g pgdpag irdk Gasadd `bvg usgl t`g

hgbrfy ngkgtgry. Ji sd, t`g ijourg di t`g kjssjho lgbl jsqujtg adw. \`grgidrg, t`dsg t`bt `bvg fggh uhndvgrgl brg hdt

sd kun` rgprgsghtbtjvg di b fbnmorduhl pdpuabtjdh bs di

t`gksgavgs dhay.

\`g Hjglgrkgrz sjtubtjdh js kun` kdrg ndkpagx5 t`g

ljstbhng td t`g hgbrgst sgttagkght (Abhowgjagr 0) js bfdut

733 kgtrgs, bhl bhdt`gr twd dr t`rgg `bkagts (rbt`gr sjhoag

ibrkstgbls= ni. ^tgàj 2:0:) brg bt ?33 td 033 kgtrgs bwby

(uhajmg t`g Gasadd sjtubtjdh) bhl kbhy kdrg brg bt orgbtgr

ljstbhngs. Irdk t`js t`g brn`bgdadojsts jhigrrgl t`bt t`g

ngkgtgry kjo`t `bvg sgrvgl t`g w`dag ^jglauhosmbkkgr dr

sgttagl brgb, ndkprjsjho sdkg 7 td 23 `bkagts, bhl nduhtjho

nukuabtjvgay kdrg t`bh 2,333 pgdpag dvgr t`g sjx

oghgrbtjdhs lurjho w`jn` t`g ngkgtgry `bs fggh jh usg.

Zgt dhay 226 orbvgs `bvg fggh rgndvgrgl= t`g dt`gr pgdpag

s`dual `bvg ghlgl up nrgkbtgl jh s`baadw orbvg pjts „ kbhy

tjkgs paduo`gl dvgr sjhng t`dsg lbys, sd t`bt hd trbngs `bvg

fggh agit. \`js vjgw js gxprgssgl jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz

gxnbvbtjdh rgpdrt (Ld`rh-J`kjo 2:0>), bhl rgpgbtgl jh t`g

dvgrvjgw brtjnag fy Añhjho & ^tgàj (2:0:). @dwgvgr, gvgh

ji t`gy brg rjo`t, t`gh stjaa t`grg js stbtjstjnba t`gdry, fut basd

t`g (psyn`dadojnbaay jkpdrtbht, stbtjstjnbaay uhjhtgrgstjho)

sbkpajho rbtg `bs fggh rbjsgl irdk dhg ùhlrgl dvgr tgh

t`dusbhl (2%) td 226 dvgr 2,333 (22%). Ndhvgrsgay, ji t`g

sjtubtjdh wgrg ajmg t`bt jh Gasadd, t`gh dhay Abhowgjagr 0

s`dual fg tbmgh jhtd bnnduht wjt` fgtwggh ? bhl 22 `dusgsbt bhy dhg kdkght. \`g ngkgtgry wbs jh usg idr

9 oghgrbtjdhs, sd fgtwggh 673 bhl >73 ndrpsgs9 `bvg `bl

td fg ljspdsgl di jh t`bt pgrjdl, ldufag dr trjpag t`g hukfgr

di gxnbvbtgl orbvgs. Jh t`bt nbsg, Hjglgrkgrz js hd kdrg

gxngptjdhba t`bh Gasadd, bhl jh fdt` nbsgs t`g jhigrghngs

irdk t`g orbvgybrls nbh fg rgabtgl td t`g hgbrfy sgttagkghts

wjt`dut kun` bld.

Di ndursg t`js kbttgr nbhhdt lgnjsjvgay fg sgttagl, hgjt`gr

jh Hjglgrkgrz hdr jh Gasadd, bhl ky kdlga rgkbjhs qujtg

`ypdt`gtjnba= ygt J t`jhm t`bt t`g twd broukghts prgsghtgl

`grg (stbtjstjnba t`gdry, bhl brn`bgdadojnba spgnjijnbtjdh) od b

adho wby td ljkjhjs` t`g wgjo`t di Añhjho & ^tgàj‚s

stbtgkghts rgobrljho hdh-rgprgsghtbtjvjty bhl t`g jkpajgl

uhrgajbfjajty di t`g ngkgtgry lbtb. @dwgvgr, hdt baa prdfagksbrg sdavgl5 dhg kjo`t hdw jhqujrg bfdut t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty

di Gasadd Yjaabog idr t`g ghtjrg Orbgt`gjlg sgttagkght brgb dr

di Abhowgjagr 0 idr t`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg „ t`dsg vjaabogs

brg prgnjsgay t`g abrogst sgttagkghts t`grg, t`gy `bvg fggh

jh`bfjtgl adhogr t`bh bhy di t`g dt`gr dhgs, t`gy badhg `bvg

b ngkgtgry, gtn. \`grgidrg t`gy ngrtbjhay brg hdt rgprgsghtb-

tjvg di t`g rgojdhba sjtubtjdh jh oghgrba (idr iurt`gr

ljsnussjdh, sgg Ybh lg Ygalg 2::3).

<. Dh pdaykdlba iuhgrbry rjtubas5 sdkgt`jho bld

bfdut hdt`jho

_`gh, idr t`g sbmg di broukght t`g prgvjdus prdpdsjtjdhs brg

prdvjsjdhbaay bnngptgl, t`grg stjaa js t`g prdfagk di t`gkjssjho lgbl irdk Gasadd bhl Abhowgjagr 0. \`js bfsght

ndkkuhjty nbh fg frdmgh ldwh jh bt agbst twd ndkpdhghts5

(b) t`dsg irdk t`g gbrajgr pgrjdls, bpprdxjkbtgay sjx td hjhg

oghgrbtjdhs jh t`g twd brgbs= bhl (f) t`dsg lgpbrtgl jh t`g

dt`gr vjaabogs bhl `bkagts w`jag t`g ngkgtgrjgs wgrg jh usg,

pgr`bps idr t`rgg td idur oghgrbtjdhs. B fjbsgl rgsgbrn`

rgndrl nbh fg ljskjssgl bs nbusg, bs ljsnussgl bfdvg.

Wsubaay, t`g adw ijourgs brg gxpabjhgl wjt` t`g idaadwjho

broukght5 ^jhng wg ld `bvg b ibjr bkduht di nrgkbtjdhs

(g.o., bt agbst <? irdk Gasadd, 23 irdk Hjglgrkgrz), bhl bs

t`g bs`gs brg oghgrbaay jh s`baadwgr pjts t`bh brg t`g ndrpsgs

(g.o., ndrpsgs dh t`g bvgrbog bt 267nks, nrgkbtjdhs bt

77nks? bt Gasadd), jt js td fg gxpgntgl t`bt kdst nrgkbtjdhs

`bvg fggh adst fgidrg t`gjr brn`bgdadojnba rgsurrgntjdh. Bhl

t`g ndhnausjdh lrbwh js t`bt bppbrghtay kdst Fbhlmgrbkjbhs

`bvg fggh nrgkbtgl bhl furjgl jh t`g tdpsdja td fg paduo`gl

dut abtgr (g.o., Añhjho/^tgàj 2:0:, 00= Kdllgrkbh 2:?3,

?2= Hgukbhh/_jgobhl 2:<3).

Bs dur nurrght wgstgrh kdrtubry prbntjngs brg rbt`gr

sjkjabr td t`dsg di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm bt ijrst sjo`t (gxngpt idr

t`g orbvgojits, di ndursg= dr t`g dll kbssbnrg5 _bà/Mùhjo

2:0?= _jhla 2::9), t`g broukght js rgbljay bnngptgl. Jh ky

dpjhjdh, t`duo`, jt js sgrjdusay iabwgl, bs sgvgrba qugstjdhs

rgkbjh uhbhswgrgl5 (b) w`y ld wg `bvg nrgkbtjdhs irdk

t`g Zduhogr AFM pgrjdl, bhl `brlay bhy irdk t`g Dalgr bhlDalgst pgrjdls (ni. Kdllgrkbh 2:?3, ?2-?6)4 Dr (f), w`y

ld wg `bvg kbhy kdrg orbvgybrls irdk t`g Zduhogr AFM

t`bh irdk t`g Dalgr/Dalgst p`bsgs4 Bhl (n), rgstbtjho b

prgvjdus pbrborbp`, w`y js t`g hukfgr di furjbas sd

ljkjhutjvg wjt` rgspgnt td t`g prgsukgl pdpuabtjdh, gvgh jh

t`g Zduhogr AFM4 \ùs ibntdrgl dut, t`g broukght js

suoogstjvg di bh batgrhbtjvg ndhnausjdh5 AFM sdnjgtjgs




oghgrbaay (bhl drjojhbaay gxnausjvgay) ljspdsgl di t`gjr lgbl

jh ygt bhdt`gr, t`jrl wby, w`jn` jh t`g ndursg di tjkg nbkg

td fg suppagkghtgl wjt` nrgkbtjdh bhl ndrpsg furjba. \ bt

js, wg s`dual bssukg bh blljtjdhba rjtuba w`jn` agbvgs `brlay

bhy sufstbhtjba trbngs jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, bpbrt irdk

t`g wgaa-mhdwh jhtgrkght jh orbvgs.

Irdk b oghgrba pgrspgntjvg jt nbh fg dfsgrvgl t`btbatgrhbtjvg nustdks (jhnauljho iuhgrbry rjtubas) `bvg kdrg td

ld wjt` sdnjba bspjrbtjdhs bhl gkuabtjdh t`bh wjt` jlgdadoy

dr rgajojdh (Kgtnbai/@uhtjhotdh 2::2, 2?= Kdrrjs 2::6, <9-

<?). Idr jhstbhng, t`g rgnght s`jit irdk jhùkbtjdh td

nrgkbtjdh jh kbhy wgstgrh sdnjgtjgs `bs hd nduhtgrpbrt jh b

n`bhojho lgdadoy fut rbt`gr odgs wjt` nbpjtbajsk‚s uprddtjho

di mjh bhl hgjo`fdur`ddl rgabtjdhs. Basd, jt js gt`hdorbp`j-

nbaay wgaa bttgstgl t`bt t`g rjtuba ljspdsba di t`g lgbl js

jhlgpghlght di t`g jlgbs bfdut ajig bhl lgbt` bkdho t`g

kdurhgrs (g.o. Kgtnbai/@uhtjhotdh 2::2= Wnmd 2:9:= Ybh

Oghhgp 2:3:). ^d, jh dhg sjhoag ndkkuhjty t`g ijrst ndrpsg

kby fg ljspdsgl dii jh b ndiijh furjba, t`g sgndhl kby ghl

dh b pyrg wjt` t`g bs`gs ndaagntgl bhl furjgl, t`g t`jrl dhgkby fg s`jppgl td t`g Ghl di t`g _dral jh bh dal nbhdg, baa

wjt` sjkjabr jlgbs bfdut Bitgrajig bhl/dr Vgfjrt` (g.o. Mjhhgs

2:02). Nbusgs idr ljiigrght trgbtkght `bvg td ld wjt`

ndhtjhoghny bs kun` bs wjt` nustdk5 t`g bvbjabfjajty di

wddl idr b pyrg, t`g borjnuaturba sgbsdh, t`g nbusg bhl mjhl

di lgbt`, dr t`g sdnjba pdsjtjdh di t`g lgngbsgl (b.d. Fjhidrl

2:?6= Ybh Oghhgp 2:3:). Gbrajgr furjbas sgrvjho bs

gxbkpags td prdvjlg b sghsg di ndhtjhujty t`rduo` rjtuba

(Fbrrgtt 2::<) bhl nustdk.

Idr t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm J suoogst t`bt t`gjr drjojhba bhl

bawbys kdst irgqught nustdk di ljspdsba wbs gxpdsurg di t`g

ndrpsg td t`g fjrls bhl t`g dt`gr hbturba gagkghts dh b

snbiidal jh t`g ijgal dutsjlg t`g sgttagkght0. \`js ypdt gsjs

js hdt (ljrgntay) tgstbfag jh b Sdppgrjbh wby, fut jt js kdrg

spgnjijn bs jt gxpabjhs t`g n`rdhdadojnbaay ljiigrghtjbtgl

nduhts di Fbhlmgrbkjm furjbas, w`jag igwgr prg-ndhljtjdhs

brg jkpajgl= ndhsgqughtay jt js kdrg bttrbntjvg t`bh t`g

trbljtjdhba pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba batgrhbtjvg. Sdssjfay, t`g

irgqught Fbhlmgrbkjm strby ijhls jh t`g ijgals brduhl t`g

sgttagkghts kjo`t gvgh fg rgbl bs trbngs di t`js prbntjng

(E. Añhjho, pgrs. ndkk. Bprja 2::<), fut t`js p`ghdkghdh

s`dual stjaa fg systgkbtjnbaay jhvgstjobtgl, basd irdk t`g

vjgwpdjht di t`g prgsght `ypdt`gsjs. \`g pdjht js t`bt sun` b

prbntjng wdual hdt fg bnngptbfag jh dur dwh nuaturg5

ndhsgqughtay wg brg hdt ljspdsgl td gxpgnt jt bkdho dt`gr ordups, jhnauljho t`g Fbhlmgrbkjbhs. \`js ngrtbjhay js b

rbt`gr gt`hdnghtrjn dfegntjdh, bhl tùs jrrgagvbht (basd rgigr

td Kdrrjs 2:0?).

\`grg brg b igw sdkgw`bt bfstrbnt lgvgadpkghts di t`g

prgsght `ypdt`gsjs5 nrgkbtjdh bhl sufsgqught furjba di t`g

bs`gs, bs wgaa bs jhùkbtjdh jh b idrkba ngkgtgry nbh fg

lgsnrjfgl bs ajtgrbaay kbrmgl iuhgrbas. Jh t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm

0? S. YBH LG YGALG „ FBHLMGVBKJM IWHGVBVZ VJ\WBA

t`g orbvgybrls wgrg bppbrghtay hdt usgl idr dt`gr purpdsgs

sjhng t`grg brg hd dt`gr ijhls jh t`gsg brgbs= basd t`g orbvgs

rgkbjhgl vjsjfag idr b adho tjkg bs t`grg brg hd nrdss-nuttjho

pjts. Irdk dur prgsght pdjht di vjgw t`g `ypdt`gtjnba drjojhb

rjtuba nbh fg n`brbntgrjsgl bs uh-kbrmgl bs hd spgnjijn

`baadwgl orduhls sggks bssdnjbtgl wjt` jt „ w`jn` ldgs hdtspgbm dut dh t`g bkduht di rjtuba dfsgrvbhngs bhl fg`bvjdur

t`bt wgrg gvgr bssdnjbtgl wjt` jt. Bs sun` t`js trbljtjdhba

lgpdsjtjdh di t`g lgbl prdvjlgs t`g stbog dh w`jn` t`g rjtuba

di nrgkbtjdh bhl ndrpsg furjba jhtrdlungl jh t`g Zduhogr

Fbhlmgrbkjm pgrjdl wgrg sgt.

Dhg ndual basd rgabtg td b strunturbajst broukght `grg5

furhjho bhl ndiijhs bs nuaturba trgbtkghts di t`g ndrpsg kby

fg sggh dppdsgl td t`g gxpdsjtjdh di t`g fdly td b hbturba

trbhsidrk, prdvjljho b hgbtay nadsgl, ndkpagtg ndhngptuba

bhl nabssjijnbtdry sn`gkg (ijo. 6). \`g dppdsjtjdh di nuaturba

(kbrmgl) ljspdsjtjdh td hbturg (uh-kbrmgl) nbh gvgh fg

rgndhstruntgl bs b iuhgrbry trjbhoag5 t`g hbturba trbhsidrkb-

tjdh bt t`g tdp, bhl t`g fbsjs iurt`gr ljiigrghtjbtgl jh b ijgry

bhl bh gbrtày trbhsidrkbtjdh di t`g lgngbsgl, qujtg

rgkjhjsnght di t`g nuajhbry trjbhoag (Aêvj-^trbuss 2:90, <39)

7. Ijhba rgkbrms5 t`grg js sdkgt`jho td ld bfdut

hdt`jho

Dfvjdusay kdst di ky stbtgkghts nbhhdt fg ‐prdvgh‚ ljrgntay

bobjhst brn`bgdadojnba lbtb. @dwgvgr, spgnuabtjdh `bs jts

pabng jh snjghng, tdd (Sdppgr 2:?6). J sukkbrjsg ky kbjh

pdjhts bhl bll sdkg kdrg broukghts.

Ijrstay, rgobrljho oghlgr „ bs gkp`btjnbaay ljiigrght irdk

fjdadojnba sgx „ jt nbh fg dfsgrvgl t`bt jh t`g Gasadd

ngkgtgry t`g furjbas brg qujtg ditgh iduhl jh pbjrs, bhl t`btt`gsg pbjrs brg bawbys ndhstjtutgl fy furjbas di dppdsjtg

oghlgr. \`g ljstbhngs wjt`jh t`gsg pbjrs brg dh t`g bvgrbog

sajo`tay kdrg t`bh twd kgtrgs, bhl fgtwggh orbvgs di gquba

oghlgr bakdst sjx kgtrgs= jh ky vjgw t`js pbjrjho js

suoogstjvg di kbrjtba ndupags. Jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgry

t`g wdkgh nbhhdt pdsjtjvgay fg jlghtjijgl, J igbr t`bt t`g

rgagvbht ojits `bvg ljssdavgl jh t`g sdja. ^tjaa, irdk b ljstbhng

(idrgst)gxpdsurg

(nuaturg)jhùkbtjdhnrgkbtjdh



bhbaysjs bt agbst 6? pbjrs di orbvgs nbh fg sjhoagl dut, wjt`jh

gbn` di t`gk dhg jhtgrkght w`jn` kby tghtbtjvgay fg

jlghtjijgl bs kbag (Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9). Jh ajhg wjt`

bht`rdpdadojnba uhlgrstbhljhos J ndhsjlgr oghlgr nbtgodrjgs

rgagvbht idr bhl pgrtbjhjho td iuaay jhjtjbtgl (bluat) pgdpag

dhay, wjt` n`jalrgh bhl dal pgdpag fgydhl (rg)prdluntjvg bog

sgpbrbtg nbtgodrjgs. \`g t`rgg mjts di ojits wjt` w`jn` t`glgngbsgl wgrg jhlgxgl jh Gasadd, nbh fg ndhsjlgrgl

rgprgsghtbtjvg di t`rgg kbedr sdnjba ijgals5 t`g rjtuba dr

ngrgkdhjba (idr t`g igkbags), ijgal abfdur (idr t`g kbags), bhl

t`g `dusg (b oghgrba sgt, basd dnnurrjho jh hdh-oghlgrgl

orbvgs)= ndhstjtutjho b tùkf hbja pjnturg di Fbhlmgrbkjm

sdnjba ajig.

^gndhlay rgobrljho kbtrjajhgbrjty t`g broukght js bargbly

dhg rgkdvgl irdk t`g ljrgntay dfsgrvbfag, t`g jhigrghng

fgjho lgpghlght updh t`g oghlgr nabssgs. Sdssjfay, t`g

ljssjkjabrjty di t`g ljstrjfutjdhs di t`g lgijhjho n`brbntgrjs-

tjns (rgntj- bhl nurvjajhgbrjty di pdt lgndrbtjdh) dvgr t`g

oghlgr nabssgs kjo`t fg bnnjlghtba. @dwgvgr, td frjho bfdut

sun` bh bnnjlght sdkgt`jho vgry strbhog kust `bvg `bppghglgjt`gr jh t`g pbst dr jh ky bhbaysjs5 t`g prdfbfjajty di sun` b

ljstrjfutjdh fgjho bnnjlghtba js 9 jh 2,333 idr Gasadd, w`grgbs

idr Hjglgrkgrz t`g n`bhngs brg 6,7%. Nduhtgr gxbkpags

`bvg hdt fggh iduhl jh t`g lbtb, bhl t`grg brg hd kjsijts.

Ojvgh t`bt kbtrjajhgba nustdks `bvg ndhsgqughngs

t`rduo`dut sdnjgty, t`gy brg brtjnuabtgl bhl tùs rgprdlungl

jh kbhy sdnjba ijgals. \`g jkpajnbtjdh js t`bt t`gsg nustdks

brg ibjray rgsjstbht td n`bhog dvgr tjkg. \`grgidrg, sjhng

Orbgt`gjlg bhl Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg Fbhlmgrbkjm prdfbfay

gvdavgl irdk b ndkkdh bhngstrba sdnjgty, sjkjabr mjhs`jp

nustdks brg td fg gxpgntgl, bs jhlggl lgkdhstrbtgl fy t`g

twd ngkgtgrjgs:. \`g nd`grghng di t`g broukght paus jts

sgvgrba gkpjrjnba ndrdaabrjgs kby fg tbmgh td fbnm up t`g

jhigrghng di t`g oghlgr spgnjijn orbvg ojits.

\`jrlay, jh Fbhlmgrbkjm stuljgs t`g jhigrghng di bhdt`gr,

ljstjhnt iuhgrbry rjtuba hgxt td nrgkbtjdh bhl jhùkbtjdh js

hgw. J wdhlgrgl w`y t`g abrog kbedrjty di t`gjr orbvgs

s`dual `bvg fggh grbljnbtgl fy t`g paduo` „ ojvgh t`bt t`g

igw furjbas bhl nrgkbtjdhs wg ld pdssgss `bvg fggh qujtg

wgaa prgsgrvgl. \`g mhdwh ngkgtgrjgs brg bssdnjbtgl wjt`

abrog bhl adho-abstjho sgttagkghts (pgr`bps t`g abrogst bhl

t`g adhogst jh`bfjtgl jh gbn` sgttagkght brgb), bhl furjbas

irdk t`g skbaagr `bkagts bhl irdk t`g dalgr p`bsgs brg

kjssjho batdogt`gr. Bs bh gxpabhbtjdh, b iuhgrbry rjtuba

w`jn` wbs oghgrba jh t`g dalgr p`bsgs js prdpdsgl w`jn` wbs pbrtjbaay rgpabngl jh t`g yduhogr p`bsgs fy jhùkbtjdh dr

nrgkbtjdh. \`js gbrajgr, batgrhbtjvg rjtuba kby `bvg fggh

diijnjbtgl brduhl t`g ndrpsg abjl dh b snbiidal dr b trgg

„ w`jn` ldgs hdt jkpay t`g bfsghng di rjtgs lg pbssbog, bs

irdk t`g mhdwh furjbas t`gsg rjtgs `bvg hdt fggh (ljrgntay)

bsngrtbjhgl gjt`gr. Jh blljtjdh, jt nbh gvgh fg prdpdsgl t`bt

t`g strby ijhls di Fbhlmgrbkjm tddas bhl s`grls dutsjlg t`g

sgttagkghts s`dual fg rgbl bs rgkhbhts di t`gsg dt`grwjsg

uhtrbngbfag rjtubas, w`jn` suoogsts b iuturg ajhg di rgsgbrn`.

Idurtày, b t`jrl rjtuba dnnurrgl td kg w`gh t`jhmjho bfdut

t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty di t`g Gasadd ngkgtgry, w`grg bppbrghtay

dhay b kjhutg pbrt di t`g drjojhba pdpuabtjdh `bs fggh furjgl.

B nadsgr addm rgvgbas t`bt pgr`bps t`g jh`bfjtbhts di dhg

hgbrfy bhl ndhtgkpdrbry sgttagkght kust `bvg fgghlgpdsjtgl t`grg bhl hdt t`g ndkpagtg pdpuabtjdh di b rgojdh.

B sjkjabr prdpdsjtjdh nbh fg idrkuabtgl idr

Hjglgrkgrz/Abhowgjagr 0. Ji sd, t`gsg ngkgtgrjgs ld hdt

ndhsjst di skbaa sbkpags irdk t`g fbnmorduhl pdpuabtjdhs,

fut rbt`gr rgprgsght spgnjijn vjaabogs jh t`gjr ghtjrgty= t`g

prdfagk di rgprgsghtbtjvjty js trbhsigrrgl t`gh td t`g rgabtjdhs

fgtwggh t`gsg ngkgtgry/sgttagkght ndupags bhl t`g rgkbjhlgr

di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm `bkagts dh t`gjr rgspgntjvg pabtgbux

(Ybh lg Ygalg 2::3).

Ijitày bhl ijhbaay, J jhigrrgl bh gquba iddtjho di kbags

bhl igkbags bt Gasadd irdk t`g qubhtjtbtjvg bhl qubajtbtjvg

ljstrjfutjdhs di orbvg ojits dvgr oghlgr. @dwgvgr, w`gh jh

Hjglgrkgrz igkbag kbrmgrs `bvg ljsbppgbrgl, sd kbag (dr igkbag) bppurtghbhngs kby `bvg vbhjs`gl irdk t`g idrkgr

ngkgtgry, tdd. Jh t`bt nbsg bh `jgrbrn`jnba dppdsjtjdh s`dual

fg ndhsjlgrgl wjt` dhg gagkght oghgrba dr baa-gkfrbnjho,

bhl t`g dt`gr spgnjijn bhl tdpkdst (Baagh 2:07). \ùs, irdk

t`g Hjglgrkgrz lbtb t`g abttgr gagkght kby `bvg fggh kbag

oghlgr bhl t`g oghgrba dhg igkbag „ jh ibnt b pdssjfag

jkpajnbtjdh di Ld`rh-J`kjo‚s jhtgrprgtbtjdh di t`bt

orbvgybrl. _`jag t`grg js ngrtbjhay hd b prjdrj rgbsdh td

prgigr t`g gobajtbrjbh dppdsjtjdh dvgr t`g `jgrbrn`jnba

drlgrjho di oghlgr, bh broukght bobjhst t`js kdlga js t`bt

t`grg brg bt agbst 22 uhkbrmgl ‐kbag‚ orbvgs bt Hjglgrkgrz,

bhl 2> bt Gasadd, squbrgay bt dlls wjt` t`g prdpdsgl kbag

spgnjbajty bhl supgrjdrjty. \`grgidrg t`g idrkgr s`dual fg

rgtbjhgl.

hdtgs

2 J bk pagbsgl td bnmhdwaglog ljsnussjdhs dh t`g prgsght sufegntwjt` Kbredrjg lg Orddt`, Bagxbhlgr @ìusagr bhl Eghs Añhjho= basdky tgxt `bs kun` fghgijtgl irdk ndkkghts fy Jhgmg Bffjhm bhlLjglgrjm Kgjegr.

6 \`grg brg ndhsjlgrbfag prdfagks wjt` p`ysjnba lgtgrkjhbtjdh= sgg^`ghhbh 2:?7, _bà 2:02/2:0<, dr _gajhlgr 2:0:.

> Ni. Lbvjl Nabrmg‚s hdtjdh di ‐pdayt`gtjn sgt‚ (Nabrmg 2:90, >?).Irdk jt, t`g oghgrbaay adw ndrrgabtjdhs bkdho ojit nbtgodrjgs jhFbhlmgrbkjm orbvgybrls nbh fg uhlgrstddl.

< Jh t`g gxnbvbtjdh rgpdrt Ld`rh-J kjo basd prgsghts blgtgrkjhbtjdh di oghlgr/sgx (s`g js hdt gxpajnjt dh t`js tdpjn) di t`gfurjbas bt Hjglgrkgrz. Idr vbrjdus rgbsdhs J ljsborgg wjt` sgvgrba di t`gk n`jgiay, fgnbusg t`g wgbat`jgr orbvgs brg baa ndhsjlgrgl kbagsfgnbusg di t`gjr wgbat`, fut basd fgnbusg ojit nbtgodrjgs brg aukpgl




jh `gr bhbaysjs (b iuaagr ljsnussjdh js td fg iduhl jh Ybh lg Ygalg2::9). Jh t`rgg nbsgs ky oghlgr lgtgrkjhbtjdh js hdt jh bnndrlbhngwjt` t`g bht`rdpdkgtrjn bhbaysjs.

7 \`js js hdt td sby t`bt t`gy ld agbvg t`gjr `dkgstgbl jh baa nbsgs=t`g n`bhogdvgr kby basd fg sjohjijgl fy t`g bldptjdh di t`g hbkg di t`gjr hgw pbrthgr, bs jh wgstgrh sdnjgtjgs. Bh gvghtuba n`bhog di bllrgss js tjgl td t`g ruags di adnbajty5 pbtrjadnba brrbhogkghts dfajog

t`g frjlg td kdvg dvgr td `gr ùsfbhl, kbtrjadnba ruags `bvg t`gkbag s`jit `gbrt`. \`g ruags odvgrhjho adnbajty hggl hdt fg jlghtjnbatd t`g jhngst/gxdobky nustdk. Kdrgdvgr, hdt gvgryfdly wjaargprdlung prgvjdus nustdk, fut oghgrbaay wjaa try td ogt t`g fgst di t`g sjtubtjdh bs s`g kby sggk ijt „ dhg nbh spgbm di tghlghnjgsdhay. @ghng, jh b kbtrjajhgba sdnjgty bntuba kbrrjbogs wjaa fg iduhlbrrbhogl kdrg irgqughtay bnndrljho td b kbtrjajhgba pbttgrh t`bhidaadwjho bhy dt`gr ruag= fut ljvgrojho jhstbhngs wjaa bawbys fgprgsght.

9 Jh prjvbtg ndkkuhjnbtjdh fy pgdpag di t`g Balgh`dvghgr SabttgSrdegnt t`g usg ajig js gstjkbtgl bt prdfbfay idur oghgrbtjdhs, jhstgbldi sjx= gspgnjbaay t`g syhn`rdhjsbtjdh di t`g gbrajgr orbvgs jsndhtgstgl bs t`gy `bvg fggh lbtgl fy s`brls jh t`g pjt ijaajhosjhstgbl di t`rduo` orbvgojits. Ji t`g idur oghgrbtjdh ijourg js

bnngptgl, t`gh ndhsjlgrbfay agss lgngbsgl brg td fg bnnduhtgl idr52?7-6>3 pgdpag, bt t`g kdst twjng t`g hukfgr di dnnupbhts jh t`gngkgtgry.

? Ndrrgspdhljho ijourgs idr Hjglgrkgrz brg :7 nks bhl 77 nksrgspgntjvgay, baa ndrrgntgl idr grdsjdh bhl baauvjbtjdh (Ld`rh-J`kjo2:0>, <0-73= Kdllgrkbh 2:?3, <). Lgpt` ljiigrghngs brg hdtsjohjijnbht, t`duo`, bs t`g vbrjbhngs brg abrog.

0 Jh b pgrsdhba ndkkuhjnbtjdh, Lr B. @ìusagr suoogstglbht`rdpdp`boy bs bh batgrhbtjvg. Bnndrljho td `jk, t`grg jsbfuhlbht gvjlghng idr nbhhjfbajstjn prbntjngs bkdho t`gFbhlmgrbkjbhs. Jh ky rgbljho di t`g gt`hdorbp`jn ajtgrbturg,bht`rdpdp`bojn prbntjngs brg kdst ditgh bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g ndrpsgsdi pgdpag irdk dt`gr ndkkuhjtjgs, gxdobkdusay, bhl hdt wjt`rgouabray lgngbsgl kgkfgrs di t`g dwh ordup. Gvgh jh t`g kdst

fgaajogrght sdnjgtjgs, jh t`g abrog kbedrjty di nbsgs lgbt` js jhnurrglfy hbturba nbusgs, hdt fy sabuo`tgr.

: \`g sgttagkght lbtb bppgbr td ndrrdfdrbtg t`g prgsght jhigrghng5b pbtrjadnba bhl kbtrjajhgba strunturg di mjh rgabtjdhs ijts fgst td t`gdfsgrvgl ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry lgndrbtjdh jh t`g vjaabog di Gasadd(Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:).

rgigrghngs

Baagh, H.E. 2:07. @jgrbrn`jnba dppdsjtjdh bhl sdkg dt`gr typgs di

rgabtjdh. Jh5 V.@.

Fbrhgs, L. lg Ndppgt & V.E. Sbrmjh (gls.) Ndhtgxts bhl agvgas „

bht`rdpdadojnba gssbys dh `jgrbrn`y, Dxidrl, 62->6.

Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2::3. \`g kdhukghtbajty di lgbt`5 t`g n`brbntgr di

Gbray Frdhzg Bog kdrtubry kduhls jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh,_dral

Brn`bgdadoy 66, 2?:-20:.

Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2::<. Irbokghts irdk bhtjqujty „ bh brn`bgdadoy di

sdnjba ajig jh Frjtbjh, Dxidrl.

Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:?6. Kdrtubry prbntjngs5 t`gjr stuly bhl t`gjr

pdtghtjba. Jh5 A.V. Fjhidrl Bh brn`bgdadojnba pgrspgntjvg, Hgw

Zdrm, 630-6<>.

Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:?7. ^bkpajho, eulokght, bhl t`g brn`bgdadojnbargndrl. Jh5 E. Kugaagr (gl.) ^bkpajho jh brn`bgdadoy, \unsdh, 672-67?

N`bpkbh, V._. & M. Vbhlsfdro 2:02. Bpprdbn`gs td t`g

brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`. Jh5 V. N`bpkbh gt ba. (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy

di lgbt`, Nbkfrjlog, 2-6<.

Nabrmg, L.A. 2:90. Bhbaytjnba brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.

Ld`rh-J`kjo, K. 2:0>. Lbs fbhlmgrbkjsn`g Orìfgrigal vdh

Balgh`dvgh-Hjglgrkgrz, Mrgjs Lñrgh, Brn`ìdadojg jh lgh

V`gjhjsn`gh AùÔfùrlgh. Mùah, <?-2:3.

Gnd, W. 2:?>. ^dnjba ajig bs b sjoh systgk. Jh5 L. Vdfgy (gl.)

^trunturbajsk, bh jhtrdluntjdh, Adhldh.

Idx, V. 2:9?. Mjhs`jp bhl kbrrjbog, @brkdhlswdrt`.

Ogrd, E. K. & K._. Ndhmgy (gls.) 2::2. Ghoghlgrjho brn`bgdadoy

„ wdkgh bhl prg`jstdry, Dxidrl.

Ojllghs, B. 2:0<. \`g ndhstjtutjdh di sdnjgty, Nbkfrjlog.

@bys, _.A. 2:?>/2:9>. ^tbtjstjns idr t`g sdnjba snjghngs, Adhldh

(6hl rgvl glh).

Mjhhgs, J. 2:02. Ljbadougs wjt` lgbt`. Jh5 V. N`bpkbh gt ba. (gls.)

\`g brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`, Nbkfrjlog, 0>-:2.

Ab Idhtbjhg, E.^. 2:?0. Jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5 E.^. Ab Idhtbjhg (gl.) ^gx

bhl bog bs prjhnjpags di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh, Adhldh, 2-63.

Aêvj-^trbuss, N. 2:9?. Ags strunturgs êaêkghtbjrgs lg ab pbrghtê ,

Sbrjs (6hl glh).

Aêvj-^trbuss, N. 2:90. A'drjojhg lgs kbhjàrgs lg tbfag, Sbrjs.

Adhobnrg, _.B. 2:90. ^dkg bspgnts di prg`jstdrjn sdnjgty jh gbst-

nghtrba Brjzdhb. Jh5 A.V. Fjhidrl & ^.V. Fjhidrl (gls.) Hgw

pgrspgntjvgs jh brn`bgdadoy, N`jnbod, 0:-236.

Añhjho, E. & S. ^tgàj 2:0:. Ljg Fbhlmgrbkjm jh Kjttgagurdpb5 vdh

lgr Hbtur- zur Muaturabhlsn`bit, ^pgmtruk lgr _jssghsn`bit 2:0:(Bprja), ?0-:3.

Kgtnbai, S. & V. @uhtjhotdh 2::2. Ngagfrbtjdhs di lgbt` „ t`g

bht`rdpdadoy di kdrtubry rjtuba, Nbkfrjlog (6hl glh).

Kdllgrkbh, S.E.V. 2:?3. Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm bus Gasadd uhl ^tgjh

Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb > (Yda. J), <7-?9.

0: S. YBH LG YGALG „ FBHLMGVBKJM IWHGVBVZ VJ\WBA



Kdrrjs, J. 2:0?. Furjba bhl bhnjght sdnjgty „ t`g rjsg di t`g Orggm

njty stbtg, Nbkfrjlog.

Kdrrjs, J. 2::6. Lgbt`-rjtuba bhl sdnjba strunturg jh nabssjnba

bhtjqujty, Nbkfrjlog.

Kurrby, \. 2::>. Brn`bgdadoy bhl t`g t`rgbt di t`g pbst5 ^jr Vjlgr

@boobrl bhl t`g bnqujsjtjdh di tjkg, _dral Brn`bgdadoy 67, 2?7-209.

Hgukbhh, O. & I. _jgobhl 2:<3. Gjh fbhlmgrbkjsn`gs Orìfgrigal

vdh Brhstblt, Lgr ^pbtghidrsn`gr 7, :->6.

D'^`gb, Ed`h 2:0<. Kdrtubry vbrjbfjajty „ bh brn`bgdadojnba

jhvgstjobtjdh, Drabhld.

Sblgr, G.E. 2:06. ^ykfdajsk, sdnjba rgabtjdhs bhl t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh

di kdrtubry rgkbjhs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts

Jhtgrhbtjdhba sgrjgs 2>3.

Sdppgr, M.V. 2:?6. Dfegntjvg mhdwaglog „ bh gvdautjdhbry bpprdbn`,

Dxidrl.

^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:06. Jlgdadoy, sykfdajn pdwgr bhl rjtuba

ndkkuhjnbtjdh5 b rgjhtgrprgtbtjdh di Hgdajt`jn kdrtubry prbntjngs.

Jh5 J. @dllgr (gl.) ^ykfdajn bhl strunturba brn`bgdadoy, Nbkfrjlog,

26:-27<.

^`ghhbh, ^. 2:?7. \`g sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bt Frbhn, Bhtjqujty <:,

6?:-600.

^tgàj, S. 2:0:. Kgrzfbn`tba „ Wkwgat uhl Ogsn`jn`tg gjhgr

fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh ^jglauhosmbkkgr,Ogrkbhjb 9?, 72-?9.

Wnmd, S.E. 2:9:. Gt`hdorbp`y bhl brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh di

iuhgrbry rgkbjhs, _dral Brn`bgdadoy 2, 696-603.

Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg, Agjlgh,

?:-22:.

Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2:09. Ljg Ghtwjnmauho lgr Mgrbkjmvgrzjgruho jh

lgr @jgh`gjkgr Fbhlmgrbkjm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 2:,

<>-73.

Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2::3. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba jhgqubajty,Ogrkbhjb

90, 2:->0.

Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2::9. Lust bhl bs`gs „ b ndkpbrjsdh di twdhgdajt`jn ngkgtgrjgs, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, 2?>-200.

Ybh Oghhgp, B. 2:3:. Ags rjtgs lg pbssbog, Gho. trbhs. 2:93, 2:??5

\`g rjtgs di pbssbog, Adhldh.

_bà, E. 2:02, 2:0<. Fgdfbn`tuhogh zur Ygrfrghhuho kghsnàjn`gr

Agjn`hbkg, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 22, 6?2-6?:= 2<,

<<>-<76.

_bà, E. & @.O. Mùhjo 2:0?. Bht`rdpdadojsn`-trbukbtdadojsn`g

Whtgrsunùhogh lgr kghsnàjn`gh ^mgagttrgstg bus lgk

fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh Kbssghorbf fgj \ba`gjk, Mrgjs @gjafruhh,

Iuhlfgrjn`tg bus Fblgh-_ñrttgkfgro 26, 97-2:>.

_gajhlgr, ^. 2:0:. Bh gxpgrjkght wjt` t`g bhbaysjs di sgx bhl

oghlgr di nrgkbtgl fdhgs, \dr 66, 6:-<2.

_`baadh, V. 2:90. Jhvgstjobtjdhs di abtg prg`jstdrjn sdnjba

drobhjzbtjdh jh Hgw Zdrm ^tbtg. Jh5 A.V. Fjhidrl & ^.V. Fjhidrl

(gls.) Hgw pgrspgntjvgs jh brn`bgdadoy, N`jnbod, 66>-6<<.

_jhla, @. 2::9. Vìtsga uk Ogwbat uhl \dl vdr ?333 Eb`rgh, Bspbrh

bh lgr Ubyb, Busstgaauhosmbtbado.

Sjgtgr vbh lg Ygalg

Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoyWhjvgrsjty di Agjlgh

S.F. :727

HA-6>33 VB Agjlgh

:3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

\`js pbpgr wjaa ljsnuss prdfagks di sdnjba drobhjzbtjdhlurjho b pgrjdl w`gh pgrkbhght sgttagkght bhl sufsjstghngibrkjho `bl fgndkg pbrt di t`g trbljtjdhba wby di ajig,bhl suprbadnba ndkkuhjnbtjdh hgtwdrms `bl bargbly fgghwgaa-gstbfajs`gl.2

\`g rgsgbrn` rgpdrtgl `grg stbrtgl wjt` b stuly di t`g n`grtbssgkfabogs bt t`g Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght sjtg di @jgh`gjk-bk-_gjhfgro (Almr. Mga`gjk, Hjglgrfbygrh). \`js sjtg wbs

gxnbvbtgl fgtwggh 2:97 bhl 2:?< fy t`g Jhstjtutg di Srg`jstdry, Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh (\`g Hgt`grabhls). Jt ajgsdh t`g agit fbhm di t`g rjvgr Lbhufg jh b rbt`gr jsdabtgladgss-ndvgrgl rgojdh. \`g kbjh sgttagkght stbrtgl jh t`gGbray Hgdajt`jn bt 9633 FS (dr 7273 nba. FN6) bhl ghlgln. ?33 FS (dr <933 nba. FN) jh t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn(Kdllgrkbh 2:??, 2:09= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:). Jh t`g gbrajgr sgttagkght p`bsgs Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm (AFM) pdttgry wbs jhusg. Abtgr dh wg ijhl lgndrbtgl pdttgry fgadhojho td t`g^tjn`-^trjn`-Mdkpagx (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:), basd mhdwh bst`g Dfgrabutgrfbn` Oruppg (Fbygragjh 2:07) dr t`g ‐KjllagHgdajt`jn di ^dut`gbstgrh Fbvbrjb' (Hblagr/Uggf gt ba. 2::<).\`js pdst-Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm ordup „ td fg hbkgl Kjllag

Hgdajt`jn (KH) jh t`js brtjnag „ js td b abrog gxtghlndhtgkpdrbry wjt` t`g OrdÔobrtbn`-, ^tjn`fbhlmgrbkjm-, bhlAghoyga-`drjzdh, bhl kby basd dvgrabp wjt` t`g gbrajgr stbogs di t`g Vùssgh Nuaturg. \`g @jgh`gjk gxnbvbtjdh basdyjgalgl trbngs di jh`bfjtbtjdh fy t`g Abtg Hgdajt`jnKñhn`s`ùighgr, Bat`gjk bhl N`bk ordups (Kdllgrkbh2:??, 2:09), lbtjho td n. <933->033 nba. FN, n. >033->>33nba FN, bhl n. >>33-6933 nba. FN rgspgntjvgay (Kbtusn`jm2::6= \jaakbhh 2::>). Jh tgrks di `dusg pabhs, sgttagkghtstrunturg, pdttgry lgndrbtjdh bhl stdhg tddas t`grg brg dhayljiigrghngs di lgorgg fgtwggh Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm bhlKjllag Hgdajt`jn (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:= Kdllgrkbh 2:09=Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

6. N`grt rgsdurngs

\`g sufsdja di t`g brgb brduhl @jgh`gjk ndhsjsts kbjhay di Eurbssjn N`bam lgpdsjts, w`jn` ndhtbjh kbhy vbrjgtjgs di n`grt (ijo. 2). \`g n`grts dnnur jh hdluabr bhl jh tbfuabr idrk. _jt`jh t`g sjtg tgrrjtdry di @jgh`gjk, (j.g., t`g brgbgxpadjtgl dh b lbjay fbsjs, Fbmgas 2:?0) hd dutnrdps di n`grt

Kbredrjg G.\`. lg Orddt` ^dnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g n`grtprdnurgkght strbtgojgs di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkghtbt @jgh`gjk, Fbvbrjb

\bfag 2. @jgh`gjk5 s jit jh rbw kbtgrjba usg t`rduo` tjkg

(bitgr Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

Hdluags\bfagts \bfagts

Fbjgrsldri Brh`digh

AFM

gbray 02.6 0.6 23.9 233.3%

abtg 9?.6 29.7 29.> 233.3%

\rbhsjtjdh ><.> <3.< 67.< 233.2%

KH

gbray :.< 09.< 23.6 233.3%

abtg 2>.6 96.3 6<.0 233.3%

brg mhdwh. Jh jts `dkg rbhog (t`g brgb wjt` b rbljus di sjx`durs' wbamjho ljstbhng, gxpadjtgl gxtghsjvgay tdogt`gr wjt`dt`gr ordups, Fbmgas 2:?0), `dwgvgr, ljiigrght mjhls di `jo`qubajty n`grts nbh fg iduhl. Bt ^n`wbfstgttgh, ?.7 mk td t`gwgst di @jgh`gjk, t`g gauvjba nabys ndhtbjh orgy hdluabr n`grts (Fbmgas 2:?0). \`js sbkg typg di n`grt wbs basd

bvbjabfag bt kbhy dt`gr adnbajtjgs jh t`g rgojdh. Gagvghmjadkgtgrs td t`g hdrt`, j.g. hdrt` di t`g rjvgr Batkñà, ajgst`g brgb di Fbjgrsldri, w`grg frdwh td orgyjs` frdwh tbfuabn`grt wbs gxpadjtgl (Fjhstgjhgr 2:0:). Ijhbaay, : mk td t`gwgst, dh t`g dt`gr fbhm di t`g rjvgr Lbhufg, t`g dutnrdps btBrh`digh suppajgl b vgry ijhg-orbjhgl, fbhlgl orgy tbfuabr n`grt.

Baa t`rgg typgs di n`grt wgrg usgl ndhtjhudusay fy t`gjh`bfjtbhts di Hgdajt`jn @jgh`gjk. \`g jhjtjba prgigrghng idr hdluabr n`grt n`bhogl orblubaay, bhl jh t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jntbfuabr n`grt wbs usgl bakdst gxnausjvgay (tbf. 2). \`g kbjhtgn`hdadojnba blvbhtbogs di tbfuabr n`grt brg twdidal5 ndrgshggl ajttag prgpbrbtjdh bhl jt js gbsy td prdlung stbhlbrljzglhbturbaay fbnmgl fablgs. Bat`duo` t`g twd dutnrdps di tbfuabr n`grt brg sjtubtgl bt bakdst gquba ljstbhngs irdk t`gsjtg, dvgr 93% di t`g gxnbvbtgl wbstg kbtgrjba fgadhos td t`gFbjgrsldri vbrjgty.

B prgajkjhbry bhbaysjs di b sbkpag di 2>0 tbfuabr ndrgsirdk 26 wgaa-lbtgl KH rgiusg pjts s`dwgl ajttag ljiigrghngjh t`g wby fdt` typgs di tbfagts wgrg wdrmgl (tbf. 6).



Ijourg 2. Gbray bhl Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn sgttagkghts bhl jkpdrtbht n`grt gxtrbntjdh sjtgs jh t`g Mga gjk rgojdh (bitgr Fbmgas 2:?0= Fbmgas/Kdllgrkbh

2:09= Fbygragjh 2:09= Ghoga`brlt 2::3). 25 adgss= 65 Eurbssjn n`bams= >5 @jgh`gjk= <5 dt`gr „ kbjhay Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn „ sgttagkghts= 75 gxtrbntjdh

pdjhts, B;Brh`digh, F;Fbjgrsldri, A;Aghoigal (irdk Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

Whwdrmgl prg-ndrgs dnnur jh gxbntay t`g sbkg pgrnghtbog(7.>%) jh fdt` typgs. \`grg brg hd sjohjijnbht ljiigrghngs jht`g bvgrbog hukfgr di hgobtjvgs (abrogr t`bh 63 kk) dh t`gndrg ibngs, dr jh t`g hukfgr di pabhgs usgl bs strjmjhopabtidrks bhl/dr ndrg ibngs. Dh Brh`digh ndrgs, `dwgvgr,t`g ljrgntjdh di rgluntjdh wbs n`bhogl kdrg irgqughtay5t`gy s`dw b `jo`gr pgrnghtbog di pabhgs sgrvjho fdt` bs ndrgibng bhl bs strjmjho pabtidrk. \`js ljiigrghng jhljnbtgs t`btBrh`digh tbfagts wgrg wdrmgl sajo`tay kdrg jhtghsjvgay, futiurt`gr bhbaysjs js hgglgl td lgnjlg w`gt`gr t`js rbw kbtgrjba

baadwgl idr `jo`gr tgn`hdadojnba giijnjghny dr w`gt`gr jt wbsspgnjbaay vbaugl jh tgrks di sykfdajn ndhhdtbtjdhs bhl/dr `jo` ndsts di bnqujsjtjdh.

>. Srdnurgkght strbtgojgs

Idr b fgttgr uhlgrstbhljho di t`g n`grt prdnurgkght strbtgojgsprbntjngl, t`g bssgkfabogs di sgttagkghts s`dual fg stuljgljh bh jhtgorbtgl bpprdbn`, tdogt`gr wjt` t`dsg di fdt`gxtrbntjdh bhl wdrms`dp sjtgs (Grjnsdh 2:0<= Lg Orddt`2::2, 2::<f= \drrghng 2:09).




Ijourg 6. @jgh`gjk, fablg ndrg di Fbjgrsldri n grt wjt` rgijttgl fdrgr

ljsnbrlgl tdogt`gr jh b Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn rgiusg pjt.

Idr t`g AFM pgrjdl sdkg sjx sgttagkghts brg mhdwh jh t`g@jgh`gjk rgojdh (Fbmgas 2:?0= Fbmgas/Kdllgrkbh 2:09=Fjhstgjhgr/Sagygr 2:0?). \`g jh`bfjtbhts di @jgh`gjkgxpadjtgl b hukfgr di ljiigrght rgsdurngs, sggkjhoay jh brbt`gr `bp`bzbrl wby. Bnngss td baa rgojdhba rgsdurngs wbsbppbrghtay uhrgstrjntgl (Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

Baa n`grt wbs frduo`t jhtd t`g sgttagkght jh bh gbray stbog di

t`g rgluntjdh sgqughng, bs prgndrgs dr bs jhjtjbaay prgpbrgl ndrgs.

Jh dt`gr wdrls, bt t`g vbrjdus gxtrbntjdh sjtgs t`g rbw kbtgrjbawbs dhay tgstgl idr sujtbfjajty. \`g prdluntjdh di fabhms bhltddas bhl t`g usg t`grgdi tddm pabng jh t`g sgttagkght. Jh

sdnjd-gndhdkjn tgrks, t`js prdnurgkght strbtgoy ndrrgspdhlstd b ldkgstjn kdlg di prdluntjdh, jh w`jn t`g ibkjay, ajvjhojh b sjhoag `dusg`dal, js t`g kbjh uhjt di prdluntjdh bhlndhsukptjdh (Lg Orddt` 2:0?= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:).

\`g dhay brtjibnts brrjvjho irdk t`g ‐dutsjlg wdral' wgrgblzgs kblg di bkp`jfdajtg, b rbw kbtgrjba stgkkjho irdk „ bs ygt uhjlghtjijgl „ dutnrdps adnbtgl bt agbst 233 mk tdt`g hdrt` di @jgh`gjk (Fbmgas 2:09). Ji n`grt njrnuabtgl btbaa, t`js dnnurrgl dvgr rgabtjvgay s`drt ljstbhngs hdtgxnggljho n. 03-233 mk (Lg Orddt` 2::<b). Jh t`js rgspgntHjglgrfbygrh sggkjhoay `bl b sdkgw`bt jsdabtgl pdsjtjdhwjt`jh t`g Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm wdral5 gasgw`grg gxtghsjvghgtwdrms brg ldnukghtgl, t`rduo` w`jn` iajht bhl n`grtwgrg systgkbtjnbaay ljstrjfutgl dvgr vgry adho ljstbhngs.Vjenm`dat-typg iajht irdk Ajkfuro (jh t`g sdut`grh pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls) wbs trbhspdrtgl bs ibr bs @gssg bhlFblgh-_ñrttgkfgro (Ujkkgrkbhh 2::7), w`jast jh gbstgrhNghtrba Gurdpg ljiigrght Sdajs` n`grt typgs, bs wgaa bsdfsjljbh, njrnuabtgl dvgr ljstbhngs di kdrg t`bh 2333 mk(Agn` 2:0?).

:> K. LG OVDD\@ „ N@GV\ SVDNWVGKGH\ ^\VB\GOJG^

\bfag 6. @jgh`gjk5 ndkpbrjsdh di tgn`hdadojnba lbtb idr Brh`digh

bhl Fbjgrsldri tbfuabr ndrgs irdk 26 Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn rgiusg pjts

(HF t`g typjnba ‐fadnm-ajmg' tbfagt `bs sjx pdtghtjbaay rglunjfag pabhgs).

\bfagts \bfagtsFbjgrsldri Brh`digh

Bvgrbog hukfgr di hgobtjvgs x ; >.6 x ; >.<

(abrogr t`bh 63 kk)/tbfagt s ; 6.9 s ; 6.<rbhog 3-63 rbhog 3-23

Bvgrbog hukfgr di pabhgs usgl x ; 6.: x ; 6.0bs strjmjho pabtidrks bhl/dr bs s ; 2.3 s ; 3.0ndrg ibngs rbhog 6-0 rbhog 6-7

Sgrnghtbog di ndrgs wjt` pabhgs 60% ><%usgl fdt` bs strjmjho pabtidrkbhl bs ndrg ibng

Bvgrbog hukfgr di fj-iuhntjdhba x ; 2.0 x ; 2.:pabhgs (w`gh prgsght) s ; 3.? s ; 3.9

rbhog 2-< rbhog 2->

_`jast t`g fbsjn spbtjba drobhjzbtjdh di n`grt prdluntjdh bt@jgh`gjk rgkbjhgl t`g sbkg lurjho t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn(ijo. 6), jkpdrtbht n`bhogs dnnurrgl bs rgobrls fdt` t`g

bnqujsjtjdh di rbw kbtgrjba bhl t`g rgojdhba ljstrjfutjdhkgn`bhjsk. Bh jhnrgbsg jh t`g hukfgr di sgttagkghts jh t`gMga`gjk rgojdh wbs ndkfjhgl wjt` b lgnrgbsg jh t`g hukfgrdi wdrmgl gxtrbntjdh sjtgs. Bt Brh`digh, b abrog kjhjhondkpagx wjt` s`bits up td 0 k lggp, jhvgstjobtgl fyGhoga`brlt bhl Fjhstgjhgr, lbtgs irdk t`js pgrjdl(Ghoga`brlt/Fjhstgjhgr 2:00= Kdsgr 2:?0). \`g tbfuabr n`grts bt Fbjgrsldri wgrg prdfbfay bargbly gxpadjtgl fy dpghnbst kjhjho bt t`js tjkg (Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

\`g rgojdhba ljstrjfutjdh kgn`bhjsk n`bhogl bs wgaa, btagbst idr Brh`digh tbfuabr n`grt5 ndrgs bhl sufstbhtjbabkduhts di lgfjtbog brg prgsght dhay jh sgttagkghts adnbtglbt b ljstbhng di agss t`bh 63 mk irdk t`g kjhgs. Dutsjlg t`js

brgb, Brh`digh strjpgl tbfuabr n`grt dnnurs bakdstgxnausjvgay bs fablgs bhl ijhjs`gl tddas. Jt wbs trbhspdrtgl bibr bs Gbstgrh Fd`gkjb bhl Adwgr ^jagsjb td t`g hdrt`-gbst(673->73 mk, Agn` 2:0?), \ùrjhojb td t`g hdrt` (n. 633 mk),bhl @gssg bhl _gstp`bajb td t`g hdrt`wgst (dvgr >33 mk,Fjhstgjhgr 2::3= Ujkkgrkbhh 2::7).

\`g gstjkbtgs dh t`g dvgrbaa lurbtjdh di lggp s`bitgxpadjtbtjdh bt Brh`digh vbry fgtwggh ?33 ygbrs (irdkn. 7333 nba FN td <>33 nba FN) bhl 673 ygbrs. Jh t`g idrkgrnbsg, t`js typg di jhtghsjvg gxtrbntjdh wbs prbntjngl lurjhot`g yduhogr AFM bhl t`g w`dag Kjllag Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl(Ghoga`brlt 2::3)= jh t`g abttgr nbsg jt wbs ajkjtgl td t`gpgrjdl di t`g rbw kbtgrjba's kbjh usg bt @jgh`gjk (LgOrddt` 2::<n), lurjho w`jn` jts adho-ljstbhng ljstrjfutjdhbasd wbs bt jts pgbm (Ujkkgrkbhh 2::7). \`g gxnbvbtjdhrgpdrt dh t`g Brh`digh kjhgs baadws dhg td kbmg gstjkbtgsdh fdt` t`g ygbray dutput di rbw kbtgrjba „ kjh. >6, kbx.2:? mo di tbfagts, irdk 26-?9 s`bits „ bhl dh t`g wdrmidrngrgqujrgl idr jts gxtrbntjdh „ b twd-pgrsdh tgbk wdrmjho idr 293 `durs pgr s`bit (Fjhstgjhgr 2::3= Ghoga`brlt 2::3).



Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, t`g gvjlghng irdk @jgh`gjk bhl dt`gr sjtgs jh t`g Mga`gjk rgojdh kby fg usgl idr gstjkbtgs dh t`gbvbjabfag wdrmidrng bhl t`g rbtgs di n`grt ndhsukptjdh. \`gbvgrbog Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght kby `bvg ndhsjstgl di n. ijvg ndhtgkpdrbry `dusgs, wjt` 63 bluats bhl >3 n`jalrgh(Fbmgas 2:?0). Kdst n`grt rgndvgrgl jh AFM bhl Kjllag

Hgdajt`jn sgttagkghts kust fg rgobrlgl bs sgndhlbry ruffjs`(^n`jiigr 2:?9), bhl jlgbs dh jts ygbray ndhsukptjdh lgpghlkbjhay dh gstjkbtgs di t`g bkduht di kbtgrjba adst fgnbusgdi fdt` lgpdsjtjdhba prbntjngs bhl pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba prdngssgs(bkdho w`jn` gxnbvbtjdh kgt`dls, hdtbfay t`g kgn`bhjnbargkdvba di tdpsdja, ijourg prdkjhghtay). Bttgkpts td rgijtKjllag Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs bt @jgh`gjk, s`dwgl t`g adsstd `bvg fggh ndhsjlgrbfag -bt agbst ?7% (Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

Ndkfjhbtjdh di t`gsg ljiigrght typgs di gstjkbtgs agbls tdbh jhtgrprgtbtjdh jh w`jn` gxtrbntjdh bt Brh`digh wbs bs`drt-tgrk, sgbsdhba bntjvjty, pgridrkgl edjhtay fy „ kbag „ jh`bfjtbhts di t`g n. >3 mhdwh ndgvba sgttagkghts adnbtglwjt`jh b 63-mk-rbljus brduhl t`g kjhg (ijo. 2= ijo. >). \`g

ljstrjfutjdh dutsjlg t`js ‐prdluntjdh brgb' wbs pbrtay ljrgntglbt jkkgljbtg hgjo`fdrs, j.g. bt jkkgljbtg mjh. B strunturbaadho-ljstbhng njrnuabtjdh, `dwgvgr, wbs nagbray prgsght bswgaa (Lg Orddt` 2::<n). \`js typg di gxpadjtbtjdh nbh fgprbntjngl uhlgr b ajhgbog kdlg di prdluntjdh, w`grg t g uhjtdi prdluntjdh bhl ndhsukptjdh js idrkgl fy b ordup di rgabtgl ibkjajgs, fgadhojho td t`g sbkg ajhgbog dr ‐nabh'(Lg Orddt` 2:0?= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:) bhl tgkpdrbrjayboorgobtgl jhtd b abrogr wdrmidrng.

\`js jhtgrprgtbtjdh ljiigrs kbrmglay irdk t`g vjgws dh t`gdrobhjzbtjdh di gxtrbntjdh bt t`g Brh`digh kjhjho ndkpagxbs prgsghtgl fy jts gxnbvbtdrs (Fjhstgjhgr 2::3= Ghoga-`brlt/Fjhstgjhgr 2:00). Jh bnndrlbhng wjt` kdst di t`g

gxjstjho bnnduhts di Hgdajt`jn lggp-s`bit kjhjho (Lg Orddt`2::2, idrt`ndkjho), t`gy lgpjnt jt bs b strdhoay drobhjzglghtgrprjsg, ruh fy t`g jh`bfjtbhts di eust b igw prjvjagoglsgttagkghts nadsg td t`g kjhgs, w`d wdrmgl t`gk idr ndkkgrnjba purpdsgs, bhl trblgl t`g dutput ‐gx wdrms' tdgbogr nustdkgrs. \`g batgrhbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdh diigrgl `grgjs, `dwgvgr, ndkpbtjfag wjt` t`g igw gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduhtsdi lggp-s`bit kjhjho bhl stdhg tdda prdluntjdh jh sdnjgtjgswjt` b ‐Hgdajt`jn' agvga di tgn`hdadoy bhl sdnjd-gndhdkjnjhtgorbtjdh (Lg Orddt` 2::<n= KnFrylg 2:09= \drrghng2:09). Jh t`g skbaa sbkpag di Hgw Oujhgbh bhl Bustrbajbh^tdhg Bog sdnjgtjgs, kjhjho bhl qubrryjho wgrg hgvgr

ndhtjhudus bntjvjtjgs, pgridrkgl fy prdigssjdhbas. \`gdwhgrs`jp di rgsdurngs wbs gxtrgkgay vbrjgl. Fut gvghw`grg dutnrdps wgrg rgndohjzgl bs t`g prdpgrty di b spgnjbaordup, dutsjlgrs ndual oghgrbaay bnqujrg pgrkjssjdh td usgt`gk, idr gxbkpag fy t`g gstbfajs`kght di bh baajbhngrgabtjdhs`jp di sdkg sdrt (Lbatdh 2:02). \`gsg gxbkpags basds`dw t`bt t`g kgrg prgsghng di lggp s`bit-bhl-obaagry kjhgs pgr sg js hdt ‑b suiijnjght nrjtgrjuk irdk w`jn` td jhigr t`g

gxjstghng di b ndkpagx gndhdkjn dr sdnjd-pdajtjnbadrobhjzbtjdh" (\drrghng 2:09)5 sjkpag trjfba ndkkuhjtjgsbrg wgaa nbpbfag di pgridrkjho tjkg-ndhsukjho bhl abfdr-jhtghsjvg tbsms, rgqujrjho b ndhsjlgrbfag agvga di tgn`hjnbasmjaa, uhlgr jhidrkba ‐bl `dn' (adw agvga) agblgrs`jp(g.o. Furtdh 2:0?= Odual 2:?0= Edhgs/ _`jtg 2:02=

KnFrylg/@brrjsdh 2:02).

<. Jhtgrprgtjho n grt kjhjho jh t g Mga`gjk

rgojdh

Ji dhg trjgs td uhlgrstbhl t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn lggp-s`bitkjhjho bt Brh`digh jh purgay gndhdkjn tgrks, b rbt`gr ndhiusjho pjnturg gkgrogs. \`g bnqujsjtjdh di strjpgl tbfuabr n`grt wbs gxtrgkgay tjkgbhl abfdr ndhsukjho „ bhgstjkbtgl 293 pgrsdh-`durs wgrg hgglgl idr t`g gxtrbntjdh di 6.? mo di `jo`-qubajty tbfagts. Abrog bkduhts di hdluabr n`grts ghnduhtgrgl lurjho jts gxtrbntjdh wgrg ljsnbrlgl ‐dutdi `bhl', rgobrlagss di t`gjr qubajty (Fjhstgjhgr 2::3).Kdrgdvgr, bt Fbjgrsldri bh batgrhbtjvg rbw kbtgrjba wbs fdt`

mhdwh „ bt agbst td @jgh`gjk's jh`bfjtbhts „ bhl bvbjabfag jhbkpag qubhtjtjgs „ bs wjthgssgl fy t`g ibnt t`bt gxpadjtbtjdh`grg rgbn`gl jts pgbm dhay lurjho t`g Abtg bhl IjhbaHgdajt`jn (Fjhstgjhgr 2:0:= Lg Orddt` 2::7).

Bh bttgkpt wjaa t`grgidrg fg kblg jh t`g idaadwjho tdjhtgrprgt t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn s`jit jh gxtrbntjdh bhlljstrjfutjdh kgn`bhjsks idr Brh`digh tbfagts jh tgrks di sdnjba rgprdluntjdh bhl jlgdadoy rbt`gr t`bh jh tgrks di purgay gndhdkjn fg`bvjdr. \d bn`jgvg t`js dhg kust pabnglggp-s`bit kjhjho bhl t`g nrgbtjdh di adho-ljstbhngljstrjfutjdh hgtwdrms jh b frdblgr ndhtgxt, ndkfjhjho t`gkwjt` dt`gr n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g sdnjgtjgs jhvdavgl. \`gsgbrg5 ijrst, t`g kbrmgl jhnrgbsg di Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght

sjtgs ndkpbrgl wjt` t`g hukfgr di AFM sjtgs jh t`g w`dag di ^dut`gbstgrh Fbvbrjb.

^gndhlay, bt bfdut t`g sbkg tjkg baa dvgr ^dut`gbstgrhFbvbrjb bhl jh t`g blebnght rgojdhs, Kjllag Hgdajt`jn ordupsnrgbtgl b w`dag sgrjgs di jkprgssjvg ghnadsurgs (Sgtrbsn`2::3). Jh sgvgrba nbsgs t`gy brg sjtubtgl bt rgouabr jhtgrvbas,bhl t`gy sggk td `bvg sgrvgl bs b idnus pdjht idr ordups di skbaa sgttagkghts jh t`g brgb. Hd hdrkba `bfjtbtjdh tddmpabng jh t`gk, hdr brg t`g dt`gr utjajtbrjbh iuhntjdhs rgnghtaysuoogstgl idr t`gk vgry pabusjfag5 g.o. lgighsjvg strunturgs,nbttag-mrbba, nghtrba pabngs ndhtrdaajho hgjo`fdrjho ajt`jnrgsdurngs bhl t`g rgljstrjfutjdh di ndkkdljtjgs. Bs t`gjr

ndhstruntjdh bs wgaa bs t`gjr rgouabr rghgwba hgngssjtbtgl t`gndkfjhgl giidrts di sgvgrba sgttagkghts, t`gy kby fg sggh bsgxbkpags di gpjsdljn, jhstjtutjdhbajzgl, bhl jh t`js nbsgnagbray rjtubaay jhspjrgl ndaagntjvg giidrts di hdrkbaaysgorgobtgl ordups.

\`jrlay, t`g drjojhbaay vgry uhjidrk Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjmpdt lgndrbtjdhs, w`jn` prdfbfay sgrvgl bs sdnjba bhl nuaturbakbrmgrs (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:, 2::>) `bl ljvgrsjijgl jhtd

:< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



Ijourg >. \`g rgojdh brduhl @jgh`gjk s`dwjho jkpdrtbht sgttagkghts, n`grt gxtrbntjdh sjtgs, bhl dt`gr n`grt bhl stdhg sdurngs

(irdk Lg Orddt` 2::<n).

ndkpagtgay sgpbrbtg, jljdsyhnrbtjn rgojdhba trbljtjdhs. Jh t`jsnbsg t`g brn`bgdadojnba ljstjhntjdh di ljiigrght ‐ordups' bhl‐nuaturgs' kby wgaa ndrrgspdhl td pbst gxprgssjdhs di ordupjlghtjty.

Bs stbtgl bfdvg t`g strjpgl tbfuabr Brh`digh n`grt `bs hdjhtrjhsjn tgn`hjnba qubajtjgs, sd t`grg ldgs hdt sggk td fg bhyndkpgaajho tgn`hdadojnba rgbsdh idr jts gxtrgkgay abfdrjdusgxtrbntjdh. Jt js, `dwgvgr, `joày n`brbntgrjstjn bhl bttrbntjvg5dhng sggh, hgvgr idrodttgh. Bs sun` jt kby `bvg sgrvgl bs bkgbhs td gxprgss t`g gxtrbntdrs' ordup jlghtjty jh t`gjr jhnrgbsjhoay jkpdrtbht ndkkuhjnbtjdhs wjt` t`g dutsjlgwdral. Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, jhtgrhbaay, jts ndhtrdaagl gxtrbntjdhwdual diigr b kgbhs di kbjhtbjhjho ndkkuhjnbtjdh, bhl di rgouabtjho sdnjba rgabtjdhs fgtwggh mjh ordups w`jn` `bl tdrgndhnjag t`g hggl td up`dal b sgttagl wby di ajig jh ljstjhnt,

jsdabtgl tgrrjtdrjgs wjt` t`g hggl td kbjhtbjh s`brgluhrgstrjntgl rjo`ts di bnngss td adnbajzgl rgsdurngs, w`jag btt`g sbkg tjkg strghot`ghjho trbljtjdhba mjhs`jp tjgs. \ùs,ghnadsurgs, systgkbtjn kjhjho, bhl strunturgl adho-ljstbhnggxn`bhog kby baa fg rgobrlgl bs giidrts td rg-lgijhg bhlrg-gkp`bsjzg ordup jlghtjty fdt` jhtgrhbaay bhl gxtgrhbaaybitgr b pgrjdl di rbpjl n`bhog bhl up`gbvba vjsjfag jh abrogpbrts di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm wdral.

Bat`duo` gxpadjtbtjdh bt t`g Brh`digh kjhgs js kbjhayndhhgntgl wjt` t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn, t`g adho-ljstbhngnjrnuabtjdh di n`grt brtjibnts kbhuibnturgl jh t`g Mga`gjkrgojdh ndhtjhugl lurjho t`g Abtg Hgdajt`jn Bat`gjk bhlN`bk pgrjdls. Gxtrbntjdh wbs ndhnghtrbtgl bt Fbjgrsldri bhlAghoigal (Fjhstgjhgr 2:0:= Vjhl 2::6). \`g lgfrjs rgndvgrglbt t`gsg gxtrbntjdh sjtgs ldnukghts twd kbedr n`bhogs jh

:7 K. LG OVDD\@ „ N@GV\ SVDNWVGKGH\ ^\VB\GOJG^



tgn`hdadojnba fg`bvjdr. Ijrstay, t`g tbfagts wgrg hd adhogr turhgl jhtd fablg ndrgs, fut s`bpgl jhtd fjibnjbaay wdrmglndrg jkpagkghts, sun` bs sjnmags bhl mhjvgs dr lboogrs.^gndhlay, fdt` prgidrks bhl ijhjs`gl brtjibnts wgrg kblg btt`g kjhgs. J ld hdt t`jhm, `dwgvgr, t`bt t`js n`bhog jhtgn`hdadojnba fg`bvjdr kust fg rgobrlgl bs gvjlghng idr b

n`bhog jh sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh5 jh tgrks di gxpghljturg di rbwkbtgrjba, t`gsg fjibnjba tddas brg hd jkprdvgkght dh t`gKjllag-Hgdajt`jn fablgs. \`gjr Nuttjho Glog/Kbss rbtjd(\drrghng 2:09) js kun` adwgr, bs dhay b sjhoag jkpagkghtnbh fg kblg irdk gbn` tbfagt bhl t`g rjsm di ibjaurg lurjhokbhuibnturjho js `jo`. \gn`hdadojnba blvbhtbogs kby `bvgndhsjstgl di bh jhnrgbsg jh aghot` di t`g bntuba nuttjho glogdh sjhoag brtjibnts bhl b pdssjfay `jo`gr pdtghtjba idr t`grgs`brpghjho di t`gsg nuttjho glogs fy ndhsukgrs. Kbmjhot`gk bt t`g kjhjho sjtgs, t`gh, kby `bvg fggh bh giijnjghtstrbtgoy td kjhjkjzg kbhuibnturjho rjsms (\drrghng 2:0:).\`g ldkgstjn tddas kgbhw`jag wgrg stjaa kblg dut di iabmgs,bhl jh rgojdhs nadsg td t`g rgsdurngs t`g rbw kbtgrjba idr

t`gsg sggks td `bvg fggh frduo`t jhtd t`g sgttagkghts jh t`gtrbljtjdhba wby, bs hdluags dr jhjtjbaay prgpbrgl ndrgs(Lrjg`bus 2:93).

\`g kbjh rgbsdh idr t`js tgn`hdadojnba n`bhog bobjh kby`bvg fggh di b sdnjba rbt`gr t`bh di b iuhntjdhba hbturg. \`ggvjlghng irdk sgttagkght sjtgs s`dws t`bt t`gsg fjibnjbatbfuabr brtjibnts idrkgl dhay b kjhdr pbrt di t`g n`grtbssgkfabog. \`gy njrnuabtgl, `dwgvgr, dvgr adho ljstbhngs jht`g sbkg wby bs ljl t`g fablgs bhl tddas di strjpgl Brh`dighn`grt, trbvgajho bs ibr bs _gstp`bajb bhl Agssgr ^bxdhy, idr gxbkpag (Fabhm 2::<= _grfgh/_uai 2::6). \ùs t`g fjibnjbasjnmags bhl mhjvgs ndual `bvg iuhntjdhgl bs spgnjba-purpdsgtddas, idrkjho t`g rgbntjdh di b rgojdh abnmjho jh abrog n`grt

hdluags td b pbh-Gurdpgbh trghl jh w`jn` pdajs`gl bxgs bhlmhjvgs dr lboogrs kblg dh adho rgouabr fablgs iuhntjdhglbs prgstjog dfegnts jh adho-ljstbhng gxn`bhog hgtwdrms(Lg Orddt` idrt`ndkjho).

Bnmhdwaglokghts

J s`dual ajmg td t`bhm Fgrhl Ghoga`brlt, Bhogajmb Orjaad bhlKjn`bga Vjhl idr s`brjho t`gjr ijrst-`bhl mhdwaglog di t`gBrh`digh n`grt kjhgs wjt` kg, bhl Ebngm Agn`, SjgrrgYgrkggrsn`, Sjgt vbh lg Ygalg, bhl Kbrgm Uvgagfja idr stjkuabtjho suoogstjdhs dh t`gjr jhtgrprgtbtjdh. J bk orbtgiua tdIuhs @drfbn` idr lrbwjho t`g kbps, Ogr @ummga`dvgh idr t`g

p`dtdorbp`, bhl Ljbhg _gff idr jkprdvjho t`g Ghoajs` tgxt.

hdtgs

2 \`rduo`dut t`js pbpgr t`g tgrk Hgdajt`jn (j.g. Gbray bhlKjllag Hgdajt`jn) js usgl strjntay jh b n`rdhdadojnba sghsg,wjt`dut bhy prgndhngjvgl gndhdkjn dr jlgdadojnba ndhhdtbtjdhs.

6 Baa nbajfrbtjdhs wgrg pgridrkgl fy t`g ^gbttag/OrdhjhoghKgt`dl, usjho Nba 27 (E. vbh lgr Sajn`t, Nghtrg idr JsdtdpgVgsgbrn`, Whjvgrsjty di Ordhjhogh).

rgigrghngs

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:?0. Idur Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkghts bhl t`gjr ghvjrdhkght. B pbabgdgndadojnba stuly di ^jttbrl, ^tgjh, Gasadd bhl@jgh`gjk, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 22.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:09. Lgn`sgah, Fgjag, lurn`fd`rtg Ogrìtg= ÑfrjogIgasogstgjhg uhl Igasstgjhogrìtg. Jh5 S.E.V. Kdllgrkbh, Ljg

hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk, Almr. Mga`gjk. JJ. Ljg

Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:?2 fjs 2:?<. JJJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh

jk Iun`sadn` 2:?7. JY. Abhlsn`bit uhl Fgsjglauho lgs @jgh`gjkgr

Aùssogfjgtgs, Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn ghYdrogsn`jn`tg B 7?, 76-9<.

Fbmgas, N.N. & S.E.V. Kdllgrkbh 2:09. Abhlsn`bit uhl Fgsjglauholgs @jgh`gjkgr AùÔogfjgtgs. Jh5 S.E.V. Kdllgrkbh, Ljg

hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk, Almr. Mga`gjk. JJ. Ljg

Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:?2 fjs 2:?<. JJJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh

jk Iun`sadn` 2:?7. JY. Abhlsn`bit uhl Fgsjglauho lgs @jgh`gjkgr

Aùssogfjgtgs, Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn ghYdrogsn`jn`tg B 7?, 222-263.

Fbygragjh, S. 2:07. Ljg Dfgrabutgrfbn`gr Oruppg jh Hjglgr-

fbygrh, Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba gitg zur Fbygrjsn`ghYdrogsn`jn`tg B 7>.

Fjhstgjhgr, B. 2:0:. Lgr hgdajt`jsn`g Bffbu bui Eurb`drhstgjhg vdhFbjgrsldri jh lgr sñlajn`gh Irbhmghbaf, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs

Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 2:, >>2->>:.

Fjhstgjhgr, B. 2::3. Lbs hgdajt`jsn`g Igugrstgjhfgrowgrm vdhBrh`digh, Almr. Mga`gjk. Gjh Bffbu bui Eurb`drhstgjhg jh lgr ^ñlajn`gh Irbhmghbaf (kjt Fgjtrìogh vdh Edsgi Vjglgrgr uhl FgrhlGhoga`brlt), Fbygrjsn`g Ydrogsn`jn`tsfaìttgr 77, 2::3, 2-7?.

Fjhstgjhgr, B. & V. Sagygr 2:0?. Hgdajt`jsn`g Iuhlstgaagh jkWkmrgjs lgs ^jagxbffburgvjgrs vdh Brh`digh, Amr. Mga`gjk. Jh5K.K. Vjhl (gl.) Igugrstgjh5 Vd`stdii lgr ^tgjhzgjt - Fgrofbu uhl

Fgbrfgjtuhostgn`hjm, Mga`gjk, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Kusguk lgr ^tbltMga`gjk, Kusguks`git >, 2?-66.

Fabhm, V. 2::<. Sabttgh`drhstgjh-Brtgibmtg jk sñlwgstiìajsn`gh

Vbuk. Gjh Fgjtrbo zur Ljstrjfutjdh sñllgutsn`gr @drhstgjhg jkHgdajt`jmuk, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghfabtt 6<, 6:->:.

Furtdh, E. 2:0?. Gxn`bhog pbt`wbys bt b stdhg bxg ibntdry jh SbpubHgw Oujhgb. Jh5 O. lg O. ^jgvgmjho bhl K.@. Hgwndkgr (gls.)\`g ùkbh usgs di iajht bhl n`grt. Srdnggljhos di t`g idurt`

jhtgrhbtjdhba iajht sykpdsjuk `gal bt Frjo`tdh Sdaytgn`hjn 23-27

Bprja 2:0>, Nbkfrjlog, 20>-2:2.




Lbatdh, O. 2:02. Bht`rdpdadojnba kdlgas jh brn`bgdadojnbapgrspgntjvg. Jh5 J. @dllgr, O. Jsbbn & H. @bkkdhl (gls.) Sbttgrh

di t`g pbst. ^tuljgs jh `dhdur di Lbvjl Nabrmg, Nbkfrjlog, 2?-<0.

Lrjg`bus, E. 2:93. Ljg Bat`gjkgr Oruppg uhl lbs Euhohgdajt`jmuk

jh Kjttgagurdpb, Kbjhz.

Ghoga`brlt, F. & B. Fjhstgjhgr 2:00. Ydrfgrjn`t ñfgr ljgBusorbfuhogh 2:0<-2:09 jk hgdajt`jsn`gh Igugrstgjh Bffburgvjgr vdh Brh`digh, Almr. Mga`gjk, Ogrkbhjb 99, 2-6:.

Ghoga`brlt, F. 2::3. Lbtjgruho uhl wjrtsn`bitajn`g Kdlgaavdrstga-auhogh ñfgr lgh Fgtrjgf lgs Igugrstgjhfgrowgrmgs vdh Brh`digh, Fbygrjsn`g Ydrogsn`jn`tsfaìttgr 77, <0-7<.

Grjnsdh, E.G. 2:0<. \dwbrls t`g bhbaysjs di ajt`jn prdluntjdhsystgks. Jh5 E.G. Grjnsdh & F. Surly (gls.) Srg`jstdrjn qubrrjgs bhl

ajt`jn prdluntjdh, Nbkfrjlog, 2-22.

Odual, V.B. 2:?0. \`g bht`rdpdadoy di ùkbh rgsjlugs, Bkgrjnbh

Bht`rdpdadojst 03, 027-0>9.

Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2:0?. \`g drobhjzbtjdh di iajht tdda kbhuibnturgjh t`g Lutn` Fbhlmgrbkjm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 63,6?-7>.

Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::2. ^dnjd-gndhdkjn bspgnts di Hgdajt`jn iajhtkjhjho5 b prgajkjhbry stuly, @gajhjuk >2, 27>-2:3.

Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::<b. N`grt prdnurgkght strbtgojgs jh t`gAjhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkght di Kgjhlajho, Fbvbrjb, Bhbagntb

Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, <>-7>.

Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::<f. ^tuljgs dh Hgdajt`jn iajht gxpadjtbtjdh.

^dnjd-gndhdkjn jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g iajht bssgkfabogs di

Abhowgjagr 0, Fggm, Gasadd, Vjenm`dat, @jgh`gjk bhl Kgjhlajho,Kbbstrjn`t (ljssgrtbtjdh Agjlgh Whjvgrsjty).

Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::<n. Ljg Ygrsdrouho kjt Igugrstgjh jh lgr fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh ^jglauho @jgh`gjk ‐Bk _gjhfgro' (Almr.Mga`gjk) uhl ljg Drobhjsbtjdh lgs Bffbus bui ogfìhlgrtgSabttgh`drhstgjhg jk Vgvjgr Brh`digh (Almr. Mga`gjk), Ogrkbhjb

?6, >77- <3?.

Orddt`, K. G. \`. lg 2::7. \`g drobhjzbtjdh di n`grt gxpadjtbtjdh jh^dut`gbstgrh Fbvbrjb lurjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Brn`bgdadojb Sdadhb >>,29>-2?6.

Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg (idrt`ndkjho), \`g sdnjba ndhtgxt di iajht

kjhjho jh Hgdajt`jn Gurdpg. Jh5 Srdnggljhos di t`g YJJt`

Jhtgrhbtjdhba Iajht ^ykpdsjuk, _brsbw bhl Dstrdwjgng sgptgkfgr

2::7.

Edhgs, V. & H. _`jtg 2:02. Sdjht fabhm5 stdhg tdda kbhuibnturg btt`g Hojajpjtej Rubrry, Brh`gk Abhl. Jh5 F. Kgg`bh bhl V. Edhgs(gls.) Brn`bgdadoy wjt` gt`hdorbp`y5 bh Bustrbajbh pgrspgntjvg,Nbhfgrrb, 72-00.

Agn`, E. 2:0?. Lbhufjbh rbw kbtgrjba ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs jh gbstgrhbhl nghtrba Gurdpg. Jh5 O. Lg O. ^jgvgmjho & K.@. Hgwndkgr (gls.) \`g ùkbh usgs di iajht bhl n`grt. Srdnggljhos di t`g idurt`

jhtgrhbtjdhba iajht sykpdsjuk `gal bt Frjo`tdh Sdaytgn`hjn 23-27

Bprja 2:0>, Nbkfrjlog, 6<2-6<:.

Kbtusn`jm, J. 2::6. ^ghmdigh-‑Sibttgrfrgjtg", gjhg Iuhlstgaag lgr

Kjn`gasfgrogr Muatur jk fbygrjsn`gh Ldhbutba, uhl ljgKjn`gasfgrogr Muatur jk ùstajn`gh Bapghvdrabhl, Fbygrjsn`g

Ydrogsn`jn`tsfaìttgr 7?, 2->6.

KnFrylg, J. 2:09. Brtgibnts, abhoubog bhl sdnjba jhtgrbntjdh5 b nbsgstuly irdk sdut`-gbstgrh Bustrbajb. Jh5 O.H. Fbjagy & S. Nbaadw(gls.) ^tdhg bog prg`jstdry. ^tuljgs jh kgkdry di N`brags

KnFurhgy, Nbkfrjlog, ?9-:<.

KnFrylg, J. & O. @brrjsdh 2:02. Ybaugl oddl dr vbaubfag stdhg4Ndhsjlgrbtjdhs di t`g ljstrjfutjdh di orgghstdhg brtgibnts jh sdut`-gbstgrh Bustrbajb. Jh5 I. Agbn` & E. Lbvjlsdh (gls.) Brn`bgdadojnba

^tuljgs di Sbnjijn ^tdhg Vgsdurngs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnbaVgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 23<, 20>-630.

Kdllgrkbh, S.E.V. 2:??. Ljg hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk

Almr. Mga`gjk. J. Ljg Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:97 fjs 2:?3,Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn`gh Ydrogsn`jn tg B >>.

Kdllgrkbh, S.E.V. 2:09. Ljg hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk

Almr. Mga`gjk. JJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:?2 fjs 2:?<.

JJJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh jk Iun`sadn` 2:?7. JY. Abhlsn`bit uhl

Fgsjglauho lgs @jgh`gjkgr Aùssogfjgtgs, Mbaakñhz/Dpi,Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn`gh Ydrogsn`jn tg B 7?.

Kdsgr, K. 2:?0. Lgr vdrogsn`jn`tajn`g Fgrofbu bui Sabttghsjagx jhlgh Mbamsn`jgigrh lgr Batkñà-Baf uhl sgjhg Fglgutuho jkHgdajt`jmuk Kjttgagurdpbs, Brn`ìdadojsn`g Jhidrkbtjdhgh <, <7-02

Hblagr, K., B. Uggf gt ba. 2::<. ñlfbygrh zwjsn`gh Ajhgbrmgrbkjmuhl Bat`gjk, gjh hgugr Oajglgruhosvdrsnàbo. Jh5 @.-E. Fgjgr (gl.) Lgr Vùssghgr @drjzdht jh Kjttgagurdpb, _jambu-@bssabu, Fgjtrìogzur Wr- uhl Irñògsn`jn`tg Kjttgagurdpbs 9, 26?-2:3.

Sgtrbsn`, E. 2::3. Kjttgahgdajt`jsn`g Mrgjsorbfghbhabogh jh Kjttga-gurdpb, Fgrjn t lgr Vùkjsn`-Ogrkbhjsn`gh Mdkkjssjdh ?2, <3?-797.

Vjhl, K.K. 2::6. Hgug Busorbfuhogh jk Igugrstgjhfgrowgrm vdhAghoigal, Olg. Fbl Bffbn`, Almr. Mga`gjk, Ydrtrìog lgs 23.

Hjglgrfbygrjsn`gh Brn`ìdadoghtbogs, 67->:.

^n`jiigr, K.F. 2:?9. Fg`bvjdrba brn`bgdadoy, Hgw Zdrm.

\jaakbhh, B. 2::>. Obstogsn`ghmg bus lgk ^ñlgh4 Uur Irbog gjhgr^ñl-Hdrl-Ygrfjhluho zwjsn`gh ^ñlfbygrh uhl Dfgrjtbajgh jk spìtghEuhohgdajt`jmuk, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 6>, <7>-<93.

\drrghng, V. 2:09. Srdluntjdh bhl gxn`bhog di stdhg tddas.

Srg`jstdrjn dfsjljbh jh t`g Bgogbh, Nbkfrjlog.

\drrghng, V. (gl.) 2:0:. \jkg, ghgroy bhl stdhg tddas, Nbkfrjlog.

:? K. LG OVDD\@ „ N@GV\ SVDNWVGKGH\ ^\VB\GOJG^



Ygalg, S. vbh lg 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg. Bhbhbaysjs di pdt lgndrbtjdh bhl ùt ljstrjfutjdhs irdk t`g NghtrbaGurdpgbh hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs di Gasadd bhl @jgh`gjk, Bhbagntb

Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 26.

Ygalg, S. vbh lg 2::>. ^dzjbag ^trumtur, Orìfgrbhbaysg, uhlVgprìsghtbtjvjtìt. Lgr Ibaa lgr hdrlwgstajn`gh Fbhlmgrbkjm,

@gajhjuk >>, 27?-290.

_grfgh, W. & I.-_. _uai 2::6. Sabttghsjagxjkpdrtg bus Fbjgrsldri (Almr. Mga`gjk) jh lbs sñlajn`g Hjglgrsbn`sgh, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs

Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 66, 2:2-632.

Ujkkgrkbhh, B. 2::7. Bustbusn`systgkg vdh ^jagxbrtgibmtgh jh lgr

Fbhlmgrbkjm Kjttgagurdpbs, Fdhh, Whjvgrsjtìtsidrsn uhogh zur prì`jstdrjsn`gh Brn`ìdadojg 69.

Kbredrjg G.\`. lg Orddt`FdhhgibhtghkusgukSD Fdx 2?>7HA-9632 F^ Kbbstrjn`t




2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Igw wdual lghy t`bt t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh

Frjtbjh `bs fggh ljiijnuat td nbpturg. Lgspjtg b adho gstbfajs`gl

stbtus bs b wbtgrs`gl jh prg`jstdry, dhg di t`g igw t`jhos updh

w`jn` kdst borgg js t`bt t`grg rgkbjhs hd ijrk ndhsghsus

rgobrljho jts' n`brbntgr bhl sjohjijnbhng. Kdst wdual basd

prdfbfay borgg t`bt t`js sjtubtjdh js bs kun` b prdlunt di

ndhngptuba prdfagks bs jt js di ljiijnuatjgs wjt` kbtgrjba

gvjlghng. Fgydhl b rgabtjvg abnm di sgnurg rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs

bhl bppbrght abnuhbg jh dur lbtb, broukght bhl ndhiusjdhstjaa surrduhl qugstjdhs di lgijhjtjdh, snbag bhl prdnglurg.

\d sdkg gxtght bt agbst, t`js sjtubtjdh `bs pgrsjstgl

fgnbusg di bnblgkjn ljvjsjdhs di abfdur. Idr t`g kdst pbrt,

t`g twd pgrjdls `bvg fggh stuljgl wjt`jh ljiigrght trbljtjdhs

di ghqujry, bhl t`js `bs nrgbtgl rjojl fduhlbrjgs. Nrjtjnjsjho

t`js stbtg di biibjrs dvgr b lgnblg bod, Vjn`brl Frblagy

tbamgl di b ljsnjpajhg w`jn` sbw Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs

ghobojho jh sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps w`jag t`gjr Kgsdajt`jn

idrfgbrs fdhlgl wjt` `bzgahuts (Frblagy 2:0<). Bhl jh kun`

t`g sbkg wby, Euajbh \`dkbs brougl t`bt dur uhlgrstbhljho

wbs ndhstrbjhgl fy t`g dppdsjtjdh di twd kdlgas di

ùkbhjty „ dhg prgljnbtgl dh t`g jkpdrtbhng di gndadojnba

rgabtjdhs, t`g dt`gr dh ndhngpts di sdnjba rgprdluntjdh(\`dkbs 2:00). Iurt`gr prdfagks `bvg brjsgh fgnbusg dur

lgijhjtjdhs di t`g twd pgrjdls `bvg fggh ibr irdk ndhstbht.

^dkg bnnduhts `bvg usgl t`g tgrks td tbam di lgijhjtjvg trbjts

sun` bs ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho, pdttgry prdluntjdh dr ibrkjho,

t`bt brg jhlgpghlght di tjkg bhl spbng. Dt`grs usg t`gk td

lghdtg p`bsgs jh b spgnjijn `jstdrjnba prdngss, bhl jt js hdt

uhndkkdh idr pgdpag td s`jit fbnm bhl idrt` fgtwggh t`g

twd. Drjojhbaay abfgas bttbn`gl (bt ljiigrght tjkgs) td stbogs

jh oghgrba gvdautjdhbry sn`gkgs, t`g tgrks nbkg td lghdtg

nuaturba p`ghdkghb kbrmgl fy ljstjhntjvg rgpgrtdjrgs di

brtgibnts. Kbhy di t`gsg rgpgrtdjrgs `bl ndhtjhghtba pbrbaagas

bhl t`js abjl t`g iduhlbtjdh idr kdlgas di ndadhjsbtjdh bhl

kjorbtjdh bnrdss t`g n`bhhga. \bam di nuaturgs, jh jts turh,

obvg wby td ljsnussjdhs di gndhdkjn n`bhog bhl sdnjba

gvdautjdh, gjt`gr bs bh jhgvjtbfag „ ji sdkgtjkgs prdtrbntgl „

tghlghny, dr bs t`g dutndkg di kbtgrjba ndhtrbljntjdhs bhl

ndhiajnts di jhtgrgst fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs (Fghlgr 2:?0=

Saunjghhjm jh prgss= Uvgagfja jh prgss). Kdrg rgnghtay stjaa,

bttghtjdh `bs turhgl td t`g jlgb t`bt t`g trbhsjtjdh wbs

sdkgt`jho t`bt `bppghgl jh t`g kjhls di pgdpag rbt`gr t`bh

jh t`g paduo`sdja pgr sg. Ndhngpts di b uhjtbry gndhdkjn

‐pbnmbog' `bvg fggh puaagl fbnm jh ibvdur di b vjgw di t`g

Hgdajt`jn bs b pdda di jlgbs bhl rgsdurngs, lrbwh updh jh

vbrjgl wbys fy abrogay jhljoghdus ndkkuhjtjgs (Frblagy

2::>= @dllgr 2::3= \`dkbs 2::9).

\`gsg rgnght stuljgs `bvg ldhg kun` td qugstjdh sdkg di

t`g ibkjajbr abhlkbrms di t`duo`t dh t`g trbhsjtjdh. Zgt jt

rgkbjhs td fg sggh w`gt`gr wg `bvg kdvgl vgry ibr fgydhl

t`g jlgb t`bt jt wbs b spgnjijn euhnturg bt w`jn` dhg rjojlbrn`gtypg obvg wby td bhdt`gr. Dvgr t`g ndursg di t`js pbpgr

J wbht td suoogst t`bt dur ljiijnuatjgs jh ndkjho td tgrks

wjt` sdnjba rgprdluntjdh jh t`g ijit` bhl idurt` kjaaghhjb

stgk irdk b vbrjgty di sdurngs. _g stjaa tghl td trgbt t`g

frgbm fgtwggh t`g twd pgrjdls bs b sufstbhtjvg bhl uhjtbry

ghtjty, rbt`gr t`bh bs bh brtgibnt di rgsgbrn`. _g `bvg rgjijgl

w`bt s`dual bt fgst fg rgobrlgl bs b `gurjstjn lgvjng. Bt t`g

sbkg tjkg, wg `bvg ditgh pbjl hd kdrg t`bh ajp sgrvjng td

t`g ndkpagxjty di kbtgrjba trbljtjdhs bnrdss t`g abtgr ijit` bhl

gbray idurt` kjaaghhjb FN (sgg Mjhhgs 2:00 idr sjkjabr

nrjtjnjsks). Jh fdt` Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn rgsgbrn`, wg

rbrgay tbam jh lgtbja bfdut t`g strunturg di t`g ‐tbsmsnbpgs' t`bt

pgdpag jh`bfjtgl (Jhodal 2::>). \`js `bs kgbht t`bt lgtbjaglbhl jkbojhbtjvg stuljgs di sjtgs sun` bs s`gaa kjllghs, stdhg

sdurngs, tdkfs dr ghnadsurgs nbh sggk bfstrbntgl irdk t`gjr

frdblgr kbtgrjba ndhtgxt. Jt nbh fg ljiijnuat td trbng t`g pbt`s

di pgdpag dhng t`gy strby fgydhl t`gsg pbrtjnuabr tjkgs bhl

pabngs bhl t`js ajkjts dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g sjohjijnbhng

t`bt t`gy `gal. Jt `bs basd kgbht t`bt wg ditgh sby ajttag bfdut

t`g wbys jh w`jn` t`g n`brbntgr bhl r`yt`k di ljiigrght

rdutjhg prbntjngs kby t`gksgavgs `bvg fggh mgygl jhtd sdnjb

ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog. Dhg wby di bllrgssjho t`js prdfagk

wdual fg td gxpadrg t`g spgnjijn oghgbadojgs di t`gsg kdrg

fbsjn kbtgrjba trbljtjdhs, gkp`bsjsjho fdt` ndhtjhujty bhl

n`bhog jh pbttgrhs di rdutjhg bntjvjty bnrdss t`g abhlsnbpg.

Jh w`bt idaadws, J wbht td try td tbmg t`js pbt` fy trbnjho t`g

dutajhgs di trbljtjdhs di sgttagkght prbntjng bhl stdhgwdrmjho

jh ^dut`grh Frjtbjh.

6. \bsmsnbpgs jh trbhsjtjdh

Jh b rgnght stuly di tdkfs jh t`g Fabnm Kduhtbjhs di _bags,

N`rjs \jaagy brougl t`bt dur trgbtkght di t`g trbhsjtjdh bs b

Kbrm Glkdhls \bsmsnbpg, tgn`hdadoy bhl trbljtjdh



rjojl ljvjlg wght bobjhst t`g orbjh di bt agbst sdkg di dur

lbtb (\jaagy 2::<). Wsjho t`g gvjlghng di Kgsdajt`jn bhl

Hgdajt`jn suribng snbttgrs, `g suoogstgl t`bt t`g ijrst tdkfs jh

t`g brgb wgrg hdt jhsnrjfgl dh b fabhm nbhvbs. Vbt`gr, t`gjr

iduhlbtjdh jhvdavgl b rgwdrmjho di t`g `jstdrjgs bhl vbaugs

t`bt ngrtbjh pabngs `bl bnnrugl dvgr kbhy oghgrbtjdhs.

Gn`djho dfsgrvbtjdhs kblg gasgw`grg, \jaagy brougl t`btgbray tdkfs wgrg sdkgtjkgs drjghtbtgl tdwbrls prdkjhght

abhlsnbpg igbturgs bhl/dr Kgsdajt`jn snbttgrs. Dh dnnbsjdh,

t`gy gvgh sgbagl trbngs di gbrajgr bntjvjty5 Kgsdajt`jn

iajhtwdrm bhl sufsuribng igbturgs= Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght=

orbssabhl, dr gbrt` t`bt `bl fggh frdmgh lurjho `bhl

nuatjvbtjdh (Fbrrgtt 2:00= Glkdhls 2::7). Nrunjba td

\jaagy's broukght wbs t`g jlgb t`bt jt wbs ljiijnuat td idaadw

t`g fjdorbp`jgs di ngrtbjh pabngs bnrdss t`g trbhsjtjdh, sd adho

bs jt kbrmgl b kggtjho pdjht fgtwggh twd dppdsgl

brn`gtypgs. Idr `jk, t`g gvjlghng suoogstgl fdt` ndhtjhujty

bhl n`bhog jh t`g tdpdorbp`y di t`g nuaturba abhlsnbpg.

Bat`duo` t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn` obvg rjsg td t`g iduhlbtjdh

di tdkfs brg hdt gxpadrgl jh iuaa, \jaagy's stjkuabtjho stulyhdhgt`gagss `joàjo`ts b iuhlbkghtba prdfagk. Idr t`g kdst

pbrt, sgttagkght bhl sufsjstghng kdlgas idr t`g twd pgrjdls

`bvg rgkbjhgl brn`gtypba= lgbat wjt` sgpbrbtgay bhl

ndhngjvgl bt abrog, bfstrbntgl snbags. Dh t`g dhg `bhl, wg

ijhl ‐ordups' di sgbsdhbaay kdfjag obt`grgrs bhl ùhtgrs w`d

kdvgl irdk ndbst td jhabhl dr irdk adwabhl td upabhl jh

stgp wjt` r`yt`ks di rgsdurng bvbjabfjajty. Dt`gr jkpgrbtjvgs

idr kdvgkght brg sgaldk ljsnussgl, bhl kdrg ditgh t`bh

hdt, t`g ndhstjtutjdh di t`gsg ordups js `gal bs b ndhstbht bt

baa pabngs bhl tjkgs. Dhay jh t`g nbsg di sd-nbaagl ‐spgnjba

purpdsg' dr ‐tbsm spgnjijn' nbkps ld wg baadw idr b ljiigrght

rdaa nbaa (Lbrvjaa 2:0?). Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, wg ditgh ijhl b

vjgw di t`g Hgdajt`jn bs t`g pdjht jh tjkg bt w`jn` jt

fgndkgs pdssjfag td jlghtjiy dursgavgs= td trbng jh t`g

gvjlghng t`g sjohbturg di bttjtulgs t`bt sggk tjkgagss bhl

ibkjajbr. Lgspjtg broukghts td t`g ndhtrbry (Frblagy 2::>=

\`dkbs 2::3), jt js stjaa b ndkkdhpabng td sgg t`g dhsgt di

t`g Hgdajt`jn pdrtrbygl bs b tjkg w`gh pgdpag fgnbkg

sglghtbry, swjtn`jho t`gjr baagojbhng irdk ùhtjho bhl

obt`grjho td ibrkjho. ^gttajho ldwh js ditgh gkp`bsjsgl, bs

js t`g rdag di iddl prdluntjdh, bhl t`g pgrjdl kbrms t`g pdjht

jh tjkg w`grg rgndhstruntjdhs gvdmg b ibkjajbr jkprgssjdh di

‐ndkkuhjty' bhl ijxgl sgttagkght, ndrhijgal bhl kjxgl

borjnuaturg. Fgydhl ljsnussjdhs di abfdur jhvdavgl jh

kdhukght ndhstruntjdh (Vghirgw 2:?>), t`g pbttgrh, tgkpdbhl rdaa-nbaa di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng ditgh rgkbjhs uhlgr-

gxpadrgl (@daobtg 2:00).

Hgjt`gr di t`gsg pdrtrbjts js ghtjrgay wrdho. Fut jh fdt`

nbsgs, w`bt ditgh sggks adst jh dur trbhsabtjdhs js b sghsg di

pbst abhlsnbpgs bs jh`bfjtgl tjkgs bhl pabngs. _g paby ldwh

t`g vbrjbfjajty di dur pbttgrhs bhl sby ajttag bfdut t`g wbys jh

w`jn` pgdpag kdvgl bhl bntgl dr ‐t`duo`t t`rduo`' t`g

abhlsnbpgs t`bt t`gy dnnupjgl. Jh t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn, idr

gxbkpag, dur gvjlghng suoogsts b vbrjgl abhlsnbpg jh`bfjtgl

fy ndkkuhjtjgs fgbrjho kbhy di t`g n`brbntgrjstjns di Frjbh

@bylgh's ‐bnnukuabtdrs' (@bylgh 2:0:). Lgtbjas brg ljiijnuat

td gstbfajs`, fut t`gsg wgrg pgdpag w`dsg ajvgs wgrg

prdfbfay strunturgl fy ndhngpts di nadsg mjhs`jp bhl pgr`bps

nabh kgkfgrs`jp. Kbhy ‐`drjzdhtba' ljstjhntjdhs wdual `bvgbasd fggh rgndohjsgl „ ndhngpts di bog bhl oghlgr, bhl

pgr`bps tjgs di biijajbtjdh t`bt nrdss-nut t`g fduhlbrjgs

lgijhgl fy mjhs`jp bhl lgsnght. _`jag t`gy kby `bvg abnmgl

t`g idrks di jhstjtutjdhbajsgl `jgrbrn`y gkp`bsjsgl jh kbhy

sdnjba gvdautjdhbry kdlgas, t`gsg sdnjba idrkbtjdhs wdual

`bvg fggh ibr irdk uhljiigrghtjbtgl. Lgspjtg jlgdadojgs di

s`brjho t`bt ditgh gkp`bsjsg b sghsg di ndkkdhbajty

bkdhost obt`grgrs bhl ùhtgrs, ndkpagx sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs

kby hdhgt`gagss gxjst. Ndhngrh wjt` t`g lgijhjtjdh di mjh bhl

hdh-mjh bhl wjt` ajhgs di lgsnght= di wdkgh bhl kgh= di

t`g galgrs bhl t`gjr sufdrljhbtgs, bhl di tghurg bhl pgrsdhba

rghdwh5 t`gsg brg ndkkdh t`gkgs t`bt bhjkbtg sdnjba ajig

bhl jt js brduhl t`gsg t`gkgs t`bt tghsjdhs ditgh brjsg.Vddtgl jh kyt` bhl drjojh stdrjgs, bhl jhnuanbtgl jh vbrjdus

idrks di idrkba rjtuba, t`gsg t`gkgs kby basd fg wdvgh jhtd

t`g ibfrjn di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng.

Jt js wjt` t`gsg jlgbs jh kjhl t`bt wg nbh ndhsjlgr sdkg

di t`g n`brbntgrjstjns di abtgr Kgsdajt`jn tbsmsnbpgs.

Ghvjrdhkghtba lbtb irdk b hukfgr di brgbs suoogst t`bt

pgdpag wgrg gxpadjtjho b wjlg vbrjgty di rgsdurngs bhl

kdljiyjho t`g abhl t`rduo` ajkjtgl wddlabhl nagbrbhng

lurjho t`g ijit` kjaaghhjuk, kun` bs t`gy `bl ldhg idr

oghgrbtjdhs. \`g pgrjdl basd sbw b sjohjijnbht gkp`bsjs updh

rdutjhg, pgr`bps sgbsdhba, kdvgkght, fy sdkg, ji hdt fy baa.

Kdvjho fgtwggh ndbsts, rjvgr vbaagys, ighs bhl vbrjgl

upabhls, t`g bhhuba rduhl nbrrjgl pgdpag badho wgaa-wdrh

pbt`s t`bt ajhmgl dhg pabng bhl dhg sgbsdh td bhdt`gr.

Ljstjhntjdhs fgtwggh ‐fbabhngl' bhl ‐uhfbabhngl'

bssgkfabogs basd pdjht td vbrjbtjdhs jh t`g snbag, lurbtjdh

bhl n`brbntgr di t`g bntjvjtjgs ndhluntgl bt t`gsg ljiigrght

tjkgs bhl pabngs (Kygrs 2:0:). ^dkg snbttgrs dr gxnbvbtgl

bssgkfabogs ndkprjsg hd kdrg t`bh b `bhliua di kjnrdajt`s

bhl/dr b igw fablgs dr ndrgs. Dt`grs brg rbt`gr kdrg

sufstbhtjba, ndhtbjhjho t`g lgfrjs bssdnjbtgl wjt` b wjlg

rbhog bhl abrog vdaukg di stdhgwdrmjho tbsms. Sbajkpsgsts

dr abrog ndhnghtrbtjdhs di tddas bhl wbstg suoogst t`bt sdkg

di t`gsg pabngs kby `bvg fggh rgturhgl td dvgr kbhy

oghgrbtjdhs (b.d. \jaagy 2::<). Ybrjbtjdhs jh t`g n`brbntgr bhlljstrjfutjdh di kjnrdajt`s kby basd rgiagnt t`g gkgroghng di b

kgbsurg di rgojdhbajty jh t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn. Idr gxbkpag,

ndhtrbsts nbh fg lrbwh fgtwggh brgbs sun` bs t`g _gbal,

Gbst Bhoajb, t`g Sghhjhgs, t`g Kjlabhls bhl t`g ^dut` _gst,

gbn` lgijhgl jh tgrks di bh gkp`bsjs updh pbrtjnuabr

kjnrdajt` idrks (Ebndfj 2:?9= 2:?:). _`gt`gr t`gsg rgojdhba

trbljtjdhs wgrg rgndohjzgl bs sun` rgkbjhs dpgh td qugstjdh.




Fut t`gjr gxjstghng ldgs suoogst b rgnurrght rgabtjdhs`jp

fgtwggh oghgrbtjdhs di pbrtjnuabr ndkkuhjtjgs bhl frdbl

brgbs. Gqubaay lggp-rddtgl ajhms fgtwggh pgdpag bhl

abhlsnbpg kby basd bnnduht idr pbttgrhs jh brgbs sun` bs t`g

Hdrt` Zdrms`jrg Kddrs, w`grg ajt`jn snbttgrs jh blebnght

zdhgs bppgbr td rgiagnt t`g ndhsjstght usg di ljiigrght rbw

kbtgrjbas.Whlgr t`gsg frdbl ndhljtjdhs, pgdpag kby `bvg t`duo`t

bfdut t`g abhlsnbpg bhl t`gksgavgs jh wbys rbt`gr ljiigrght

td t`dsg wg tbmg idr orbhtgl tdlby. \d fgojh wjt`, rgabtjvgay

kdfjag ndkkuhjtjgs ditgh tghl td t`jhm jh tgrks di t`g

tghurg t`bt t`gy `bvg dvgr pbrtjnuabr pabngs bhl pbt`wbys,

rbt`gr t`bh dwhgrs`jp di ljsnrgtg bhl lgkbrnbtgl tgrrjtdrjgs

(Nbsjkjr 2::6= Jhodal 2:06= 2:09). ^dnjba fduhlbrjgs wjt`jh

bhl fgydhl gxtghsjvg mjhs`jp systgks brg ditgh rgndohjsgl,

eust bs ngrtbjh rgsdurngs nbh fg t`duo`t di bs t`g giigntjvg

prgsgrvg di nabhs dr suf-nabhs. Bt tjkgs t`gy kby fg bntjvgay

ndhtgstgl. Fut t`grg js ditgh b iagxjfjajty jh ndhhgntjdhs

fgtwggh pgdpag bhl pabng t`bt js kbhjigst bnrdss t`g sgbsdhba

rduhl bhl bt t`g tjkgsnbag di oghgrbtjdhs. \rbljtjdhba pbttgrhsdi kdvgkght bhl bntjvjty jhvdavg b ndhtjhuba, ditgh nynajnba,

prdngss di rghgwjho bhl rgwdrmjho t`dsg ndhhgntjdhs. Bt t`g

sbkg tjkg, tbsmsnbpg trbljtjdhs brg ditgh fduhl up jh t`g

rgprdluntjdh di kdrg spgnjijn ljsndursgs. Nut t`rduo` wjt`

kyt` bhl wjt` stdrjgs di t`g bhngstrba pbst, ibkjajbr pabngs

bhl pbt`wbys nbh `bvg vbrjgl fjdorbp`jnba bssdnjbtjdhs wjt`

mjh bhl hdh-mjh, wjt` wdkgh bhl kgh bhl wjt` bluats bhl

n`jalrgh (Ogaa 2:07= Kdrp`y 2::7= \bndh 2::2). Sbrtjnuabr

rgsdurngs dr prdkjhght abhlkbrms nbh fg bnndrlgl b tdtgkjn

sjohjijnbhng, bhl jt js hdt uhndkkdh idr pgdpag td lrbw

kgtbp`drs bhl khgkdhjns irdk igbturgs bhl r`yt`ks di t`g

hbturba wdral. Idrgsts kby `dal t`g gygs di t`g lgbl bhl t`g

ndhijourbtjdh di t`g tbsmsnbpg kby fg gxpabjhgl fy rgigrghng

td t`g bnts di gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs dr bhngstrba idrngs (Fbssd

2:0<). \`gsg uhlgrstbhljhos ld hdt, bhl ndual hdt, pgrsjst bs

rjojl bhl bfstrbntgl ndlgs. Ajmg t`g fjdorbp`jgs di pgdpag,

t`gy brg nbrrjgl idrwbrl vjb drba trbljtjdh bhl t`rduo` b

prbntjnba, ditgh fdljay, ghobokght wjt` t`g wdral bhl wjt`

dt`grs.

@dw wgrg t`gsg bhl dt`gr t`gkgs wdvgh jhtd t`g

tbsmsnbpgs di t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn4 Ybrjbfjajty jh t`g snbag,

ndkpdsjtjdh bhl adnbtjdh di kbhy suribng snbttgrs suoogsts

hdt eust b ljvgrsjty di nbkps bhl tbsms, fut basd b iagxjfjajty

jh t`g rdaa nbaa di ngrtbjh pabngs bhl tjkgs. Ndkkuhjtjgs

ljvjlgl bhl ndkfjhgl bt ljiigrght tjkgs di t`g ygbr, bhlt`grg wdual `bvg fggh euhnturgs bt w`jn` kgkfgrs di kdrg

t`bh dhg frdbl mjh ordup nbkg jhtd rdutjhg ndhtbnt wjt` gbn`

dt`gr. Ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh pgdpag bhl pabng wgrg basd

rgwdrmgl bnrdss oghgrbtjdhs. ^dkg sgttagkghts dr nbkps

wgrg rgturhgl td bobjh bhl bobjh, pgrsjstjho bs ldkjhbht

adnbags jh kun` t`g sbkg wby bs t`g ndbstba s`gaa kjllghs

t`bt survjvg iurt`gr td t`g hdrt`. Jh b vbrjgl, fut ditgh

`gbvjay wddlgl abhlsnbpg, dt`gr pabngs wgrg sgt bpbrt,

sggjho dhay spdrbljn usg fy rgabtjvgay skbaa hukfgrs di

pgdpag. ^trgtn`gl bnrdss tjkg bs kun` bs spbng, t`gsg

pbttgrhs di rdutjhg bntjvjty prdvjlgl irbkgs bnrdss w`jn`

vbrjdus t`gkgs bhl vbaugs ndual fg kbppgl. Idr gxbkpag,

rdutjhg sgpbrbtjdh irdk t`g ndkkuhjty kby `bvg fggh mgygl

jhtd ndhngpts di rjtgs di pbssbog, bhl jhtd t`g hgodtjbtjdhdi t`g t`rgs`dals t`bt sgpbrbtgl t`g yduho irdk t`g dal.

Bt dt`gr tjkgs, b pbrtjnuabr tbsm dr rgsdurng frduo`t pgdpag

tdogt`gr jh abrogr bhl kdrg vbrjgl ndkfjhbtjdhs. Bhtjnjpbtgl

bs pbrt di bh bhhuba nynag, t`gsg gvghts nrgbtgl pdtghtjbas

idr t`g rgbajsbtjdh di sdnjba rgabtjdhs t`bt strgtn`gl fgydhl

t`g fduhlbrjgs di jkkgljbtg dr nadsg mjhs`jp.

\rbljtjdhba nynags di bntjvjty basd frduo`t pgdpag jhtd

rdutjhg ndhtbnt wjt` gvjlghng idr t`g pbst t`bt aby fg`jhl

t`gjr bntjdhs bhl, bt tjkgs, idr t`g prgsghng di dt`grs. Idr

gxbkpag, frdwsjho ndhljtjdhs nrgbtgl fy ijrjho wdual `bvg

agit b tbhojfag trbng td fg sggh fy dt`grs. @grg wbs b pabng

t`bt `bl fggh s`bpgl fy dt`grs. _`d wgrg t`gy4 _`bt `bl

t`gy ldhg4 @dw adho `bl t`gy stbygl4 ûn` ndhljtjdhs basdhgglgl td fg kbjhtbjhgl. Nagbrgl abhl nbh rgoghgrbtg jh b

`bhliua di ygbrs bhl gvgh bh bhhuba rduhl wdual frjho

n`bhogs jh t`g p`ysjnba bppgbrbhng di b pbrtjnuabr pabng. Ajm

dt`gr idrks di wddlabhl kbhbogkght, t`g rdutjhg, nynajnba

prdngss di ‐tghljho td abhl' wdual `bvg rgjtgrbtgl t`g tjgs

t`bt fduhl pgdpag bhl pabng (Nrdhdh 2:0>= @gbl 2::<).

\`g rgturh td b nbkp di t`g prgvjdus ygbr jhvdavgl t`g

nagbrbhng di adw ndvgr bhl bh bnqubjhtbhng wjt` t`g trbngs

di pbst bntjvjty. Gvgh adho vbnbtgl nagbrjhos wdual `bvg

fggh rgndohjsbfag bs pabngs wjt` b `jstdry, gvgh ji t`bt

`jstdry `bl fgndkg faurrgl bhl suiiusgl wjt` kyt`. Ditgh

rddtgl jh drba trbljtjdh, t`g sjohjijnbhng t`bt pgdpag bttbn`gl

td pbrtjnuabr brgbs wdual `bvg fggh s`bpgl fy t`gjr

ghnduhtgr wjt` t`gsg trbngs. \`js ‐brn`bgdadojnba' gvjlghng

prdvjlgl nugs idr hbrrbtjvgs t`bt ajhmgl pbst td prgsght bhl

pgdpag td gbn` dt`gr.

_g nbh idaadw t`gsg jlgbs jh t`g gvjlghng di stdhg tdda

bssgkfabogs bhl nbh fgojh wjt` t`g stdhg jtsgai. Jh rbw

kbtgrjba tgrks, Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bssgkfabogs ditgh rgiagnt t`g

ndhsjstght sgagntjdh di oddl qubajty stdhg. \`js js pbrtjnuabray

gvjlght jh brgbs sun` bs t`g Sgbm Ljstrjnt, w`grg b rbhog di

kbtgrjbas wgrg bvbjabfag. @grg, oddl qubajty iajht bhl ijhg

orbjhgl lbrm n`grts ldkjhbtg bssgkfabogs td t`g vjrtuba

gxnausjdh di pddrgr stdhg. _g ditgh gxpabjh t`js tghlghny fy

suoogstjho t`bt kdfjag ordups hggl oddl stdhg fgnbusgkdvgkght jhvdavgs b strgss dh tjkg bhl rgsdurngs (\drrghng

2:0:). Dh dnnbsjdh, wg basd usg rbw kbtgrjba n`brbntgrjsb-

tjdh td tbam jh tgrks di t`g snbag bhl ljrgntjdh di kdfjajty jh

ljiigrght brgbs. _`bt nbh basd fg sbjl js t`bt t`gsg pbttgrhs d

prdnurgkght rgiagnt b ndhsjstght usg di pbrtjnuabr sdurngs dr

sdurng brgbs dvgr oghgrbtjdhs. Jh t`g ndursg di t`gjr ajvgs,

pgdpag fujat up mhdwaglog di w`grg t`g oddl stdhg aby, bhl

232 K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH



di `dw td rgbl b rjvgr fbhm, najii dr trgg-t`rdw jh t`g sgbrn`

idr kdrg kbtgrjba. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, t`gy agbrht di t`g

bhngstrba pbst t`bt aby fg`jhl pbrtjnuabr sdurngs, bhl di t`g

ndhvghtjdhs t`bt lgtgrkjhgl w`d ndual vjsjt bhl wdrm bhl

w`d ndual hdt. Bhl jh t`js wby t`gy basd agbrht bfdut

t`gksgavgs, bhl bfdut t`gjr pabng jh wdral. \`g usg di b

ibkjajbr sdurng rghgwgl t`g oghgbadojnba bhl kyt`jnndhhgntjdhs t`bt fduhl pgdpag td pbrtjnuabr pbrts di t`g

abhlsnbpg bhl td t`gjr mjh. @grg wbs b pabng t`bt `bl bawbys

fggh t`grg, s`bpgl, pgr`bps, fy bhngstdrs. Oghgrbtjdhs fgidrg

`bl ndkg td t`js pabng, bhl t`g kbrms di t`gjr prgsghng wgrg

baa brduhl „ dal `gbrt`s, snbttgrs di stdhg bhl rgoghgrbtgl

trggs. Bs kun` b pbrt di hbturg bs b prdlunt di `jstdry, t`gsg

sdurngs ghlurgl. Dh dnnbsjdh, sgbsdhba vjsjts td sdurngs, bhl

t`g `gbrjho di stdrjgs, kjo`t `bvg fggh uhlgrtbmgh dhay

w`gh b pgrsdh `bl rgbn`gl b ngrtbjh bog. Jt js basd ajmgay t`bt

sdkg sdurng brgbs „ pdnmgts di naby-wjt`-iajhts dr ijhg

orbjhgl n`grt dutnrdps „ wgrg vjsjtgl fy fdt` mjh bhl rgabtjvg

strbhogrs. Whlgr t`gsg njrnukstbhngs, t`g hgodtjbtjdh di

bnngss bhl dt`gr, kdrg n`bhng, ghnduhtgrs nrgbtgl b kgljukt`rduo` w`jn` rgabtjdhs fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs wgrg rghgwgl

bhl rgwdrmgl dvgr tjkg.

Jt kby `bvg fggh uhlgr ndhljtjdhs sun` bs t`gsg t`bt t`g

ljstjhntjvg n`grt di t`g Jsag di Sdrtabhl wbs nbrrjgl jhtd

Nghtrba bhl _gstgrh Ghoabhl (Frblagy 2:0<= Lbrvjaa 2:0?).

Yjsjts td t`gsg adho mhdwh dutnrdps kby `bvg fggh sjohba

gvghts w`grg kbhy kgt, bhl w`grg t`g frdblgr dutajhgs di

t`g sdnjba abhlsnbpg wgrg frduo`t jhtd s`brpgr rgajgi.

@dwgvgr, t`g brn`bgdadojnba ljstrjfutjdh di t`js kbtgrjba kby

basd rgiagnt t`g pbssbog di stdhg fgtwggh pgdpag. Eust bs

kbhy trbhn`gt bxgs wgrg ljstrjfutgl bwby irdk t`g n`bam

w`grg t`gy wgrg kblg, sd ndrgs bhl gvgh rbw kbtgrjbas

kby `bvg kdvgl fgtwggh, bs wgaa bs wjt`, ndkkuhjtjgs

(Nbrg 2:?:= 2:06). ûn` trbhsbntjdhs kby `bvg ditgh `bl b

prbokbtjn bspgnt. Fut pgrsjstght trbljho pbrthgrs`jps nrgbtgl

abstjho fdhls fgtwggh ordups. Dt`gr gxn`bhogs wgrg nrunjba

idr t`g rgprdluntjdh di tjgs di mjhs`jp, biijajbtjdh bhl gvgh

dfajobtjdh. _`grg gxn`bhog wbs basd kgbhs di jhiajntjho

lgft, t`g prbntjng di ‐mggpjho w`jag ojvjho‚ (_gjhgr 2::6)

pabygl bh jkpdrtbht rdag jh rgprdlunjho rgabtjdhs fgtwggh

mjh ordups bhl fgtwggh galgrs bhl t`gjr sufdrljhbtgs.

Iurt`gr lgtbjas di Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bssgkfabogs diigr naugs

bs td t`g wbys jh w`jn` t`g prbntjnba bhl t`g sdnjba wgrg

jhtgrwdvgh. Bakdst fy lgijhjtjdh, bssgkfabogs ljspaby b

ndhsjstght gkp`bsjs updh t`g ndhtrdaagl wdrmjho di skbaafablg ndrgs bhl t`g nrgbtjdh bhl usg di skbaa, ‐ogdkgtrjn',

kjnrdajt`s (Ebndfj 2:?9= Sjtts/Ebndfj 2:?:). \`gsg wgrg ditgh

t`g prdlunts di bnnustdkgl `bhls. _`jag t`g rgtdun`jho di b

kjnrdajt` js sjkpag jh jtsgai, jt js b tbsm t`bt ndkgs bt t`g ghl

di b ndkpagx bhl pdtghtjbaay vbrjgl n`bjh di dpgrbtjdhs t`bt

fgojhs wjt` t`g sgagntjdh di stdhg. Sabtidrks hggl td fg

prgpbrgl bhl kbjhtbjhgl, bhl iabmjho ditgh rgqujrgs

prgnjsjdh, bhtjnjpbtjdh bhl b sykpbt`y fgtwggh `bhl bhl

stdhg. @dkdoghdus rbw kbtgrjbas aghl t`gksgavgs td t`js

wby di wdrmjho, bhl t`js js dhg rgbsdh w`y wg sgg

ndhsjlgrgl pbttgrhs di sgagntjdh bhl prdnurgkght.

@grg bobjh, wg `bvg tghlgl td gxpabjh t`gsg n`brbntgrjstjns

bs b iuhntjdh di kdfjajty. Jh njrnukstbhngs w`grg pgdpag

kdvg dh b rdutjhg fbsjs, trbljtjdhs di wdrmjho w`jn` ibvdur pdrtbfjajty bppgbr td ndhigr ngrtbjh blvbhtbogs. Fy t`g sbkg

adojn, kjnrdajt`s brg tbmgh td rgiagnt bh giijnjght wby di usjho

stdhg, bhl, fgnbusg di `jo` ndkpdhght rgluhlbhny, b adw

rjsm strbtgoy jh ‐ogbrjho up' idr ùhtjho trjps. Bs Hyrgg

Ijhaby `bs hdtgl, t`js sdrt di gxpabhbtjdh fgtrbys sdkgt`jho

di b ‐fdys bhl brrdws' fjbs, pabyjho ldwh t`g usg di

kjnrdajt`s jh b kun` wjlgr rbhog di tbsms (Ijhaby pgrs

ndkk). _`bt jt basd pabys ldwh js t`g jlgb t`bt t`gsg

pbrtjnuabr wbys di wdrmjho bhl usjho stdhg wgrg kgs`gl jhtd

dt`gr ndhngrhs. \`gsg trbljtjdhs ghlurgl idr kbhy

oghgrbtjdhs bhl brn`bgdadojnbaay, t`gy strgtn` bnrdss abrog

pbrts di t`g nduhtry. \`gy rgiagnt t`g pgrsjstghng di spgnjijn

idrks di mhdwaglog bhl tgn`hjqug „ pbrtjnuabr wbys di wdrmjho bkdhost kbhy batgrhbtjvgs. \`js suoogsts t`bt t`g

bnt di wdrmjho wbs jtsgai bh dfegnt di ljsndursg „ b kgljuk

t`rduo` w`jn` jlgbs bfdut jlghtjty bhl ndkkuhjty wgrg

bllrgssgl.

\`js jlgb js hdt ghtjrgay drjojhba. Idr sdkg, rgojdhba

ljiigrghngs jh kjnrdajt` typdadojgs `bvg fggh tbmgh bs

gvjlghng t`bt t`gsg jtgks wgrg lrbwh updh td sjohba ordup

jlghtjty td dt`grs. Nbrrjgl bhl usgl jh sgbsdhba rdutjhgs,

t`gsg tdda ndkpdhghts prdvjlgl b p`ysjnba gxprgssjdh di

ljstjhntjdhs fgtwggh pgdpag bt b rgabtjvgay frdbl sdnjba snbag.

\`js broukght `bs jts bttrbntjdhs. Fut jt kby fg t`bt wg `bvg

kjssgl fdt` t`g t`gkgs t`bt t`gsg jtgks bllrgssgl bhl t`g

pbrtjnuabr kbhhgr jh w`jn` t`js prdngss dpgrbtgl. \d fgojh

wjt`, t`gsg rgojdhba trbljtjdhs brg kdrg t`bh b ajttag faurrgl.

_g ndual gxpabjh t`js bwby bs b prdlunt di tjkg lgpt`.

Fut t`js faurrjho kby bntubaay jhljnbtg t`bt t`g fduhlbrjgs di

ljiigrght sdnjba trbljtjdhs wgrg ibr irdk stbtjn. \`gy kby

`bvg s`jitgl fbnm bhl idrt` t`rduo` pbttgrhs di gxdobkdus

kbrrjbog, t`rduo` t`g hgodtjbtjdh di vbrjgl sdnjba

rgabtjdhs`jps, bhl bs b rgsuat di n`bhogs jh t`g idrtuhgs di

ljiigrght oghgrbtjdhs di mjh. Jh blljtjdh, jt js uhajmgay t`bt

ljiigrghngs jh t`g trjkkjho di tjhy fablgagts prdvjlgl b

kgljuk idr gxpajnjt gxprgssjdhs di ordup jlghtjty,

pbrtjnuabray sjhng t`gy wgrg kduhtgl, bhl kdrg dr agss

`jllgh, jh ndkpdsjtg tddas. Jhstgbl, ‐rgojdhba' kjnrdajt`trbljtjdhs kby rgiagnt b kdrg tbnjt ndhsghsus, sustbjhgl dvgr

tjkg, rgobrljho t`g nustdkbry kbhhgr jh w`jn` sun`

brtgibnts wgrg td fg kblg. Kun` t`g sbkg kjo`t fg sbjl di

t`g strunturgl rdutjhgs di iabmjho fduhl up jh t`g nrgbtjdh

bhl wdrmjho di fablg ndrgs t`gksgavgs.

_`bt t`gkgs wgrg sustbjhgl fy t`gsg trbljtjdhs4 Frdbl

sjkjabrjtjgs jh wbys di wdrmjho kby `bvg diigrgl qujgt




ndhijrkbtjdh di t`g tjgs t`bt strgtn`gl fgtwggh ljiigrght

ordups. Fut mhdwaglog di pbrtjnuabr rdutjhgs wdual `bvg

fggh bnqujrgl t`rduo` dfsgrvbtjdh bhl prbntjng bt b rgabtjvgay

adnba snbag. Agbrhjho wdual `bvg rgqujrgl jhstruntjdh, bhl

irdk t`bt prdngss wdual `bvg ndkg b adnbajsgl sghsg di

pdsjtjdh bhl, pgr`bps, di prdorgssjdh bnrdss t`g t`rgs`dals

t`bt lgijhgl ljiigrght stbogs jh t`g ajig di b pgrsdh. Jh dt`gr wdrls, t`g bnqujsjtjdh di tgn`hjnba mhdw-`dw kby `bvg fggh

mgygl jhtd t`g rgprdluntjdh di qujtg fbsjn sdnjba nbtgodrjgs,

irdk nadsg mjhs`jp td ljstjhntjdhs di bog bhl oghlgr. Lurjho

t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn, t`g wdrmjho di ndrgs bhl t`g prdluntjdh

bhl usg di kjnrdajt`s kby `bvg fggh jkpdrtbht kgljb

t`rduo` w`jn` t`gsg ibngts di b pgrsdh's jlghtjty wgrg ojvgh

gxprgssjdh.

\`gsg dfsgrvbtjdhs kby hdt tbmg us vgry ibr. @dwgvgr,

t`gy ld suoogst t`bt t`g abhlsnbpg wbs bargbly jhsnrjfgl wjt`

sdnjba bhl `jstdrjnba sjohjijnbhng prjdr td w`bt wg nbaa t`g

Hgdajt`jn. \`g abhl bhl jts rgsdurngs `bl tbmgh dh ndkpagx

bssdnjbtjdhs wjt` pbrtjnuabr ordups di pgdpag, bhl hgtwdrms

di ndhtbnt bhl ndkkuhjnbtjdh nut fbnm bhl idrt` bnrdssrgojdhs. Bs rgabtjdhs wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh mjh ordups s`jitgl

dvgr tjkg, sd t`dsg bssdnjbtjdhs bhl hgtwdrms wgrg

t`gksgavgs rgwdrmgl. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, pbrtjnuabr trbljtjdhs

di prdnurjho bhl wdrmjho stdhg sggk td `bvg fggh s`bpgl bs

kun` fy ndhngpts di jlghtjty bhl ndkkuhjty bs fy prbntjnba

lgkbhl. \jgs di dfajobtjdh bhl biijajbtjdh wgrg rgwdrmgl

t`rduo` t`g gxn`bhog di trbhn`gt bxgs bhl pgr`bps dt`gr

kbtgrjbas. Nustdkbry pbttgrhs di sdurng usg `gapgl sustbjh

nadsg mjhs`jp bhl bh biijhjty wjt` pbrtjnuabr pabngs. Bhl ndrg

wdrmjho jtsgai ndhtrjfutgl td t`g rgprdluntjdh di fbsjn sdnjba

nbtgodrjgs. Jt js bobjhst t`js vbrjgl fbnmorduhl t`bt wg nbh

turh td t`g tbsmsnbpgs di t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn, bhl td t`g jlgb

t`bt t`g trbhsjtjdh jhvdavgl fdt` ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog jh t`g

n`brbntgr di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng.

_g nbh fgojh wjt` t`g gvjlghng di ndhtjhujtjgs jh t`g

frdbl pbttgrh di pgdpag's lbjay bhl sgbsdhba ajvgs. ^d ibr bs

wg nbh tgaa, kun` di ^dut`grh Frjtbjh sbw dhay ajkjtgl

wddlabhl nagbrbhng bt t`js tjkg, wjt` kbhy sjtgs gstbfajs`gl

jh nagbrjhos dr dh t`g kbrojhs di wddlabhl. Bnrdss vbaagys

bhl upabhls, t`g abhl tddm t`g idrk di b vbrjgl bhl s`jitjho

pbtn`wdrm. Vbt`gr t`bh b trbljtjdh di kjxgl borjnuaturg wjt`

baa t`bt t`js ghtbjas, ndkkuhjtjgs idaadwgl rdutjhgs di b

ljiigrght n`brbntgr, t`gjr pbttgrh sdkgtjkgs vbryjho irdk dhg

rgojdh td bhdt`gr. _`grg prbntjngl, nuatjvbtjdh oghgrbaay tddm

t`g idrk di ‐obrlgh padt' `drtjnuaturg, bhl t`js wbs ditgh bhbleuhnt td t`g ùsfbhlry di bhjkbas bhl t`g ùhtjho bhl

ndaagntjho di wjal rgsdurngs fy skbaa ordups. Kdrg ditgh

t`bh hdt, t`dsg ordups prdfbfay ndkprjsgl nadsg mjh. Bs jh

t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn, baa t`bt ditgh rgkbjhs di t`g sgttagkghts

bhl nbkps di t`g gbray idurt` kjaaghjuk brg suribng snbttgrs

t`bt vbry jh t`gjr snbag, adnbtjdh bhl jhtgrhba n`brbntgrjstjns.

_`grg gxnbvbtgl, igw prdlung igbturgs jhljnbtjvg di

sufstbhtjba strunturgs, bhl jt js ndkkdh td ijhl sjtgs lgijhgl

fy t`g prgsghng di b igw fdwa-s`bpgl pjts. Kbhy di t`gsg

pjts s`dw sjohs di purpdsjvg ijaajho, jhvdavjho t`g nbrgiua

lgpdsjtjdh di pdttgry, tddas, kjllgh kbtgrjba bhl, dh

dnnbsjdh, irbokghts di pgdpag (\`dkbs 2::3). Hd lduft

dt`gr sjtgs rgkbjh td fg ljsndvgrgl, jh t`g fdttdk di rjvgr

vbaagys dr fghgbt` pgbt dr `jaawbs`. _g kust basd baadw t`btstbmg `dags bhl dt`gr s`baadw igbturgs `bvg fggh adst jh

kbhy nbsgs. Hgvgrt`gagss, kbhy di dur snbttgrs ijt uhgbsjay

wjt`jh b kdlga di kjxgl borjnuaturg bhl stbfag rgsjlghng.

\`gy vbry ndhsjlgrbfay bhl jt js t`js vbrjbfjajty t`bt wg hggl

td bnmhdwaglog.

^dkg snbttgrs brg skbaa jhlggl. Jlghtjijgl t`rduo`

ijgalwbamjho, t`gy nbh fg hd kdrg t`bh twghty dr t`jrty

kgtrgs jh ljbkgtgr, ndkprjsjho ndrgs bhl wbstg, ghlsnrbpgrs

fablgs bhl hbrrdw iabmgs. Bh Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn prgsghng nbh

gvgh fg kbrmgl fy hd kdrg t`bh dhg dr twd tddas „ ditgh t`g

agbi-s`bpgl brrdw`gbls t`bt bppgbr bt t`js tjkg. Ljstrjfutjdhs

sun` bs t`gsg rgiagnt t`g ajkjtgl bhl spdrbljn usg di

pbrtjnuabr adnbtjdhs5 skbaa nbkps gstbfajs`gl idr b sgbsdh, drpabngs t`rduo` w`jn` pgdpag pbssgl. Dt`gr snbttgrs ljspaby

ljiigrght n`brbntgrjstjns. ^dkg tbmg t`g idrk di kdrg

gxtghsjvg sprgbls, t`gjr ljstrjfutjdh fgjho baa t`bt survjvgs di

sgttagkghts ndkprjsjho dhg dr twd strunturgs t`bt pgrsjstgl

idr pgr`bps b oghgrbtjdh. Jh sgttjhos sun` bs t`gsg, t`g rbhog

di brtgibnts nbh basd fg gxtghlgl. Ndrgs bhl wbstg dnnur

wjt` furht iajht, snrbpgrs, sgrrbtgl iabmgs bhl dt`gr rgtdun`gl

pjgngs „ b rbhog t`bt suoogsts b wjlg brrby di tbsms bhl b

sghsg di lurbtjdh (Idrl 2:0?= Obrljhgr 2:0<= @daobtg 2:00=

Vjn`brls 2::3= _ddlwbrl 2::3). ^dkgtjkgs t`g wbstg jtsga

wjaa jhljnbtg spgnjijn bnts= t`g t`jhhjho, s`bpjho bhl

kbjhtghbhng di bxgs dr blzgs, t`g wdrmjho di ndrgs, dr t`g

ibs`jdhjho di brrdw`gbls bhl aburga agbvgs.

Dt`gr snbttgrs brg abrogr stjaa. Bt pabngs ajmg Frddkg @gbt`

jh Hdridam dr \bttgrs`baa \`drpg jh Ajhndahs`jrg, gxnbvbtjdh

`bs rgvgbagl gvjlghng idr kdrg gxtghsjvg naustgrs di pjts,

stbmgs `dags bhl dt`gr igbturgs, bhl b ndrrgspdhljhoay abrogr

vdaukg di wdrmgl stdhg (Frblagy gt ba. 2::>=

_bjhwrjo`t/Adhowdrt` 2:?6). ^jkjabray, badho t`g ^hbja

Ybaagy jh Nbkfrjlogs`jrg, survgy `bs jlghtjijgl bh gxtghsjvg

ygt ljsndhtjhudus sprgbl di Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn tddas bhl wbstg

Gn`djho pbttgrhs sggh gasgw`grg, t`g sprgbls di kbtgrjba

badho t`js vbaagy sggk td idaadw t`g pbt` di b hdw rgajnt rjvg

n`bhhga, `jllgh uhtja rgnghtay fy b fabhmgt di grdljho pgbt.

\`gsg abrogr snbttgrs nbh fg jhtgrprgtgl jh b hukfgr di wbys.Dh t`g dhg `bhl, t`g snbag di b ‐sjtg' kby rgiagnt t`g

gxjstghng di b sgttagkght t`bt ndkprjsgl b `bhliua di

gxtghlgl ibkjajgs. Batgrhbtjvgay, t`g ljstrjfutjdh di igbturgs

bhl brtgibnts kby fg b prdlunt di tjkg lgpt`5 \`gsg kby

`bvg fggh pabngs td w`jn` pgdpag rgturhgl, gbn` p`bsg di

dnnupbtjdh blljho td t`g sghsg di bttbn`kght t`bt jt `gal idr

bh gxtghlgl ibkjay.

23> K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH



Iduhl jh b vbrjgty di sgttjhos, irdk rjvgr vbaagys, ighs bhl

ndbsts td kdlgrh ldwhs bhl kddrs, pbttgrhs wjt`jh bhl

fgtwggh Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn snbttgrs jhvjtg sgvgrba jhtgrprgtb-

tjdhs. Dh t`g dhg `bhl, t`gy prdkpt t`g suoogstjdh t`bt

kbhy ndkkuhjtjgs rgtbjhgl b kgbsurg di kdfjajty. Vbt`gr

t`bh fgjho pgrkbhghtay ijxgl td b spgnjijn adnbtjdh, pgdpag

idaadwgl rdutjhgs w`jn` ditgh tddm t`gk fgtwggh upabhlsbhl adwabhls bhl fgtwggh ljiigrght pabngs (Fbrhbtt 2::9).

Kbhy prbntjngl w`bt wbs jh gssghng, b adho ibaadw systgk

badhosjlg t`g `grljho di stdnm, bhl t`js kgbht t`bt

dnnupbtjdh ndual s`jit dh b sgbsdhba fbsjs bhl bt t`g tjkg

snbag di oghgrbtjdhs. Ljiigrghngs jh t`g snbag bhl

ndkpdsjtjdh di snbttgrs basd pdjht td vbrjbtjdhs jh t`g rdaa nbaa

di ljiigrght pabngs5 s`drt tgrk nbkps idr b `bhliua di

pgdpag= sgttagkghts dnnupjgl fy bh gxtghlgl ibkjay, bhl

pabngs w`grg ibkjajgs obt`grgl, pgr`bps idr b sgbsdh, pgr`bps

idr b oghgrbtjdh dr kdrg. Fgydhl t`gsg pabngs ajg t`g

pbajkpsgsts di kbtgrjba nrgbtgl bt sdkg di t`g ijgal

kdhukghts t`bt gkgrogl lurjho t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn „

tdkfs, prdkjhght stdhg sdurngs bhl ngrgkdhjba ghnadsurgst`bt wgrg vjsjtgl pgrjdljnbaay.

_g s`baa rgturh td t`gsg pabngs abtgr dh, fut ijrst wg s`dual

bnmhdwaglog t`bt kbhy di t`gsg n`brbntgrjstjns rgnbaa t`g

frdbl pbttgrhs jlghtjijgl bnrdss Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn abhlsnbpgs.

@grg tdd, jt sggks t`bt t`g strunturg di lbjay bhl sgbsdhba

gxpgrjghng frduo`t pgdpag td ljiigrght pabngs bhl jhtd

ljiigrght ndkfjhbtjdhs. \`js nrgbtgl t`g pdtghtjba idr t`g

rgprdluntjdh di rgabtjdhs wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs di

nadsg mjh. Bhl bobjh, wg kust baadw t`bt t`g vbrjgl

pbtn`wdrm di wddlabhls, nagbrgl orduhl bhl pbt`s prdvjlgl

gvjlghng idr t`g pbst bhl prgsght drlgr di t`g sdnjba

abhlsnbpg (Odw 2::7= Mb`h 2::3= Munàgr 2::>). \`gsg

pbrbaagas objh orgbtgr lgpt` w`gh wg rgndohjsg t`bt rdutjhgs

di kdvgkght bhl bntjdh frduo`t pgdpag td pabngs t`bt `bl b

adho bhngstry. ^nbttgrs ndhtbjhjho fdt` Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bhl

Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba `bvg fggh jlghtjijgl jh kbhy brgbs.

Jh sdkg nbsgs, t`g dvgrabp js kbrmgl fy hd kdrg t`bh b

`bhliua di tddas. Jh dt`grs, jt js gvjlghngl fy t`g pabnjho di b

tdkf dh b nbkp gstbfajs`gl adho fgidrg (Mjhhgs 2::6=

^bvjaag 2::3). Sbttgrhs di rbw kbtgrjba sgagntjdh jh b hukfgr

di rgojdhs basd rgkbjhgl rgabtjvgay uhn`bhogl. Ndkkuhjtjgs

idaadwgl adho-stbhljho trbljtjdhs di sgagntjdh t`bt frduo`t

t`gk fbnm bobjh bhl bobjh td pbrtjnuabr sdurngs „ td fgbn`

najiis, rjvgrs, dutnrdps bhl pdnmgts di oddl iajht.

\`gsg bppbrght ndhtjhujtjgs ijhl gn`dgs jh trbljtjdhs di stdhgwdrmjho t`gksgavgs. Kjnrdajt`s bppgbr td `bvg ibaagh

dut di usg fy t`g ghl di t`g ijit` kjaaghhjuk FN, fut

pbttgrhs di ndrg wdrmjho jh t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn ljspaby b

pgrsjstght ndhngrh wjt` t`g prdluntjdh di fablgs bhl hbrrdw

iabmgs. \`js tdd `bs fggh tbmgh bs gvjlghng idr t`g ndhtjhugl

jkpdrtbhng di rdutjhg pbttgrhs di kdfjajty bkdhost Gbrajgr

Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs (Frblagy 2:0?= Glkdhls 2:0?). J ld

hdt wjs` td n`baaghog t`js broukght `grg. ^jkjabrjtjgs jh rbw

kbtgrjba sgagntjdh bhl jh ndrg wdrmjho trbljtjdhs fgtwggh t`g

twd pgrjdls ld suoogst frdbl ndhtjhujtjgs jh t`g pbttgrh di

pgdpag's ajvgs. @dwgvgr, nadsg jhspgntjdh suoogsts t`bt wg

nbhhdt bawbys ndkpbrg ajmg wjt` ajmg. \dogt`gr wjt` t`g

ljsbppgbrbhng di kjnrdajt`s, trbljtjdhs di ndrg wdrmjho ld

ljspaby sdkg n`bhogs bhl t`gsg brg hd agss jkpdrtbht. Idr gxbkpag, t`g jhvghtdrjgs di stdhgwdrmjho wbstg jh Gbrajgr

Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs nbh fg qujtg vbrjgl. ^dkgtjkgs t`js

rgiagnts t`g prdluntjdh di ljiigrght nabssgs di brtgibnt, sun` bs

t`dsg t`bt rgqujrgl pbttgrhs di fjibnjba wdrmjho (Furtdh

2:03). Jh dt`gr nbsgs, t`grg js b orgbtgr lgorgg di vbrjbfjajty

wjt`jh t`g prdlunts bhl fy-prdlunts di ndrg wdrmjho jtsgai.

Kbhy sjhoag bhl dppdsgl pabtidrk ndrgs wgrg nbrgiuaay

wdrmgl td prdlung hbrrdw iabmgs bhl fablgs. Fut sjzg rbhogs

brg wjlgr t`bh fgidrg, bhl iabmg kdrp`dadoy b ajttag kdrg

jrrgouabr (Sjtts/Ebndfj 2:?:). Lgspjtg sjkjabrjtjgs jh t`g ghl

prdlunt, t`g mhbppjho rdutjhgs t`bt prdlungl kbhy iabmgs

bhl fablgs jh t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn wgrg hdt bs tjo`tay

strunturgl bs t`gy `bl fggh jh t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn. \`gsgrbt`gr suftag n`bhogs jh ndrg tgn`hdadoy brg ljiijnuat td

uhlgrstbhl. @dwgvgr, t`gy kby rgiagnt b orbluba s`jit di

gkp`bsjs bwby irdk ndrg wdrmjho, bhl pgr`bps t`g nrgbtjdh

bhl usg di kjnrdajt`s, bs kgljb t`rduo` w`jn` fbsjn ndhngpts

di sdnjba jlghtjty wgrg nbrrjgl idrwbrl.

_`bt ndhljtjdhs obvg rjsg td t`gsg n`bhogs4 Dhg rgspdhsg

wdual fg td tbmg lgvgadpkghts jh stdhgwdrmjho, ajmg t`g ijrst

bppgbrbhng di pdttgry, pdajs`gl tddas bhl kdhukghts, bs fy-

prdlunts di b lrbkbtjn gndhdkjn trbhsidrkbtjdh. Zgt kbhy

igbturgs di t`g tbsmsnbpg sggk td `bvg rgkbjhgl rgabtjvgay

stbfag bnrdss t`g trbhsjtjdh. Bs bh batgrhbtjvg, wg kjo`t

idaadw t`g broukght t`bt t`gsg n`bhogs rgprgsght t`g

jhtrdluntjdh di hgw wbys di t`jhmjho bfdut t`g sgai bhl

bfdut sdnjgty (@dllgr 2::3= \`dkbs 2:00). \`js `bs jts

bttrbntjdhs. Fut wg bntubaay sby vgry ajttag sd adho bs wg paby

ldwh twd jssugs. Ijrst, jlgbs bfdut ‐fgjho Hgdajt`jn‚ ljl hdt

sjkpay iadbt jh t`g gt`gr. \`gy wgrg orduhlgl jh kbtgrjba

trbljtjdhs, sdkg di w`jn` `bl b adho bhl ndkpagx bhngstry.

^gndhl, t`g Hgdajt`jn wbs hdt b tjo`tay lrbwh dr uhjtbry

jlgdadojnba pbnmbog bhy kdrg t`bh jt wbs b sjkpag gndhdkjn

trbhsidrkbtjdh. Jh dt`gr wdrls, jt kby fg uhwjsg td tbam jh

tgrks di b sjhoag wby di t`jhmjho dr b hgw, sjhouabr,

lgijhjtjdh di nuaturg bhl hbturg. \`gsg brg dvgray sjkpag

rbtjdhbajsbtjdhs di b ibr kdrg ndkpagx prdngss t`bt vbrjgl

irdk dhg pabng bhl tjkg td bhdt`gr. Vbt`gr t`bh idaadw t`btajhg, wg s`dual baadw t`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn ndhsjstgl di b sgrjgs

di gagkghts, lrbwh updh jh ljiigrght wbys uhlgr ljiigrght

`jstdrjnba bhl kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs. Jt wbs hdt t`g sbkg t`jho

irdk dhg pabng dr tjkg td bhdt`gr (sgg Fbrrgtt t`js vdaukg=

Saunnjghjm jh prgss= \`dkbs 2::9= _`jttag 2::9= Uvgagfja

jh prgss). Jh t`g ibng di tghsjdhs wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh

ndkkuhjtjgs, qugstjdhs di bnngss, tghurg, stbhljho dr rghdwh




wgrg bllrgssgl wjt` rgigrghng td hgw jlgbs bhl hgw

rgsdurngs. \`g nrgbtjdh di bhngstrba `dusgs, t`g `grljho di

nbttag, t`g prdluntjdh bhl ndhsukptjdh di pdttgry bhl

pdajs`gl stdhg tddas5 Gbn` prdvjlgl hgw pdtghtjbas idr t`g

rgprdluntjdh di ndhngpts di jlghtjty, ndkkuhjty bhl

but`drjty.

Vgsdavjho jtsgai dvgr sgvgrba nghturjgs bhl jh ljiigrghtwbys irdk dhg rgojdh td bhdt`gr, t`js prdngss frduo`t wjt` jt

ndhsgqughngs idr t`g tbsmsnbpg t`bt wgrg hd agss prdiduhl

idr fgjho uhidrsggh. Nbttag, idr gxbkpag, `bl bh jkpbnt t`bt

wght ibr fgydhl t`gjr vbaug bs b sdurng di prdtgjh. @bvjho

`grls nrgbtgl hgw kgljb idr t`g gxprgssjdh di jlghtjty bhl

t`g hgodtjbtjdh di stbhljho. Nbttag ndual fg dwhgl bhl

gxn`bhogl jh hdvga wbys, bhl t`js jhtrdlungl b hgw lyhbkjn

jhtd rgabtjdhs t`bt strgtn`gl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs. \`gy basd

prdvjlgl b rjn` hgw sdurng di kgtbp`drs= t`g ndhstjtutjdh di

`grls diigrjho nugs idr pgdpag's uhlgrstbhljhos di t`gjr pabng

jh t`g sdnjba abhlsnbpg. Jhnausjdh di nbttag fdhgs jh ngrtbjh

tdkfs basd suoogsts t`bt t`gy kby `bvg sdkgtjkgs `bl t`g

nbpbnjty td stbhl idr pbrtjnuabr qubajtjgs di pgdpag. Bt t`gsbkg tjkg, t`g r`yt`ks di `grljho frduo`t wjt` t`gk hgw

pbttgrhs di kdvgkght bhl hgw prbntjngs t`rduo` w`jn` td

lrbw ljstjhntjdhs sun` bs t`dsg t`bt sgpbrbtgl t`g yduho bhl

t`g dal. \`g sgbsdhba rduhl nbrrjgl pgdpag td bhl irdk t`g

abhl di t`gjr fjrt`, t`gjr iggt jh stgp wjt` t`g `ddvgs di t`gjr

skbaa `grls. Hd lduft t`gsg edurhgys wgrg ditgh kblg fy baa,

fut t`grg wdual `bvg fggh euhnturgs bt w`jn` trjps td

pbsturgs wgrg kblg fy dhay b igw.

_jt` nbttag basd nbkg t`g ndhsdajlbtjdh di pbt`wbys, t`g

pgrsjstghng di orbssabhls bhl hgw tghsjdhs fgtwggh

ndkkuhjtjgs. Rugstjdhs di bnngss bhl tghurg rgkbjhgl

jkpdrtbht. Fut t`g suftag rgwdrmjho di t`g abhl t`bt nbttag

ghtbjagl wdual `bvg ghoghlgrgl nabjk, nduhtgr nabjk, bhl

dh dnnbsjdh, pgr`bps gvgh rustajho. Bhl nbttag, ajmg dt`gr

ldkgstjnbtgs, ghndurbogl t`g rglgijhjtjdh di bttjtulgs

tdwbrls t`g hbturba wdral (@dllgr 2::3). Jt kby `bvg fggh

t`g pdtghtjbas diigrgl fy t`g dwhgrs`jp bhl `grljho di nbttag

t`bt ndhtrjfutgl td n`bhogs jh stdhgwdrmjho trbljtjdhs.

\rbljtjdhba bttjtulgs bhl wbys di wdrmjho wgrg iurt`gr

grdlgl fy jkpdrtbht n`bhogs jh t`g jhvghtdrjgs di Gbrajgr

Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs. Agbi s`bpgl brrdw`gbls bhl sjnmags

suoogst b ndhngrh wjt` ùhtjho, `brvgstjho bhl pgr`bps

ijo`tjho, `dwgvgr orblgl bhl rjtubajsgl t`g abttgr kby `bvg

fggh (Glkdhls/\`dkbs 2:0?). Fut ajmg aburga agbvgs, t`gy

basd fgtrby bh jhnrgbsgl ndhngrh wjt` t`g gxgnutjdh di nbrgiua pbttgrhs di fjibnjba wdrmjho, prgssurg iabmjho bhl

jhvbsjvg rgtdun` t`bt ditgh wght ibr fgydhl t`g sbtjsibntjdh

di prbntjnba rgqujrgkghts. \`g prdluntjdh bhl t`g usg di

t`gsg tddas kby `bvg gkgrogl bs hgw kgljb idr t`g

lgijhjtjdh di pgdpag.

Fgydhl t`gsg jtgks, t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn basd sbw t`g

gkgroghng di ljsnrgtg bhl ditgh prdkjhght sdurngs „ iajht

kjhgs bhl upabhl stdhg qubrrjgs t`bt sbw b ljstjhnt bhl

sustbjhgl gkp`bsjs updh bxg prdluntjdh. Ditgh sgt bpbrt

irdk sgttagkght, kbhy wgrg gstbfajs`gl jh nagbrjhos dr bfdvg

t`g trggajhg, t`gjr gxpadjtbtjdh tbmjho t`g idrk di pgrjdljn

vjsjts fy skbaa ordups. ^dkgtjkgs t`gsg vjsjts wght jh stgp

wjt` t`g kdvgkght di nbttag. Bs wjt` sdkg gbrajgr sdurngs,

t`gsg wgrg pabngs bhl tjkgs bt w`jn` kgkfgrs di ljiigrghtmjh ordups kjo`t bhtjnjpbtg kggtjho. S`ysjnbaay kbrojhba td

ibkjajbr sgttagkghts, t`gy kby `bvg basd fggh sdnjbaay

ajkjhba, t`gjr usg `gapjho td strunturg fbsjn ndhngpts di

jlghtjty t`bt `bl dhng fggh sustbjhgl jh dt`gr wbys. Bs

Ygrhb Nbrg `bs pdjhtgl dut, iabmgl bxgs wgrg bargbly fgjho

prdlungl bhl pgr`bps njrnuabtgl fgtwggh pgdpag lurjho t`g

Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn (Nbrg 2:?:). \`js sggks td suoogst b

kgbsurg di ndhtjhujty jh b spgnjijn brgb di sdnjba prbntjng=

iurt`gr suppdrt prdvjlgl fy t`g ibnt t`bt b igw orduhl stdhg

bxgs `bvg fggh rgndvgrgl jh Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn ndhtgxts

(Lbvjl 2:0:). @dwgvgr, wg s`dual hdt paby ldwh t`g

n`bhog jh prbntjng dnnbsjdhgl fy t`g lgvgadpkght di kbedr

kjhgs bhl qubrrjgs. \`gsg wgrg kdhukghts eust bs kun` bst`g ijrst tdkfs bhl ngrgkdhjba ghnadsurgs. \`dsg pgrkjttgl

td wdrm bt t`gsg sjtgs bt ngrtbjh tjkgs luo hdt eust idr stdhg,

fut idr tdmghs di t`gjr jlghtjty. Jhlggl, t`g vgry bnt di

sjhmjho b s`bit dr najkfjho td b prgnjpjtdus najii ibng wbs

jtsgai b kgljuk t`rduo` w`jn` t`gsg t`gkgs wgrg nbrrjgl

idrwbrl. Bhl bs pgdpag wdrmgl bhl agbrhgl jh vbrjgl

ndkfjhbtjdhs, t`gy sbt bkdho t`g snbrs di dal s`bits bhl

wdrmjho ibngs „ tgstbkghts td t`g oghgbadojnba bhl bhngstrba

pbst t`bt aby fg`jhl t`gjr bntjdhs (Glkdhls 2::9).

_jt` tjkg, vjsjts td sdurngs kby `bvg n`bhogl jh t`gjr

sjohjijnbhng. Brtgibnts t`bt ndual fg lrbwh updh bs tdmghs di

jlghtjty wgrg basd njrnuabtgl bs tdmghs di vbaug. Vjn` jh

fjdorbp`jnba bssdnjbtjdhs, t`g `jstdrjgs di t`gsg tddas wgrg

gkfgaajs`gl bs t`gy pbssgl irdk `bhl td `bhl, bhl gvgh

irdk dhg oghgrbtjdh td bhdt`gr. Nbrrjgl, usgl bhl ljspabygl,

t`gy sgrvgl bs rgkjhlgrs di t`g stbhljho di ngrtbjh pgdpag,

bhl t`gjr pabng wjt`jh hgtwdrms di mjhs`jp bhl dfajobtjdh.

Bhl bs gxn`bhog wbs jhnrgbsjhoay lrbwh updh jh t`g

hgodtjbtjdh di t`dsg hgtwdrms, sd t`g sjohjijnbhng bnndrlgl

td prdnurgkght bhl prdluntjdh wjt`jh pbrtjnuabr rgojdhs

orblubaay n`bhogl (Frblagy/Glkdhls 2::>). Bnngss td

sdurngs fgnbkg b kdrg `joày n`brogl ljsndursg „ bh brghb

jh w`jn` rgabtjdhs fgtwggh ordups wgrg bntjvgay hgodtjbtgl.

Srdkjhght kduhtbjhs dr `jaasjlgs objhgl b pbtjhb di kyt`

bhl gvgh lbhogr, bhl wdrmjho kby `bvg tbmgh dh bllglqubajtjgs bs bh gvght w`jn` s`bpgl t`g fbsjn jlghtjty di b

pgrsdh. \`js kby fg w`y wg ijhl b n`bhog t`rduo` tjkg, bt

dhg upabhl sdurng bt agbst, tdwbrls kdrg `joày strunturgl

iabmjho rdutjhgs bhl t`g usg di prgnjpjtdusay adnbtgl qubrrjgs

(jfjl).

Jh stgp wjt` t`gsg n`bhogs nbkg dt`gr s`jits jh bttjtulg bhl

prbntjng. @grg wg nbh rgturh td t`g pjts t`bt ditgh ajg fghgbt`

237 K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH



snbttgrs di frdmgh stdhg. Sjts bhl t`gjr ndhtghts ditgh ljspaby

bh drlgr w`jn` js ljiijnuat td gxpabjh bs t`g rbhldk bhl

orbluba bnnukuabtjdh di ruffjs`, `dwgvgr wg n`ddsg td

lgijhg t`g tgrk (\`dkbs 2::3). Sdttgry s`grls kby s`dw

ndhsjlgrgl sgagntjdh bhl pabngkght, bs nbh wdrmgl stdhg,

bhl kbtgrjba irdk kjllghs dr gpjsdlgs di ndhsukptjdh js hdt

uhndkkdh. _`bt wgrg t`g ndhljtjdhs uhlgr w`jn` t`gsgigbturgs wgrg nrgbtgl4 _`bt purpdsgs wgrg sgrvgl fy t`g

pabnjho di t`gsg kbtgrjbas jh t`g gbrt`4 _g wjaa hgvgr nbtn`

t`g iuaa sjohjijnbhng t`bt t`gsg bnts kby `bvg `gal idr

spgnjijn pgdpag. Fut ojvgh t`gjr ndhtgxt, t`gsg gssghtjbaay

adnba rjtgs kby `bvg prdvjlgl b kgljuk t`rduo` w`jn`

ndkkuhjtjgs rghgwgl t`gjr sghsg di tghurg wjt` pbrtjnuabr

pabngs. \`js kby `bvg fggh di orgbt jkpdrtbhng w`grg

sgbsdhba bhl gvgh oghgrbtjdhba nynags jhvdavgl kdvgkght

bwby irdk dhg sgttjho td bhdt`gr. Bhl jt jhnrgbsgl jh

jkpdrtbhng bs hgw idrks di rgabtjdhs`jp, wjt` abhl bhl wjt`

dt`grs, wgrg ghoghlgrgl fy n`bhogs jh t`g n`brbntgr di

rdutjhg prbntjngs. Idr t`dsg w`d wgrg prgsght, t`g obt`grjho

tdogt`gr di ijrgl naby, wdrmgl stdhg, iddl rgkbjhs, bhlsdkgtjkgs irbokghts di t`g lgbl, lrgw bttghtjdh td t`g

prbntjnba bhl oghgbadojnba tjgs t`bt fduhl ndkkuhjtjgs td

spgnjijn adnbags. \`gsg wgrg t`g trbngs di pbrtjnuabr bnts,

bssdnjbtgl wjt` pbrtjnuabr pgdpag bhl gvghts. Nrgbtgl bs

pgdpag agit idr b sgbsdh, dr pgr`bps idr dt`gr rgbsdhs, t`g

ijaajho di pjts, ajmg t`g pabhtjho di nrdps, diigrgl t`g `dpg di

rghgwba bhl rgturh. Idr t`dsg w`d rgturhgl bhl rgkgkfgrgl,

t`gsg igbturgs prdvjlgl khgkdhjns idr t`g pbst t`bt aby

fg`jhl bh dal nagbrjho dr nbkp.

\`g prgsghng di irbokghts di t`g lgbl jh pjts bhl pgr`bps

jh kjllghs basd frjhos us fbnm td ndhtgkpdrbry tdkfs.

Vgojdhba ljiigrghngs nbh fg sggh jh t`g idrks bhl `jstdrjgs

di t`gsg sjtgs bhl t`js rgkjhls us t`bt wg brg lgbajho wjt`

vbrjgl adnba trbljtjdhs. \`gsg `jstdrjgs basd rgvgba t`bt t`g

n`brbntgr bhl sjohjijnbhng di spgnjijn sjtgs ljl hdt od

uhn`bhogl dvgr tjkg. Zgt kbhy tdkfs s`brg ndkkdh

igbturgs bhl t`gjr usg ditgh suoogsts bh bnmhdwaglogkght di

ndkkdh prjhnjpags. \`gsg wgrg t`g `dusgs di t`g bhngstdrs.

Ditgh gkfgaajs`gl dvgr oghgrbtjdhs, tdkfs wgrg irbkgs

w`jn` ndual `dal t`g fdhgs di t`g lgbl bhl `brhgss t`dsg

rgajns td pbrtjnuabr pabngs.

_`bt sjohjijnbhng ljl t`g ajvjho bttbn` td t`g lgbl bt t`gsg

sjtgs4 Jh kbhy nbsgs, t`g fdhgs di t`g lgbl brrjvgl bargbly

strjppgl di t`gjr iags`. Gxpdsgl dr bntjvgay lgiags`gl

gasgw`grg, ùkbh fdhgs wgrg ditgh frduo`t td tdkfs td rgstbkdhost t`g rgkbjhs di gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs. \`js prjvjagog

kby hdt bawbys `bvg fggh dpgh td baa, bhl fdhgs ndual fg

rgkdvgl irdk tdkfs idr lgpdsjtjdh gasgw`grg dr td njrnuabtg

bkdhost t`g ajvjho. _jt`jh t`gjr fduhls `dwgvgr, jt wbs b

ndkkdhpabng t`bt t`g frdmgh rgkbjhs di b pgrsdh wgrg

jhndrpdrbtgl wjt` t`g eukfagl rgkhbhts di t`dsg adho lgbl.

Jt js jh t`js gkp`bsjs dh t`g ndaagntjvg dvgr t`g jhljvjluba

t`bt wg nbh trbng b ndhngrh wjt` bhngstrba idrngs. \`gsg

ndkkuhjtjgs di fdhgs ndhtbjhgl mjh w`d wgrg rgkgkfgrgl

bhl kdurhgl. Fut t`g nustdkbry frgbmjho bhl rg-drlgrjho di

t`gjr fdljgs suoogsts b lgsjrg td sgg t`g lgbl pbss dh jhtd t`g

bhngstrba rgbak= b rgbak w`jn` fduhl t`g ndkkuhjty di t`g

ajvjho td gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs bhl td t`g tjkg di kyt`. Igw

wgrg sjhoagl dut idr spgnjba trgbtkght wjt`jh t`gsg sjtgs, bhlidr t`g kdst pbrt, wg ijhl ajttag gvjlghng idr t`g prdvjsjdh di

lurbfag oddls wjt` spgnjijn pgdpag. ^`rdulgl jh kyt` bhl

pgr`bps wbtn`gl dvgr fy spjrjts, t`gsg wgrg pabngs td w`jn`

pgdpag rgturhgl dh kbhy dnnbsjdhs. ^dkgtjkgs t`bt rgturh

frduo`t irbokghts di t`g hgway lgngbsgl, fut vjsjts wgrg

ditgh bs kun` jh stgp wjt` sgbsdhba bhl bhngstrba rjtgs bs

t`gy wgrg wjt` t`g lgkjsg di b spgnjijn pgrsdh. Ghtjrg

ndkkuhjtjgs kby `bvg obt`grgl jh t`g s`bldw di t`gjr

bhngstdrs bt ngrtbjh tjkgs. Bt dt`grs, bttghlbhng bhl

dfsgrvbhng kby `bvg fggh t`g prjvjagog di kdrg sgagnt

ordups.

\`g kgbhjhos t`bt pgdpag bttbn`gl td t`gsg bhngstrba

`dusgs wbs prdfbfay bs vbrjgl bs t`g brn`jtgnturg t`bt wg trytd nbpturg jh dur pabhs bhl sgntjdhs. \`gsg wgrg pabngs

w`grg pgrsdhba adss ndual fg bnmhdwaglogl bhl w`grg b

sghsg di mjhs`jp bhl ndkkuhjty ndual fg orduhlgl jh bh

bhngstrba bhl ndskdadojnba drlgr. \`gy wgrg pabngs w`grg

rgajns wgrg oghgrbtgl td njrnuabtg bkdhost t`g ajvjho,

kbhy diigrjho hd kdrg t`bh b tgkpdrbry rgstjho pabng

idr t`g fdhgs di t`g lgbl. Bssdnjbtgl wjt` pdwgriua idrngs,

t`gy wgrg basd pabngs td w`jn` pgdpag nbkg td bsm idr

jhtgrvghtjdh bhl suppdrt, bhl bs sun`, t`gy wgrg ndhtgxts

w`grg sdkg kjo`t ndkg td `dal but`drjty dvgr dt`grs.

Srdxjkjty td t`g bhngstdrs kby jtsgai `bvg fggh tbmgh bs bh

jhlgx di t`g stbhljho di pbrtjnuabr pgdpag. \`g rjo`t td

diijnjbtg kby `bvg fggh t`g prgrdobtjvg di ibkjay `gbls dr di

s`bkbhs, bhl t`grg kby `bvg fggh tjkgs w`gh bnngss td t`g

idrgndurts dr jhtgrjdr di tdkfs wbs rgstrjntgl td dhay b igw.

Dut di t`gsg ljstjhntjdhs nbkg b sghsg di t`g drlgr di

rgabtjdhs bkdhost t`g ajvjho, bh drlgr w`jn` sggkgl baa t`g

kdrg jhgvjtbfag w`grg jts rddts ndual fg trbngl jhtd t`g

bhngstrba pbst.

\`g ndkkuhjtjgs di fdhgs t`bt aby wjt`jh ndual paby bh

jkkgljbtg bhl jkpdrtbht pbrt jh t`js prdngss. Jhnausjdh kby

`bvg ditgh fggh b prjvjagog di mjhs`jp bhl pdsjtjdh, bhl dhng

jhsjlg, t`g pabngkght bhl rg-drlgrjho di fdhg kby `bvg

frduo`t ngrtbjh ndhngpts bhl vbaugs jhtd s`brp rgajgi. \`g

ndhiusjdh di ljsbrtjnuabtgl bhl lgnbyjho rgkbjhs ndual fgrgbl bs b kgtbp`dr idr t`g ndaagntjvg fdhls di mjhs`jp, bhl

t`js `bs fggh b ndkkdh t`gkg jh jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Bt tjkgs,

t`js sghsg di ndkkdhbajty kby `bvg fggh kdrg ijntjvg t`bh

rgba, t`g agvgajho jh lgbt` ndhngbajho ljvjsjdhs bkdhost t`g

ajvjho (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:06). Fut uhtja dur orbsp di oghgtjn

jhidrkbtjdh jkprdvgs, wg nbh dhay suoogst t`bt t`gsg

ljvjsjdhs idaadwgl ajhgs lgijhgl fy kbrrjbog bhl lgsnght.




_`bt js nagbr js t`bt t`gsg irbkgs ndual fg usgl td jlgbajzg

kdrg fbsjn ljstjhntjdhs. ^dkgtjkgs t`g fdhgs di t`g galgrs

bhl di n`jalrgh wgrg sgpbrbtgl, lrbwjho bttghtjdh td t`g

but`drjty t`bt sgt dhg oghgrbtjdh bpbrt irdk bhdt`gr. _dkgh

ndual basd fg ljstjhoujs`gl irdk kgh. \`gsg ljstjhntjdhs

wgrg frduo`t jhtd idnus bs ngrtbjh pgdpag `bhlagl bhl

drlgrgl smgagtba rgkbjhs= rjtgs w`jn` prdfbfay jhvdavgl t`gtgaajho di stdrjgs bfdut t`g bhngstrba pbst bhl t`g ajvgs di

gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs. \`dsg hbrrbtjvgs kby `bvg gvgh tbmgh

nugs irdk t`g brn`jtgnturg di t`g tdkfs t`gksgavgs (Fbrrgtt

2::<). \`g brrbhogkght di n`bkfgrs bhl lgpdsjts aght bh

drlgr td t`g ghnduhtgr t`bt pgdpag `bl wjt` t`gsg rgajns, bhl

t`js baadwgl rgabtjdhs bkdhost t`g ajvjho td fg kbhjpuabtgl

bhl pabngl fgydhl qugstjdh.

Jh b abhlsnbpg ndkpdsgl di pabngs bhl pbt`s, w`bt sdrt di

ghnduhtgr ljl pgdpag `bvg wjt` t`gsg sjtgs4 _`bt jssugs

wgrg bllrgssgl t`rduo` t`gjr iduhlbtjdh bhl gabfdrbtjdh dvgr

tjkg4 Vjtgs ndhluntgl bt t`gsg sjtgs `bl jkpdrtbht

ndhsgqughngs idr rgabtjdhs bkdho t`dsg w`d pbrtjnjpbtgl,

bhl t`dsg w`d ndual dhay stbhl bhl wbtn`. Fut t`gsjohjijnbhng di tdkfs wght fgydhl t`g irbokghts di t`g lgbl

t`bt t`gy ndhtbjhgl, bhl t`js rgturhs us td t`g tbsmsnbpg.

\`g sgttjhos di tdkfs brg vbrjgl jh t`g gxtrgkg, fut kbhy

brg iduhl jh prdkjhght adnbtjdhs „ bt vbaagy `gbls, dh rjlog

tdps bhl badho ajmgay pbt`s di bnngss. ^dkg wgrg iduhlgl jh

skbaa nagbrjhos, dh turi, dr dh gbrt` t`bt `bl fggh nuatjvbtgl.

B hukfgr gvgh sgba trbngs di abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbrajgr

Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght, dr bajoh t`gksgavgs dh prdkjhght

abhlsnbpg igbturgs t`bt `bl adho prdvjlgl b idnus idr ùkbh

bntjvjty (Fbrrgtt 2:00= \jaagy 2::<). Kdrg ditgh t`bh hdt,

t`gy wgrg iduhlgl jh pabngs t`bt `bl b spgnjijn nuaturba pbst.

_g ndual ljskjss t`gsg pbttgrhs bs ndjhnjlghngs, fut b

kdrg ndkkdh rgspdhsg js td nbst t`gsg sjtgs bs tgrrjtdrjba

kbrmgrs= bs stbtgkghts di prdpgrty rjo`ts kblg fy pbrtjnuabr

ndkkuhjtjgs (Frblagy 2:0<= Vghirgw 2:?>). \`js jlgb sggks

td ‐kbmg sghsg' td us, fut jt bntubaay sbys vgry ajttag jh jtsgai.

\d fgojh wjt`, jt kjssgs t`g lrbkbtjn rgwdrmjho di t`g

sjohjijnbhng di b pabng t`bt t`g iduhlbtjdh di b tdkf

gstbfajs`gl. Bh dal nbkp dr nagbrjho, b pbtn` di orbzjho, dr

bh brgb t`bt `bl sggh vjsjts fy oghgrbtjdhs di ùhtgrs bhl

`grlgrs hdw `bl bhngstrba dnnupbhts, idrngs td fg rgspgntgl

bhl pgr`bps gvgh igbrgl. \`g purpdsgs t`bt wgrg sgrvgl fy

t`gsg iduhlbtjdhs wgrg prdfbfay bs vbrjgl bs t`gy brg

ljiijnuat td spgnjiy. Fut jt kby fg usgiua td t`jhm di t`g

tghsjdhs t`bt gxjstgl fdt` wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs5broukghts dvgr t`g but`drjty di t`g galgrs dr ndkpgtjtjdh idr

adnba ldkjhbhng fgtwggh ljiigrght mjh ordups. Hd lduft

t`grg wgrg tjkgs w`gh t`gsg broukghts rgvdavgl brduhl

qugstjdhs di bnngss= td orbzjho dr td dal sgttagkght brgbs, dr

pgr`bps td pbrtjnuabr sdurngs di stdhg. \`js kby fg pbrt di

t`g rgbsdh w`y adho fbrrdws dh Nrbhfdrhg N`bsg ajg nadsg td

pdnmgts di naby wjt` iajhts (Fbrrgtt gt ba. 2::2= Glkdhls

2::9). Ditgh `dwgvgr, jt wbs t`g bhngstdrs bhl t`gjr pdwgrs

t`bt wgrg t`g idnus di bttghtjdh. _`grg prdxjkjty bhl t`g

rjo`t td spgbm dh t`gjr fg`bai ndual fg bh jkpdrtbht

gxprgssjdh di but`drjty, t`gsg `dusgs di t`g lgbl bhl t`gjr

ndhtghts ndual fgndkg dfegnts di ljsndursg jh t`gjr dwh

rjo`t. _`grg t`dsg jhvdavgl jh t`g iduhlbtjdh di b tdkf wgrg

fduhl fy tjgs di mjhs`jp, t`g `dusjho di t`g bhngstdrs wbs bkgbhs fy w`jn` t`gy bttbn`gl t`gksgavgs td b pabng. _`bt

wbs jkpdrtbht wbs t`bt t`js bttbn`kght ditgh orgw dut di b

nynajnba pbttgrh di ajig t`bt tddm pgdpag td bhl irdk t`gsg

pabngs. Yjsjtgl bt mgy euhnturgs bhl sggh dr pbssgl jh t`g

ndursg di t`g sgbsdhba rduhl, t`g iduhlbtjdh bhl gpjsdljn usg

di tdkfs prdvjlgl b pdwgriua kgljuk t`rduo` w`jn` pgdpag

rghgwgl b sghsg di tghurg wjt` pbrtjnuabr adnbags. Vgturhjho

bobjh bhl bobjh, bhl blljho td t`g ibfrjn bs wgaa bs t`g

ndhtght di tdkfs, t`gy orduhlgl t`bt bttbn`kght jh t`g

bhngstrba pbst bhl prdegntgl jt jhtd t`g iuturg.

Dvgr tjkg, t`g stbtgkghts kblg t`rduo` sjkpag kdrtubry

strunturgs wgrg gkfgaajs`gl t`rduo` t`g blljtjdh di gbrt` dr

stdhg= t`rduo` t`g gxtghsjdh di kduhls dr t`g ndhstruntjdhdi idrgndurts bhl ibnblgs. \`gsg p`ysjnba n`bhogs fgtdmgh

s`jits jh t`g sjohjijnbhng bttbn`gl td t`gsg pabngs bhl t`g

kbhhgr jh w`jn` t`gy wgrg lrbwh updh dr bpprdprjbtgl fy

t`g ajvjho. Bs dhg oghgrbtjdh obvg wby td bhdt`gr, t`dsg w`d

rgturhgl bllgl td t`g idrk bhl `jstdrjnba bssdnjbtjdhs di

t`gsg sjtgs. Jh ldjho sd, t`gy rghgwgl bhl rglgijhgl t`gjr

fdhls di mjhs`jp bhl t`gjr fbsjn sghsg di ndkkuhjty. \`gsg

wgrg `dusgs t`bt ghlurgl, fut t`gy wgrg basd rgsdurngs t`bt

ndual fg kbhjpuabtgl.

Ojvgh t`gjr tbsmsnbpg ndhtgxts, t`g rgldaghngs di pjts dr

tdkfs kby `bvg fggh fgst bpprgnjbtgl bt b adnba snbag fy b

rgabtjvgay skbaa hukfgr di ndkkuhjtjgs. Zgt ajmg pdttgry bhl

stdhg tddas, t`gsg igbturgs wgrg nrgbtgl wjt` rgigrghng td

trbljtjdhs t`bt strgtn`gl b ndhsjlgrbfag ljstbhng bnrdss t`g

nduhtry bhl t`rduo` tjkg. Eust bs orduhl bhl pdajs`gl bxgs

nbh fg iduhl irdk hdrt`grh ^ndtabhl td Ndrhwbaa, dr

sjkjabrjtjgs jh ndrg wdrmjho trbngl fgtwggh Zdrms`jrg bhl

_jats`jrg, sd ndhvghtjdhs surrduhljho t`g trgbtkght di pjts d

t`g vghgrbtjdh di bhngstdrs brg s`brgl fgtwggh rgojdhs. Jh

dt`gr wdrls, wg nbh sgg ndkkdh t`gkgs bhl ndhngrhs, gvgh

t`duo` t`gsg kby `bvg fggh lrbwh updh jh ljiigrght wbys

irdk dhg sgttjho td bhdt`gr.

\`gsg pbttgrhs kby fg pbrtay b prdlunt di dur dwh

prgndhngptjdhs, bhl dur lgsjrg td ijhl bh drlgr t`bt wg nbh

nbaa hbtjdhba. Fut t`gy `joàjo`t w`bt bt ijrst oabhng bppgbrstd fg b pbrbldx. @dw ld wg rgndhnjag sjkjabrjtjgs bt t`gsg

frdblgr snbags wjt` t`g jlgb t`bt t`g abhlsnbpg wbs ljspgrsgl

irbokghtgl bhl ditgh sgbsdhba jh jts rdaa nbaa4 _g kjo`t

kbmg rgigrghng td rdutjhg kdfjajty pbttgrhs pabygl dut bhl

rgwdrmgl dvgr oghgrbtjdhs, bhl td ndhngpts di gxdobky bhl

dvgrabppjho adnba trbljtjdhs. \`gsg brg, di ndursg, nrunjba.

Fut wg kust basd baadw t`bt t`gsg frdblgr wgfs di sdnjba

23? K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH



rgabtjdhs wgrg ùho updh spgnjijn pdjhts jh tjkg bhl spbng.

^tdhg sdurngs dr brgbs sgbsdhbaay rjn` jh obkg `bl adho

sgrvgl bs ndhtgxts jh w`jn` ghnduhtgrs wjt` mjh bhl rgabtjvg

strbhogrs kjo`t fg bhtjnjpbtgl. \`rduo` t`gsg kggtjhos,

oddls, pgdpag bhl jlgbs pbssgl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs. Jt kby

`bvg fggh uhlgr t`gsg njrnukstbhngs t`bt t`g pdssjfjajty di

n`bhogs jh prbntjng wgrg rgbajzgl. _jt` t`g Hgdajt`jn nbkgt`g jlgb di kdrg nagbray lgkbrnbtgl brghbs jh w`jn` t`dsg

ghnduhtgrs ndual fg sn`gluagl bhl uhlgrtbmgh. Brjsjho dut

di t`g nddpgrbtjvg abfdr di b rbhog di mjh ordups,

nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs sgrvgl bs ajkjhba pabngs „ sgt bpbrt

irdk t`g wdral di lby-td-lby bntjvjty „ w`grg t`g kdrg

gxtghsjvg qubajtjgs di t`g sdnjba abhlsnbpg wgrg puaagl jhtd

s`brpgr idnus (Glkdhls 2::>).

Adho gstbfajs`gl dh t`g ndhtjhght, t`g jlgb di ghnadsurgs

wbs lrbwh updh jh vbrjdus wbys irdk dhg pbrt di Hdrt`-

_gstgrh Gurdpg td bhdt`gr (Furogss gt ba. 2:00). ^dkg

idrkgl fduhlbrjgs t`bt wgrg bllgl td sgttagkghts w`jast

dt`grs `bl nadsg tjgs wjt` t`g lgbl dr wjt` pbrtjnuabr

rgsdurngs (Frblagy jh prgss= Sgtrgqujh gt ba. Jh prgss= _`jttag2::9). \`js jlgb wbs lrbwh updh jh gqubaay vbrjgl wbys

fy ordups di ndkkuhjtjgs jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh. Ajmg sdkg

prdkjhght stdhg sdurngs, kbhy wgrg jhjtjbaay ghnduhtgrgl

dh bh gpjsdljn, pgr`bps sgbsdhba fbsjs, t`gjr usg gkfgllgl

jh frdblgr rdutjhgs di nbttag ùsfbhlry. Jh brgbs sun` bs

t`g ^dut`-_gst, b igw wgrg gstbfajs`gl bs kdrg dr agss

pgrkbhght sgttagkghts, fut t`gsg rgkbjh gxngptjdhs w`jn`

ndhijrk t`g strghot` di adho stbhljho rgojdhba trbljtjdhs.

Ditgh pbssgl dr gvgh usgl bs nbkps jh t`g ndkpbhy di

bhjkbas bhl nadsg mjh, t`gsg pabngs pgrjdljnbaay wjthgssgl t`g

ndkjho tdogt`gr di b abrogr hukfgr bhl b wjlgr rbhog di

pgdpag. @grls wgrg frduo`t tdogt`gr jh t`gjr ghvjrdhs, bhl

pgdpag nbkpgl, nddmgl, bhl wdrmgl t`g abhl brduhl t`gk jh

nadsg prdxjkjty td dt`grs. Bt b tjkg w`gh t`g ndkkdh

pbttgrh di ndhtbnt strgssgl nadsg mjh, t`gsg wgrg sjohba

gvghts. B idnus idr rjtgs di pbssbog, bhl idr prdluntjdh bhl

gxn`bhog, t`gsg obt`grjhos nrgbtgl b sykfdajnbaay n`brogl

ndhtgxt jh w`jn` kbhy t`gkgs ndual fg bllrgssgl5 igrtjajty

bhl rghgwba= bnngss bhl bhngstry= mjhs`jp bhl dfajobtjdh=

gvgh ndhiajnt bhl ndkpgtjtjdh. \`rduo` bhngstrba rjtgs, t`g

ojvjho di igbsts bhl orblgl trbhsbntjdhs, pgdpag wdrmgl bhl

rgwdrmgl t`gjr pdsjtjdh jh frdbl hgtwdrms di mjhs`jp,

dfajobtjdh bhl but`drjty. Whlgrstddl ljiigrghtay fy t`dsg

w`d ndual pbrtjnjpbtg bhl t`dsg rgstrjntgl td t`g kbrojhs,

t`gsg gvghts basd ndhijrkgl t`g stbhljho di pgdpag bkdhostt`gjr nadsg mjh.

Ghnadsurgs kby `bvg ditgh fggh rgobrlgl bs sdnjbaay

ajkjhba, gvgh lbhogrdus pabngs. Fut ajmg tdkfs, t`gsg brghbs

di vbaug wgrg hdt ndhstruntgl bhl usgl jh b vbnuuk. ^dkg

wdual `bvg fggh ghnduhtgrgl dh b rgouabr fbsjs= pbssgl bs b

ibkjay kdvgl wjt` t`gjr nbttag, dr lurjho ùhtjho, bhl sggh

bs pgdpag tghlgl nrdps bhl obt`grgl dt`gr rgsdurngs. Ngrtbjh

ghnadsurgs gvgh aby dh dr nadsg td dutnrdps di stdhg t`bt `bl

fggh jh usg adho fgidrg t`g ijrst ljtn` wbs luo. Ljstjhntjvg

trbhn`gt iabmgs jh suribng snbttgrs hgbr Mhbp @jaa jh t`g Ybag

di Sgwsgy pdjht td b ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh pgdpag bhl pabng

t`bt gxtghlgl fbnm jhtd w`bt wg nbaa t`g Kgsdajt`jn. ^jkjabr

pbttgrhs nbh fg sggh jh ûssgx (Obrljhgr 2:0<) bhl bt

Kbjlgh Nbstag jh Ldrsgt, adnba sdurngs di stdhg wgrg bsjkpdrtbht td Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs bs t`gy `bl fggh

td t`gjr idrfgbrs. _g s`dual hdt paby ldwh t`g lrbkb di

‐batgrjho t`g gbrt`' fduhl up jh t`g ndhstruntjdh bhl

gabfdrbtjdh di ghnadsurgs. Fut gvgh `grg, wg s`dual

rgndohjzg t`bt t`g iduhlbtjdh di t`gsg sjtgs ditgh jhvdavgl

t`g rgwdrmjho di adho `jstdrjgs bttbn`gl td pbrtjnuabr

nagbrjhos, `jaatdps bhl sdurngs di stdhg. Dhng gstbfajs`gl,

t`gy tdd fgnbkg rgsdurngs wjt` t`g pdtghtjba td fg lrbwh

updh jh t`g sbtjsibntjdh di sgntjdhba jhtgrgsts.

>. Ndhnausjdh

\`js ljsnussjdh `bs rgkbjhgl bt b rgabtjvgay oghgrba agvga,

bhl t`js frjhos wjt` jt ngrtbjh prdfagks. @dwgvgr, J `dpg J`bvg s`dwh t`bt b ndhngrh wjt` t`g luaa ndkpuasjdh di

pgdpag's ajvgs, bhl wjt` t`g n`bhojho ndhijourbtjdh di t`g

tbsmsnbpgs t`bt t`gy dnnupjgl, nbh bll kun` td dur

uhlgrstbhljho. _g nrgbtg b fgttgr ndhtgxt jh w`jn` td sgt dur

stuljgs di pbrtjnuabr kdhukghts dr kdhukght ndkpagxgs

w`gh wg ndhsjlgr t`g ndhljtjdhs uhlgr w`jn` t`gsg

pbrtjnuabr tjkgs bhl pabngs wgrg dnnupjgl. Bhl jh trbnjho

t`gsg tbsmsnbpgs, wg nbh basd gxpadrg `dw t`g n`brbntgr bhl

tgkpd di rdutjhg tbsms wbs jtsgai nbuo`t up jh t`g

rgprdluntjdh di t`g sdnjba wdral. Jh dt`gr wdrls, wg baadw

t`bt ndkkjtkghts td pabng bhl td dt`grs kby fg, qujtg

ajtgrbaay, ‐wdrmgl t`rduo`' jh ljiigrght wbys t`rduo` ljiigrght

brgbs di prbntjng.

\`gsg oghgbadojgs di sgttagkght bhl stdhgwdrmjho

trbljtjdhs nbst b s`brp ajo`t dh sdkg di t`g tbmgh-idr-orbhtgls

fg`jhl kdlgas di t`g trbhsjtjdh. Jh pbrtjnuabr, t`gy strgss t`g

jkpdrtbhng di trgbtjho t`js p`bsg jh prg`jstdry bs b sjtubtgl

`jstdrjnba prdngss uhidaljho t`rduo` t`g bntjdhs di pgdpag.

Ji t`grg js b oghgrba dfsgrvbtjdh td fg lrbwh irdk baa di t`js,

jt js t`bt t`js prdngss jhvdavgl fdt` ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog jh

t`g n`brbntgr di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng. Bat`duo` rgsdurngs bhl

jlgbs wgrg lrbwh irdk ndkkuhjtjgs bnrdss t`g wbtgr, t`g

abhlsnbpgs di ^dut`grh Frjtbjh wgrg hdt b tbfuab rbsb updh

w`jn` Hgdajt`jn ndadhjsts ndual kbmg t`gjr kbrm. Fy t`g

sbkg tdmgh, ndhngrh wjt` t`g lgijhjtjdh di mjh bhl hdh mjh=di wdkgh bhl kgh= di t`g galgrs bhl t`gjr sufdrljhbtgs, ljl

hdt gkgrog wjt` t`g ijrst nrdp di ndrh. Hdr ljl qugstjdhs di

tghurg bhl rghdwh. _dvgh jhtd rdutjhg prbntjng bhl gxpajnjt

jh vbrjgl rjtgs, t`gsg bhl dt`gr t`gkgs `bl fggh jkpdrtbht idr

kbhy oghgrbtjdhs. _`bt `bppghgl bnrdss w`bt wg rgndohjsg

bs t`g trbhsjtjdh wbs b rgwdrmjho di t`g prbntjngs t`rduo`

w`jn` pgdpag uhlgrstddl bhl bllrgssgl t`gsg jssugs.




Bhngstrba rjtgs, t`g prdluntjdh bhl usg di pdttgry bhl

pdajs`gl tddas, prdnurgkght, gxn`bhog bhl t`g usg di

ldkgstjnbtgs5 baa prdvjlgl kgljb t`rduo` w`jn` ndhngpts di

jlghtjty, ndkkuhjty bhl but`drjty ndual fg nbrrjgl idrwbrl.

\bmgh up jh vbrjgl wbys bhl bt ljiigrght tjkgs irdk dhg

rgojdh td bhdt`gr, t`gsg prbntjngs, jh t`gjr turh, n`bhogl t`g

wbys jh w`jn` pgdpag t`duo`t bfdut t`g abhlsnbpg, t`gjr pbst,bhl t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps wjt` dt`grs. _g ld ajttag eustjng td t`g

ndkpagx qubajtjgs di t`js prdngss w`gh wg rglung jt td t`g

sunngssjdh di brn`gtypgs.

rgigrghngs

Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2:00. \`g ajvjho, t`g lgbl, bhl t`g bhngstdrs5 Hgdajt`jn

bhl Gbray Frdhzg Bog kdrtubry prbntjngs. Jh5 E.N. Fbrrgtt &

J.B. Mjhhgs (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di ndhtgxt jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl

Frdhzg Bog Frjtbjh, ^`giijgal, >3-<2.

Fbrrgtt, E. 2::<. Irbokghts irdk bhtjqujty, Dxidrl.

Fbrrgtt, E., V. Frblagy & K. Orggh 2::2. Abhlsnbpg kdhukghts bhl

sdnjgty5 t`g prg`jstdry di Nrbhfdrhg n`bsg, Nbkfrjlog.

Fbrhbtt, E. 2::9. Kdvjho fgydhl t`g kdhukghts5 pbt`s bhl pgdpag

jh t`g Hgdajt`jn abhlsnbpgs di t`g Sgbm Ljstrjnt , Hdrt`grh

Brn`bgdadoy vda 2>.

Fbssd, M. 2:0<. ^tbamjho wjt` stdrjgs5 hbkgs, pabngs bhl kdrba

hbrrbtjvgs bkdho t`g wgstgrh Bpbn`g. Jh5 G. Fruhgr (gl.)\gxt, paby

bhl stdry, Jaajhdjs, xxx-xxx.

Fghlgr, F. 2:?0. Obt`grgr-ùhtgr td ibrkgr5 b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg,

_dral Brn`bgdadoy, 63<-666.

Frblagy, V. gt ba. 2::>. Gxnbvbtjdhs dh Vglobtg @jaa, âgbidrl.

Frblagy, V. 2::>. Batgrjho t`g gbrt`, ^dnjgty di Bhtjqubrjgs di

^ndtabhl Kdhdorbp` 0, Gljhfuro`.

Frblagy, V. 2:0<. \`g sdnjba iduhlbtjdhs di prg`jstdrjn Frjtbjh, Adhldh.

Frblagy, V. 2:0?. Iajht tgn`hdadoy bhl t`g n`brbntgr di Hgdajt`jn

sgttagkght. Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn bhbaysjs bhl abtgr

Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 296, 202-207.

Frblagy, V.E. & K. Glkdhls 2::>. Jhtgrprgtjho t`g bxg trblg,

Nbkfrjlog.

Frblagy, V.E. jh prgss. Jhtgrprgtjho ghnadsurgs. Jh5 K. Glkdhls &

N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di

Hdrt` _gst Gurdpg, Oabsodw.

Furogss, N., S. \dppjho, N. Kdrlbht & K. Kblljsdh (gls.) 2:00.

Ghnadsurgs bhl lgighngs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di _gstgrh Gurdpg,

Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts, Jht. ^grjgs <3>.

Furtdh, E. 2:03. Kbmjho sghsg di wbstg iabmgs, Edurhba di

Brn`bgdadojnba ^njghng ?, 2>2-2<0.

Nbrg, Y. 2:?:. \`g prdluntjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di Kgsdajt`jn bxgs jh

^dut`grh Ghoabhl, Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg jstdrjn ^dnjgty <7, :>-236.

Nbrg, Y. 2:06. \`g ndaagntjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di ajt`jn rbw kbtgrjb

lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn pgrjdls jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh,Dxidrl Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy 2 (>), 69:-607.

Nbsjkjr, K. E. 2::6. \`g ljkghsjdhs di tgrjtdrjbajty5 bh

jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5 K.E. Nbsjkjgr & B. Vbd (gls.) Kdfjajty bhl

tgrrjtdrjbajty. ^dnjba bhl spbtjba fduhlbrjgs bkdho idrbogrs, ijs`grs

pbstdrbajsts bhl pgrjpbtgtjns, Dxidrl.

Nrdhdh. _. E. 2:0>. N`bhogs jh t`g abhl5 Jhljbhs, ndadhjsts bhl t`g

gndadoy di Hgw Ghoabhl, Hgw Zdrm.

Lbrvjaa, \.N. 2:0?. Srg`jstdrjn Frjtbjh, Adhldh.

Lbvjl, B. 2:0:. ^dkg bspgnts di t`g ùkbh prgsghng jh wgst _bag

lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn jh Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, 6<2-67>.

Glkdhls, K. 2:0?. Vdnms bhl rjsm5 prdfagks wjt` ajt`jn

prdnurgkght strbtgojgs. Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn

bhbaysjs bhl abtgr Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnb

Vgpdrts 296, 277-2?:.

Glkdhls, K. 2::>. Jhtgrprgtjho nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs jh t`g

prgsght bhl t`g pbst. Jh5 N. \jaagy (gl.) Jhtgrprgtbtjvg Brn`bgdadoy,

Dxidrl, ?<-::.

Glkdhls, K. 2::9. _rjttgh jh t`g fdly. Jh5 E. Fbrrgtt &

N. Vjn`brls (gls.) Gkfdljkght jh nuaturba pgrspgntjvg, Adhldh,

xxx-xxx.

Glkdhls, K. & E. \`dkbs 2:0?. \`g brn`grs5 bh gvgrylby stdry d

nduhtry idam., Dxidrl, Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn

bhbaysjs bhl abtgr Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnb

Vgpdrts 296, 20?-2::.

Idrl, ^. 2:0?. N`rdhdadojnba bhl iuhntjdhba bspgnts di iajht

bssgkfabogs. Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn bhbaysjs

bhl abtgr Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, FBV 296, Dxidrl, 9?-09.

Obrljhgr, E. 2:0<. Ajt`jn ljstrjfutjdhs bhl Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght

pbttgrhs jh Nghtrba sdut`grh Ghoabhl. Jh5 V.E. Frblagy & E. Obrljhg

(gls.) Hgdajt`jn stuljgs5 b rgvjgw di sdkg nurrght rgsgbrn`, Dxidrl

Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts (Frjtjs` ^grjgs) 2>>, 27-<3.

Ogaa, B. 2:07. @dw td rgbl b kbp5 rgkbrms dh t`g prbntjnba adojn d

hbvjobtjdh, Kbh 63 (6), 6?2-609.

Odw, S. 2::7. Abhl, pgdpag bhl pdwgr jh _gstgrh Bkbzdhjb. Jh5

G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh (gls.) Fgtwggh spbng bhl pabng5

abhlsnbpg jh nuaturba pgrspgntjvg, Dxidrl, <>-96.

23: K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH



@bylgh, F. 2:0:. Hjkrdls pjsnbtdrs, paunmgrs bhl pabhtgrs5 t`g

gkgroghng di iddl prdluntjdh, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba


@gbl, A. 2::<. Abhlsnbpgs sdnjbajsgl fy ijrg5 pdst ndhtbnt n`bhogs

jh bfdrjojhba ijrg usg jh hdrt`grh bustrbajb bhl jkpajnbtjdhs idr

prg`jstdry, Brn`bgdadoy jh Dngbhjb 6:, 2?6-202.

@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Dxidrl.

@daobtg, V. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght di t`g \`bkgs Fbsjh, Dxidrl,

Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 2:<.

Jhodal, \. 2:06. @uhtgrs, pbstdrbajsts bhl rbhn`grs, Nbkfrjlog.

Jhodal, \. 2:09. \`g bpprdprjbtjdh di hbturg, Kbhn`gstgr.

Jhodal, \. 2::>. \`g tgkpdrbajty di abhlsnbpg,_dral Brn`bgdadoy

67 (6), 276-?<.

Ebndfj, V. K. 2:?9. Frjtbjh jhsjlg bhl dutsjlg Kgsdajt`jn Gurdpg,

Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty <6, 9?-0<.

Ebndfj, V.K. 2:?:. Gbray iabhlrjbh ùhtgrs jh t`g sdut` wgst. Jh5

Srg`jstdrjn Lbrtkddr jh jts ndhtgxt, Lgvdh Brn`bgdadojnba ^dnjgty

>?, <0-:>.

Mb`h, K. 2::3. ^tdhg ibngl bhngstdrs5 \`g spbtjba bhn`drjho di

kyt` jh _bkjrb, Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb, Gt`hdadoy 6:, 72-99.

Mjhhgs, J.B. 2:00. \`g nbttags`jp Sdtgkmjh. Jh5 E. Fbrrgtt &

J.B. Mjhhgs (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di ndhtgxt jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl

Frdhzg Bog Frjtbjh, ^`giijgal, 6-0.

Mjhhgs, J.B. 2::6. Hdh-kgobajt`jn adho fbrrdws bhl baajgl

strunturgs jh t`g Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn, Frjtjs` Kusguk dnnbsjdhba pbpgr

76, Adhldh.

Munàgr, ^. 2::>. Abhlsnbpg bs kgkdry5 t`g kbppjho di prdngss

bhl jts rgprgsghtbtjdh jh b Kgabhgsjbh ^dnjgty. Jh5 F. Fghlgr (gl.)

Abhlsnbpg pdajtjns bhl pgrspgntjvgs, Dxidrl, 07-239.

Kdrp`y, @. 2::7. Abhlsnbpg bhl t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g bhngstrba

pbst. Jh5 G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh (gls.) Fgtwggh spbng bhl pabng5

Abhlsnbpg jh nuaturba pgrspgntjvg, Dxidrl, 207-63:.

Kygrs, B.K. 2:0:. Vgajbfag bhl kbjhtbjhbfag tgn`hdadojnba

strbtgojgs jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn di kbjhabhl Frjtbjh. Jh5 V. \drrghng

(gl.) \jkg ghgroy bhl stdhg tddas, Nbkfrjlog,?0-:2.

Sêtrgqujh, S., B.K. Sêtrgqujh, I. Eguly, N. Eguhgssg, E-A. Kdhhjgr,

E. Sêagorjh J. & Srbul jh prgss. Irdk t`g rbw kbtgrjba td t`gHgdajt`jn stdhg bxg5 n`bëhgs dpêrbtdjrgs bhl sdnjba ndhtgxt. Jh5

K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog jh

t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt` _gst Gurdpg, Oabsodw.

Sjtts, K. _. & V.K. Ebndfj 2:?:. ^dkg bspgnts di n`bhog jh iabmgl

stdhg jhlustrjgs di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh.

Edurhba di Brn`bgdadojnba ^njghng 9, 29>-??.

Saunjghhjm, K. jh prgss. Lgndhstruntjho ‐\`g Hgdajt`jn' jh t`g

Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh. Jh5 K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls

(gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt` _gst

Gurdpg, Oabsodw.

Vghirgw, N. 2:?>. Kdhukghts, kdfjajsbtjdh bhl sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh

jh Hgdajt`jn _gssgx. Jh5 N. Vghirgw (gl.) \`g gxpabhbtjdh di

nuaturg n`bhog5 kdlgas jh prg`jstdry, Adhldh, 7>:-770.

Vjn`brls, E. 2::3. \`g ^tdhg`ghog ghvjrdhs prdegnt , Adhldh.

^bvjaag, B. 2::3. B Kgsdajt`jn iajht bssgkfabog irdk @bzgatdh,

Oadungstgrs`jrg, Ghoabhl bhl jts jkpajnbtjdhs. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.)

\`g Kgsdajt`jn jh Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, 670-69>.

^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:06. Jlgdadoy, sykfdajn pdwgr bhl rjtuba

ndkkuhjnbtjdh5 b rgjhtgrprgtbtjdh di Hgdajt`jn kdrtubry prbntjngs.

Jh5 J. @dllgr (gl.) ^ykfdajn bhl strunturba brn`bgdadoy,

Nbkfrjlog, 26:-27<.

\bndh, S. 2::2. \`g pdwgr di stdhg5 sykfdajn bspgnts di stdhg usg

bhl tdda lgvgadpkght jh _gstgrh Brh`gk Abhl, Bustrbajb, Bhtjqujty

97, 2:6-63?.

\`dkbs, E. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs rgvjsjtgl. Srdnggljhos di



\`dkbs, E. 2::9. \jkg, nuaturg bhl jlghtjty, Adhldh.


\drrghng, V. 2:0:. \jkg ghgroy bhl stdhg tddas, Nbkfrjlog.

_bjhwrjo`t, O. & J. Adhowdrt` 2:?6. Lurrjhotdh _baas5

gxnbvbtjdhs 2:99-2:90, Adhldh.

_gjhgr, B. 2::6. Jhbajghhbfag pdssgssjdhs , Fgrmgagy.

_`jttag, B. _. V. 2::9. Gurdpg jh t`g Hgdajt`jn5 t`g kbmjho di Hgw

_drals, Nbkfrjlog.

_ddlwbrl, S. E. 2::3. \`g ^dut` Ldrsgt Vjlogwby. ûrvgy bhl

gxnbvbtjdhs 2:??-2:0<, Ldrsgt Hbturba @jstdry bhl Brn`bgdadoy

Kdhdorbp` 0.

Uvgagfja, K. jh prgss. _`bt's jh b hbkg5 \`g Kgsdajt`jn, t`g

Hgdajt`jn bhl sdnjba n`bhog bt t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh.

Jh5 K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog

jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt` _gst Gurdpg, Oabsodw.

Kbrm Glkdhls




WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal




2. Jhtrdluntjdh

\`js pbpgr `bs twd rgabtgl purpdsgs. Dhg js td frjgiay

lgsnrjfg sdkg di t`g drobhjzbtjdhba igbturgs t`bt

n`brbntgrjzgl t`g skbaa butdhdkdus ndkkuhjtjgs di t`g

sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh, njrnb 6,333 FN, jh t`g pgrjdl

jkkgljbtgay prjdr td t`g gkgroghng di ndkpagx sdnjba idrks

jh t`g Nbrpbt`jbh Fbsjh. \`g sgndhl odba js td suoogst t`g

rbhog di bht`rdpdadojnba jssugs t`bt nbh fg bllrgssgl usjho

brn`bgdadojnba kdrtubry stuljgs bhl, fy sd ldjho, td fgojh td

bhswgr t`g qugstjdh, ‑_`bt mjhl di bht`rdpdadoy di t`g pbstnbh brn`bgdadoy `dpg td bn`jgvg4"

6. Fbnmorduhl

\`g sdnjgty J wjaa fg lgsnrjfjho lbtgs td t`g ‐lbwh' di t`g

Gbray Frdhzg Bog dh t`g sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh. Bt sdkg

pdjht fgtwggh >,333 bhl 6,733 FN (nbajfrbtgl) t`g frdbl

`dkdoghgjty di t`g prgngljho Ndppgr Bog js frdmgh fy t`g

rbpjl nrystbaajzbtjdh di b sgrjgs di qujtg ljstjhntjvg rgojdhba

nuaturgs (ni. Fbhmdii/_jhtgr 2::3= Idrghfb`gr 2::>). Srjdr

td t`g blvght di kbedr 2<N sgqughngs jh t`g rgojdh, t`g

bntuba n`brbntgr di t`js nrystbaajzbtjdh wbs hdt iuaay

bpprgnjbtgl, bhl t`g ljspbrbtg bhl ndhtrbstjvg rgojdhba styags

wgrg bttrjfutgl td b sgqughng di n`rdhdadojnba p`bsgs(ni. Fþhb 2:97). Bfsdautg lbtjho hdw kbmgs qujtg nagbr t`bt

kbhy di t`gsg rgojdhba styags brg jh ibnt ndhtgkpdrbry, bhl

t`bt t`g rgojdhba kdsbjn t`gy idrk js b wgaa lgijhgl bhl

fduhlgl trjfba abhlsnbpg (D'^`gb 2::2= Vbnzmy gt ba. 2::>).

Dhng t`js nrystbaajzbtjdh di skbaa bhl ljsnrgtg rgojdhba

nuaturgs `bs tbmgh pabng, t`gy pgrsjstgl idr rduoày 033

ygbrs, bt w`jn` tjkg, t`gy bppbrghtay brg bobjh bfsdrfgl jhtd

kun` abrogr snbagl sdnjba ghtjtjgs (D'^`gb 2::2). \`g idnus

di t`g rgsgbrn` J wjaa fg lgsnrjfjho tdlby js dh dhg di t`gsg

ljstjhnt rgojdhba nuaturgs, w`jn` js vbrjdusay mhdwh jh t`g

ajtgrbturg bs t`g ^zùrgo, Kdmrjh/^zùrgo, dr Kbrds ordup

(ni. Fbhhgr 2:>2= Fþhb 2:?7= Ojrjn 2:0?= ^bhldr-

N`jnjlgbhu/N`jnjlgbhu 2:0:= \bsjn 2:?6). \`g abttgr tgrk js

t`g dhg usgl `grg. \`g Kbrds ordup js b sufsgt di t`g abrogr

Sgreâkds Nuaturg, lgijhgl fy Y.O. N`jalg jh t`g 2:63's,

bitgr t`g typg sjtg di Sgreâkds (Sgrjbk) jh sdut`wgstgrh

Vdkbhjb (N`jalg 2:6:).

\`g sjtgs di t`g Kbrds ordup dnnur prjkbrjay jh t`g adw,

swbkpy bhoag idrkgl fy t`g ndhiaughng di t`g Vjvgrs \jszb

bhl Kbrds, b rgojdh w`jn` jhnaulgs sdut`gbstgrh @uhobry, b

wgaa bs t`g hdrt`grh Ydevdljhb jh Zuodsabvjb bhl wgst

nghtrba Vdkbhjb (ijo. 2). \`g ajkjts di t`g Kbrds rgojdh brg

rgabtjvgay s`brpay lgijhgl td t`g _gst, fy t`g Vjvgr \jszb

jtsgai, bhl td t`g Hdrt` fy t`g ajkjts di t`g Kbrds iaddl

pabjh. Hd sjkjabray s`brp fduhlbrjgs brg iduhl td t`g Gbst dr

^dut`. \`g ghvjrdhkght di t`js rgojdh gxgrnjsgl b vgry

strdho jhiaughng dh Kbrds sgttagkght pbttgrh bhl rgojdhba

drobhjzbtjdh, fgjho fdt` swbkpy bhl sufegnt td sgvgrg

bhhuba iaddljho. Kbrds sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs tghl tdfg adnbtgl dh jsdabtgl pbtn`gs di `jo`gr orduhl w`jn`, prjdr

td rjvgr n`bhhbajzbtjdh bhl lrbjhbog, ndhstjtutgl jsabhls

surrduhlgl fy wgtabhls.

\`g Kbrds ordup gx`jfjts sgvgrba igbturgs t`bt kbmg jt

jlgba bs b ndhtgxt idr lgtbjagl sdnjba rgndhstruntjdh. Ijrst, bhl

pgr`bps idrgkdst, js t`g ibnt t`bt t`g Kbrds ordup prdlungl

abrog jhùkbtjdh ngkgtgrjgs, bhl t`bt t`gjr prbntjngs idr t`g

ljspdsba di t`g lgbl `bppghgl td fg `joày strunturgl bhl

ljiigrghtjbtgl. J usg t`g tgrk `bppghgl qujtg lgajfgrbtgay

sjhng t`grg js hd hgngssbry rgbsdh t`bt bhy nuaturg kust

gxprgss sdnjba ljiigrghngs t`rduo` t`gjr prdorbk di kdrtubry

ljspdsba, hdr t`bt sun` ljiigrghtjbtjdh, ji prgsght, hgngssbrjay

fg jh b idrk t`bt wdual fg gjt`gr vjsjfag dr rgndohjzbfag tdbrn`bgdadojnba jhqujry. Jh blljtjdh td t`g abrog bhl strunturgl

ngkgtgrjgs, t`grg js ndkpagkghtbry gvjlghng irdk Kbrds

sgttagkghts. \`grg js basd t`g sgai lgijhgl bhl fduhlgl

n`brbntgr di t`g Kbrds ndkkuhjtjgs rgabtjvg td dt`gr

ndhtgkpdrbry pdpuabtjdhs dh t`g sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh.

\bmgh tdogt`gr, t`gsg ibntdrs pgrkjt t`g ndhijlght bppajnbtjdh

di b kuatj-sjtg rgojdhba bpprdbn`. Bs sun`, t`g pbttgrhs di

kdrtubry ljiigrghtjbtjdh, rgndohjzgl bt dhg sjtg, kby fg

ndkpbrgl wjt` t`dsg bt dt`gr ngkgtgrjgs, bhl t`g jhigrrgl

pbttgrhs di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh kby ajmgwjsg fg ndkpbrgl

td jhlgpghlght gvjlghng irdk dt`gr brn`bgdadojnba ndhtgxts.

>. Kgt`dls

_`jag b iuaa ljsnussjdh di t`g tgn`hjqugs di iuhgrbry bhbaysjs

dr jts t`gdrgtjnba uhlgrpjhhjhos js fgydhl t`g sndpg di t`g

prgsght pbpgr (ni. N`bpkbh gt ba. 2:02= Fgnm 2::7), t`g

oghgrba bpprdbn` nbh fg sukkbrjzgl qujtg sunnjhntay. _`gh

vjgwgl irdk bh brn`bgdadojnba pgrspgntjvg, b ngkgtgry

rgprgsghts b rgpgbtgl sgt di fg`bvjdrs dr bntjdhs fy t`g ajvjho

Ed`h K. D‚^`gb B pdrtrbjt di bhnjght sdnjgty dh t`g ^dut` @uhobrjbhSabjh



Ijourg 2. Kbp di t`g Kbrds rgojdh di sdut`gbst @uhobry bhl blebnght pdrtjdhs di Zuodsabvjb bhl Vdkbhjb, s`dwjho t`g adnbtjdh di kbedr Kbrds

sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs.

sdnjgty, rgabtjvg td t`g lgbl. Bssukjho t`bt dt`gr

lgpdsjtjdhba bhl pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba prdngssgs `bvg fggh

ndhtrdaagl idr, pbttgrhs dfsgrvbfag jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrl wjaa rgprgsght t`g ndhsjstght rgpgtjtjdh di t`gsg

fg`bvjdrs fy t`g ajvjho sdnjgty (w`jn` brjsg irdk prgsnrjptjvg

bhl prdsnrjptjvg hdrks dr ruags wjt`jh t`g sdnjgty t`bt wgrg

bntubaay idaadwgl). \`g rgigrghts di sun` pbttgrhs= idr

gxbkpag, t`g sjzg di t`g ordup rgngjvjho b ngrtbjh trgbtkght,

jts bog bhl sgx ndkpdsjtjdh, jts spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh, bhl t`g

rgabtjvg giidrt jhvgstgl jh kbrmjho, baadw us td lgsnrjfg (ji

hdt td spgnjijnbaay hbkg) t`g mjhl di sdnjba uhjt dr stbtus

fgjho rgprgsghtgl. Iurt`grkdrg, eust bs bhy jhljvjluba wjaa

`bvg fgadhogl td hukgrdus sdnjba ordups bhl `gal kuatjpag

stbtusgs jh ajig, sd t`g ljiigrght ljkghsjdhs di ljiigrghtjbtjdh

gxprgssgl t`rduo` t`g iuhgrbry prdorbk brg gxpgntgl td

nrdssnut t`g kdrtubry pdpuabtjdh, wjt` gbn` ljkghsjdh

fadnmjho dut jts dwh uhjqug sgt di kgkfgrs bhl ndhtrbst

sgts. \`g kdlga di t`g pbajkpsgst, jh w`jn` bhbaysjs jhvdavgs

t`g pgbajho fbnm di supgrjkpdsgl abygrs di trgbtkght bhl

sykfdajsk, js kun` nadsgr td rgbajty t`bh t`g hgbt ndrpdrbtg

pyrbkjl dr lghlrdorbk.

Jh prbntjng, bhbaysjs jhvdavgs ijrst spajttjho up t`g

dfsgrvbfag iuhgrbry ljiigrghtjbtjdh jhtd jts vbrjdus bhl

dvgrabppjho ndhstjtught ordups, bhl t`gh rgbssgkfajho t`g

ljiigrghtjbtgl sufuhjts jhtd b nd`grght w`dag. Sgr`bps t`g

sjhoag kdst usgiua bspgnt di trgbtjho iuhgrbry ljiigrghtjbtjdh

bs b nuaturbaay kgljbtgl sykfdajn systgk js t`g bfjajty td

bssukg t`bt t`g gagkghts wjaa gx`jfjt nd`grghng. Bt t`g sbkg

tjkg, t`g kgt`dl ldgs hdt rgqujrg gabfdrbtg bhbadojgs td t`g

gt`hdorbp`jn prgsght idr gjt`gr jts t`gdrgtjnba iduhlbtjdhs dr

eustjijnbtjdh. Dhg hggl kbmg hd bssukptjdhs bfdut t`g stbtg

di kjhl di pgdpag jh t`g pbst, hdr bfdut t`gjr jhtghts.




^jkjabray, dhg's rgsuats brg hdt ajkjtgl fy gxjstjho

gt`hdorbp`jn mhdwaglog.

Ojvgh t`g ajkjtbtjdhs di spbng, t`g prgsght ljsnussjdh wjaa

idnus prjkbrjay dh dhg di t`gsg abrog jhùkbtjdh ngkgtgrjgs,

t`g ngkgtgry di Kdmrjh, w`jn` wbs gxnbvbtgl uhlgr t`g

ljrgntjdh di Lr. Kjadrbl Ojrjn, di t`g Hbrdlhj Kusguk, jh

Mjmjhlb (Ojrjn

2:?2= \bsjn

2:?6). \`g ljsnussjdh di t`gpbttgrhs di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh bt Kdmrjh wjaa lrbw updh

pbrbaaga pbttgrhs dfsgrvgl jh dt`gr di t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs

bhl dh dt`gr nabssgs di brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng bvbjabfag idr

t`g Kbrds ordup. _`jag t`g lgsnrjptjdhs di fdt` rgsuats bhl

kgt`dls `grg brg hgngssbrjay sukkbry= b iuaagr trgbtkght js

prdvjlgl jh D'^`gb (2::7, 2::9).

<. \`g drobhjzbtjdh di t`g Kbrds iuhgrbry

prdorbk

\`g fbsjn hdrkbtjvg gagkghts di t`g Kbrds iuhgrbry prdorbk

sgrvgl td prdvjlg b nagbr frgbm wjt` fdt` gbrajgr Ndppgr Bog

pbttgrhs di furjba (ni. Fdohâr-Mutzjâh 2:9>= Sbtby 2:?0),

bhl b strjmjho bhl uhbkfjoudus ndhtrbst wjt` t`gndhtgkpdrbry bhl hgjo`fdrjho Hboyrêv ordups, jh w`jn`

nrgkbtjdh wbs t`g ldkjhbht kdlg di kdrtubry ljspdsba

(Fþhb 2:9>, 2:?7). \`g gagkghts di t`g hdrkbtjvg prdorbk

jhnaulgl furjba jh abrog kuatj-ndkkuhjty ngkgtgrjgs,

pabngkght di t`g fdly jh b iagxgl pdsturg drjghtgl badho b

hdrt`-sdut` bxjs, wjt` t`g fdly ‐ibngl' tdwbrl t`g gbst. \`js

wbs t`g fbsjn trgbtkght t`bt bhy kgkfgr di t`g ndkkuhjty

rgngjvgl, fut t`grg wgrg sgvgrba hdtbfag gxngptjdhs. Jhibhts

yduhogr t`bh bfdut < ygbrs di bog wgrg hdt jhtgrrgl jh t`g

ngkgtgrjgs. Gxnbvbtjdhs bt Kbrds sgttagkght sjtgs, `dwgvgr,

`bvg rgvgbagl t`bt bt agbst sdkg di t`gsg jhibhts wgrg furjgl

wjt`jh sgttagkghts (D'^`gb h.l.). ^jhng t`gsg jhtgrkghts

sdkgtjkgs jhnaulgl orbvg diigrjhos, jt nbh fg iurt`gr

ndhnaulgl t`bt sun` jhtgrkghts ljl hdt rgprgsght bh

gxpgljght trgbtkght idr b ‐vbaugagss' fgjho, fut rbt`gr

ndhstjtutgl b ljstjhnt, bog-spgnjijn, batgrhbtjvg prdorbk di

ljspdsba. \`g sgndhl nbtgodry di jhljvjlubas hdt rgngjvjho

t`g hdrkbtjvg trgbtkght wbs yduho bluat kbags. Jhljvjlubas

di t`js bog wgrg sjohjijnbhtay uhlgrrgprgsghtgl jh t`g Kbrds

ngkgtgrjgs. _`jag b hukfgr di pdtghtjba gxpabhbtjdhs kjo`t

fg diigrgl td bnnduht idr t`gsg jhljvjlubas, t`g kdst ajmgay

gxpabhbtjdh js t`bt t`gy rgprgsght kgh t`bt ljgl bwby irdk

t`g vjaabog bhl w`dsg rgkbjhs wgrg hdt rgndvgrgl idr furjba.

Ojvgh t`g kbhy jhljnbtjdhs di ghlgkjn wbribrg bhl rbjljho

jh t`g rgojdh (lgighsjvg wdrms bt sgttagkghts, trdp`ypghlbhts ibs`jdhgl irdk ùkbh pbtgaabg, bhl t`g ndkkdh

dnnurrghng di nrbhjba trgpbhbtjdh, bh dpgrbtjdh ditgh

bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g trgbtkght di `gbl wduhls) jt js qujtg

pabusjfag t`bt t`gsg yduho kbags rgprgsght jhljvjlubas adst jh

rbjljho gxpgljtjdhs.

Fgydhl t`g hdrkbtjvg iuhgrbry prdorbk, b hukfgr di

ljkghsjdhs wgrg rgouabray utjajzgl td ljstjhoujs` kbedr

ljvjsjdhs wjt`jh t`g Kbrds pdpuabtjdh. Sgr`bps t`g kdst

usgiua irdk t`g pgrspgntjvg di brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs wbs

t`g hdrkbtjvg kbrmjho di oghlgr. \`g Kbrds iuhgrbry

prdorbk kbrmgl hdrkbtjvg oghlgr vjb t`g drjghtbtjdh di t`g

fdly= igkbags wgrg pabngl dh t`gjr rjo`t sjlg wjt` t`gjr

`gbls tdwbrl t`g sdut`, w`jag kbags wgrg pabngl dh t`g agit

wjt` t`gjr `gbls tdwbrl t`g hdrt`. Oghlgr wbs b kbedr drobhjzjho prjhnjpag jh Kbrds sdnjgty bhl t`js kbrmjho di

oghlgr vjb drjghtbtjdh jhsurgl t`bt gvgry jhljvjluba wbs

kbrmgl. Brn`bgdadojnbaay t`js js usgiua sjhng jt baadws t`g

ndkpbrjsdh di fjdadojnba sgx wjt` t`g nuaturbaay bssjohgl

oghlgr. Jt basd ghbfags t`g ndkpbrjsdh di ljiigrghtjba

trgbtkght di kbag bhl igkbag sufbluats, b vjgw t`bt nbhhdt

fg suppajgl fy fjdadojnba jhljnbtdrs badhg. _`jag t`grg brg

dt`gr nbtgodrjgs di kbtgrjba oddls t`bt brg ajkjtgl jh t`gjr

ljstrjfutjdh td igkbags dr kbags, t`g spgnjijn kbrmjho di

oghlgr fy kgbhs di fdly drjghtbtjdh jhsurgs t`bt baa

jhljvjlubas wgrg kbrmgl, uhagss t`grg wbs bh jhtghtjdhba

giidrt hdt td ld sd. Jt js idr t`js rgbsdh t`bt t`g tgrk

hdrkbtjvg oghlgr js bppajgl. Fdly prgpbrbtjdh, trgbtkght bhldrjghtbtjdh wgrg basd usgl td gxprgss hdh-hdrkbtjvg

n`brbntgrjstjns w`jn`, jh kbhy jhstbhngs rgprgsghtgl

pbrtjnuabr lgbt` stbtusgs, rgiagntjho spgnjijn njrnukstbhngs dr

bfhdrkbajtjgs di lgbt`, rbt`gr t`bh uhjqug sdnjba stbtusgs

bntubaay `gal jh ajig.

\`g pabngkght di brtjibnts wjt` t`g lgbl prdvjlgl t`g

kbedr bvghug idr t`g gxprgssjdh di sdnjba ljiigrghngs bkdho

t`g lgbl. Brtjibnts jhnaulgl vbrjdus nbtgodrjgs di drhbkghts

wdrh fy t`g lgbl, badho wjt` jkpagkghts bhl ngrbkjns

pabngl jh t`g orbvg. \`gsg ljiigrjho nbtgodrjgs di jtgks basd

tghlgl td ndhvgy ljiigrjho mjhls di sdnjba kgbhjhos. \`g

bhbaysjs di ljiigrghtjba trgbtkghts jh t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs

wbs ibnjajtbtgl fy t`g `jo` lgorgg di sjtg bhl jhtgr-sjtg

ndhsjstghny jh t`g dvgrbaa Kbrds iuhgrbry prdorbk.

\bmjho Kdmrjh bs b nbsg jh pdjht, b wjlg brrby di sdnjba

ljiigrghngs wbs gxprgssgl t`rduo` t`g ndkfjhbtjdh di fdly

pabngkght bhl brtjibnt jhnausjdh (tbf. 2). \`gsg jhnaulgl b

sgrjgs di `grgljtbry pdajtjnba diijngs `gal fy kbags bhl

igkbags rgspgntjvgay, badho wjt` bt agbst twd vgry ljstjhnt

rgprgsghtbtjdhs di jhljvjluba bhl ndaagntjvg wgbat` bhl sdnjba

stbhljho, dhg tjgl td ldkgstjn prdluntjdh bhl t`g dt`gr

ajhmgl td adho ljstbhng trblg. Hdt surprjsjho, oghlgr bobjh

wbs b kbedr drobhjzjho prjhnjpag jh t`g gxprgssjdh dr ljspaby

di t`gsg twd ljkghsjdhs di sdnjba stbhljho.

_jt` t`js vgry frjgi fbnmorduhl jhtd t`g sdnjba nbtgodrjgsojvgh kbtgrjba gxprgssjdh jh t`g Kdmrjh ngkgtgry, t`g hgxt

stgp jh t`g bhbaysjs js td ndhsjlgr t`gsg vbryjho gagkghts di

kdrtubry trgbtkght bs bspgnts di sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs t`bt

gxjstgl wjt`jh t`g dhng ajvjho ndkkuhjty. Idr purpdsgs di

jaaustrbtjdh J wjaa idnus dh twd spgnjijn jssugs= 2) `dw sdnjba

diijng bhl sdnjba stbhljho/wgbat` wbs bnqujrgl bhl

trbhsigrrgl bnrdss oghgrbtjdhs= bhl 6) td ndhsjlgr `dw t`js

22> E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH



brrby di sdnjba stbtusgs bhl diijngs wdual `bvg bppgbrgl bt

bhy ojvgh tjkg wjt`jh t`g ajvjho sdnjgty (bs dppdsgl td t`g

nukuabtjvg vjgw prgsghtgl jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba ndhtgxt).

\d gvbaubtg t`g bnqujsjtjdh di sdnjba pdsjtjdhs, bhl

pbrtjnuabray nrdss oghgrbtjdh nynajho di sdnjba stbhljho, jt js

hgngssbry td blbpt b idrk di nd`drt bhbaysjs td brn`bgdadoy.

Kun` bs b lgkdorbp`gr trgbts t`g bog ljstrjfutjdh di b ajvjho

ndkkuhjty bs t`duo` jt rgprgsghtgl t`g prdorgssjvg bojho di

b sjhoag nd`drt di jhljvjlubas, sd nbh wg addm bt t`g

ljstrjfutjdh di ljiigrght bogl jhljvjlubas wjt`jh b kdrtubry

pdpuabtjdh bhl t`g ljstrjfutjdh di sdnjba diijngs bnrdss t`gsg

bog nbtgodrjgs td kdlga t`g ajig `jstdry di b sjhoag nd`drt di

ajvjho jhljvjlubas. \d ld sd, di ndursg, rgqujrgs t`bt wg fg

bfag td ljstjhoujs` fgtwggh ajig bhl lgbt` stbtusgs

rgprgsghtgl jh t`g iuhgrbry prdorbk, bhl t`bt wg ndhtrda idr

t`g bog spgnjijn lgkdorbp`jn ibntdrs t`bt strunturg t`g

dfsgrvbfag kdrtubry pdpuabtjdh.

Bt agbst idur kbedr sdnjba diijngs brg kbrmgl jh t`g

Kdmrjh iuhgrbry prdorbk, baa di w`jn` bppgbr td `bvg fggh

trbhskjttgl badho `grgljtbry ajhgs (ijo. 6). \`gjr pbttgrhs di

trbhskjssjdh bhl bnqujsjtjdh brg hdt jlghtjnba, `dwgvgr. \`g

diijngs kbrmgl fy wgbpdhs bhl fy `gbl drhbkghts bkdho

kbags wgrg fdt` `grgljtbrjay bsnrjfgl, fut fdt` rgqujrgl bluat

stbtus idr bh jhljvjluba td bntubaay `dal t`g diijng. Orbvg 29

bt Kdmrjh, t`bt di bh bldagsnght kbag, js rgvgbajho dh t`js

sndrg sjhng t`g jhljvjluba js kbrmgl bs `bvjho b rjo`t td fdt`

di t`gsg diijngs. Zgt, jt js gqubaay nagbr t`bt t`g jhljvjluba ljl

hdt ygt dnnupy gjt`gr diijng. Idr gxbkpag, t`g `gbl drhbkght


\bfag 2. Nabssjijnbtjdh di Kbedr Iuhgrbry Ljstjhntjdhs bt Kdmrjh

Ljiigrghtjbtjdh Kbrmgr Hukfgr ^gx Bog Jhigrrgl dnjba Nbtgodry

\ypg

Hdrkbtjvg Ndkkuhjty Kgkfgrs`jp

Furjba jh Ngkgtgry " "

Iagxgl Furjba Sdsturg " "

Gbstwbrl Ibnjho " "

Ygrtjnba

_gbpdh 22 Kbag Bluat @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng

Kbag @gbl Drhbkght 27 Kbag Bluat @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng

Fdhg Hgglag 2: Igkbag hdhg @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng

Fgblgl bs` 2> Igkbag Bluat @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng

Igkbag @gbl Drhbkght >0 Igkbag Bluat Bssdnjbtjvg dnjba Sdsjtjdh

Fdly Drhbkght 0? hdhg hdhg Gxdtjn _gbat`, Bssdnjbtjvg

Ngrbkjns Bssgkfabog h/b hdhg hdhg ûfsjstghng _gbat`, Bssdnjbtjvg

^kbaa Jkpagkghts 2: hdhg hdhg Nrbit pgnjbaty

@drjzdhtba

Drjghtbtjdh (hdrt`-sdut`) hdhg hdhg Hdrkbtjvg oghlgr

Adnbtjdh (hdrt`-sdut`) hdhg hdhg ^dnjba gokght, vjaabog4Adnbtjdh (gbst-wgst) hdhg hdhg ^dnjba gokght, sdlbajty4

^pgnjba ^tbtus

_gst Ibnjho ? Bluat Dppdsjtjdhba

_gst Drjghtgl 2 Jhibht Dppdsjtjdhba

HG Drjghtgl 7 Kbag hdhg

H_ Drjghtgl > Kbag Bluat

^G Drjghtgl 27 Igkbag hdhg

Batgrhbtjvg Sdsturg 0 hdhg hdhg Dppdsjtjdhba

Kuatjpag Furjba < (:) hdhg Bluat Njrnukstbhngs di lgbt`.

wjt` N`jal

Nrgkbtjdh > Dppdsjtjdhba

^ykfdajn 7 Njrnukstbhng di lgbt`

Kutjabtjdh <3 hdhg hdhgHdh-Furjba 2 Jhibhts Bog stbtus

Hdh-Furjba 6 ~63 Kbags Zduho Njrnukstbhng di lgbt`

Bluats



Ijourg 6. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g ljstrjfutjdh di brtjibnt nabssgs fy bog ordups idr kbags bhl

igkbags bt Kdmrjh.

227 E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH



wbs jhnaulgl jh t`g orbvg, fut hdt wdrh. Jhstgbl, jt wbs

idalgl bhl pabngl bt t`g jhljvjluba's mhggs.

\wd pbrbaaga `grgljtbry stbtusgs wgrg dfsgrvgl bkdho

igkbags. Dhg, kbrmgl fy t`g dnnurrghng di fdhg hgglags

(w`jn` kby `bvg fggh bh gagkght jh b abrogr ibfrjn nbpg),

wbs `grgljtbrjay bsnrjfgl bhl bppbrghtay wbs `gal irdk gbray

n`jal`ddl. \`g jhljvjluba rgtbjhgl t`g diijng gvgh jhtd dalbog. Fy ndhtrbst, t`g dt`gr igkbag diijng, kbrmgl fy b

fgblgl sbs`, wbs bobjh `grgljtbrjay bsnrjfgl, fut, ajmg kbag

`gbl drhbkghts, rgqujrgl bluat`ddl td `dal t`g diflng.

B hukfgr di sufbluat igkbags wgrg iduhl wjt` t`g sbs`gs

idalgl bhl pabngl gjt`gr jh t`gjr `bhls dr bt t`gjr iggt. Whajmg

t`g kbag sdnjba diijngs, `dwgvgr, t`js stbtus wbs rgajhqujs`gl

w`gh b wdkbh rgbn`gl dal bog. Jh giignt, t`g sdnjba diijng

wbs `gal fy b prgsnrjfgl wdkgh lurjho `gr bluat`ddl, dr

pdssjfay rgprdluntjvg bog, bhl wbs t`gh nynagl dh td b hgw

pdtghtjba diijng `dalgr. \`js pbttgrh di oghgrbtjdhba nynajho

di sdnjba stbtusgs bhl t`gjr kbrmgrs, rbt`gr t`bh furjba wjt`

t`g lgbl, wjaa fg sggh bobjh w`gh dt`gr ljkghsjdhs di sdnjba

stbhljho bhl wgbat` brg ndhsjlgrgl.B t`jrl jkpdrtbht igkbag stbtus, kbrmgl fy `gbl

drhbkghts, wbs basd dfsgrvgl bt Kdmrjh, bat`duo` jt dpgrbtgl

uhlgr vgry ljiigrght ruags irdk t`dsg odvgrhjho kbag `gbl

drhbkghts. @gbl drhbkghts bkdho wdkgh wgrg hdt

`grgljtbry, fut rbt`gr bppgbr td rgprgsght bh bssdnjbtjvg

stbtus, w`jn` spgnjijn wdkgh bnqujrgl fy vjrtug di t`gjr

ndhhgntjdh td `jo` rbhmgl kbags. \`g wby jh w`jn` sun` bh

bssdnjbtjvg stbtus wbs bnqujrgl bhl `gal wjaa fg iurt`gr

nabrjijgl fy t`g ljsnussjdh di qubhtjtbtjvg kgbsurgs di

stbhljho bhl wgbat` bt Kdmrjh.

Jh t`g prgsght ljsnussjdh, t`g tgrks sdnjba stbhljho bhl

wgbat` brg usgl bs vjrtuba gqujvbaghts, wjt` fdt` fgjho

ljstjhnt irdk qubajtbtjvgay lgijhgl sdnjba diijngs dr stbtusgs.

\`g rbtjdhbag idr trgbtjho sdnjba stbhljho bhl wgbat` bs

gqujvbaght rgsts wjt` t`g wby t`gsg twd ndhngpts brg rgabtgl

oghgrbaay wjt`jh trjfba sdnjgtjgs. Jh giignt, wgbat` bhl sdnjba

stbhljho brg twd sjlgs di t`g sbkg ndjh. ^jhng t`grg js hd

trug nbs` dr nurrghny (Lbatdh 2:??), wgbat` js kgbsurgl jh

t`g bnqujsjtjdh bhl bkbssjho di t`jhos, fg jt stdrgl iddl,

nbttag, lrjgl ijs`, stdhg bxgs dr ndppgrs. ^jkjabray, sdnjba

stbhljho wjt`jh trjfba sdnjgtjgs js kdst typjnbaay objhgl fy

t`g ljstrjfutjdh dr ljspdsba di wgbat` (ni. ^bàjhs 2:?6 ).

\`grg brg, di ndursg, dt`gr bvghugs td sdnjba stbhljho=

frbvgry jh wbribrg bhl rbjljho, ljstbht trbvgas, vjsjdh qugsts,

gtn. Zgt gvgh t`gsg batgrhbtjvg rdutgs ditgh `bvg bs b fyprdlunt t`g bnqujsjtjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di oddls. Irdk bh

jhljvjluba's pgrspgntjvg, oddls (dr wgbat`) brg oghgrbtgl bs b

kgbhs td bn`jgvg `jo`gr sdnjba stbhljho. ^jhng t`grg js hd

pgrkbhghny di vbaug jh t`gsg oddls, jt js b adojnba strbtgoy

idr t`g jhljvjluba, w`jag bt t`g sbkg tjkg dpgrbtjho bs b

agvgajho kgn`bhjsk td lbkpgh sgrjdus gndhdkjn jhgqubajty

bkdho ndkkuhjty kgkfgrs. \`js bppgbrs td fg t`g mjhl di

fg`bvjdr t`bt oghgrbtgs t`g ljstrjfutjdh di ljiigrght wgbat`

kbrmgrs jh t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs.

\wd hdh-rgluhlbht qubhtjtbtjvg ljkghsjdhs di wgbat` bhl

stbhljho wgrg dfsgrvbfag bt Kdmrjh, w`jn` ljstjhoujs`gl

kbag bhl igkbag sp`grgs di bntjvjty bhl lgnjsjdh kbmjho.

Gbn` wbs agss b pgrsdhba stbtus bhl kdrg b stbtgkght

ndhngrhjho t`g wgbat` bhl stbhljho di t`g lgngbsgl's`dusg`dal bhl jkkgljbtg mjhlrgl. \`g ijrst di t`gsg js

tgrkgl `grg gxdtjn wgbat`, bhl jhnaulgs b rbhog di kgtba bhl

ibjghng brtjibnts t`bt wgrg gjt`gr dftbjhgl, dr t`gjr rbw

kbtgrjbas prdnurgl, t`rduo` adho ljstbhng trbvga bhl trblg.

_`jag jhljvjlubas di fdt` oghlgrs wdrg dr ljspabygl gxdtjn

wgbat`, jt bppgbrs td `bvg fggh oghgrbtgl bs b rgsuat di kbag

bntjvjtjgs, bhl bt b ljstbhng irdk t`g Kbrds vjaabogs. \`g

sgndhl ljkghsjdh js tgrkgl ldkgstjn wgbat`, bhl bppgbrs td

`bvg fggh bh jhljnbtdr di t`g sufsjstghng stbhljho, bhl

pbrtjnuabray t`g stdrgs, di t`g lgngbsgl's jkkgljbtg

`dusg`dal. Whajmg gxdtjn wgbat`, w`jn` ndhsjstgl di

drhbkghts t`bt wgrg wdrh jh ajig, t`g ljspaby di sufsjstghng

wgbat` bppgbrs td `bvg dnnurrgl vjb t`g kgljuk di t`giuhgrbry rjtuba jtsgai, qujtg pdssjfay jh t`g gabfdrbtghgss di

t`g iuhgrbry igbst. \`g gabfdrbtghgss di t`g iuhgrbry igbst

fgjho, jh turh, rgiagntgl jh t`g n`brbntgr di t`g ngrbkjn

bssgkfabog pabngl wjt` t`g lgngbsgl jh t`g orbvg.

ûfsjstghng wgbat` bppgbrs td `bvg fggh prjhnjpbaay t`g

prdlunt di igkbag abfdr wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal. Lgnjsjdhs,

sun` bs `dw gabfdrbtg b igbst s`dual fg prdvjsjdhgl, bhl t`g

fbabhnjho di t`js gxpghljturg di iddl stdrgs bobjhst bhtjnjpbtgl

iuturg hggls, wbs basd jh t`g `bhls di t`g `dusg`dal's wdkgh.

Jh giignt, t`g twd qubhtjtbtjvg ljkghsjdhs di stbhljho bhl

wgbat` prgsght t`g jhtgrpaby di kbag bhl igkbag sp`grgs di

bntjvjty wjt`jh jhljvjluba `dusg`dals.

_`gh t`g bog pbttgrhs di wgbat` ljstrjfutjdh brg ndhtrbstgl

idr kbags bhl igkbags, ndhsjlgrbfag jhsjo`t jhtd t`g dpgrbtjdh

di t`g systgk js biidrlgl. Bkdho kbags, jhibhts bhl n`jalrgh

brg iduhl wjt` ndhsjlgrbfag qubhtjtjgs di kgtba drhbkghts

(qubhtjtjgs t`bt brg gqujvbaght td sjkjabr bogl igkbags). Dh

rgbn`jho bluat`ddl, `dwgvgr, t`js pbttgrh lrbstjnbaay n`bhogs.

Bluat kbags dhay rbrgay `bvg kgtba drhbkghts, bhl dalgr

bluat kbags `bvg hd kgtba drhbkghts bt baa. \`js jhvgrts t`g

gxpgntgl pbttgrh idr t`g orbluba bnnukuabtjdh di oddls

lurjho bh jhljvjluba's ajig tjkg bhl jhstgbl suoogsts t`bt

2) w`gh kbags rgbn`gl bluat`ddl, t`gy ngbsgl t`gjr rdag bs

‐ljspabygrs' di wgbat`, bs t`gy bssukgl t`g rdag di ‐prdnurgr'

di wgbat`, bhl 6) kbag n`jalrgh rgngjvgl kgtba drhbkghtst`rduo` t`gjr bssdnjbtjdh wjt` bluat kbags. \`g ndkpagtg

bfsghng di kgtba drhbkghts bkdho dalgr kbags suoogsts t`bt

bkdho kbags, kgtba drhbkghts wgrg gvghtubaay nynagl fbnm

jhtd t`g `dusg`dal.

\`g pbttgrh di ljstrjfutjdh bkdho igkbags js sdkgw`bt

ljiigrght. Bkdho igkbag sufbluats, bobjh, b frdbl rbhog di

kgtba drhbkghts brg iduhl. \`g prdpdrtjdh di jhljvjlubas




wjt` drhbkghts jhnrgbsgs bs wdkgh rgbn` bluat`ddl bhl bh

blljtjdhba sgt di typgs, spgnjijnbaay brn`gl pjhs bhl hgnm

rjhos w`jn` brg rgstrjntgl jh t`gjr ljstrjfutjdh td bluats, brg

hdw wdrh. _dkgh ndhtjhug td ljspaby t`gsg gabfdrbtg sgts di

drhbkghts uhtja t`gy rgbn` dal bog. Dhng t`gy rgbn` dal bog,

baa di t`g kdrg gabfdrbtg kgtba drhbkghts brg rgajhqujs`gl,

bhl t`g dal wdkgh ljspaby drhbkght sgts t`bt brg sjkjabr, ji agss irgqught bhl gabfdrbtg, td t`dsg iduhl bkdho igkbag

sufbluats.

\`g ndhtrbstjvg pbttgrh bkdho kbags bhl igkbags prdvjlgs

w`bt js prdfbfay t`g nrjtjnba naug td uhlgrstbhljho t`g Kbrds

wgbat` ljspaby systgk. Whlgr t`js systgk, t`g wgbat` di b

`dusg`dal js lghdtgl fy t`g kbh's bfjajty td prdnurg gxdtjn

kgtba drhbkghts (dr t`g rbw kbtgrjba idr t`gjr prdluntjdh)

w`jn` js ljspabygl, hdt dh t`g kbag, fut dh t`g wdkgh bhl

n`jalrgh di t`g `dusg`dal. Bhl w`jag t`grg js nagbr gvjlghng

t`bt t`js ljspaby wbs ndkpgtjtjvg, jt wbs hgvgrt`gagss

fduhlgl fy ruags odvgrhjho t`g ‐tbstgiua' wgbrjho di

drhbkghts, sun` t`bt hd jhljvjluba wdrg, dr wbs furjgl, wjt`

orgbtgr qubhtjtjgs di bhy drhbkght typg t`bh ndual prdpgrayfg wdrh bt dhg tjkg. \`g nrjtjnba trbhsjtjdh idr kbags wbs

bluat`ddl w`gh t`gy ngbsgl td wgbr t`g gabfdrbtg drhbkghts.

Jt js hdt nagbr w`bt `bppghgl td bh jhljvjluba's drhbkghts

w`gh t`js dnnurrgl. Jh baa prdfbfjajty t`gy wgrg gjt`gr

rgnynagl wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal, dr t`gy kby `bvg idrkgl t`g

iduhlbtjdh idr t`g yduho kbh's dwh bnnukuabtjdh, pgr`bps

idr sdkg usg sjkjabr td t`g jhstjtutjdh di frjlg prjng. Igkbags

ljl hdt uhlgrod t`js s`brp trbhsjtjdh jh rdag, bt agbst hdt uhtja

t`gy rgbn`gl dal bog. Jt sggks nagbr t`bt t`g `dusg`dal's

bluat igkbags wgrg t`g prjhnjpba idnus di t`g ndkpgtjtjvg

ljspaby, wjt` n`jalrgh di gjt`gr sgx bs b sgndhlbry idnus. Jt js

pdssjfag, bobjh, t`bt bogl igkbags rgnynagl t`gjr drhbkghts td

yduhogr igkbags wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal. Fut dh fbabhng, jt

sggks kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`gy ndhtrjfutgl jt tdwbrl t`g sdh (dr

orbhlsdh's) jhjtjba bnnukuabtjdh. ûn` b pbttgrh di oghgrbtjdhba

nynajho wdual `bvg `bl t`g bllgl blvbhtbog di tghljho td

mggp t`g wgbat` wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal ajhgbog, gvgh bs t`g

drhbkghts wgrg fgjho ljspabygl dh dfajobtgl biijhgs.

Irdk b kdrg oghgrba pgrspgntjvg, b nrjtjnba igbturg di t`g

kdrtubry ljspaby js t`g ibnt t`bt jt rgprgsghts bh bssdnjbtjvg

stbtus, t`bt js, b stbtus t`bt bh jhljvjluba `gal hdt jh t`gjr

dwh rjo`t fut fy vjrtug di t`gjr rgabtjdh td bhdt`gr jhljvjluba

dr ordup, jh t`js nbsg, t`g `dusg`dal.

B pbrtjnuabray rgvgbajho jhstbhng bt Kdmrjh jaaustrbtgs `dw

t`gsg vbrjdus ruags bhl bssdnjbtjdhs wgrg hgodtjbtgl td kggtjhljvjluba sjtubtjdhs. Orbvg 23 ndhtbjhs b vgry rdfust, sghjag

bogl kbag. Zgt t`g jhljvjluba wbs trgbtgl jh gvgry wby bs b

oghlgrgl igkbag. \`js jhnaulgl hdt dhay b sdut`grh

drjghtbtjdh n`brbntgrjstjn di hdrkbtjvg igkbag stbtus, fut basd

b iuaa brrby di bluat bhl igkbag rgstrjntgl drhbkghts. Jhlggl,

t`js jhljvjluba `bl t`g sjhoag kdst gabfdrbtg bssgkfabog di

kgtba drhbkghts iduhl jh bhy di t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs. Bhl

t`js js w`bt kbmgs t`g nbsg pbrtjnuabray jhtgrgstjho. _dkgh,

w`gh t`gy rgbn` dal bog, hdrkbaay rgajhqujs` t`gjr kdrg

gabfdrbtg kgtba drhbkghts td yduhogr jhljvjlubas. Zgt t`js js

hdt t`g nbsg idr orbvg 23. Ljl t`g dvgr gabfdrbtg orbvg

bssgkfabog sgrvg td kbrm t`js jhljvjluba bs sdkg kbhhgr di

‐supgr wdkbh'4 Dr, ljl t`g uhndkkdh kjx di oghlgr bhl

sgx rgsuat jh b sjtubtjdh w`grg t`grg sjkpay wbs hdbpprdprjbtg `gjr idr t`g drhbkghts4 Jh gjt`gr nbsg, t`g

gxbkpag `joàjo`ts fdt` t`g jhtghtjdhba bhl t`g hgodtjbtgl

n`brbntgr di t`g lgnjsjdh kbmjho prdngss= bs t`g ajvjho

bttgkptgl td kbtn` qujtg jhljvjluba njrnukstbhngs td b

frdblay s`brgl sgt di nuaturba hdrks ljntbtjho bpprdprjbtg

iuhgrbry trgbtkght.

_jt` t`js uhlgrstbhljho di trbhskjssjdh bhl bnqujsjtjdh di

sdnjba pdsjtjdh bhl stbhljho, jt js hdw pdssjfag td ndhsjlgr

t`g syhn`rdhjn n`brbntgr di t`g Kbrds vjaabogs t`bt prdlungl

t`g ngkgtgrjgs. Jh gssghng t`js kdlgajho prdngss jhvdavgs

ijrst ijttjho t`g ndrrgntgl kdrtbajty strunturg di t`g ngkgtgry

pdpuabtjdh td bh jlgbajzgl kdlga ajig tbfag irdk w`jn` wg

nbh oghgrbtg bh gstjkbtg di t`g ajvjho pdpuabtjdh strunturg(ni. _gjss 2:?>). \`js js t`gh kbtn`gl wjt` gvjlghng rgabtjho

td t`g lurbtjdh di usg di t`g ngkgtgry w`jn`, idr Kdmrjh,

wbs rduoày 273 ygbrs (D'^`gb 2::2). Ojvgh t`js sjzg bhl

strunturg di t`g ajvjho pdpuabtjdh, t`g rgabtjvg prdpdrtjdhs di

ljiigrjho sdnjba nbtgodrjgs dfsgrvgl fy bog bhl sgx jh t`g

kdrtubry pdpuabtjdh nbh t`gh fg prdegntgl fbnm dhtd t`g

kdlgagl ajvjho pdpuabtjdh. \`g rgsuat di t`js kdlgajho

prdngss idr dhg di t`g vjaabogs bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g Kdmrjh

ngkgtgry js prgsghtgl `grg (ijo. >).

Sgr`bps t`g kdst strjmjho igbturg di t`js kdlga js t`g skba

sjzg di t`g adnba ndkkuhjty. \`g bvgrbog ndkkuhjty `grg js

sdkgw`grg fgtwggh <3 bhl 73 pgdpag tdtba, frdmgh ldwh jhtd

sjx td gjo`t `dusg`dals. \`g sgndhl strjmjho igbturg js t`g

suoogstgl jhtghsjty di adssgs td wbribrg (rgkgkfgrjho tdd t`bt

t`gsg brg t`g jhljvjlubas' w`dsg fdljgs wgrg hdt rgturhgl, bhl

hdt t`g tdtba hukfgr di lgbt`s lug td wbribrg bhl rbjljho).

Di t`g kbedr sdnjba pdsjtjdhs, t`grg js b lgijhjtg pbrbaagajho

di kbag bhl igkbag diijngs, wjt` dhay b sjhoag diijng `dalgr

bt bhy dhg tjkg jh bhy di t`g idur pdsjtjdhs. \`g ‐ldufajho'

di t`g hukfgr di igkbag `gbl drhbkghts iurt`gr suppdrts t`g

bssdnjbtjvg, rbt`gr t`bh `grgljtbry, n`brbntgr di t`js kbrmjho.

Jh tgrks di t`g ljspaby di wgbat` bhl stbhljho, t`g ijourg

bobjh `joàjo`ts t`g ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g bnqujsjtjdh bhl

ljspaby di gxdtjn wgbat`. Jt basd js jhtgrgstjho td hdtg t`g

jkpgrignt ndrrgabtjdh fgtwggh gxdtjn bhl sufsjstghng wgbat`.\`g s`bljhos ojvg b oghgrba sghsg di t`g stbtg di ljiigrght

`dusg`dal gndhdkjgs jh t`g Kbrds vjaabog, bat`duo` jt js

ajmgay t`bt sufsjstghng stbhljho wbs uhstbfag dvgr tjkg. \`js

ljstrjfutjdh js smgwgl upwbrl tdwbrls `jo` sufsjstghng

stbhljho. \`g ljborbk basd fgojhs td `jht bt sdkg di t`g

ndkpagx fbabhnjho bhl lgnjsjdh kbmjho t`bt odvgrhgl t`g

gabfdrbtghgss di t`g iuhgrbry igbst.

22? E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH



Ijourg >. B syhn`rdhjn kdlga di b ajvjho Kbrds ndkkuhjty, fbsgl dh t`g lgkdorbp`jn strunturg bhl iuhgrbry trgbtkghts di t`g Kdmrjh ngkgtgry.

\`g bpprdxjkbtg ljstrjfutjdh di gndhdkjn stbhljho js rgprgsghtgl fy t`g ljstrjfutjdh di ngrbkjn bssgkfabog typgs irdk t`g ngkgtgry. Lbs`gl

ajhgs wjt` brrdw `gbls kbrm stbtusgs t`bt wgrg rgtbjhgl fy jhljvjlubas bnrdss kbedr bog nbtgodrjgs.

Dvgrbaa, t`g typjnba Kbrds vjaabog ndhtbjhgl sjx td gjo`t`dusg`dals bhl rgndohjzgl bt agbst idur ljstjhnt `grgljtbry

diijngs wjt` jkpdrtbht pdajtjnba bhl rjtuba iuhntjdhs. ^dkg

`dusg`dals wgrg fgttgr dii t`bh dt`grs, jh tgrks di t`g

prdwgss di t`g kbags bt adho ljstbhng trblg bhl wbribrg, dr jh

t`g `dusg`dal's sunngss jh t`g ljvgrsg rbhog di sufsjstghng tbsms

t`bt n`brbntgrjzgl t`g adnba Kbrds gndhdky. \d b ngrtbjh gxtght

t`grg wbs b ndhvgroghng fgtwggh t`g `daljho di `grgljtbry

diijng bhl t`g `dusg`dal's gndhdkjn stbhljho, ygt t`js stbhljho

wbs bppbrghtay bawbys vdabtjag bhl ndual fg uhlgrkjhgl fy

wbribrg, fbl `brvgsts, dr gxngssjvg sdnjba dfajobtjdhs. Zgt,

gvgh bs `grgljtbry bhl gndhdkjn jhgqubajty gxjstgl bkdho t`g

kgkfgrs di t`js ndkkuhjty, t`g snbag di t`g sdnjgty wbs sjkpay

tdd skbaa td pgrkjt b orgbt lgba di sdnjba ljstbhng fgtwggh

jts kgkfgrs. Baa stjaa fgadhogl td b sjhoag ndkkuhjty, dwgl

baagojbhng bhl lutjgs di lgighsg bhl sdajlbrjty td t`gjr

vjaabog, bhl uatjkbtgay baa s`brgl t`g sbkg ngkgtgry jh lgbt`.

Bt b abrogr snbag, Kbrds sdnjgty bppgbrs td fg kblg up di

b sgrjgs di skbaa, fut butdhdkdus ndkkuhjtjgs, bhl nbh

prdfbfay fgst fg t`duo` di bs b addsg ndhiglgrbny dr trjfg

di skbaa vjaabogs. \`gy wgrg fduhl tdogt`gr fy b s`brgljlghtjty, b ndkkdh drobhjzbtjdhba pabh, bhl b sgrjgs di nrdss-

nuttjho jhtgr-ndkkuhjty sdlbajtjgs. Jh blljtjdh td sdnjba

fdhls, kbrrjbog tjgs bhl s`brgl ngkgtgrjgs bhl iuhgrbry

nustdk, t`g vjaabogs wgrg fdhl fy t`g hggls idr kutuba

suppdrt bhl lgighsg jh w`bt bppbrghtay wbs b rgabtjvgay

`dstjag bhl lbhogrdus wdral.

7. Ndhnausjdh

@dpgiuaay, t`js hgngssbrjay smgtn`y vjgw di ndkkuhjty

drobhjzbtjdh dh t`g ^dut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh suoogsts

sdkgt`jho di w`bt wg nbh gxpgnt irdk brn`bgdadojnba

rgsgbrn` bs wg bttgkpt td ld bht`rdpdadoy jh t`g pbst.

Brn`bgdadoy `bs fdt` t`g t`gdry bhl t`g kgt`dls hgngssbry

td uhlgrtbmg b trug bht`rdpdadojnba stuly di t`g pbst, dhg t`bt

js nbpbfag di ljsndvgrjho sdnjba idrks uhprgnglghtgl jh t`g

gt`hdorbp`jn prgsght, bhl dhg t`bt js fg`dalgh td hgjt`gr t`g

stgrjag prdngss di nuaturg-tbxdhdkjn nbtgodrjzbtjdh, hdr td t`g

jhtgaagntubaay fbhmrupt ‐brn`bgdadoy di jkbojhjhos' diigrgl

fy pdst-kdlgrhjst bpprdbn`gs.




Whajmg t`g 2:93's w`gh t`g dhay `dpg idr ndhstruntjho

jkbogs di pbst sdnjgtjgs wbs fy kbtn`jho t`gk td nuaturg-

gvdautjdhbry sadts (t`gksgavgs rghlgrgl dut di t`g ajkjtgl

bhl fjbsgl gt`hdorbp`jn prgsght), brn`bgdadoy hdw `bs t`g

kgbhs td kdhjtdr ljrgntay kbhy bspgnts di pbst sdnjba

drobhjzbtjdh bhl fg`bvjdr, irdk lgkdorbp`y bhl sufsjstghng

t`rduo` td sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhgqubajty, oghlgr rdags, bhlgvgh ndkkuhjty strunturg. _jt` t`g jhnrgbsjho bfjajty td

kdhjtdr t`gsg lgnjsjvg sdnjba ljkghsjdhs, brn`bgdadoy hd

adhogr hggls td rgay dh strgtn`gl gt`hdorbp`jn pbrbaagas,

sjhng wg nbh fujalup ndhvjhnjho ndhstrunts di t`g sdnjgtjgs

t`gksgavgs. Jhlggl, fy dur bfjajty td vjgw kbhy kdrg

gxbkpag di sdnjgtba drobhjzbtjdh, bhl pbrtjnuabray gxbkpags

di sdnjgtjgs hdt tdun`gl fy ndadhjba stbtgs bhl gkpjrgs,

brn`bgdadoy nbh frjho td oghgrba bht`rdpdadoy b rgirgs`jhoay

frdblgr pjnturg di t`g vbrjgty di ùkbh nuaturba drobhjzbtjdh.

rgigrghngs

Fbhmdii, @. & I. _jhtgr 2::3. \`g Abtg Bghgdajt`jn jh sdut`gbstgrh

Gurdpg, Bkgrjnbh Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy :<(6), 2?7-2:2.

Fbhhgr, E. 2:>2. B Kbrdsvjlêm frdhzmdrj zsuodrëtdtt tgkgtmgzê-

sgjhgm sërkgaaêmagtgj, Ldaodzbtdm ^zgogl YJJ, 2-7>.

Fgnm, A. (gl.) 2::7. Vgojdhba bpprdbn`gs td kdrtubry bhbaysjs,

Hgw Zdrm.

Fdohâr-Mutzjâh, J. 2:9>. \`g Ndppgr Bog ngkgtgry di \jszbpdaoâr-

Fbsbtbhyb, Fulbpgst.

Fþhb, J. 2:9>. \`g ngkgtgrjgs di t`g Hboyrêv Nuaturg, Bafb Vgojb

6->, 22-6>.

Fþhb, J. 2:97. \`g pgdpags di sdut`grh drjojh di t`g Gbray Frdhzg

Bog jh @uhobry, J. \`g Sjtvbrds Ordup, Bafb Vgojb <-7, 2?-9>.

Fþhb, J. 2:?7. Ljg Kjttagrg Frdhzgzgjt Whobrhs uhl j`rg sñlùst-

ajn`gh Fgzjgùhogh, Fulbpgst.

N`bpkbh, V., Mjhhgs, J., & M. Vbhlsfdro (gls.) 2:02. \`g

brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`, Nbkfrjlog.

N`jalg, Y.O. 2:6:. \`g Lbhufg jh prg`jstdry, Dxidrl.

Lbatdh, O. 2:??. Bfdrjojhba gndhdkjgs jh stbtgagss sdnjgtjgs. Jh5

\. Gbrag & E. Grjnsdh (gls.) Gxn`bhog systgks jh prg`jstdry, Hgw

Zdrm, 2:2-626.

Idrghfb`gr, ^. 2::>. Vbljdnbrfdh lbtgs bhl bfsdautg n`rdhdadoy d

t`g nghtrba Gurdpgbh Gbray Frdhzg Bog, Bhtjqujty 9?, 620-679.

Ojrjn, K. 2:?2. Kdmrjh, t`g Gbray Frdhzg Bog Hgnrdpdajs, vda 2,

Ljssgrtbtjdhgs gt Kdhdorbp`jbg PJ.

Ojrjn, K. 2:0?. Hbsgaeb Kdrjsmg Muaturg, Vblb Ydevd∆bhsmdo

Kuzgeb >3, ?2-06.

D'^`gb, E. 2::2. B rbljd-nbrfdh fbsgl n`rdhdadoy idr t`g Kbrds

Ordup di ^dut`gbst @uhobry, Bhtjqujty 97, :?-236.

D'^`gb, E. 2::7. Kdrtubry nustdk jh t`g Frdhzg Bog di

^dut`gbstgrh @uhobry5 Ljbn`rdhjn bhl syhn`rdhjn pgrspgntjvgs.

Jh5 A. Fgnm (gl.) Vgojdhba bpprdbn`gs td kdrtubry bhbaysjs,

Hgw Zdrm, 267-2<7.

D'^`gb, E. 2::9. Yjaabogrs di t`g Kbrds. B pdrtrbjt di bh Gbray

Frdhzg Bog ^dnjgty, Hgw Zdrm.

Sbtby, S. 2:?0. Lbs Mupigrzgjtajn`g Orìfgrigal vdh \jszbvbam-

Mghlgriùal, Idhtgs Brn`bgdadojnj @uhobrjbg , Fulbpgst.

Vbnzmy, S., G. @grtgaghlj, & I. @drvât` 2::>. Uur bfsdautgh

Lbtjgruho lgr frdhzgzgjtajn`gh \gaa-Muaturgh jh Whobrh. Jh

_. Kgjgr-Brghlt bhl J. Idldr (gls.) Frdhzgzgjt jh Whobrh5

Idrsnùhogh jh \gaa-^jglauhogh bh Ldhbu uhl \`gjss, Irbhmiurt,

<6-<?.

^bàjhs, K. 2:?6. ^tdhg bog gndhdkjns, Adhldh.

^bhldr-N`jnjlgbhu, K. & J. N`jnjlgbhu 2:0:. Uu lgh Orìfsjttgh lg

Sgrjbk-Sgnjnb Muatur, Lbnjb PPPJJJ (2-6), 7->0.

\bsjn, H. 2:?6. \`g Kdmrjh hgnrdpdajs bhl jts pdsjtjdh jh t`g

lgvgadpkght di t`g Gbray Frdhzg Bog jh Ydjvdljhb. Jh5 H. \bsjn

(gl.) Kdmrjh, \`g Gbray Frdhzg Bog Hgnrdpdajs, vda. 6,

Ljssgrtbtjdhgs gt Kdhdorbijbg PJJ, :-60.

_gjss, M. 2:?>. Lgkdorbp`jn kdlgas idr bht`rdpdadoy, ^dnjgty idr

Bkgrjnbh Brn`bgdadoy Kgkdjr 6?.

Ed`h K. D'^`gb

Kusguk di Bht`rdpdadoy

Whjvgrsjty di Kjn`jobh

Bhh Brfdr, Kjn`jobh <023:

W^B

22: E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH



2. Jhtrdluntjdh

@dw nbh wg uhlgrstbhl b pbst w`jn` wg nbh hgvgr dfsgrvg4

_`bt js t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh dur prbntjng bs brn`bgdad-

ojsts bhl t`g prbntjngs di t`dsg w`dsg ajvgs, w`jn` bat`duo`

hdw gxtjhnt, wg stjaa `dpg td uhlgrstbhl4

Jkbojhg. Jkbojhg t`bt t`g lby `bs pbssgl bs b wbam, bt

ijrst fgsjlg b rjvgr w`dsg wjhtgr iaddls `bvg rgnglgl agbvjho

t`g fbhms sndurgl bhl jh s`brp rgajgi bobjhst t`g iadw di t`g

wbtgrs. Srdorgss `bs fggh sadw. \`grg brg dt`grs wjt` ydu,

bhl b n`jal js fgjho nbrrjgl. _ddlabhl ghnrdbn`gs updh t`gwbtgr's glog bhl bt tjkgs ydu agbvg t`g fbhms td nut badho b

wgaa gstbfajs`gl fut dvgrordwh pbt` fgtwggh t`g trggs. \`g

trggs brg jh ful bhl t`g skgaa di rgnght rbjhibaa js baa brduhl

ydu. Gvghtubaay t`g pbt` pjnms up bobjh fut hdw jt fgojhs b

najkf w`jn` ydu `bvg kblg kbhy tjkgs fgidrg. Zdu brg

ùhory bhl tjrgl, fut ydu mhdw t`bt ydu wjaa rgbn` ydur

lgstjhbtjdh t`bt gvghjho. Gvghtubaay t`g orduhl agvgas dut.

\`g abhlkbrms brg ibkjajbr, b orgbt uprddtgl trgg, b hbrrdw

strgbk. Bhl t`gh t`g trggs ojvg wby td dpgh orduhl, b ùog

oghtay sadpjho brgb w`jn` `bl fggh furht fut w`jn` js hdw

lggp jh orbss bhl irdk w`ghng jt js pdssjfag td addm ldwh

tdwbrls t`g frdbl gxpbhsg di t`g ndbst. \`g sgb js frjo`t jh

t`g abtg bitgrhddh suh bhl, td t`g sdut`, t`g rjvgr w`jn` `bls`brgl ydur gbrajgr pbt`, frgbms t`g ajhg di t`g s`drg. Vgstjho

`grg ajttag js sbjl. Kun` di t`g edurhgy `bs fggh jh sjaghng idr

t`g wdral brduhl gxjsts wjt`dut ndkkght bs jt `bs bawbys

ldhg. Hdw, mggpjho t`g ndbst jh sjo`t bhl agbvjho t`g rjvgr

fg`jhl, t`g pbng qujnmghs bhl fgidrg t`g suh `bs nadsgl

updh t`g sgb ydur lgstjhbtjdh js rgbn`gl. Fgsjlg b adw

dutnrdp di w`jtg rdnm ydu bhl ydur ndkpbhjdhs edjh wjt`

dt`grs, bhl bt abst ydu nbh rgst. \`grg js sdkg lrjgl kgbt bhl

t`grg js tbam. ^kbaa ordups ùllag tdogt`gr, t`grg brg ijrgs

bhl t`grg wjaa fg s`gatgr. \`g hgxt igw lbys wjaa fg spght jh

t`js ndkpbhy. @grg stdrjgs wjaa fg tdal bhl kgkdrjgs

rgnbaagl. Iddl wjaa fg ndaagntgl bhl s`brgl, bhl jh t`g `gbrt

di t`gsg bntjvjtjgs b n`jal, t`g n`jal nbrrjgl `grg, wjaa ljg.

Js t`grg bh brn`bgdadoy di tbam4 Jt sggks uhajmgay. \bam

agbvgs hd kbrm idr us td rgndvgr, hd trbng td bnt bs jts rgndrl.

Bhl ji wg ndhtjhug td dpgrbtg wjt` t`g jlgb t`bt t`g

brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl js t`g dhay kgljuk fy w`jn` t`g

kgbhjhos di t`g pbst brg trbhskjttgl td t`g prgsght, t`gh t`bt

rgndrl sggks sd irbokghtbry bhl sd ndbrsg orbjhgl t`bt t`g

kdkghts ji hdt t`g adnbajtjgs di tbam „ s`drt tgrk bhl ibng td

ibng „ sggk idr gvgr adst. Jh t`gjr pabng brn`bgdadojsts sggm b

oghgrba drlgr jh t`g kbtgrjba, kjtjobtjho t`g bppbrghtay

jhndkpagtg hbturg di t`g rgndrl fy rgndohjzjho pbttgrhs

gxtghljho dvgr ùog ogdorbp`jnba ljstbhngs bhl abstjho idr

adho pgrjdls di tjkg. \`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl t`grgidrg

bppgbrs gssghtjbaay t`g rgndrl di adho tgrk prdngss. _`gh,

irdk t`js pgrspgntjvg, wg sby t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg gkfdljgs

kgbhjho jt js b kgbhjho w`jn` sggks td fg kutgay

gxprgssgl. Jt js bs ji t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g pbttgrhsndhtbjhgl jh t`g rgndrl ajgs jh t`gk fgjho rgprgsghtbtjvg di

sdkgt`jho, rbt`gr t`bh gxprgssjvg di kgbhjhos w`jn` wgrg

dhng ajvgl bhl tbamgl bfdut. \`gsg brg hdt t`g kgbhjhos

ghuhnjbtgl, ndhsjlgrgl, bhl brougl dvgr jh tbam sd kun` bs

kgbhjhos w`jn` dhng strgtn`gl dut dvgr lgnblgs bhl ndvgrgl

tgrrjtdrjgs w`jn` hd sjhoag pgrsdh ndual gvgr trbvgrsg. \`gsg

kgbhjhos, w`jn` brn`bgdadojsts rgigr td bs ‐trbljtjdhs',

‐ndskdadojgs' dr ‐jlgdadojgs', sggk sdkg wby rgkdvgl irdk

t`g prbntjnbajtjgs di ogttjho dh wjt` ajig. Zgt jt wbs pgdpag

w`d wgrg ogttjho dh wjt` ajig w`d kblg, usgl, bhl ljsnbrlgl

t`g kbtgrjbas wg hdw stuly.

\d bssgrt t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg js kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl

js t`grgidrg dhg t`jho, td uhlgrstbhl `dw t`dsg kgbhjhoswgrg nrgbtgl bhl dpgrbtgl `jstdrjnbaay, bhl td gstbfajs` t`g

kgbhs fy w`jn` brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs nbh gxpadrg sun`

jssugs, js qujtg bhdt`gr. Jh t`js ndhtrjfutjdh J wbht td

ljstjhoujs` fgtwggh t`g kgbhjhos w`jn` brn`bgdadojsts

rgndohjzg bs fgjho adnbtgl jh t`g adho tgrk strunturba

rgabtjdhs`jps w`jn` brg ljrgntay dfsgrvbfag jh t`g

brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng (sun` kgbhjhos bppgbr td fg

dfegntjijgl jh t`g rgndrl di t`g pbst) bhl t`g kgbhjhos w`jn`

wgrg rgprdlungl bhl dfegntjijgl fy t`g prbntjngs di t`dsg

pgdpag w`d nrgbtgl bhl ajvgl bkdhost t`g kbtgrjbajtjgs

w`jn` wg rgndvgr brn`bgdadojnbaay.

Jt js wrdho, bs J `dpg td s`dw, td trgbt strunturg bhl

prbntjng bs sgpbrbtg bhl tùs batgrhbtjvg ldkbjhs di bhbaysjs

t`g ibnt t`bt t`gy `bvg fggh sd rgobrlgl js t`g prdfagk.

Ybrjdus bttgkpts `bvg fggh kblg td gstbfajs` b lubajty di t`

twd, bat`duo` t`gsg bttgkpts brg ditgh gxprgssgl sd

bfstrbntay t`bt t`gy bppgbr ibr rgkdvgl irdk t`g `jstdrjnbaay

spgnjijn wbys ùkbh ajig `bs fggh ajvgl. \`g gbsjgst rdutg

t`rduo` w`bt `bs fgndkg b ndkpagx t`gdrgtjnba broukght js

Ed`h N. Fbrrgtt ^tdhg bog jlgdadojgs



vjb t`g ndhngpt di ùkbh boghny. \`g ndhngpt di boghny

sjkpay gstbfajs`gs t`g jlgb t`bt ùkbhjty js bfag td

uhlgrstbhl t`g wdrals jt dnnupjgs, td bnt updh t`dsg wdrals

jh pursujt di bjks bhl lgsjrgs, bhl td kdhjtdr t`g rgsuats di

t`dsg bntjdhs.

Baa ùkbh boghny js sjtubtgl= jt `bs bvbjabfag td jt

ljiigrght sgts di rgsdurngs, jt `bs gxpgntbtjdhs bs td t`gsjohjijnbhng bhl vbaug di t`dsg rgsdurngs, bhl fy hgngssjty jt

bnts wjt` rgigrghng td ljiigrght lgkbhls bhl ndhtrdas w`jn`

brg pabngl updh jt. Boghny basd dpgrbtgs tgkpdrbaay, jt

kdvgs t`rduo` ajig bs b sgqughng di gxpgrjghngs, b sgqughng

puhntubtgl tgkpdrbaay bhl kbrmgl spbtjbaay fy ljspabngkght.

Bh gxbkpag di t`js wdual fg t`g sgqughng di gxpgrjghngs

ghnduhtgrgl jh b wbam. \`g ùkbh boght t`grgidrg

gxpgrjghngs t`gjr dwh ajig fy pbssjho t`rduo` tjkg jh w`jn`

dnnurs b sgrjgs di gvghts. \`gsg gvghts kby fg ‐frbnmgtgl

dii' irdk dhg bhdt`gr fy sun` sjkpag lgvjngs bs kdvjho

irdk dhg pabng td bhdt`gr, dr fy turhjho t`g fdly td ibng

bwby irdk dhg pabng bhl tdwbrls bhdt`gr. \`gsg fdljay

gxpgrjghngs idrk pbrt di bh jhljvjluba's fjdorbp`y. Boghny,`dwgvgr, ldgs kdrg t`bh kgrgay gxpgrjghng ajig, jt basd

kbmgs sghsg di jt.

Jt js jh kbmjho sghsg t`bt boghts ljsndvgr kgbhjho jh t`g

wdral brduhl t`gk bhl jh t`gjr dwh bntjdhs. Kgbhjho js

sdkgt`jho w`jn` js fdt` tbmgh irdk t`g wdral w`gh jt js t`g

prdlunt di jhtgrprgtbtjdh bhl uhlgrstbhljho, bhl jt js

sdkgt`jho ojvgh td t`g wdral bs t`g prdlunt di bntjdh.

Boghts t`grgidrg rgndohjzg b nd`grghny bhl kgbhjhoiua

drlgr jh t`g wdral bhl t`gy bnt, dh t`g fbsjs di t`bt pgrngjvgl

drlgr, td bn`jgvg ngrtbjh ghls. \`bt sun` bnts bppgbr

giigntjvg gstbfajs`gs t`g gkpjrjnba vbajlbtjdh di t`g drjojhba

jhtgrprgtbtjdhs updh w`jn` t`gy brg fbsgl, bhl t`rduo` sun`

bnts t`g boght js bfag td uhlgrstbhl t`gjr dwh pabng bhl

fgjho jh t`g wdral. Kgbhjho js t`grgidrg nrgbtgl t`rduo`

jhtgrprgtbtjdh, bntjdh bhl ndkkuhjnbtjdh= jt ldgs hdt rgsjlg

jh sdkg kgssbog dr sykfdajn strunturg fut `bs td fg

rglggkgl fy bh bntjvg prdngss di jhtgrprgtbtjdh bhl

hgodtjbtjdh.

\`js pdjht js di nghtrba jkpdrtbhng td us, jt wjaa fg t`g

kgbhs fy w`jn` wg wjaa uhjtg t`g ndhngpts di prbntjng bhl

strunturg, idrkuabtg b nrjtjqug di nurrght brn`bgdadojnba

bpprdbn`gs tdwbrls t`g ‐jlgdadojgs' di ^tdhg Bog sdnjgtjgs,

bhl gstbfajs` t`g hbturg di brn`bgdadojnba rgsgbrn` jhtd t`gsg

pgrjdls.

6. \`g brn`bgdadoy di brn`bgdadoy

_g fgobh wjt` b s`drt, jkbojhbry, edurhgy. Fgidrg wg nbh

rgturh td t`g mjhls di gxpgrjghngs ghnduhtgrgl t`grg wg wjaa

`bvg td uhlgrtbmg bhdt`gr edurhgy, t`js tjkg t`rduo` t`g

kdrg ghtbhoagl uhlgrordwt` di brn`bgdadojnba rgbsdhjho.

Dur odba wjaa fg td rgbn` b pdsjtjdh irdk w`ghng wg nbh

qugstjdh t`g adojn di b orgbt lgba di t`g rgnght jhtgrprgtjvg

wdrm jlghtjijgl bs ‐pdstprdngssuba brn`bgdadoy'. \`g

rgkbrmbfag ibjaurg w`jn` typjijgs t`js wdrm js t`bt w`jast

‐boghny' `bs fggh bldptgl bs t`g dfegnt di bhbaysjs jh b

ndkkjtkght td wrjtg jhtd `jstdry t`g gxjstghng di b

mhdwaglogbfag ùkbhjty, bhl tùs gstbfajs` b frgbm wjt`

prdngssuba brn`bgdadoy, t`g prbntjngs fy w`jn` t`bt boghny

fdt` objhgl bhl usgl jts mhdwaglog brg rbrgay ljsnussgl.Ndhsgqughtay t`g boghnjgs kdst dfvjdusay prgsght jh t`g

wrjtjho di ^tdhg Bog brn`bgdadojgs brg hdt t`dsg di ^tdhg

Bog pgdpags fut di brn`bgdadojsts t`gksgavgs.

_g kust ngrtbjhay fgojh fy bnngptjho t`bt t`g `jstdrjgs di

t`g ^tdhg Bog brg t`g prdlunts di dur wrjtjhos. \`gy brg

t`grgidrg t`g prdlunts di dur ghqujry jhtd t`g pbst rbt`gr t`bh

fgjho t`g ljrgnt rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g pbst jtsgai. \`bt sun` bh

ghqujry dh dur pbrt js pdssjfag, bhl t`bt t`g `jstdrjgs w`jn` jt

prdlungs brg dpgh td gvbaubtjdh, brg fgnbusg b oghgrba

ndhsghsus gxjsts bkdho brn`bgdadojsts t`bt hdt dhay ldgs b

abrog fdly di gvjlghng gxjst idr t`g pbst, fut t`bt wg brg

nbpbfag di gstbfajs`jho t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`bt gvjlghng.

\`g gvjlghng ndkprjsgs b ndkpagx di kbtgrjba rgkbjhs,bhl w`gh wg gstbfajs` b kgbhjho idr t`dsg rgkbjhs, jh tgrks

di sdkg `jstdrjnba sjohjijnbhng, wg nrgbtg bh uhlgrstbhljho

di `jstdry. \wd ndkpagx jssugs brg gkfgllgl jh t`js

sggkjhoay jhhdnght stbtgkght= t`g wbys ùkbhs uhlgrstbhl

t`gjr wdral, bhl t`g hbturg di t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh t`g

uhlgrstbhljhos dt`grs dhng `bl di t`gjr wdral bhl t`g

uhlgrstbhljhos di t`g pbst nrgbtgl fy brn`bgdadojsts.

_g `bvg bargbly tdun`gl updh t`g ijrst. @ukbhs

uhlgrstbhl t`g wdral fy uhlgrstbhljho t`gjr pabng wjt`jh jt=

t`gy rgbl t`g wdral brduhl t`gk bhl ljsndvgr t`grgjh bh

drlgr dr adojn w`dsg utjajty js lgkdhstrbfag t`rduo` prbntjng.

Srbntjng rg-jhsnrjfgs t`bt uhlgrstbhljho di drlgr updh t`g

wdral. Jt js t`grgidrg t`rduo` prbntjngs w`jn` sggk td

bn`jgvg lgsjrgl bjks t`bt t`g kgbhjho di t`g wdral js

rgbajzgl bhl ojvgh sdkg sdrt di gkpjrjnba vbajlbtjdh.

Srbntjngs brg, idr t`g kdst pbrt, jh`grghtay sdnjba idr hdt dhay

ld t`gy kbmg sghsg td t`g prbntjtjdhgr fut t`gy basd kbmg

sghsg td dt`grs „ t`gy brg b sdnjba ljsndursg. Srbntjngs

t`grgidrg bn`jgvg sdkg di t`g bjks w`jn` brg `dpgl idr, t`gy

brg oghgrbaay uhlgrstbhlbfag, bat`duo` t`gy kby basd ojvg

rjsg td ndhsgqughngs w`jn` wgrg uhjhtghlgl. Srbntjng js t`g

kgbhs di jhtgrrdobtjho t`g wdral w`grgfy prgvjdus

gxpgrjghngs bhl uhlgrstbhljhos brg s`dwh td fg vbajl bhl

blgqubtg td t`g tbsms bt `bhl.

Vjndgur lgkdhstrbtgs `dw b ndhsnjdus boghny kdvgsfgtwggh ljiigrght tgkpdrbajtjgs= bh bwbrghgss di dhg's dwh

sgai js fujat jh rgabtjdh td bh bwbrghgss di t`g orbhlgr

ndskdadojnba drlgrjho di t`g wdral vjb t`g prbntjngs dr

hbrrbtjvgs fy w`jn` sgai-bwbrghgss js sggh td `bvg b prbntjnba

vbajljty jh rgabtjdh td t`bt sggkjhoay n`bhogagss ndskdadoy

(Vjndgur 2:00). \`g kgbhjhos fdt` rgbl irdk bhl jhsnrjfgl

updh t`g wdral brg rgabtjvgay dpgh. B hukfgr di vjgws kby




fg gxprgssgl di b pbrtjnuabr ndhljtjdh, dr b hukfgr di

jhtgrprgtbtjdhs diigrgl di b sjhoag gvght. \`g trbhsidrkbtjvg

pdwgr di boghny, bs jt bnts dh t`g wdral fy ndhvghtjdh,

nrgbtgs hgw ndhljtjdhs w`jn` t`dsg ndhvghtjdhs t`gh `bvg td

bnndkkdlbtg. \`g wbys bntjdhs jhtgrprgt bhl jkpbrt

kgbhjho kby bawbys gsnbpg t`g gxpgntbtjdhs di ndhvghtjdh.

\`js js hdt td sby t`bt bhyt`jho nbh od, ndkpgtght sdnjbaboghts ld rgqujrg td fg uhlgrstddl idr t`gjr bntjdhs td fg

giigntjvg= t`gy kust kbmg sdkg rgigrghng td w`bt js bargbly

gxpgntgl di t`gk fy dt`grs bhl td w`bt js bargbly tbmgh idr

orbhtgl, `dwgvgr rbljnba t`gjr dwh prdhduhngkghts updh t`g

wdral kjo`t fg.

\`g gkp`bsjs pabngl updh boghny, t`rduo` w`dsg

jhtgrprgtbtjdhs bhl bntjdhs t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt

dnnupjgs brg rgndohjzgl, rgoghgrbtgl, bhl trbhsidrkgl,

kgbhs t`bt t`dsg strunturba ndhljtjdhs nbhhdt fy t`gksgavgs

lgtgrkjhg t`g trbegntdry di `jstdry. ^trunturba ndhljtjdhs ld

hdt ndhtbjh sdkg hgngssbry ljrgntjdh= t`gy ld hdt gkfdly b

tgagdadoy. \`gy pbrtay lgijhg t`g kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs jh

w`jn` pgdpag ijhl t`gksgavgs ajvjho bhl t`g trbljtjdhs di mhdwaglog updh w`jn` pgdpag lrbw td uhlgrstbhl bhl td

rg-wdrm t`dsg ndhljtjdhs, fut t`g pbt` wg sgg `jstdry tbmjho

js ndhtjhoght fdt` updh dur dwh bntjdhs bs `jstdrjbhs bhl

updh t`g lgsjrgs, kdtjvbtjdhs, bhl bntjdhs di boghts w`d kby

bawbys `bvg bntgl dt`grwjsg bhl idr w`dk t`g ndhsgqughngs

di t`gjr bntjdhs kby bawbys `bvg gsnbpgl t`gjr jhtghtjdhs.

^trunturba ndhljtjdhs ngrtbjhay n`bhog, bhl wjt` sun` n`bhog

t`g sndpg di dppdrtuhjtjgs bvbjabfag td boghts kby batgr, fut

t`g ljrgntjdhs boghny tbmgs jh nrgbtjho hgw strunturba

ndhljtjdhs js hdt lgtgrkjhgl jh t`g ijhba jhstbhng.

Whngrtbjhty bhl jhlgtgrkjhbny ajg bt t`g `gbrt di ajig.

Srdngssuba brn`bgdadoy jh pbrtjnuabr pabys b sjkpag ndheurjho

trjnm w`gh jt fy-pbssgs boghny bhl prgsghts bs b nbusg idr

strunturba n`bhog, jts ndhsgqughngs. Bs Fgttjhogr `bs hdtgl, b

t`gdry di ndhsgqughngs nbhhdt fg prgsghtgl bs b t`gdry di

prdngss, b adojnba ibjaurg w`jn` prdngssuba brn`bgdadoy `dals

jh ndkkdh wjt` baa iuhntjdhbajst bhbaysgs (Fgttjhogr 2::2,

629). Srdngss rgigrs td oghgrbtjvg bntjdh bhl t`g abttgr, bs wg

`bvg brougl, dhay ajgs jh t`g `bhls di boghny.

Kbtgrjba nuaturg js jtsgai t`g kgljuk bhl t`g ndhsgqughng

di prbntjng. Ji t`g ùkbh boght dnnupjgs b wdral w`jn` js

strunturgl fy hbturba bhl ùkbh boghny, t`gh gxjstjho

kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs kby bppgbr td t`dsg w`d jh`bfjt t`gk td

rgvgba t`g ndskdadojnba drlgrjho di t`g wdral. Fut t`g boght

basd rgwdrms t`dsg kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs fy rg-jhsnrjfjho bhbrrbtjvg di t`gjr dwh prgsghng jh t`bt wdral updh t`gk.

ûn` rg-jhsnrjptjdh n`bhogs t`g hbturg di t`g wdral w`jn`

kby t`gh fg rg-jhtgrprgtgl. _g kust fg bwbrg t`bt hdt dhay

ldgs kbtgrjba nuaturg `bvg kdrg t`bh dhg kgbhjho, fgnbusg

jt nbh fg rgbl irdk b hukfgr di ljiigrght pgrspgntjvgs, fut

t`bt jt basd dpgrbtgs twd ljkghsjdhbaay jh t`g wdral, bs t`g

bargbly ojvgh kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs di ajig, bhl bs t`g kgbhs

bhl ndhsgqughngs di jts rgwdrmjho. Boghny js sjtubtgl fgtwggh

t`gsg twd ljkghsjdhs, jt fdt` dnnupjgs bhl jhtgrprgts t`bt

kbtgrjba, w`jast basd nrgbtjho jt.

\`g sgndhl jssug kust bnngpt t`g oghgrbajty di t`g pdjhts

kblg `grg= t`gy bppay td dur prbntjng bs brn`bgdadojsts bhl

jhidrk t`g wbys jh w`jn` wg nrgbtg `jstdrjgs eust bs kun` bs

t`gy dhng bppajgl td t`dsg w`dsg ajvgs wg `dpg td stulyt`rduo` brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs. \`g brn`bgdadojst js

jhvdavgl jh t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di `gr dr `js dwh wdral bhl jh

t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di dt`gr pgdpag's wdrals w`jn` hd adhogr

gxjst. Ojllghs `bs brougl t`bt w`bt ljstjhoujs`gs t`g sdnjba

snjghtjst irdk t`g hbturba snjghtjst js t`bt t`g abttgr lgbas wjt`

bh dfegnt wdral w`jn` ‐ldgs hdt bhswgr fbnm' bhl w`jn`

ldgs hdt ndhstrunt bhl jhtgrprgt t`g kgbhjho di jts dwh

bntjvjtjgs. \`g sdnjba snjghtjst, dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, jhtgrprgts b

wdral w`jn` dt`grs `bvg basd jhtgrprgtgl bhl w`grg b vbajl

uhlgrstbhljho di t`dsg dt`gr sdnjba wdrals kust bnndkkd-

lbtg t`g mhdwaglog di t`dsg w`d sustbjhgl t`gk (Ojllghs

2:06, 2>). \`g pbst ldgs hdt ajtgrbaay ‐bhswgr fbnm' fut t`g

prjhnjpag rgkbjhs. ^`bhms bhl \jaagy lgvgadpgl t`jsrgbsdhjho fy suoogstjho t`bt brn`bgdadojnba prbntjng jhvdavgs

b ‐iduridal `grkghgutjn' (2:0?, 230). \`js kby nadul t g

kdrg sjkpag pdjht= t`g mhdwaglog kbjhtbjhgl fy t`dsg

dt`grs w`d sustbjhgl t`g ajig wdrals wg jhvgstjobtg kust

igbturg jh dur uhlgrstbhljhos di t`dsg wdrals (ni. ^`bhms/

@dllgr 2::7, 23). ^`bhms bhl \jaagy suoogst t`bt pbrt di t`g

`grkghgutjn pbrtjnuabr td brn`bgdadoy js t`g brn`bgdadojst's

bttgkpt td ‑uhlgrstbhl bh bajgh nuaturg jhvdavjho kgbhjho

irbkgs rbljnbaay ljiigrght td `js dr `gr dwh‛ (2:0?, 230 ky

gkp`bsjs). _`bt ndhngrhs kg js t`g vboughgss di t`g tgrks

w`jn` J `bvg gkp`bsjzgl.

Brn`bgdadojsts brg hdt prjvjagogl td dfsgrvg t`g pgdpag

w`dsg ajvgs t`gy wjs` td stuly, jhstgbl t`gy wdrm wjt` t`g

rgsjlugs di t`g kbtgrjbajtjgs t`dsg ajvgs dhng jh`bfjtgl.

Lgspjtg t`js, bhl ojvgh t`g hggl td jhnaulg jh dur wrjtjhos bh

uhlgrstbhljho di t`g mhdwaglog fy w`jn` t`dsg hdw gxtjhnt

ajvgs dpgrbtgl, t`grg `bs fggh b tghlghny td rgjiy sun`

mhdwaglog jh t`g survjvjho kbtgrjba rgsjlugs. \`gsg rgsjlugs

brg dfsgrvgl td fg pbttgrhgl bhl td ndhtbjh drlgr bhl bs sun`

brg tbmgh td rgprgsght t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` t`g

brn`bgdadojst sggms td uhlgrstbhl. \`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di

ùkbhay nrgbtgl ‐kbtgrjba nuaturg' js bssukgl td rgvgba t`g

idrks di mhdwaglog jkpajnbtgl jh jts nrgbtjdh. Jh dt`gr wdrl

t`g strunturg di kbtgrjba nuaturg suppdsglay ghndlgs dt`gr

pgdpags' mhdwaglog, bhl t`js js sdkgt`jho dpgh tdbrn`bgdadojnba ljsndvgry. Brn`bgdadojnba prbntjng tùs stbhls

fgtwggh t`g strunturgl bhl uhn`bhojho kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di

t`g pbst bhl t`g bssukptjdhs bhl kdtjvbtjdhs di ndhtgkpd-

rbry brn`bgdadoy. Ky pdjht js t`bt t`g mhdwaglog nrgbtgl

uhlgr t`gsg ndhljtjdhs hggl `bvg ajttag td ld wjt` `dw t`dsg

w`d dhng rgwdrmgl sdkg skbaa sgokght di t`bt kbtgrjba

uhjvgrsg sbw jt idr t`gksgavgs.

26> E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^



J fgajgvg t`js pdjht td fg di nrunjba jkpdrtbhng, hdt sjkpay

fgnbusg jt lgijhgs b hgngssbry ljiigrghng fgtwggh dur

brn`bgdadojnba mhdwaglog di t`g vbrjdus pbsts w`jn` dhng

gxjstgl bhl t`g mhdwaglog di t`dsg w`d jh`bfjtgl t`dsg

pbsts, fut fgnbusg jt basd rgkjhls us t`bt t`g prdpgr dfegnt di

brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs js hdt kbtgrjba nuaturg fut t`g

jh`bfjtbtjdh di kbtgrjba nuaturg.\d rgjtgrbtg5 ùkbh prbntjng js hgjt`gr lgtgrkjhgl fy, hdr

js jt rglunjfag td, t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt jh`bfjts.

Kbtgrjba nuaturba rgsjlugs w`jn` brg rgndvgrgl brn`bgdadoj-

nbaay brg pbrt di t`g ndhtgkpdrbry ndhljtjdhs wjt`jh w`jn`

brn`bgdadojsts wdrm. Sbst ùkbh prbntjngs wgrg sjtubtgl

qujtg ljiigrghtay jh sdkg skbaagr pdrtjdh di t`gsg kbtgrjba

ndhljtjdhs. Brn`bgdadojsts s`dual stuly t`g wbys dt`gr

ùkbhs dhng dnnupjgl t`gjr wdrals, b prbntjng t`rduo` w`jn`

brn`bgdadojsts basd uhlgrstbhl t`gjr ndhtgkpdrbry wdral.

Jh pdstprdngssuba brn`bgdadoy t`g idrkgr js ditgh idrodttgh bt

t`g gxpghsg di t`g abttgr.

\`g gkp`bsjs updh b ldkjhbht brn`bgdadojnba

uhlgrstbhljho di ndhtgkpdrbry kbtgrjba nuaturg js rgabtjvgaygbsy td ldnukght. Jhtgrprgtbtjdh, wrjtgs \jaagy, js sdkgt`jho

wg dhay `bvg td ld ‑ji wg brg puzzagl dr johdrbht bfdut

sdkgt`jho ... wg jhtgrprgt dhay ji t`jhos brg hdt dfvjdus td

us‛ (\jaagy 2::>, 6 gkp`bsjs rgkdvgl). Jhtgrprgtbtjdh js b

prdngss jh w`jn` wg brg bntjvgay jhvdavgl bhl js b idrk di

‐kbmjho sghsg' di t`jhos w`jn` jhjtjbaay puzzag us. _g kbmg

sghsg di t`jhos gjt`gr fgnbusg wg nbh ijhl b wby di ijttjho

t`gk jhtd dur prgndhngptjdhs dr fgnbusg, kdrg rbljnbaay, wg

`bvg td rgt`jhm dur prgndhngptjdhs.

_`bt t`gh js jt jh brn`bgdadoy w`jn` puzzags us4 \jaagy

suoogsts t`bt ‑jh rgabtjdh td t`g ndhtgkpdrbry bnt di

brn`bgdadoy wg brg jhtgrgstgl jh t`g kbhhgr jh w`jn` ngrtbjh

kgbhjho giignts di kbtgrjba nuaturg brg gkp`bsjzgl fy

jhljvjluba but`drs bhl wdvgh jhtd jhtgrprgtbtjvg bnnduhts.

_`y js t`js kgbhjhoiua dr jkpdrtbht td t`g brn`bgdadojsts4‛

(\jaagy 2::>, 7 gkp`bsjs rgkdvgl). \ùs, w`jast ‑baa

brn`bgdadoy jhvdavgs t`g bldptjdh di jhtgrprgtbtjvg

prdnglurgs t`bt jt duo`t td fg pdssjfag td jlghtjiy bhl

lgsnrjfg‛ bhl jh w`jn` t`g jhtghtjdh js ‑td jlghtjiy t`g

giignts sjohjijnbht kgbhjho `bs dh jts dfsgrvgrs bhl rgblgrs

fdt` jh t`g pbst bhl t`g prgsght‛ (\jaagy 2::>), jt fgndkgs

baa td gbsy td jkpdsg ndhtgkpdrbry kgbhjho giignts updh t`g

boghny di t`g pbst. Bh gxbkpag kby suiijng.

\`dkbs bhl \jaagy `bvg diigrgl bh jhtgrprgtbtjdh di t`g

‐sykfdajn strunturgs' di t`g Hgdajt`jn jh Frjttbhy. Jt js bhjhtgrprgtbtjdh w`jn` brdsg irdk b wggm adho ijgal nabss td t`g

rgojdh jh 2::2. Hgjt`gr but`dr `bl vjsjtgl t`g brgb prgvjdusay

bhl t`g jkpbnt di t`g kdhukghts updh t`gk wbs pdwgriua.

Bs t`g wggm prdorgssgl t`gy iduhl t`bt ‑baa t`g jhtgrprgtb-

tjdhs wg wgrg kbmjho wgrg jhtgrajhmgl bhl sggkgl

jhnrgbsjhoay td kbmg kdrg bhl kdrg sghsg di t`g kdhukghts

bhl t`g brtjibnts jh t`g kusguk gx`jfjtjdhs bs wg vjsjtgl

t`gk‛ (\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, 667). \`g rgwdrmjho di t`gsg

‐dh t`g spdt' dfsgrvbtjdhs baadwgl t`g but`drs td ‑kbmg b

sgrjgs di jhtgrprgtbtjvg rgkbrms wjt` rgabtjdh td t`g ghtjrgty

di t`g Frgtdh Hgdajt`jn, bttgkptjho td ndvgr b pgrjdl w`jn`

spbhs rduoày 6733 ygbrs‛ (\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, 66?). \`gsg

rgkbrms t`grgidrg lrbw updh t`g survjvjho bhl nukuabtjvg

lgfrjs rgsuatjho irdk twd bhl b `bai kjaaghhjb di ùkbhbntjvjty, lgfrjs w`jn` wg nbh brrbhog jhtd b sgqughng di

typgs bhl idrks, sun` bs ‑kgh`jrs bhl t`g lgvgadpkght di

bxg sykfdajsk‛ (\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, 66:), w`jn` sggks td

ljspaby sdkg jhtgrhba adojn. \`g dhay ùkbh boghny w`jn`

stbhls bkdhost t`js lgfrjs js t`bt di t`g twd but`drs. \`g

wby t`bt t`gjr prbntjngs brg sjtubtgl jh b ndhtgkpdrbry

bnblgkjn ljsndursg js gxprgssgl jh t`g snbag di t`gjr vjsjdh

„ t`g ghtjrgty di t`g Frgtdh Hgdajt`jn „ bhl jh t`g rdutjhgs di

wrjttgh bhl jaaustrbtjvg ljsndursg. _`d gasg wdual ndkpbrg

t`g orduhl pabh di Fbrhghgz, t`g smgagtba ùkbh rjf-nbog

bhl dhg di t`g rdnm ghorbvgl kdtjis irdk Ags Sjgrrgs Sabtgs

(\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, ijo. 9.22), dt`gr t`bh sdkgdhg w`d `bs

spght tdd adho jh b ajfrbry4 Ji t`g boghny di bh ‐dt`gr' gxjstsjh sun` bh bnnduht t`gh jt js dhay ljkay rgndohjzbfag.

\`g idrgorduhljho di t`g bnt di brn`bgdadojnba

jhtgrprgtbtjdh jh t`g wrjtjho di `jstdry rgkjhls us t`bt

wg nrgbtg t`dsg `jstdrjgs bhl wjt` t`bt nrgbtjdh ndkgs

rgspdhsjfjajty. Brn`bgdadoy js b ‑kbtgrjba prbntjng jh t`g

prgsght‛, wjt` ‑hd ijhba bhl lgijhjtjvg bnnduht di t`g pbst

bs jt wbs‛, fut rbt`gr ‑b paurbajty di brn`bgdadojnba

jhtgrprgtbtjdhs sujtgl td ljiigrght purpdsgs, hggls, lgsjrgs‛

(^`bhms/@dllgr 2::7, 7). \`g ndhtgxts di brn`bgdadojnba

jhtgrprgtbtjdh ‑jhnaulg t`g jhtgrprgtjho brn`bgdadojst(s) bhl

t`g qugstjdhs bsmgl bhl ghtjtjgs gxjstjho jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrl‛ (\jaagy 2::>, :). \`grg js hd pbst w`jn` gxjsts

jhlgpghlghtay di us bhl bobjhst w`jn` wg nbh gvbaubtg t`g

vgrbnjty di dur `jstdrjnba wrjtjhos. \`bt sbjl, sdkg idrk di

bssgsskght js pdssjfag idr t`grg brg oddl bhl t`grg brg fbl

brn`bgdadojgs. Fut ji wg trgbt kbtgrjba nuaturg bs bh dpgh

tgxt, ghlagssay bvbjabfag td dur rg-jhtgrprgtbtjdhs, `dw brg

sun` eulokghts td fg kblg4 J wdual suoogst t`bt kun`

lgpghls updh t`g wby jh w`jn` wg wgandkg b ùkbhjty

dt`gr t`bh dur dwh jhtd dur `jstdrjgs.

\`js rbt`gr luaa prgbkfuabtjdh t`rduo` brn`bgdadojnba

t`gdry `bs rgbn`gl jts odba= td ljstjhoujs` fgtwggh strunturg

bhl boghny bhl td rgndohjzg t`bt t`g kbtgrjba wdral js fdt`

t`g ndhtgxt bhl t`g ndhsgqughng di ùkbh prbntjng.

^trunturgs brg t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn` gxjst bhl w`jn` ùkbhsrgndohjzg bs rgsdurngs wjt` w`jn` t`gy nbh wdrm. Boghny

uhlgrstbhls t`dsg rgsdurngs, jt rgbls t`gk bhl rgndohjzgs

t`bt sdkg di jts dwh lgsjrgs nbh fg bn`jgvgl t`rduo` bntjdh

bhl ljsndursg w`jn` usg t`gk, boghny ijhls b pabng idr jtsgai

jh t`g wdral. ^trunturg bhl boghny ld hdt idrk b lubajty

fgnbusg gbn` jhtgrpghgtrbtgs t`g dt`gr t`rduo` t`g

ndhsnjdushgss di boghny. \`g drlgrgl pbttgrh di kbtgrjba




rgsjlugs, ajmg t`g drlgr di sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhstjtutjdhs,

brjsgs bs b ndhsgqughng di t`js jh`bfjtbtjdh di t`g wdral.

_g kby trgbt sun` ndhsgqughngs bs t`g systgkjn brrbhogkght

di t`jhos dr di sdnjba jhstjtutjdhs. Fgttjhogr `bs lgbat jh lgtbja

wjt` bh broukght sjkjabr td t`g dhg pursugl `grg w`grg `g

lgkdhstrbtgs t`bt hgd-iuhntjdhbajsk bhl Kbrxjst t`gdry fdt`

bssukg t`bt ‐nuaturg prdngss' dnnurs fy kgbhs di systgkstrbhsidrkbtjdh (Fgttjhogr 2::2).

\`g ljsghtbhoajho dh t`g dhg `bhl di t`g jhtgrpghgtrbtjdh

di strunturba ndhljtjdhs wjt` boghny, w`jn` js t`g rgba

ndhljtjdh di `jstdry, irdk dh t`g dt`gr jts systgkjn

ndhsgqughngs, kgbhs t`bt wg brg jh b pdsjtjdh td bvdjl

bhbaysjs w`jn` sggms td gxpabjh systgkjn n`bhog fy rgigrghng

td t`g systgk jtsgai. \d nabjk idr gxbkpag t`bt sdnjba dr

gndhdkjn systgks brg ljrgntay rgprgsghtgl jh t`g pbttgrhs di

brn`bgdadojnba rgsjlugs, bs Vghirgw `bs ldhg, jkkgljbtgay

rgkdvgs t`g pdssjfjajty di sjtubtjho `jstdrjnba boghny wjt`jh

jts kbtgrjba bhl strunturba ndhljtjdhs (Vghirgw 2::<). \d od

iurt`gr bhl nabjk t`bt t`g sdnjba dr gndhdkjn systgk gxjstgl

td fg blbptjvg bhl t`bt systgkjn n`bhog js td fg gxpabjhgl bsbh blbptjvg rgspdhsg td sdkg gxtgrhba stjkuaj js trjvjba. Bs

Fgttjhogr ndkkghts ‑kdst fg`bvjdurs `bvg bt agbst sdkg

pdtghtjbaay fghgijnjba giignts‛ (2::2, 7>), sjkpay fy pabnjho

t`gksgavgs jh t`g wdral pgdpag oghgrbaay blbpt td jt wjt` b

ngrtbjh lgorgg di giijnjghny.

Jt js tjkg td rgturh td t`g pgdpag w`dsg ajvgs wg s`dual fg

stulyjho bhl td t`g mjhls di gxpgrjghngs wjt` w`jn` wg

fgobh t`js pbpgr. \`js kgbhs, bkdho dt`gr t`jhos, t`bt wg hd

adhogr wrjtg bh brn`bgdadoy di t`g Kgsdajt`jn dr Hgdajt`jn bs

ji t`gsg systgkjn drlgrjhos di kbtgrjba bhl jhstjtutjdhbajzgl

prbntjngs wgrg t`gksgavgs t`g idrngs di `jstdry, idr t`gy wgrg

hdt. Jt js tùs pdjhtagss td sggm bh gxpabhbtjdh idr t`g

trbhsidrkbtjdh fgtwggh dhg sun` systgk bhl bhdt`gr jh

tgrks di t`dsg systgks t`gksgavgs.

>. \`g brn`bgdadoy di jh`bfjtbtjdh

Ndhsjlgr t`g lgbl n`jal. _`bt mjhl di fgjho wbs t`js4 _bs

sun` b ajig uhlgrstbhlbfag, idr w`grg ljl jt ijhl jts pabng bhl

`dw ndual t`js lgbt` fg frduo`t jhtd b ndhidrkjty wjt` t`g

wdral bs jt wbs4 Sgr`bps t`g n`jal ndual fg hbkgl, pabngl

bkdho t`g ajvjho ndkkuhjty, dr pgr`bps t`g ajig `bl fggh sd

iaggtjho bs td rghlgr jt jhsufstbhtjba, trbhsjght. \`g sullgh

bhl uhgxpgntgl lgbt` ndual pgr`bps, fy rgbsdh, fgndkg

uhlgrstbhlbfag. Brn`bgdadojsts ld hdt ajstgh td t`g stdrjgs fy

w`jn` dt`grs tbamgl t`rduo` t`g adojn di sun` b sjtubtjdh,gstbfajs`jho w`bt wbs rgqujrgl td `dal sdkg skbaa pdrtjdh di

t`g wdral tdogt`gr, dr td tgbr bsuhlgr t`g jhbpprdprjbtg

ndhljtjdhs w`jn` obvg rjsg td t`g gvghts w`jn` t`gy t`gh

pgrngjvgl. Fut brn`bgdadojsts ld stuly t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn`

`gapgl td rghlgr sun` tbam pdssjfag, bhl t`gy ld dfsgrvg t`g

ndhsgqughngs di bntjdhs w`jn` bnndkpbhjgl t`g prbntjng di

sun` tbam.

\d tbam bh uhlgrstbhljho di t`g wdral jhtd fgjho, td fg

bfag td ndkprg`ghl t`g pbssjho di b ajig, dr td fg bfag td

ndhtbjh t`g jkpajnbtjdhs di t`bt lgbt`, js td gxprgss b sghsg d

vjsjdh w`jn` sggs `dw t`g wdral js bhl gstbfajs`gs t`g pabng

wjt`jh jt idr sun` bh gvght. _g usg t`g tgrkjhdadoy di vjsuba

pgrngptjdh td lgsnrjfg bh uhlgrstbhljho di tgkpdrba

ndhtjhujty, t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh gvght bhl strunturg. \`gjlgb di sggjho dr sghsjho dhg's pabng frjhos us fbnm td t`g

wbys t`g prbntjngs di jh`bfjtbtjdh kbmg sghsg di ajig. \jkg

bhl pabng ndkfjhg jh t`g wby wg gxpgrjghng t`g wdral. _g

kby pbss tjkg bt dhg pabng bhl wg sgpbrbtg ljiigrght pbrngas

di tjkg bs wg kdvg fgtwggh pabngs, b kdvgkght t`rduo`

tjkg bhl spbng. \`g abhlsnbpg t`grgidrg gkfdljgs t`g

tgkpdrba bspgnts di dur jh`bfjtbtjdh di jt. Fut bs sun` jt kus

ndhtbjh kdrg t`bh dhg mjhl di tgkpdrbajty. \d t`jhm bnrdss

tjkg, td ajhm t`g tjkg di dhg's dwh ajig dr di t`g ajig di

bhdt`gr td t`g tjkg di b abrogr ndskdadojnba drlgr rgqujrgs

t`bt, t`rduo` t`g prbntjng di jh`bfjtjho t`g wdral, wg brg bfag

td frjho t`dsg ljiigrght tgkpdrbajtjgs tdogt`gr jh t`g dhg

wdral w`jn` wg ghnduhtgr.@jrsn` brougs t`bt t`rduo` jh`bfjtbtjdh t`g abhlsnbpg js

frduo`t ‐jhtd vjgw' fy t`g ljsndvgry di jts ibkjajbrjty

(@jrsn` 2::7, > sgg basd Nbrtgr 2:0?). \`g wby t`js wdrms js

fgtwggh bh dnnupjgl ‐idrgorduhl' di jkkgljbtg gxpgrjghng

bhl b ‐fbnmorduhl' di pgrngjvgl pdtghtjbajty, t`g abttgr fgjho

t`rdwh jhtd rgajgi irdk t`g pdjht di vjgw di t`g idrkgr

(@jrsn` 2::7, >). \`g rgabtjdhs`jp kust fg fdt` spbtjba bhl

tgkpdrba. \`g idrgorduhl js t`g ‐`grg bhl hdw' w`jast t`g

fbnmorduhl js hdt kgrgay t`g ‐`drjzdh' fut basd ‐t`g tjkg di

abw', b pabng di nrgbtjdh bhl `jstdry, t`g adnbtjdh di sdkg

dt`gr jlgba stbtg. \`g fbnmorduhl js t`grgidrg b ljspabngl

tgkpdrbajty, b abhlsnbpg w`jn` t`g sufegnt sggs bs sgpbrbtg

irdk t`gksgavgs, nrgbtjho t`g sjtubtjdh di t`g spgntbtdr, fut b

abhlsnbpg w`grgjh t`gy tdd ndual ijhl b pabng. ûn`

abhlsnbpgs gxprgss w`bt ^kjt` lgsnrjfgs bs ‐t`g pagbsurg di

lgtbn`kght' t`rduo` w`jn` ‐sdkgt`jho drljhbry js kblg

gxtrbdrljhbry' (^kjt` 2::>, ?: & 02).

\`g fbnmorduhl js t`grgidrg t`g `jstdrjnba dr trbhsnghlgh-

tba spbng td w`jn` prbntjng bspjrgs, bhl wg kust mggp `dal d

t`g nghtrbajty di prbntjng bs t`g kgbhs fy w`jn` t`g

fbnmorduhl js rgvgbagl dr frduo`t jhtd vjgw. @dwbrl

Kdrp`y `bs lgsnrjfgl t`g wby Hbrrjtyjh Kbykuru, b Zdahou

irdk hdrt`-gbst Brh`gk Abhl wbs bfag td rgndohjzg, dr frjho

jhtd vjgw, t`g abhlsnbpg brduhl t`g ^hdwy Kduhtbjhs dh

t`g fdrlgr fgtwggh Hgw ^dut` _bags bhl Yjntdrjb w`jn`hgjt`gr di t`gk `bl gvgr vjsjtgl fgidrg. \`bt abhlsnbpg wbs

rgndohjzbfag jh tgrks di bhngstrba tjkg bhl ndual t`grgidrg

fg sggh bhl tbamgl bfdut (Kdrp`y 2::7, 20<). Kdrp`y

gxprgssgs t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh t`g fdly's dwh

gxpgrjghngs, t`g idrgorduhlgl prbntjngs di jh`bfjtbtjdh bhl

tbam, bhl t`g fbnmorduhl di `jstdrjnba tjkg tùs frduo`t jhtd

vjgw bs t`g ‐trjbljn rgabtjdhs`jp' fgtwggh ‐t`g jhljvjluba',

267 E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^



‐t`g wdral jh w`jn` `g dr s`g ajvgs', bhl ‐t`g bhngstrba wdral

di t`g pbst' (2::7, 20?). Idr t`g Bfdrjojhba pgdpag di

Bustrbajb t`g Lrgbkjho ‑rgprgsghts b strunturg ... w`jn` `bs

jh pbrt fggh ajvgl bhl `bs, bs b ndhsgqughng, ndhhdtbtjdhs.

Jt `bl jts drjojhs jh t`g pbst, jh jts sgpbrbtjdh irdk t`g iadw

di Lrgbktjkg gvghts. Jt `bs objhgl jts ndhhdtbtjdhs t`rduo`

jts jhndrpdrbtjdh jh sufsgqught `jstdry, t`rduo` fgjhorgprdlungl jh b idrk w`jn` ghbfagl jt td bnndkkdlbtg td

t`g gxjoghnjgs di `jstdrjnba gvghts‛ (Kdrp`y 2::7, 200).

Bhngstrba tjkg wbs trbhsidrkgl jhtd pabng w`gh t`g kdkght

di t`g bhngstrba prgsghng wbs irdzgh jhtd t`g idrk bldptgl

fy t`g pabng. \gkpdrba sgqughngs di bhngstrba gvghts tùs

fgnbkg spbtjbaay sgorgobtgl pabngs idr t`g ùkbh dfsgrvgr

w`grg ‑w`bt rgkbjhs js t`g ljstbhng fgtwggh pabngs rbt`gr

t`bh t`gjr tgkpdrba ljstbhng fgtwggh gvghts‛ (Kdrp`y 2::7,

200). Jt js t`rduo` t`gjr jh`bfjtbtjdh di t`g abhlsnbpg t`bt t`g

jhljvjluba rgwdrms t`g rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh t`g tgkpdrba

gxpgrjghngs di t`gjr dwh fdly bhl jts prbntjngs, bhl t`g

tgkpdrba rgabtjdhs`jps gxprgssgl fy t`g gvghts di bhngstrba

tjkg. ‑\`g drlgrgl, irdzgh wdral di t`g bhngstrba pbstfgndkgs pbrt di t`g sufegntjvg gxpgrjghng di t`g jhljvjluba,

t`rduo` t`g bnqujsjtjdh di mhdwaglog jh t`g bhngstrba pbst bs

`g dr s`g kdvgs t`rduo` t`g wdral‛ (Kdrp`y 2::7, 20:).

\`g jhljvjluba rgndhtgxtubajsgs t`gjr gxpgrjghngs fy ajitjho

t`gjr gygs irdk t`g idrgorduhlgl drljhbry gvght td sgg t`g

fbnmorduhl `drjzdh di gxtrbdrljhbry, sbnrgl dr `jstdrjnba

drlgr. \`g prbntjngs fy w`jn` sun` drlgr js frduo`t jhtd

vjgw, bhl fy w`jn` t`g drljhbry ajig fgndkgs gkfgllgl

wjt`jh jt, brg tbamgl bfdut bs t`g ljsndursg di ‐fgjho jh t`g

wdral'. \jaagy wrjtgs t`bt td ‑uhlgrstbhl b abhlsnbpg truay jt

kust fg igat, fut td ndhvgy sdkg di t`js iggajho td dt`grs jt

`bs td fg tbamgl bfdut‛ (\jaagy 2::<, >2), bhl `g ajhms t`g

prdngss di rgabtjho dhg pabng td bhdt`gr vjb b sgrjba

kdvgkght badho b pbt` bs b ‐hbrrbtjvg uhlgrstbhljho'.

Gvghts bhl pabngs brg ojvgh kgbhjho fy ajhmjho t`gk bs b

pbrtjnuabr sgqughngs di idrgorduhlgl gxpgrjghngs td t`g

fbnmorduhl di oghgrbajtjgs. \`g pbrtjnuabr r`gtdrjnba

drobhjzbtjdh di b hbrrbtjvg wdrms dh us fgnbusg wg s`brg bh

uhlgrstbhljho di fdt`, wg sgg `dw t`g pbrtjnuabr rgabtgs td

t`g oghgrba, jh giignt wg s`brg t`g sbkg abhlsnbpg. \ùs

‑b nrjtjnba uhlgrstbhljho di spbtjba hbrrbtjvg rgqujrgs t`bt wg

jhvgstjobtg prgnjsgay w`y wg prgigr sdkg padts dr

ndhijourbtjdhs di t`jhos rbt`gr t`bh dt`grs. Jh dt`gr wdrls

bttghtjdh kust fg pabygl (sjn) td t`g kbhhgr jh w`jn` t`g

stdry js nrgbtjvgay drn`gstrbtgl, `dw jt oujlgs, bhl w`bt jtpbssgs t`rduo`‛ (\jaagy 2::<, >6).

Ji wg bnngpt t`bt b iuhlbkghtba rgabtjdhs`jp gxjsts

fgtwggh abhlsnbpg, uhlgrstbhljho bhl abhoubog t`gh wg

s`dual basd fg jh b pdsjtjdh td rgndohjzg t`bt bh brn`bgdadoy

di prbntjng, di t`g boght's jh`bfjtbtjdh di t`g wdral, js basd

bh brn`bgdadoy di tbam. Ogaa bhl dt`grs `bvg wrjttgh di t`g

pdgtjns di t`dsg w`d jh`bfjt t`g lghsgay idrgstgl `joàbhls

di Hgw Oujhgb. Ogaa's ndhngrh wjt` t`g jssug di ajhoujstjn

jndhjnjty agbls `jk td ljstjhoujs` syhtbntjn jndhjnjty, s`brgl

fy baa abhoubogs bhl ndvgrjho t`g ruags w`jn` odvgrh t`g

brrbhogkght di t`g kbjh bhl sufsjljbry nabusgs wjt`jh b

sghtghng, bhl sghtghng kgbhjho, irdk p`dhdadojnba jndhjsk

w`jn` ndhngrhs t`g ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh t`g ‑sduhl-

sufstbhng di jhljvjluba wdrls bhl kdrp`gkgs bhl t`gjr kgbhjhos‛ (Ogaa 2::7, 6><). Ogaa prdpdsgs t`bt ‑t`g prjkbry

idrgst ghvjrdhkght jkpdsgs b rgdrobhjzbtjdh di sghsjfjajty,

sun` t`bt t`g wdral js pgrngjvgl jh b kbhhgr w`jn` ojvgs

prjlg di pabng td t`g buljtdry (bhl bhdt`gr sghsg wg `brlay

gvgr usg, daibntjdh ...), bhl t`bt t`js trbhsidrkgl sghsjfjajty

`bs kbhjidal ndhsgqughngs jh t`g ldkbjh di ndohjtjdh

tghljho td prdkdtg p`dhdadojnba jndhjnjty jh abhoubog‛

(Ogaa 2::7, 6>7). Jh b wdral w`grg t`g abhlsnbpg js mhdwh

prjkbrjay t`rduo` sduhl bhl skgaa, w`grg t`grg brg hd dpgh

vjstbs ajhmjho t`g kdkght bhl pabng td b ibr `drjzdh, Ogaa

ijhls b nuaturba gxprgssjdh di ‐sykpbt`y' jh t`js ‐jhtjkbtg,

ndhnrgtg bhl tbntjag wdral' w`jn` kbjhtbjhs b p`dhdadojnba

jndhjnjty jh jts abhoubogs wjt` jts usg di b wjlg rbhog di dhdkbtdpdgjbs. Jh ndhtrbst t`g ldkjhbhng di b p`dhdadojnba

jndhjnjty kby ibaa bwby jh ndhljtjdhs w`grg b vjsuba

gxpgrjghng di t`g ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh abhlsnbpg igbturgs

prgldkjhbtgs bhl b kdrg ‐brfjtrbry' abhoubog gkgrogs w`grg

‐sjoh bhl kgbhjho fgadho td ghtjrgay sgpbrbtg ndlgs' (Ogaa

2::7, 6>7).

\`rduo` prbntjng t`g ndhhgntjdhs brg kblg fgtwggh t`g

idrgorduhlgl gxpgrjghngs di drljhbry ajig, jts rdutjhgs bhl

surprjsgs, bhl t`g fbnmorduhl `drjzdhs di oghgrbajty, `jstdry

bhl drlgr. \`g gxpgrjghng di b pbrtjnuabr abhlsnbpg wjaa ijhl

wjt`jh jt b pbrtjnuabr ajhm fgtwggh t`g twd spbtjbaay bhl

tgkpdrbaay, bhl fy b ngrtbjh idrk di hbrrbtjvg t`g ajhms brg

tbamgl bfdut bhl uhlgrstddl. \`g gxpgrjghng di t`g

abhlsnbpg t`grgidrg kbmgs ngrtbjh hbrrbtjvgs bpprdprjbtg= t`g

nadsgl bhl jhtjkbtg sykpbt`jgs di t`g idrgsts dr t`g ajhgba

hbrrbtjvgs w`jn` bllrgss t`g gxpgrjghngs di wbamjho t`rduo`

dpgh nduhtry. Jh t`g wbam wjt` w`jn` t`js ndhtrjfutjdh fgobh

bhdt`gr pdssjfjajty dnnurrgl, td gkgrog irdk b adnba bhl

nadsgl pbt` dhtd bh upabhl vjstb. ûn` b wbam ndual hdt `bvg

tbmgh pabng bhyw`grg jh pdst-oabnjba Gurdpg, jt wbs hdt b

wbam dvgr b frdbl adwabhl gxpbhsg dr b ndbstba pabhg. \`dsg

w`d pbssgl t`rduo` t`bt dpgh bhl uhluabtjho abhlsnbpg

ndual tgaa t`g stdrjgs di t`gjr dwh edurhgys, t`g rgkgkfgrgl

hbrrbtjvgs di pabngs vjsjtgl jh turh, fut t`gy ndual basd addm

dut irdk bh upabhl vbhtbog pdjht bhl objh, bt t`bt kdkght, bnagbr vjgw di t`g ljstbht `drjzdh bhl di t`g pabngs w`jn` aby

fgtwggh t`gk bhl t`bt `drjzdh. ûn` b vbhtbog pdjht obvg

vdjng td t`g pdssjfjajty di b hbrrbtjvg vjsjdh di abhlsnbpg

w`jn` wbs bvbjabfag dhay td t`dsg w`d stddl pbrtay dutsjlg

bhl addmgl bnrdss jt bhl sbw, irdk t`gjr pgrspgntjvg, jts

ndhhgntjdhs. Irdk sun` b pdjht tjkg bhl spbng kjo`t sggk

td ndaabpsg jhtd b sjhoag syht`gsjs, b sgt di iuhlbkghtba




prjhnjpags w`jn` gvdmgl t`g pbttgrh di t`g abhl sggh wjt` b

nabrjty di vjsjdh w`jn` wbs dhay bvbjabfag jh bh gxtghsjvgay

nagbrgl abhlsnbpg di uhluabtjdhs bhl s`brp rgajgi (ni. Fadn`

2::7). Gxbntay `dw sun` b syht`gsjs kjo`t fg gstbfajs`gl,

t`g hbturg di t`g prjhnjpags jt gkpadygl, brg hdt lgtgrkjhgl

fy t`g p`ysjnba ndhljtjdhs jt usgs, fut t`dsg ndhljtjdhs kbmg

sun` b syht`gsjs pdssjfag.Jh `js B S`ghdkghdadoy di Abhlsnbpg \jaagy (2::<) vjsjts

t`rgg rgojdhs jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh= t`g ndbstajhg di sdut`-wgst

_bags, t`g Fabnm Kduhtbjhs di sdut`-nghtrba _bags, bhl t`g

n`bam ldwhabhl di sdut`grh _gssgx. \jaagy gvdmgs t`g

n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g tdpdorbp`y di gbn` di t`gsg rgojdhs.

\`rduo` t`js tdpdorbp`y bh jhtgrpaby js gstbfajs`gl fgtwggh

t`g abhlsnbpg bhl t`g kdhukght, bh jhtgrpaby w`jn` jtsgai

lgpghls updh t`g kdvgkght, vjsjdh bhl gxpgrjghngs di t`g

ùkbh fdly. \`g ndhsnjdus fdly, w`jn` js bfsght irdk

bakdst baa brn`bgdadojnba tgxts, js t`g boghny t`rduo` w`jn`

pabng, kdhukght bhl abhlsnbpg nbh fg rgndohjzgl jh rgabtjdh

dhg wjt` t`g dt`gr. \`g rgabtjdhs`jp, gxprgssgl bs b hbrrbtjvg,

js hgvgr di dhg idrk, bhl sd t`g stdrjgs brg hdt rgpgtjtjvg(sgg basd Irbsgr 2::7). ^dkgtjkgs t`g hbrrbtjvg js bfdut t`g

bpprdbn` tdwbrls t`g kdhukght bhl t`g abhlsnbpg pdsjtjdh

wjt`jh w`jn` jt js sgt bhl t`rduo` w`jn` t`g boght pbssgs, bt

dt`gr tjkgs jt kby ndhngrh t`g wby t`g pabng bhl t`g

kdhukght dpgrbtg bs b pdjht di rgigrghng idr t`g abhlsnbpg

fgydhl. ûn` hbrrbtjvgs rgqujrg t`g bfjajty td hbkg pabngs

bhl uhlgrstbhl b wby di rgabtjho t`gk. \ùs \jaagy suoogsts

‑t`bt jt wbs prgnjsgay fgnbusg t`g ndbst prdvjlgl fdt` rjn`

gndhdkjn rgsdurngs bhl b wgbat` di hbkgl bhl ljstjhntjvg

hbturba tdpdorbp`jn kbrmgrs t`bt jt wbs sd sykfdajnbaay

jkpdrtbht td fdt` Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn pdpuabtjdhs‛

(2::<, 09). Fut t`g wbys di rgabtjho t`gsg hbkgl kbrmgrs js

t`rduo` t`g jhtgrpaby di idrgorduhl bhl fbnmorduhl.

Fgtwggh t`gsg t`g kdhukght bhl dt`gr abhlsnbpg igbturgs

sajp wjt` rgigrghng td t`g pdsjtjdh bhl kdvgkght di t`g fdly

bs wgaa bs t`g fjdorbp`y di gxpgrjghngs w`jn` t`g fdly

nbrrjgs wjt` jt.

Kdhukghts gxprgssgl b ngrtbjh wby di tbamjho bfdut b

pbrtjnuabr rbhog di abhlsnbpg gxpgrjghngs= t`gy kblg sghsg

w`gh sjtubtgl jh t`g gxpbhsjvg vjstbs di t`g rgabtjvgay dpgh

bhl tdpdorbp`jnbaay ljstjhntjvg abhlsnbpg idrks w`jn` t`gy

bllrgssgl. Sgr`bps wg nbh hdw fgojh td `gbr t`g wbys

hbrrbtjvgs ndual `bvg fggh ndhstruntgl jh t`g tdpdorbp`jnbaay

vbrjgl abhlsnbpgs di Btabhtjn Gurdpg. Bs t`g vgogtbtjdh wbs

jhnrgbsjhoay nagbrgl td rgvgba t`g ljstbht idrks di t`gsgabhlsnbpgs sd jt fgnbkg pdssjfag td sgg bh jhtgorbtjdh

fgtwggh ljstbht pabngs bhl pabngs bargbly ghnduhtgrgl. \`g

hbrrbtjvgs di t`bt jhtgorbtjdh, jh t`gjr vbrjdus kbhjigstbtjdhs,

ditgh s`brgl b r`gtdrjnba ndhngrh wjt` ùkbh furjba bhl

bhngstrba vghgrbtjdh. Jh t`js wby pbst bhl prgsght wgrg

frduo`t tdogt`gr bt dhg pabng bhl tùs t`g pbssjho di ùkbh

ajig ndual fg baadnbtgl b sjohjijnbhng jh b n`bhogagss wdral.

Jh `js bnnduht \jaagy js ndhngrhgl td kbjhtbjh, ji

sdkgw`bt ljiijlghtay, b ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn

bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn kbrmgl fy t`g gkgroghng di kdhukght

fujaljho jh t`g Hgdajt`jn. \`js wbs t`g prdngss, bnndrljho td

\jaagy, ‑fy w`jn` t`g abhl fgnbkg ghnuaturbtgl bhl

uatjkbtgay trbhsidrkgl jhtd brn`jtgnturba idrk lurjho t`g

Hgdajt`jn, w`gh t`grg brjsgs b hggl td nbpturg bhl ndhtrdaw`bt t`g abhlsnbpg js bfdut t`rduo` t`g kgljuk di

abhlsnbpg kdrp`dadoy‛ (2::<, ?>). \`g ljstjhntjdh sggks

dvgr pabygl. \`g sbkg pabngs rgkbjhgl jkpdrtbht, bhl

sjkjabr hbrrbtjvgs di t`g abhlsnbpg kby `bvg fggh tdal,

ghsurjho t`bt t`g obt`grgr-ùhtgr abhlsnbpg wbs bs lghsgay

ghnuaturbtgl bs bhyt`jho w`jn` idaadwgl. \`g trbhsidrkbtjdh

di pabng fy t`g grgntjdh di stdhgs „ kdhukght fujaljho „

kby kgrgay `bvg fggh ndhtjhoght updh t`g hukfgrs di

pgdpag prgsght bt bhy dhg tjkg bhl t`g hbturg di bntjvjtjgs

bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g hbrrbtjvgs di t`g pabng. Jt wbs t`g ndhtgxt

di t`g pabngs jh w`jn` t`dsg hbrrbtjvgs fgnbkg pdssjfag

w`jn` obvg t`dsg kdhukghts t`gjr sjohjijnbhng, w`jn` kblg

t`gh kgbhjhoiua. \jaagy diigrs bh gvdautjdhbry sn`gkg tbmjhous dut di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl jhtd t`g Hgdajt`jn vjb t`g

bpprdprjbtjdh di t`g bhngstrba pdwgrs bhl kgbhjhos di t`g

abhlsnbpg fy jhljvjlubas bhl ordups w`d ndhstruntgl bhl

usgl t`g vbrjdus n`bkfgrgl tdkfs, adho nbjrhs bhl adho

fbrrdws (\jaagy 2::<, 636). Idr `jk jt wbs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn

t`bt ‑tdkfs prgsghngl bhl kbrmgl dut t`g fdhgs di t`g

bhngstrba lgbl jh t`g abhlsnbpg. Jh sd ldjho t`gy vjsjfay

frduo`t t`g prgsghng di t`g bhngstrba pbst td ndhsnjdushgss.

... ]\`g[ sgttjho di pabng fgnbkg kun` kdrg bhn`drgl. \`g

fujaljho di t`g kdhukghts prgvghtgl t`g rjtuba bhl

kyt`dadojnba sjohjijnbhng di pbrtjnuabr pabngs fgjho adst bhl

idrodttgh. \`gy stbfjajzgl fdt` nuaturba kgkdry di pabng bhl

ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh pabngs‛ (\jaagy 2::<, 636-<). Fut t`gsg

bssgrtjdhs sggk td ndhiusg t`g adhogvjty di survjvba di t`g

brn`bgdadojnba kdhukght wjt` t`g stbfjajty di jts kgbhjho.

Ngrtbjhay t`g brn`jtgnturba idrks rgprgsghtgl fy t`gsg

kdhukghts ibnjajtbtgl t`g ndkpagx drobhjzbtjdh di t`g rjtub

prbntjngs w`jn` usgl t`gk. Ndjhnjlghtbaay t`js kjo`t `bvg

iurt`gr gkp`bsjzgl ljstjhntjdhs fgtwggh stbtusgs di

prbntjtjdhgr fy gstbfajs`jho nagbr agvgas di spbtjba

sgorgobtjdh w`jn` gbn` stbtus kjo`t dnnupy (Fbrrgtt 2::<).

Fut t`gsg brrbhogkghts hd kdrg stbfjajzg dr bpprdprjbtg

kgbhjho t`bh ldgs t`g vghgrbtjdh di b rdnm dutnrdp= w`bt

kbttgrs js t`bt idr gjt`gr t`g tdkf dr t`g dutnrdp td `bvg

dfegntjijgl b ngrtbjh sgt di vbaugs t`gh t`g hbrrbtjvgs w`jn`sgt t`dsg vbaugs jh pabng `bl td fg tdal bhl uhlgrstddl, t`gy

`bl td fg ajvgl bs b wby di kbmjho sghsg di pgdpags'

gxpgrjghngs.

_g kust surgay bnngpt t`g ghdrkdus adhogvjty di ngrtbjh

abhlsnbpg hbrrbtjvgs w`jn` gvdavgl, bs t`g abhlsnbpg di

Btabhtjn Gurdpg jtsgai gvdavgl, jh t`g pdst-oabnjba pgrjdl. Jh

t`g tgaajho di t`dsg stdrjgs ngrtbjh bnts di ndhstruntjdh tddm

26? E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^



pabng w`jn` `bl iurt`gr ndhsgqughngs idr t`g wbys jh w`jn`

t`g abhlsnbpg ndual fg vjgwgl. \`gsg ndhstruntjdhs, t`g

kdhukghts idr furjba bhl di bhngstrba vghgrbtjdh, ld hdt

kbrm t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk dhg bog td bhdt`gr, hdr ld t`gy

hgngssbrjay kbrm t`g gkgroghng di b kdrg stbfag

uhlgrstbhljho di t`g abhlsnbpg. Kdhukghts wgrg sjkpay t`g

prdlunt di pgdpag ndhtjhujho td rgwdrm t`g trbljtjdhbahbrrbtjvgs di t`gjr abhlsnbpgs fut uhlgr n`bhojho kbtgrjba

ndhljtjdhs. \`gsg n`bhojho ndhljtjdhs, jhnauljho t`g

nagbrbhng di vgogtbtjdh, t`g jhtrdluntjdh di hgw rgsdurngs

bhl jhnrgbsgl agvgas di pdpuabtjdh, ld hdt ‐gxpabjh' w`y

t`gsg pbrtjnuabr kdhukghts wgrg fujat fut sjkpay rgprgsght

t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs uhlgr w`jn` t`gy fgnbkg pdssjfag.

<. Ndhnausjdh

\`rduo` tbam gxpgrjghng js s`brgl bhl uhlgrstbhljhos di

t`g wdral brg gxprgssgl. Brn`bgdadojsts ld hdt `gbr t`g tbam

di t`dsg w`dk t`gy stuly, fut t`gh hdr ld kdst `jstdrjbhs.

\bam js jhtjkbtg, b adnba prbntjng w`jn` kbmgs sghsg

fgnbusg bssukptjdhs bfdut t`g wdral bhl gxpgrjghngs di t`g wdral brg s`brgl. Jt gxprgssgs t`g gkfdljgl hbturg di

ùkbh boghny t`rduo` w`jn` t`g wdral js jh`bfjtgl. \`g

fdly kdvgs t`rduo` t`g wdral, bhl t`g gxpgrjghngs jt

ghnduhtgrs dh t`g wby brg iduhl td fg ndkprg`ghsjfag bhl

nbh fg bntgl updh fgnbusg t`gy brg sggh bobjhst t`g wjlgr

`drjzdh di b sdnjbaay ndhstjtutgl bhl drlgrgl uhjvgrsg.

Boghny js t`grgidrg sjtubtgl wjt`jh pbrtjnuabr strunturba

ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt ndkprg`ghls bhl t`rduo` w`jn` jt js

bfag td bnt bhl td ndkkuhjnbtg t`g fbsjs di t`bt

ndkprg`ghsjdh.

Brn`bgdadoy `bs tghlgl td ndhiusg t`g jssug fy rgobrljho

jts rdag bs fgjho td jhtgrprgt dr td gxpabjh bhnjght pbttgrhs di

kbtgrjba nuaturg rbt`gr t`bh td uhlgrstbhl `dw dt`grs dhng

dnnupjgl t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` t`gy pgrngjvgl td

odvgrh t`gjr ajvgs. \`js js b qugstjdh di t`g gxtght td w`jn`

brn`bgdadojsts brg prgpbrgl td rgajhqujs` t`g prjkbny di t`gjr

dwh `drjzdhs di gxpgntbtjdh bhl sggm jhstgbl batgrhbtjvg

`drjzdhs w`jn` dt`grs kby `bvg usgl td oujlg t`g pbssbog di

t`gjr dwh ajvgs. _g kby ngrtbjhay ijhl b kgbhjho idr ngrtbjh

pbttgrhs di kbtgrjba nuaturg w`gh wg lrbw ndkpbrjsdhs

rgprgsghtbtjvg di gxtghsjvg ogdorbp`jnba bhl n`rdhdadojnba

ljvgrsjty, fut sun` ndkpbrjsdhs brg gxprgssjvg di t`g wby wg

brg sjtubtgl wjt`jh dur bnblgkjn ljsndursg. \`grg `bvg fggh

dt`gr wbys t`js kbtgrjba wbs dnnupjgl, bhl jt js t`js w`jn`

s`dual jhtgrgst us.\`g Hgdajt`jn wbs hdt b sgt di kbtgrjba rgsdurngs w`jn`

sprgbl irdk sdut`-wgst Bsjb t`rduo` Gurdpg, hdr wbs jt b sgt

di bfstrbnt nbtgodrjgs w`jn` wgrg trbhskjttgl jhtd ljiigrght

gndadojnba bhl sdnjba ndhtgxts bnrdss Gurdpg, bat`duo` di

ndursg t`bt js gxbntay w`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn js idr abrog hukfgrs

di brn`bgdadojnba ndkkghtbtdrs. Hdr js t`g Hgdajt`jn td fg

gxpabjhgl bs b s`jit jh t`g systgkjn blbptbtjdh di ùkbh

sdnjgtjgs bwby irdk obt`grgr-ùhtjho w`jn` wbs frduo`t

bfdut gjt`gr fy ghvjrdhkghtba n`bhog dr fy adho ajvgl bhl

gssghtjbaay bfstrbnt sdnjba prdngssgs. Kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs

ngrtbjhay n`bhogl, fut t`g Hgdajt`jn js bfdut t`g wbys t`dsg

n`bhojho ndhljtjdhs wgrg jh`bfjtgl, uhlgrstddl bhl tbamgl

bfdut, tùs baadwjho t`g kdkghtbry gxpgrjghngs di ajig td fg

sgt bobjhst b fbnmorduhl di pgrngjvgl drlgr. \`g kgobajt`jnbhl hdh-kgobajt`jn brn`jtgnturg di t`g Btabhtjn sgbfdbrl

gxprgssgs b hukfgr di wbys di sjtubtjho t`g sufegntjvg

gxpgrjghngs di kdvgkght bhl t`g ghnduhtgrs wjt` pabng

wjt`jh b wjlgr abhlsnbpg ndhtgxt. \`gsg wbys di tbamjho

wgrg kblg pdssjfag fy t`g vgry hbturg di t`g abhlsnbpg jtsgai

jh w`jn` sdkg kdhukghts gvghtubaay frjlogl t`g spbng

fgtwggh t`g dnnupjgl idrgorduhl bhl t`g fbnmorduhl di

lgsjrgl bhl drlgrgl pdssjfjajtjgs, fgtwggh sufegntjvg

gxpgrjghng bhl t`g ndskdadojnba ngrtbjhtjgs w`jn` kblg t`g

wdral t`g wby jt wbs.

rgigrghngs

Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2::<. Irbokghts irdk bhtjqujty5 bh brn`bgdadoy di

sdnjba ajig jh Frjtbjh, 6:33-2633 FN, Dxidrl.

Fgttjhogr, V.A. 2::2. @uhtgr obt`grgrs5 brn`bgdadoy bhl

gvdautjdhbry t`gdry, Adhldh.

Fadn`, K. 2::7. Sgdpag jhtd pabngs5 Ubijkbhjry ndhngpts di nabrjty.

Jh5 G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh (gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di

abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs dh pabng bhl spbng, Dxidrl, 9>-??.

Nbrtgr, S. 2:0?. \`g rdbl td Fdtbhy Fby5 bh gssby jh spbtjba

`jstdry, Adhldh.

Irbsgr, ^.K. 2::7. S`ysjnba, sdnjba bhl jhtgaagntuba abhlsnbpgs jh

t`g Hgdajt`jn5 ndhtgxtubajsjho ^ndttjs` bhl Jrjs` kgobajt`jn

brn`jtgnturg, Whjvgrsjty di Oabsodw uhpufajs`gl S`L t`gsjs.

Ogaa, B. 2::7. \`g abhoubog di t`g idrgst5 abhlsnbpg bhl

p`dhdadojnba jndhjsk jh Wkglb. Jh5 G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh

(gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs dh pabng bhl

spbng, Dxidrl, 6>6-67<.

Ojllghs, B. 2:06. Srdijags bhl nrjtjqugs jh sdnjba t`gdry, Adhldh.

@jrsn`, G. 2::7. Abhlsnbpg5 fgtwggh pabng bhl spbng. Jh5 G. @jrsn`

& K. D'@bhadh (gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs

dh pabng bhl spbng, Dxidrl, 2->3.

Kdrp`y, @. 2::7. Abhlsnbpg bhl t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g bhngstrba

pbst. Jh5 G. @jrsn` bhl K. D'@bhadh (gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di

abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs dh pabng bhl spbng, Dxidrl, 20<-63:.

Vghirgw, N. 2:0<. Bpprdbn`gs td sdnjba brn`bgdadoy, Gljhfuro`.




Vjndgur, S. 2:00. \jkg bhl hbrrbtjvg vda. >, N`jnbod.

^`bhms, K. & J. @dllgr 2::7. Srdngssuba, pdstprdngssuba bhl

jhtgrprgtjvg brn`bgdadoy. Jh5 J. @dllgrgt ba. (gls.) Jhtgrprgtjho

brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh, >-6:.

^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:0?. Vgndhstruntjho brn`bgdadoy5 t`gdry

bhl prbntjng, Nbkfrjlog.

^kjt`, E. 2::>. \`g ajg t`bt fjhls5 lgstbfjajzjho t`g tgxt di

abhlsnbpg. Jh5 E. Luhnbh & L. Agy (gls.) Sabng/ Nuaturg/

Vgprgsghtbtjdh, Adhldh, >:-79.

\`dkbs, E. & N. \jaagy 2::>. \`g bxg bhl t`g tdrsd5 sykfdajn

strunturgs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Frjttbhy. Jh5 N. \jaagy (gl.)

Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, 667->69.

\jaagy, N. 2::>. Jhtgrprgtbtjdh bhl b pdgtjns di t`g pbst. Jh5 N. \jaag

(gl.) Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, 2->3.

\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pabngs, pbt`s bhl

kdhukghts, Dxidrl.

Ed`h N. Fbrrgtt




WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal

26: E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^



^jhng … dhay t`g gvghts bhl hdt t`gjr jhigrrgl rgabtjdhs`jps brg

gkpjrjnbaay lgkdhstrbfag jh bhy stuly lgbajho wjt` kbh‚s pbst, t`g

ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g brn`gdadojnba, ldnukghtbry, bhl

gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrls js kgrgay dhg di lgorgg, hdt di mjhl, bhl t`g

brn`gdadojsts s`dual hdt ndhsjlgr t`bt t`g ajkjtbtjdhs di t`gjr ijhls

jkpdsg jhtgrprgtjvg strjnturgs updh t`gk bhy kdrg t`bh updh dt`gr

stulghts lgbajho wjt` pbst bntubajty. Wp td t`g ajkjts di t`gjr

gvjlghng, t`gjrs brg t`g sbkg prjvjagogs bhl t`g sbkg dfajobtjdhs

t`bt jkpjhog updh gt`hdadojsts bhl `jstdrjbhs.

„ _batgr _. \byadr, B ^tuly di Brn`gdadoy (2:9? ]2:<0[)

2. Jhtrdluntjdh

Jh t`g bnblgkjn ygbr 2::>-2::<, Lr. Kbrgm Uvgagfja bhl J

iduhl dursgavgs tdogt`gr bs Igaadws jh t`g Hgt`grabhls

Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl ^tuly jh t`g @ukbhjtjgs bhl ^dnjba

^njghngs, t`g dhay rgprgsghtbtjvgs di brn`bgdadoy bhl sdnjba

bht`rdpdadoy, dur rgspgntjvg ljsnjpajhgs, jh t`g HJB^

igaadws`jp t`bt ygbr. Sgr`bps idr wbht di b kdrg qubajijgl

pgrsdh nadsg td `bhl, J wbs jhvjtgl td sgrvg bs b ljsnussbht

idr b twd-lby ndhigrghng dh Jlgdadoy bhl ^dnjba ^trunturg di

@uhtjho, Obt`grjho, bhl Ibrkjho Ndkkuhjtjgs jh ^tdhg Bog

Gurdpg. _jt` b rgkbrm di Srjhng N`brags-Edsgp` lg Ajohg

(2?>7-202<) jh kjhl (‐\`js js b sufegnt dh w`jn` J mhdw

bfsdautgay hdt`jho5 J s`dual wrjtg b fddm dh jt‚) bhl sdkg

kjsojvjhos, J bnngptgl t`g jhvjtbtjdh.

J bk hgjt`gr bh brn`bgdadojst hdr prg`jstdrjbh fut, bs b

sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst, J `bvg nbrrjgl dut adho-tgrk ijgalwdrm

dh t`g jsabhl di Iadrgs jh gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb w`grg, bkdho b

pgdpag w`d nbaa t`gksgavgs t`g Btb \bhb ‚Bj, J `bvg

jhvgstjobtgl sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh, rgajojdh, kyt`, abhoubog,

bhl t`g ùkbh gndadoy di t`g \bhb ‚Bj vbaagy. \`g tdpjn di

t`g HJB^ ndhigrghng, w`jn` ghndkpbssgl jlgdadoy bhl

sdnjba strunturg, wbs tùs bttrbntjvg td kg bhl J wbs vgry

nurjdus td agbrh w`bt ky Gurdpgbh ndaagbougs jh brn`bgdadoy

bhl prg`jstdry `bl td sby dh t`gsg sufegnts. J wbs hdt

ljsbppdjhtgl. Hdt dhay wgrg t`g pbpgrs prgsghtgl jh t`gndhigrghng vgry jhtgrgstjho jh t`gksgavgs, fut bs t`g

ndhigrghng uhidalgl jt fgnbkg nagbr t`bt jts pbrtjnjpbhts

s`brgl b ndkkdh sgt di prdfagks, bpprdbn`gl t`dsg

prdfagks wjt` b ndkkdh bhl nd`grght bssgkfabog di

kgt`dls, bhl wgrg broujho bfdut nrunjba bhl hdh-trjvjba

kbttgrs fgbrjho dh t`gjr kbjh ndhngrhs5 Kgsdajt`jn ùhtjho

bhl obt`grjho, Hgdajt`jn ibrkgrs, bhl gbray Frdhzg Bog

sdnjgty, bhl `dw wg kjo`t lgtgrkjhg sdkgt`jho iuhlbkghtb

bfdut t`g pgdpag di t`dsg bhnjght sdnjgtjgs jh Gurdpg w`d

agit fg`jhl kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di t`gjr bntjvjtjgs.

Ojvgh t`g pbrtjnuabr bhl `brl-wdh mhdwaglog bhl

gxpgrtjsg t`bt brn`bgdadojsts frjho td t`gjr sufegnt, dhg nbh

rgbsdhbfay bsm w`bt b sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst kjo`t ndhtrjfutg

td b ljsnussjdh di ajig jh t`g prg`jstdrjn sdnjgtjgs di Gurdpg.

Jh rgpayjho td t`js qugstjdh J wjs` td kbmg jt nagbr bt t`g

fgojhhjho t`bt kdst di w`bt J hdw mhdw bfdut t`js sufegnt

J agbrhgl jh twd lbys bt HJB^. J tddm bwby irdk t`g HJB^ndhigrghng t`g jkprgssjdh t`bt jts pbrtjnjpbhts wgrg vjtbaay

jhtgrgstgl jh t`g wbys jh w`jn` t`g sdnjba strunturg bhl

jlgdadoy, j.g., t`g nuaturg, di Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn

Gurdpgbh pgdpags kjo`t fg n`brbntgrjzgl dh t`g fbsjs di lbtb

suppajgl irdk t`g stuly di t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di t`gjr

fg`bvjdr bhl bntjvjtjgs, bhl kdst gspgnjbaay, irdk t`g trbngs

di t`gjr sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs. \`gsg ndhngrhs brg hdt tdd ibr

rgkdvgl irdk t`dsg di sdnjba bht`rdpdadojsts, w`d

jhvgstjobtg fg`bvjdr bhl fdt` jhljvjluba bhl ordup bntjvjtjgs

bafgjt bkdho pgdpag stjaa bajvg bhl ndkkuhjtjgs stjaa gxtbht.

\`g kbhy pdjhts bt w`jn` t`gsg pbpgrs rbjsg bhl bllrgss

prdfagks s`brgl fy brn`bgdadojsts bhl bht`rdpdadojsts

jhljnbtg t`g lgorgg di biijhjty fgtwggh t`g twd ijgals.\`g pbrtjnjpbhts jh t`g HJB^ ndhigrghng wgrg bssgkfagl

td ndhsjlgr t`rgg qugstjdhs5

2. _`bt ld wg mhdw bfdut t`g sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh bhl

jlgdadoy di t`g ùhtgr-obt`grgr bhl ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgs

di stdhg bog Gurdpg4

6. @dw nbh wg usg brn bgdadojnba gvjlghng bhl dur

ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms td mhdw di t`g sdnjba ldkbjhs di

t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs4

>. _`bt pbttgrhs di n`bhog jh t`g sdnjba ldkbjh nbh fg

dfsgrvgl jh tjkg lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn4

Sgr`bps t`g kdst jhtrbntbfag js t`g prdfagk di jhigrrjhosdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy irdk t`g kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di

fg`bvjdr. \`js qugstjdh js basd t`g dhg di t`g t`rgg t`bt b

sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst js fgst gqujppgl td bllrgss, bhl jt js tùs

td t`js prdfagk t`bt J wjaa bllrgss t`g rgkbrms jh t`js gssby.

Jh gssghng, t`g qugstjdhs ljsnussgl fy t`g HJB^

ndhigrghng rglung td t`js5 wjt` rgspgnt td lgvgadpkghts jh

Gurdpg jh t`g abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn grbs, `dw ld wg

G.L. Agwjs Vgkbrms dh t`g prdfagk di jhigrrjho jlgdadoy bhlsdnjba strunturg irdk t`g brtjibnts di ùkbh bntjdh2

\d Srdigssdr Vdlhgy Hggl`bk



rgbl t`g bht`rdpdadojst‚s ‐nuaturg‚ irdk t`g ‐brn`bgdadojst‚s

‐nuaturg4‚ Fut eust w`bt ‐nuaturg‚ js idr bh bht`rdpdadojst,

t`bt js td bsm, w`bt jt js t`bt sdnjba bhl nuaturba bht`rdpdad-

ojsts stuly, `bs hgvgr fggh sgttagl sbtjsibntdrjay. Jt wbs b

prdfagk jh 2:76, w`gh Mrdgfgr bhl Maunm`d`h pufajs`gl

Nuaturg5 B Nrjtjnba Vgvjgw di Ndhngpts bhl Lgijhjtjdhs, bhl

jt rgkbjhs b prdfagk hdw. J s`baa jh t`js gssby (pgr`bpssdkgw`bt uhsbtjsibntdrjay) ijrst sby w`bt J t`jhm nuaturg js

hdt (jt js hdt stbtjn, jt js hdt b nbusba ghtjty, bhl jt nbhhdt fg

rgajbfay jhigrrgl irdk fg`bvjdr dr t`g kbtgrjba prdlunts di

fg`bvjdr) bhl irdk t`grg pdjht td ljiijnuatjgs bhl, kdrg

pdsjtjvgay, td pdssjfjajtjgs idr brn`bgdadojsts w`d wdrm irdk

brtjibnts tdwbrl nuaturg bs b ndhngpt w`jn` jhnaulgs pgdpags‚

jlgbs bhl pbttgrhs di sdnjba strunturg.

6. \`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh

_`jag hdt johdrjho b nghtury di lgfbtg bfdut t`g sufegnt jh

t`g sdnjba bhl fg`bvjdrba snjghngs, J wjaa `grg tbmg bs

fg`bvjdr bhyt`jho J nbh dfsgrvg b pgrsdh ldjho. Fut, bs b

sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst, J bk oghgrbaay kdrg jhtgrgstgl jhbntjdh t`bh jh sjkpag fg`bvjdr. \`g ljiigrghng fgtwggh

fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh js t`bt bntjdh js jhtghtjdhba fg`bvjdr , fy

w`jn` J kgbh t`bt jt `bs sdkg odba, purpdsg, dr rbtjdhbag t`bt

kbmgs jt jhstrukghtba dr kgbhjhoiua. ^hggzjho js fg`bvjdr,

w`grgbs nagbrjho b pbtn` di idrgst js bntjdh. Ji J bsm bh

jhidrkbht, ‐_`y ljl ydu shggzg4‚ `g kjo`t wgaa rgpay,

‐J ldh‚t mhdw.‚ Fut bhy jhidrkbht wjaa rgpay, ditgh bt aghot`,

bfdut w`y `g nagbrs b pbtn` di idrgst. Bs bh bht`rdpdadojst J

bttghl kdst td t`g abttgr fgnbusg J bk jhtgrgstgl jh t`g

pbttgrhs bhl rgouabrjtjgs t`bt ùkbh bntjdh prdlungs, gjt`gr

bs bh jhtghlgl odba dr bs bh uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughng di

bntjdh. Ljstjhoujs`jho jhtghlgl bntjdh bs b pbrtjnuabr mjhl

di fg`bvjdr irdk fg`bvjdr tbmgh oghgrbaay bhl iurt`gr

ljstjhoujs`jho t`g jhtghlgl odbas di bntjdh irdk t`g

uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughngs di jhtghtjdhba bntjdh agbl td

uhsuspgntgl ndkpagxjtjgs jh bht`rdpdadoy.

Jh t`g \bhb ‚Bj rgojdh di gbstgrh Iadrgs, idr gxbkpag,

pgdpag nagbr idrgst td kbmg obrlghs, bhl t`gy kbmg obrlghs

jh w`jn` td pabht nrdps, bhl t`gy pabht nrdps jh drlgr td ogt

iddl. \ùs, nagbrjho b idrgst js bh jhtghtjdhba bntjvjty.

Bat`duo` bntjdh js jhtghtjdhba, jt hgvgrt`gagss nbh agbl td

uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughngs. Idr gxbkpag, w`gh addmjho bnrdss

t`g \bhb ‚Bj vbaagy irdk jts wgstgrh wbaa td t`g vbaagy‚s

gbstgrh sadpgs, t`g kdsbjn di nagbrgl obrlgh abhl bhl

rgordwt` idrgst js t`g sjhoag kdst dfvjdus igbturg di t`gabhlsnbpg di t`g rgojdh. _jt`dut rgigrghng di bhy mjhl td

kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty, dhg ndual kbp t`g obrlghs

bhl idrgsts bhl, jh ldjho sd, ndual ljsndvgr bh uhjhtghlgl

drlgr jh t`g abhlsnbpg. Fy uhjhtghlgl, J kgbh t`bt, s`dual

ydu bsm \bhb ‚Bj `drtjnuaturbajsts bfdut jt, t`gy kjo`t hdt

jkkgljbtgay rgndohjzg w`bt jt js ydu brg tbamjho bfdut bhl,

iurt`grkdrg, kjo`t hdt (jhlggl, kdst ajmgay wdual hdt) njtg

frjhojho bfdut t`bt drlgr jh t`g abhlsnbpg bs bh jhtghlgl

ndhsgqughng di nagbrjho idrgst bhl pabhtjho obrlghs t`g wby

t`gy ld. _jt` dr wjt`dut t`gjr jhtghljho jt td fg sd, t`g drlgr

js hdhgt`gagss t`grg. Bhl jt js b wdrt`y dfegnt di

uhlgrstbhljho bhl gxpabhbtjdh.

Fgidrg t`g brrjvba di Gurdpgbhs, t`g vbaagy di t`g Kurrby

Vjvgr, Bustrbajb‚s abrogst nbtn`kght bhl rjvgrjhg systgk, wbsrgpagtg wjt` idrgsts di Gunbayptus. Gunbaypts, dr ouk trggs,

brg gxngaaght wbtgr pukps. Bkdho trggs, t`gy gxnga bt

lrbwjho orduhl wbtgr t`rduo` t`gjr rddts bhl bspjrbtjho jt

jhtd t`g btkdsp`grg t`rduo` t`gjr agbvgs. Kbturg Gunbayptus

idrgsts tùs rgouabtg orduhl wbtgr agvgas, bs t`gy dhng ljl jh

kun` di t`g Kurrby Vjvgr fbsjh. Dvgr kdrg t`bh b nghtury,

Gurdpgbhs tddm blvbhtbog di t`g rjn` sdjas di t`g vbaagy idr

borjnuaturg. \`js bntjvjty rgqujrgl igaajho bhl nagbrjho t`g

vbaagy‚s idrgsts td kbmg ijgals bhl pblldnms. _jt` t`g trggs

odhg, t`g wbtgr tbfag jh t`g vbaagy fgobh td rjsg. Bs jt rdsg,

t`g wbtgr nbrrjgl wjt` jt ljssdavgl sbats. \dlby, t`bt sbat `bs

ndkg td t`g suribng jh kbhy pbrts di t`g vbaagy, tùs kbmjho

borjnuaturg jhnrgbsjhoay ljiijnuat. \`g sbatjho di t`g KurrbyVjvgr vbaagy js bh uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughng di jhtghtjdhba

ùkbh bntjdh.

Dhg di t`g bjks di brn`bgdadoy js td gxpabjh brtjibnts bhl

bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts jh tgrks di t`g fg`bvjdr di t`gjr

kbmgrs. \ùs, bs bhbaysjs nbh rgvgba bh drlgrajhgss jh

brtjibnts bhl bssgkfabogs, jt js rgbsdhbfag td bssukg t`bt t`js

drlgr rgiagnts bh drlgrajhgss jh t`g fg`bvjdr di t`dsg w`d

prdlungl t`gk bhl w`d wgrg rgspdhsjfag idr t`gjr

lgpdsjtjdh. Fut ji t`g bjks di brn`bgdadoy jhnaulg t`g

rgndhstruntjdh di t`g nuaturg di t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bhl

lgpdsjtgl bh bssgkfabog di brtjibnts, t`gh wg rgqujrg b

kgbhs idr gstbfajs`jho kdrg t`bh b sjkpag ndrrgabtjdh di

brtjibnt bhl fg`bvjdr. \d rgndhstrunt b pbst nuaturg wg hggl,

bkdho dt`gr t`jhos, td fg bfag td jhigr t`g jlgdadoy bhl

sdnjba strunturg di t`dsg w`d agit fg`jhl b pbrtjnuabr

bssgkfabog. Bhl, jh drlgr td agbrh sdkgt`jho di jlgdadoy

(b kdrg dr agss sgai-ndhsjstght sgt di jlgbs bfdut t`g hbturg di

t`g uhjvgrsg bhl bpprdprjbtg ùkbh bntjdh jh jt) bhl sdnjgty,

wg hggl b wby di sdrtjho t`g jhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh irdk

t`g uhjhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh w`jn`, fy t`gjr hbturg,

nbhhdt rgiagnt bh jlgdadoy. Jt wdual, bitgr baa, fg jhndrrgnt td

try td gxpabjh w`y Gurdpgbhs nut ldwh t`g Gunbayptus

idrgsts jh t`g Kurrby Vjvgr Ybaagy fy sbyjho t`bt t`g jlgbs

t`gy `bl jh kjhl wgrg td kbmg t`g vbaagy borjnuaturbaay hdh-

prdluntjvg bhl t`bt t`gy bn`jgvgl t`js odba fy bntjdhs w`jn`nbusgl t`g sdjas td sbat up.

Fdt` borjnuaturg bhl t`g sbatjho di t`g Kurrby sdjas wgrg

ndhsgqughngs di t`g jhtghtjdhba nagbrjho di idrgsts bhl fdt`

wdual fg sggh jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl di ùkbh bntjvjty

jh t`g Ybaagy. Fut dhay dhg di t`gsg rgsuats (borjnuaturg)

wdual s`gl ajo`t dh t`g jlgdadoy di t`g pgdpag w`d nagbrgl

t`g idrgsts. \`g prdfagk js t`js5 `dw nbh wg ljstjhoujs` t`g

2>6 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



jhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh irdk t`g uhjhtghlgl rgsuats4 Bhl,

t`grg js b iurt`gr prdfagk5 dhng wg gajkjhbtg t`g uhjhtghlgl

rgsuats di bntjdh irdk ndhsjlgrbtjdh bs b purpdsg di bntjdh,

wg kby fg dhay kbrojhbaay nadsgr td mhdwaglog di t`g

jlgdadoy di ibrkgrs jh t`g Kurrby Ybaagy sjhng kdrg t`bh dhg

jlgdadoy nbh bnndkkdlbtg borjnuaturg bs b kdlg di bntjdh.

_`y js t`js qugstjdh jkpdrtbht4 Agt us bssukg, idr t`gsbmg di broukght, t`bt t`grg js sdkg rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh

sdkg jlgdadojgs bhl sdkg bntjdhs (j.g., jhtghtjdhba bntjdh, hdt

sjkpag fg`bvjdr). \d t`g gxtght t`bt t`js js t`g nbsg, t`gh jt

kbmgs oddl sghsg idr bh brn`bgdadojst td trbng t`g rgabtjdh-

s`jps fgtwggh brtjibnts bhl bntjdh, bhl fgtwggh bntjdh bhl

jlgdadoy. \`g sbkg nbh fg sbjl di bh bttgkpt td trbng t`g

rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh brtjibnts, bntjdh, bhl sdnjba strunturg.

_`jag brtjibnts nbh fg tbmgh td fg sjohs di bntjdh dr

fg`bvjdr, brtjibnts ld hdt ljrgntay jhlgx bhy pbrtjnuabr bntjdh

dr bhy pbrtjnuabr idrk di bntjdh. Idr t`js rgbsdh, t`g kgt`dls

gkpadygl jh gstbfajs`jho b rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh brtjibnts

(dr bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts) bhl t`g bntjdh t`bt prdlungl

t`gk rgqujrg jhigrghng. Jh t`js uhlgrtbmjho, bh brn`bgdadojstnbh jhnaulg jh t`g jhigrghtjba prdngss fdt` brtjibnts t`bt brg

t`g rgsuats di jhtghtjdhba bntjdh bhl t`dsg t`bt brg t`g

uhjhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh. Jh prdnggljho irdk bntjdh td

jlgdadoy, jhigrghng js dhng bobjh rgqujrgl. Fut, dhng bobjh,

wg nbhhdt bssukg t`bt bhy pbrtjnuabr bntjdh js bh jhlgx di

bhy pbrtjnuabr jlgdadoy. \`g rgbsdh idr t`js js t`bt, td rgnbaa

t`g nbsg di borjnuaturg bhl t`g sbatjho di sdjas jh t`g Kurrby

Vjvgr Ybaagy, borjnuaturg jhvdavgs jhtghtjdhba bntjdh w`grgbs

t`g sbatjho di sdjas, w`jag b rgsuat di jhtghlgl bntjdh, wbs hdt

t`g jhtghlgl rgsuat di t`bt bntjdh. Jhsdibr bs jt js rgbsdhbfag

td bssukg t`bt, w`btgvgr t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh jlgdadoy

bhl bntjdh, jlgdadojgs ld hdt ghndkpbss t`g uhjhtghlgl

rgsuats di bntjdh, td jhigr jlgdadoy irdk bntjdh kgbhs wg ijrst

hggl b kgbhs di ljsnrjkjhbtjho jhtghlgl irdk uhjhtghlgl

brtjibnts. \ùs, ji wg brg td jhigr t`g jlgdadoy di t`g Kurrby

Vjvgr borjnuaturbajsts, wg wjaa hggl td mggp jh kjhl t`bt t`g

prdluntjdh di iddl nrdps wbs t`g rgsuat di bh jhtghlgl bntjdh

w`grgbs t`g sbatjho di sdjas wbs bh uhjhtghlgl brtjibnt di

igaajho idrgsts idr borjnuaturg. \`g bntjdhs bhl bntjvjtjgs di

pgdpag ghobogl jh borjnuaturg brg jh bnndrl wjt` sdkg

jlgdadojgs w`grgbs bh bntjdh jhtghlgl td prdlung sdja

lgorblbtjdh wdual fg jh bnndrl wjt` b ljiigrght jlgdadoy

(dr jlgdadojgs). Iurt`grkdrg, bntjdh t`bt prdlungl bs bh

uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughng t`g sbatjho di sdjas js ndhsjstght wjt`

bh jlgdadoy bssdnjbtgl wjt` bntjdh t`bt bjkgl bt borjnuaturg,fut wdual hdt `bvg fggh jhtghtjdhba bntjdh jh t`g sghsg J bk

gkpadyjho t`g tgrk. \ùs, brtjibnts t`bt brg t`g uhjhtghlgl

rgsuats di bntjdh wdual hdt ljrgntay tgaa us kun` bfdut jlgdadoy.

\`g ndhsjstghny dr ndkpbtjfjajty di bh jlgb dr sgt di jlgbs

(bh jlgdadoy) wjt` bh bntjdh dr bntjdhs js hdt t`g sbkg t`jho

bs nbusbajty. \ùs, bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh dfsgrvg bhl rgndrl

tgxtubaay bntjdhs bhl `g nbh rgbsdhbfay jlghtjiy jhtghtjdhba

bntjdhs bs t`dsg t`bt `js jhidrkbhts t`gksgavgs gxpabjh jh

tgrks di b sgt di jlgbs (fgbrjho jh kjhl t`bt jt js sbigst td

trgbt t`g vgrfba gxprgssjdh di bh jlgb jtsgai bs bh bntjdh).

Bhl s`dual `g ndkg up wjt` b `ypdt`gtjnba ajhmbog fgtwggh

dfsgrvgl bntjdh bhl b rgndrlgl jlgb, `g nbh rgigr `js

`ypdt`gsjs td jhidrkbhts fy wby di b qugry. Jh dt`gr wdrls,

bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh dfsgrvg t`g bntjdh t`bt `g trjgs td ajhmtd t`duo`t dr jlgdadoy bhl `g nbh ndhhgnt t`g twd jh b sjhoag

jhigrghtjba stgp (sgg Agwjs 2::?).

Jh t`js rgspgnt, bh brn`bgdadojst js bt b ljsblvbhtbog5 t`g

bntjdh t`bt prdlungs bh brtjibnt nbhhdt fg ljrgntay dfsgrvgl,

fut kust fg jhigrrgl irdk t`g idrk bhl (jhsdibr bs jt nbh fg

mhdwh) t`g iuhntjdh di t`g brtjibnt jtsgai bhl irdk t`g

brtjibnt‚s ndhtgxtuba rgabtjdhs`jps td dt`gr brtjibnts. \ùs,

bntjdh jhtgrvghgs fgtwggh brtjibnt bhl jlgdadoy bhl, idr t`g

brn`bgdadojst, b sgqughng di bt agbst twd jhigrghtjba stgps js

rgqujrgl td ogt irdk brtjibnt td jlgdadoy5

Brtjibnt↖ fg`bvjdr5 jhigrghng b

fg`bvjdr↖

jlgdadoy5 jhigrghng f

Jhsdibr bs bh jhigrghng nbh nbrry dhay b lgorgg di ngrtbjhty

(dr b prdfbfjajty di fgjho ndrrgnt), t`g sgqughng di jhigrghngs

fgtwggh brtjibnt bhl jlgdadoy js sufegnt td b ndkpduhlgl

prdfbfjajty di ndrrgnthgss (dr ibasjty). Ji t`g prdfbfjajty di bh

jhigrghng, b, irdk bh brtjibnt td t`g bntjdh di jts kbmgr (‐J bk

03% ngrtbjh t`bt t`js brtjibnt wbs prdlungl fy tgn`hjqug x , d

js bh gagkght di bssgkfabog y, dr wbs gkpadygl jh prdngss

z‚) js 3.0 bhl t`g prdfbfjajty di t`g sufsgqught jhigrghng,

f, irdk t`g bntjdh di jts kbmgr td jts kbmgr‚s jlgdadoy js 3.9

t`gh t`g jhigrghtjba sgqughng irdk brtjibnt td bntjdh bhl irdk

bntjdh td jlgdadoy yjgals b prdfbfjajty (dr ngrtbjhty) di agss

t`bh 3.7, w`jn` js hdt vgry sbtjsibntdry.\`g brn`bgdadojst kust irgqughtay jkbojhg t`g sdrts di fgajgis

lgsjrgs, odbas, jhtghtjdhs, jlgbs, bhl mhdwaglog pgdpag kjo`t

`bvg `bl t`bt wdual `bvg agl t`gk td bnt jh wbys t`bt wdual

`bvg frduo`t bfdut t`g brtjibnts dfsgrvbfag jh bh brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrl. Irgqughtay b hukfgr di jlgbs bhl odbas t`bt agl td

bntjdhs t`bt kjo`t bnnduht idr b sjhoag rgsuat brg pdssjfag, fu

sdkg wjaa fg kdrg rgbsdhbfag t`bh dt`grs w`gh ljrgnt, jhljrgnt

dr ndaabtgrba gvjlghng „ dr pabjh ndkkdh sghsg „ js tbmgh

jhtd bnnduht. \ùs, jh stulyjho t`g Gurdpgbhs‚ gxpadjtbtjdh

di t`g Kurrby Vjvgr Ybaagy, sdkg iuturg brn`bgdadojst ndual

ljsnduht t`g idaadwjho bs ajmgay jlgbs dr jhtghtjdhs t`bt agl td

bntjdhs t`bt frduo`t bfdut t`g sbatjho di sdjas5

2. t`g Gurdpgbhs jhtghlgl td frjho sbat td t`g suribng bhl

igaagl t`g Gunbayptus idrgsts td frjho bfdut t`g

lgorblbtjdh di t`g vbaagy‚s sdjas=

6. t`g gunbaypts wgrg bfluntgl fy bajghs=

>. t`g Gurdpgbhs nut ldwh dr rjho-fbrmgl bs kbhy trggs bs

pdssjfag jh t`g s`drtgst pdssjfag tjkg fgnbusg t`gy `btgl

trggs.

2>> L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



Fbsgl dh ndkpbrjsdhs wjt` dt`gr ndhtgkpdrbry bhl prg`jstdrjn

nbsgs di borjnuaturg agbljho td rbljnba bhl lgagtgrjdus

batgrbtjdhs td bh ghvjrdhkght, dhg dr kdrg di t`g idaadwjho

kdtjvbtjdhs bhl jlgdadojgs brg kdrg ajmgay td fg trug5

2. t`g Gurdpgbhs bttgkptgl td rgnrgbtg bh borjnuaturg bargbly

ibkjajbr td t`gk irdk t`gjr Gurdpgbh gxpgrjghng bhl ljl

hdt mhdw (dr tbmg jhtd bnnduht) t`g pgnuajbrjtjgs di t`gBustrbajbh ghvjrdhkght=

6. t`g Gurdpgbhs vjgwgl t`g Bustrbajbh ghvjrdhkght bs bh

gxpghlbfag rgsdurng w`jn`, ndupagl wjt` bh ghtùsjbsk

idr nbpjtbajstjn jlgdadoy, jhnajhgl t`gk td johdrg t`g

sbatjho di t`g vbaagy jh ibvdr di b qujnm rgturh dh b

kjhjkba jhvgstkght di abfdr=

>. t`g nagbrjho di t g vbaagy wbs bh gxprgssjdh di b

Gurdpgbh jlgdadoy t`bt pdsjtjvgay vbaugl kbh‚s

ldkjhbtjdh dvgr hbturg.

Jh wgjo`jho batgrhbtjvg jhigrghngs, brn`bgdadojsts brg irgg td

tbmg gvjlghng irdk bhyw`grg t`gy nbh ijhl jt bhl td tbmg

jhspjrbtjdh irdk t`g ijhljhos di dt`gr brn`bgdadojnba stuljgsdi sjkjabr bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts bhl sjkjabr sjtubtjdhs,

irdk gt`hdorbp`jn rgpdrts di ndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs, irdk

`jstdrjnba rgndrls, bhl t`g ajmg.

B ndhnrgtg gxbkpag di t`g ljiigrghngs fgtwggh

brn`bgdadoy bhl bht`rdpdadoy jh t`js rgobrl kby `gap nabrjiy

ky pdjht. Jh 2:03 J dfsgrvgl bhl rgndrlgl jh lgtbja

(jhnauljho rgojstrbtjdh dh 29 kk sduhl-syhn`rdhdus ijak)

t`g orgh kb`ê rjtgs jh \bhb _bj Frbkb.6 Lurjho t`gsg rjtgs,

t`g Btb \bhb ‚Bj sabuo`tgrgl kdrg t`bh >33 odbts bhl pjos

bs sbnrjijngs td t`gjr lgjty bhl bhngstrba spjrjts. Bitgr

lgnbpjtbtjdh wjt` b ngrgkdhjba swdrl, t`g sgvgrgl `gbls di

t`g odbts wgrg t`gh ruffgl dh t`g kb`ê batbr, w`jn` js b

frbhn`jho trgg truhm surrduhlgl fy kdhdajt`s sgt jh b

nagbrjho jh b skbaa pbtn` di prjkbry idrgst. \`g bhjkbas‚

dwhgrs t`gh lrboogl t`g nbrnbssgs dii jhtd t`g idrgst

surrduhljho t`g kb`ê batbr bhl futn`grgl t`gk. Gxngpt idr

t`g ebws di t`g pjos, t`g fdhgs di t`gsg sbnrjijnjba bhjkbas

wgrg agit bt t`g futn`grjho sjtgs. Ijhljho t`gsg fdhgs,

brn`bgdadojsts di t`g iuturg kjo`t wgaa bssdnjbtg t`gk wjt`

t`g kdhdajt`s, t`g hgbrgst brtjibntuba igbturg di t`g abhlsnbpg

bhl, ji t`gy brg aunmy, t`gy kjo`t basd ijhl t`g rgkbjhs di t`g

frbhn`jho batbr. \`gy kjo`t t`gh jhigr t`bt t`g sbnrjijng di

pjos bhl odbts wbs pbrt di b rjtuba ndkpagx bkdho t`g

bhnjght pgdpag di \bhb ‚Bj. Fut ndual bhyt`jho jh t`g

bssgkfabog di kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di t`gsg rjtgs sgrvg bsgvjlghng idr t`g jlgbtjdhba ndhtght di t`g rgajojdus fgajgis

t`bt bhjkbtgl t`g rjtgs bhl aght rbtjdhbajty td t`gk4 _jt`

rgspgnt td sdnjba strunturg, wdual bhyt`jho jh t`g rgkbjhs di

t`g sbnrjijngs pdjht td t`g ndkpagx jhtgrrgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh

t`g kb`ê rjtgs bhl t`g prgnglghng di t`g ldkbjh‚s nabhs,

jtsgai ghndlgl jh kyt`jn `jstdrjgs di t`g ldkbjh w`dsg

hbrrbtjdhs wgrg basd bh gssghtjba gagkght jh t`g orgh kb`ê 4

Bhl wdual t`g brn`bgdadojsts ougss t`bt t`g kjssjho pjos‚

ebws wgrg sjohjijnbht4 Ji sd, wdual t`grg fg bhyt`jho jh t`g

brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl t`bt wdual agbl t`gk td spgnuabtg

bfdut t`g rdag di t`g ebws di pjos (bhl hdt di odbts) jh

gxn`bhogs fy w`jn` biijhba rgabtjdhs`jps di pgdpag jh t`g

ndkkuhjty wgrg rgbiijrkgl4

Bs bh bht`rdpdadojst, J wbs jh t`g rgabtjvgay idrtuhbtgpdsjtjdh di wjthgssjho bhl rgndrljho t`g bntjdhs t`bt agl td

t`g lgpdsjtjdh di w`bt, ibr jh t`g iuturg, wdual fg ljsngrhjfag

bs b pbttgrhgl bssgkfabog di brtjibnts. Bh brn`bgdadojst di

t`g iuturg wdual hdt fg jh t`js pdsjtjdh bhl wdual tùs fg

dhg, adhogr stgp rgkdvgl irdk fgjho bfag td rgndhstrunt t`g

‐jlgdadoy‚ di t`g pgdpag rgspdhsjfag idr t`g lgpdsjtjdhs.>

Brn`bgdadojsts stuly brtjibnts (jhnauljho fujaljhos) bhl

abhlsnbpgs t`bt `bvg fggh batgrgl irdk t`gjr hbturba stbtg fy

ùkbh fg`bvjdr. _`jag jt kjo`t fg t`duo`t t`bt b sdnjba

bht`rdpdadojst `bs kdrg ljrgnt bnngss td t`g jlgdadoy di t`g

pgdpag `g stuljgs t`bh ldgs bh brn`bgdadojst, t`js js bh

dvgrsjkpajijnbtjdh wjt` w`jn` J wdual tbmg jssug. Dh

rgiagntjdh, jt nbh fg sggh t`bt bht`rdpdadojsts basd stulybrtjibnts di fg`bvjdr. B sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst jh t`g ijgal nbh

wjthgss fg`bvjdr, jhnauljho t`g bntjdhs di jhljvjlubas bhl

ordups di jhljvjlubas. \`gsg bntjdhs idrk pbrt di t`g lbtb idr

gt`hdorbp`y. Jh blljtjdh, t`g bht`rdpdadojst nbh jhtgrrdobtg

kgkfgrs di b ndkkuhjty uhlgr stuly bfdut t`gjr jhtghtjdhs

bhl kdtjvbtjdhs idr bntjho bs t`gy ld, bhl nbh gvgh ljsnuss

wjt` t`gk jlgbs t`gy `dal bfdut t`gjr bntjdhs bhl t`gjr

jhtghtjdhs w`jag t`gy wgrg bntjho. Fut t`gsg jhtghtjdhs bhl

kdtjvbtjdhs bhl t`g stbtgs di bntdrs‚ kjhls w`jag t`gy bntgl

jh ngrtbjh wbys brg hdt ljrgntay bnngssjfag td bh bht`rdpdad-

ojst. _`jag bntdrs‚ bnnduhts di t`gjr jhtghtjdhs nbh fg

rgndrlgl bitgr t`g ibnt, sun` bnnduhts brg hdt t`gksgavgs

jhtghtjdhs. \`g lbtb wjt` w`jn` b sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst

ndhstrunts bh gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduht di b ndkkuhjty bhl t`g

ajvgs di jts kgkfgrs lgrjvg jh pbrt irdk sun` tgxts. \`gsg

tgxts kby fg ijgal hdtgs, sduhl rgndrljhos, vjlgd dr ijak

rgojstrbtjdhs di fg`bvjdr (t`bt js, pgdpag ldjho t`jhos dr

tbamjho bfdut t`g t`jhos t`gy `bvg ldhg), bhl, jh sdkg nbsgs,

t`g bht`rdpdadojst‚s kgkdry di gvghts bhl w`bt pgdpag ljl

w`gh t`gy pbrtjnjpbtgl jh t`gk.< Fut t`dsg tgxts di

jhidrkbhts‚ rgndaagntjdhs, rgiagntjdhs dh, bhl bnnduhts di

jhtghtjdhs nbh fg tbmgh td fg dhay jhljrgnt gvjlghng idr

bntdrs‚ stbtgs di kjhl.

\gxts di t`g abst sdrt brg gspgnjbaay jhtgrgstjho fgnbusg, bs

lgsnrjptjdhs di jlgdadoy t`bt kjo`t sgrvg bs fbsgs idr gxpabhbtjdhs di bntjdh, t`gy brg rgabtgl td bntjdh jh kun` t`g

sbkg wby bs brn`bgdadojnba brtjibnts brg rgsjlugs di bntjdh5

fdt` brg s`bpgl fy bntjdh, fut hgjt`gr brg t`gksgavgs bntjdh.

Hgjt`gr brn`bgdadojsts hdr bht`rdpdadojsts nbh dfsgrvg

jlgdadoy ljrgntay. \d t`g gxtght t`bt bh bht`rdpdadojst lrbws

dh rgndrls di t`js sdrt bs b sdurng di lbtb, t`gh t`g prjkbry

sdurngs di lbtb jh fdt` bht`rdpdadoy bhl brn`bgdadoy brg

2>< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



lgrjvbtjvgs bt agbst dhg dhtdadojnba stgp rgkdvgl irdk t`g

bntjdh t`bt s`bpgl t`gk bhl b sgndhl stgp rgkdvgl irdk

jlgdadoy. \ùs, brn`bgdadoy bhl bht`rdpdadoy brg sjkjabr jh

tgrks di t`g hbturg di t`g gvjlghng dh w`jn` t`gy lrbw td

ndhstrunt pbst sdnjba ajig, gvgh w`gh tbmjho jhtd bnnduht t`bt

t`g pbst di t`g sdnjba ajig stuljgl fy t`g bht`rdpdadojst kby

fg kgbsurgl jh ygbrs w`grgbs t`g pbst sdnjba ajig stuljgl fybh brn`bgdadojst kjo`t fg kgbsurgl jh nghturjgs dr kjaaghhjb.

>. Dh fbnmfgbrjho irdk brtjibnts, td fg`bvjdr,

td sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy

Idr b sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst, sdnjgty ndhsjsts di jhljvjlubas

fut, kdrg jkpdrtbhtay, sufsjsts jh t`g rgabtjdhs`jps di ordups

di jhljvjlubas td dhg bhdt`gr, rgabtjdhs`jps t`bt brg

rgprdlungl bhl tùs pgrsjst t`rduo` tjkg. Jh dt`gr wdrls,

sdnjgty nbh fg lgijhgl bs t`g pbttgrhs di rgabtjdhs`jps t`bt

ajhm ordups di pgdpag. Ordups brg nbtgodrjgs di pgdpag bhl

t`g ordups t`bt kbjhtbjh dh-odjho rgabtjdhs wjt` dhg bhdt`gr

jh sdnjgty tùs ndhstjtutg b systgk di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh.

\`g gxn`bhogs di kbtgrjba oddls jh w`jn` jhljvjlubas bhlordups ghobog jh sdnjba ajig brg jhljngs di t`g rgabtjdhs`jps di

nbtgodrjgs di pgdpag bhl t`gsg rgabtjdhs`jps nbh fg bhbayzgl

td n`brt fdt` t`g rgabtjdhs`jps bhl t`gjr hbturg.

\`grg brg twd jkpdrtbht pdjhts bfdut sdnjgtjgs di t`g mjhl

J `bvg stuljgl jh gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb. \`g ijrst js t`bt, bs jh baa

sdnjgtjgs, t`grg brg ordups t`bt brg gxdobkdus, w`jn` kgbhs

t`bt t`g kgkfgrs di gbn` ordup kust kbrry dut di t`g ordup

bhl t`bt gbn` ordup js lgpghlght updh t`g dt`grs idr jts dwh

rgprdluntjdh. Jh fdt` di t`g sdnjgtjgs di Iadrgs jh w`jn` J

`bvg wdrmgl, t`g kgkfgrs di t`gsg ordups `dal jh ndkkdh

ndhtrda dvgr bhl rjo`ts td ngrtbjh prdluntjvg rgsdurngs sun`

bs obrlghs, padts di idrgst, bhl ndndhut pabhtbtjdhs, hdhg di

w`jn` fgadho td jhljvjlubas di t`g ordup. Jh blljtjdh td

fgjho gxdobkdus, t`gsg ordup brg, jh bht`rdpdadojnba tgrks,

ndrpdrbtg. Jh gxn`bhojho pgdpag jh kbrrjbog, t`g

rgprdluntjdh di jhljvjlubas, t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g ordups,

bhl t`g rgprdluntjdh di sdnjgty jtsgai brg baa bn`jgvgl

sjkuatbhgdusay. Ji t`dsg bhnjght pgdpags lgsnrjfgl jh t`g

pbpgrs di t`js vdaukg `bl sdnjgtjgs sun` bs t`gsg, t`gh jt

wdual fg nrunjba td ljsndvgr bs kun` bs pdssjfag bfdut

kbrrjbog bhl t`g kbtgrjba gxn`bhogs w`jn` bnndkpbhy jt jh

drlgr td fg bfag td sby bhyt`jho kgbhjhoiua bfdut t`g

strunturgs di t`dsg sdnjgtjgs.

B sgndhl igbturg di sun` sdnjgtjgs bnndrls wjt` t`g ijrst5

jh skbaa snbag sdnjgtjgs, t`dsg t`bt Aêvj-^trbuss nbaagl ‐ndal‚sdnjgtjgs, gvgrydhg js rgabtgl td gvgrydhg gasg bs mjh. \`js

kgbhs t`bt pgdpag bakdst bawbys kbrry b mjhswdkbh dr b

mjhskbh. @grg t`g systgk di nabssjijnbtjdh updh w`jn`

sdnjgty js iduhlgl lgkbhls ndhsjlgrbtjdh. Bssukjho t`bt

rgprdluntjdh usubaay dnnurs wjt`jh b oghgrbtjdh rbt`gr t`bh

fgtwggh oghgrbtjdhs, bh jhljvjluba‚s n`djng di b pbrthgr jh

kbrrjbog kust fg kblg fgtwggh sjfajhos bhl ndusjhs.

Bakdst uhjvgrsbaay jh ndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs di t`js mjhl,

sjfajhos (j.g., t`g n`jalrgh di b pbrtjnuabr wdkbh) brg

nabssjijgl bs uhkbrrjbogbfag. Di t`g idur pdssjfag dppdsjtg

sgx ndusjhs w`jn` b pgrsdh kjo`t `bvg (IFL/^, IUL/^,

KUL/^, KFL/^),7 dhg dr kdrg kjo`t fg trgbtgl bs sjfajhos

bhl nabssjijgl bs uhkbrrjbogbfag w`grgbs t`g rgkbjhlgr brg

nabssjijgl bs pdtghtjba spdusgs.Fy t`g jhtgrsgntjdh di t`gsg twd sjkpag ygt gagobht jlgbs,

gxdobky bhl t`g nabssjijnbtjdh di sjfajhos bhl ndusjhs, t`g

sjkpagst pdssjfag sdnjgty js dhg kblg up di twd ordups w`d

gxn`bhog pgdpag jh kbrrjbog bhl ljvjlg kdrg dr agss gqubaay

t`g diisprjho di t`dsg kbrrjbogs. Jh sun` ‐sykkgtrjnba‚

systgks, sjfajhos brg nabssjijnbtdrjay kgrogl wjt` pbrbaaga

ndusjhs (t`g n`jalrgh di sbkg-sgx sjfajhos) bhl brg nabssjijgl

bs prd`jfjtgl jh kbrrjbog w`grgbs t`g n`jalrgh di nrdss-sgx

sjfajhos (j.g., nrdss-ndusjhs) nbh kbrry. \`g jhtgrpdsjtjdh di

t`js sjkpag nabssjijnbtdry ruag js suiijnjght td jhsurg fdt` t`g

rgprdluntjdh di t`g twd ordups bhl di sdnjgty.

Di orgbtgr pdssjfjajtjgs brg systgks t`bt gxnaulg irdk t`g

nbtgodry di kbrrjbogbfag ndusjhs dhg dr t`g dt`gr di t`gnrdss-ndusjhs w`jag baadwjho kbrrjbog wjt` t`g rgkbjhjho

nrdss-ndusjh. ûn` systgks brg iduhl bkdho t`g wdral‚s

ndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs bhl nbh, jh prjhnjpag, bnndkkdlbtg b

abrog hukfgr di ordups, frjhojho t`gk baa jhtd b sjhoag

sdnjgty iduhlgl dhng bobjh updh t`g jlgbs t`bt gbn` ordup js

lgpghlght updh bhdt`gr idr rgprdluntjdh bhl t`bt sdnjgty

sufsjsts jh t`g systgk di gxn`bhog tùs nrgbtgl. \`gsg

sdnjgtjgs brg mhdwh bs bsykkgtrjn systgks bhl brg

n`brbntgrjzgl fy oghgrbajzgl gxn`bhog.

Jh t`gsg sdnjgtjgs, gbn` ordup, rgobrlagss di dt`gr

iuhntjdhs jt kby iuaijaa, js b lgsnght ordup. B sjkpag wby di

ndhstjtutjho sun` b ordup js td ajkjt kgkfgrs`jp td pgdpag

w`d brg rgabtgl td gbn` dt`gr gjt`gr gxnausjvgay t`rduo` kgh

dr gxnausjvgay t`rduo` wdkgh. Jh t`g idrkgr nbsg, wg spgbm

di pbtrjajhgba lgsnght bhl jh t`g abttgr wg spgbm di kbtrjajhgb

lgsnght. \`g gxn`bhogs jh w`jn` t`gsg uhjajhgba lgsnght

ordups pbrtjnjpbtg jhnaulg hdt dhay pbrthgrs jh kbrrjbog, fut

b abrog vbrjgty di dt`gr gxn`bhogs sun` bs frjlgwgbat` ojvgh

fy b wjig-tbmjho ordup jh gxn`bhog idr b nduhtgr-prgstbtjdh

irdk t`g wjig-ojvjho ordup, gxn`bhogs bt t`g fjrt` di

n`jalrgh, gxn`bhogs bt t`g lgbt` di b spdusg, bhl kbhy

dt`grs. Bakdst uhjvgrsbaay, pgdpag jh sdnjgtjgs di t`js mjhl

ndhsjlgr wjig-ojvgrs td fg supgrjdr td wjig-tbmgrs, fut bs jt

wdrms dut, gbn` ordup js supgrjdr td sdkg dt`gr ordup dr

ordups bhl gbn` js jhigrjdr td ygt dt`grs. \`js js b mjhl di `jgrbrn`y, fut hdt dhg t`bt agbls td kbrmgl sdnjba

strbtjijnbtjdh.9

B rgbsdhbfag qugstjdh td bsm js t`js5 wgrg bhy di t`g

sdnjgtjgs di Kgsdajt`jn dr gbray Hgdajt`jn Gurdpg di t`gsg

mjhls4 B sgndhl, gqubaay jkpdrtbht qugstjdh js5 w`bt wdual

t`g brn`bgdadojnba lbtb t`bt wdual baadw us td lgnjlg t`g

qugstjdh addm ajmg4

2>7 L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



Ajhgbajty js bfdut lgsnght, t`bt js, mjhs`jp, bhl, di jtsgai,

js bfdut hdt`jho gasg. Mhdwjho t`bt jts lgsnght pbttgrh js

kbtrjajhgba dr pbtrjajhgba tgaas us prgnjdus ajttag bfdut

bhy dt`gr bspgnt di b sdnjgty bhl ldgs hdt gvgh prdvjlg

oddl nbusg idr jhigrghng bfdut dt`gr bspgnts di sdnjgty.

J nbh njtg `grg bs gxbkpags twd sdnjgtjgs jh gbst nghtrba

Iadrgs w`jn` s`brg b abhoubog, b ndkkdh prg`jstdrjnbadrjojh, bhl kbhy igbturgs di nuaturg jhnauljho bh bakdst

jlghtjnba systgk idr t`g nabssjijnbtjdh di ndusjhs. \`g Btb

\bhb ‚Bj di t`g kduhtbjhdus gbstgrh rgojdh di t`g Vgoghny

di ^jmmb dh Iadrgs nbanuabtg lgsnght t`rduo` ajhgbaay

rgabtgl wdkgh bhl b pgrsdh fgadhos td t`g lgsnght ordup

di `js dr `gr kdt`gr bhl hdt td t`g ordup di `js dr `gr ibt`gr.

Jh t`g vjaabog di ^jmmb, w`jn` js dhay bfdut 73 mjadkgtgrs

bwby irdk \bhb ‚Bj, b pgrsdh fgadhos td t`g lgsnght

ordup di `js dr `gr ibt`gr bhl lgsnght jh t`js ndkkuhjty js

tùs pbtrjajhgba. \`grg brg dt`gr ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g

twd sdnjgtjgs, sdkg di w`jn` nbh fg sukkbrjzgl bs

fgadw5


Btb \bhb ‚Bj Btb jmmb

2. kbtrjajhgba lgsnght pbtrjajhgba lgsnght

6. kbrrjbog hdt kbrmgl fy rjtuba= kbrrjbog wjt t g gxn bhog

n jal gxn bhog kbrmgl fy di ngrgkdhjba oddls bs

gxn`bhog di ngrgkdhjba frjlgwgbat` bhl

oddls nduhtgrprgstbtjdhs

>. s`jitjho nuatjvbtdrs, wjt sdkg jhtghsjvg nuatjvbtdrs, trblgrs,

ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho tgbn`grs, odvgrhkght

diijnjbas, abhladrls

<. prbntjng t g rjtgs di t`gjr adnba Nbt`dajn sjhng t g 29t` nghturyrgajojdus trbljtjdh

Srgsnrjptjdh js b ruag iduhl jh kbhy (fut hdt baa) di t`g

wdral‚s sdnjgtjgs fy w`jn` b pgrsdh s`dual kbrry b pgrsdh di

b pbrtjnuabr nbtgodry di mjh bhl td t`g gxnausjdh di pgrsdhs di

dt`gr nbtgodrjgs. @dwgvgr, Hggl`bk hdtgs t`bt prgsnrjptjdh

js bh bkfjoudus ndhngpt t`bt bntubaay rgigrs td bt agbst t`rgg

ljiigrght bspgnts di nuaturg bhl rgbaks di sdnjba ajig5

‑Jh t`g stuly di sdnjba ajig t`grg brg t`rgg kbjh bspgnts di ndaagntjvgndhlunt bhl rgprgsghtbtjdhs w`jn` nbh usgiuaay fg ljsnrjkjhbtgl5

(2) fg`bvjdr, (6) ruags, (>) nbtgodrjgs. \`g n`brbntgr di prgsnrjptjdh

nbh fg bttrjfutgl td gbn` di t`gsg bspgnts, bhl bht`rdpdadojsts `bvg

jh ibnt ldhg sd‛ (Hggl`bk 2:?>, 2?2).

Di t`gsg t`rgg bspgnts di ndaagntjvg ndhlunt bhl rgprgsghtb-

tjdh, bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh ljrgntay dfsgrvg bhl rgndrl (j.g.,

tgxtubajzg) fg`bvjdr. Vuags di fg`bvjdr nbh fg ndhstruntgl

irdk rgouabrjtjgs dfsgrvgl jh fg`bvjdr. \`gsg ruags `bvg t`g

stbtus di bhbaytjnba dr gxpabhbtdry ndhstrunts. Vuags kby basd

fg brtjnuabtgl fy kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty uhlgr stuly, jh

w`jn` nbsg t`gy `bvg b ljiigrght stbtus irdk bhbaytjnbaay

lgrjvgl ruags, fut jh fdt` nbsgs t`grg js b ljseuhntjdh fgtwgghruag bhl fg`bvjdr5 jh t`g ijrst jhstbhng, b lglungl ruag kby

fg iduhl td bppay jh dhay sdkg stbtjstjnbaay sjohjijnbht

hukfgr di nbsgs. \ùs, irdk b ndrpus di oghgbadojnba lbtb

t`g bht`rdpdadojst kjo`t ijhl t`bt jh :<% di t`g kbrrjbogs jh

b ndkkuhjty jh t`rgg oghgrbtjdhs, nabssjijnbtdry KFL

kbrrjgl nabssjijnbtdry IU^. Jh t`g sgndhl jhstbhng, jt kby fg

iduhl t`bt b ruag brtjnuabtgl fy kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty

t`gksgavgs js dfsgrvgl jh dhay h% di t`g jhstbhngs jh w`jn

jt s`dual bppay. \`grg js jh fdt` nbsgs b kgbsurbfag

ljsnrgpbhny fgtwggh fg`bvjdr bhl t`g ruags t`bt brg t`duo`t

td odvgrh (dr gxpabjh) jt. Hgvgrt`gagss, bnndrljho td

Hggl`bk, idr t`g bht`rdpdadojst t`grg brg ngrtbjh blvbhtbogs

td stulyjho ruags. Ijrstay, jt js gbsjgr td spgnjiy w`bt b ruagsbys (t`bt js, w`bt jt prgsnrjfgs dr prdsnrjfgs) t`bh jt js

td lgnjlg w`gt`gr fg`bvjdr bnndrls wjt` t`g ruag jh b

stbtjstjnbaay sjohjijnbht hukfgr di jhstbhngs. ^gndhlay, t`g

ndhtghts di ruags brg bkghbfag td ndkpbrjsdh. \`jrlay, gvgh

jh t`dsg nbsgs jh w`jn` fg`bvjdr lgpbrts irdk ruags, jt js

irdk t`g ruags t`bt t`g fg`bvjdr lgpbrts bhl sd ruags kust

fg tbmgh jhtd bnnduht jh t`g lgsnrjptjdh di sdnjgty (Hggl`bk

2:?>, 2?6).

Bhdt`gr pdssjfjajty js td tbmg prgsnrjptjdh td fg, rbt`gr

t`bh b kbttgr di ruags, b ‐idrkba prdpgrty di b systgk di

nbtgodrjgs di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh‚ (Hggl`bk 2:?>, 2?<).

Hggl`bk brougs t`bt jh stulyjho prgsnrjptjdh, t`grg js bh

blvbhtbog idr t`g bht`rdpdadojst jh pbyjho bttghtjdh ijrst td

t`g nbtgodrjgs di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh. @grg `g hdtgs idur

pgrtjhght igbturgs di fg`bvjdr, ruags, bhl nbtgodrjgs. Ijrstay,

jhstjtutjdhs brg ‐ndhlghsgl‚ jh nbtgodrjgs= sgndhlay, sdnjba

bntjdh vbrjgs kdrg t`bh jts bttghlbht nabssjijnbtjdhs= t`jrlay,

t`g ndkpbrjsdh di nbtgodrjgs js kdrg igbsjfag t`bh js t`g

ndkpbrjsdh di vbrjbfag fg`bvjdrs= idurtày, idrks di

\`g bntjvjtjgs bssdnjbtgl wjt` igbturgs 6, > bhl < wdual

uhlduftglay agbvg kbtgrjba rgsjlugs jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgndrls di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs. Fut baa sun` bntjvjtjgs wdual fg

ndkpbtjfag wjt` fdt` bh jlgdadoy di pbtrjajhgba lgsnght bhl

bh jlgdadoy di kbtrjajhgba lgsnght. Jt idaadws t`bt jt wdual fg

ljiijnuat idr bh brn`bgdadojst td lgtgrkjhg t`g lgsnght

prjhnjpags bt wdrm jh t`gsg sdnjgtjgs kgrgay irdk t`g kbtgrjba

rgkbjhs di bntjvjtjgs rgabtjho td kbrrjbog, sufsjstghng, bhl

rgajojdh.

Vdlhgy Hggl`bk wbs t`g ijrst bht`rdpdadojst td pdjht dut

t`bt gagkghts di nuaturg sun` bs fg`bvjdr, ruags, bhl

nbtgodrjgs hggl hdt fg rgabtgl adojnbaay, nbusbaay, dr fy bhy

dt`gr hgngssjty. @g nbkg td t`js ndhnausjdh bitgr twd lgnblgs

lgvdtgl td t`g stuly di baajbhng systgks jh Jhldhgsjb bhl

gasgw`grg bhl fy t`jhmjho nbrgiuaay bfdut t`g hbturg di

prgsnrjptjdh.



nabssjijnbtjdh brg rgabtjvgay igw bhl sjkpag ndkpbrgl td

kdlgs di bntjdh (2:?>, 2?<). Jh s`drt5

‑Fy stbrtjho irdk sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh … wg hggl fg uhlgr hd

jhnajhbtjdh td johdrg dr td uhlgrrbtg t`g bssdnjbtgl ruags bhl kdlgs

di fg`bvjdr. Jhlggl, t`js bpprdbn` bntubaay frjhos dut kdrg nagbray

t`g ibnt t`bt nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr brg jhlgpghlght

vbrjbfags‛ (2:?>, 2?<).

Ji nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr brg jhlgpghlght vbrjbfags,

bhl ji t`grg js bh blvbhtbog idr t`g bht`rdpdadojst jh

fgojhhjho t`g stuly di sdnjgty wjt` nbtgodrjgs, t`gh t`grg

idaadws b kgt`dldadojnba jkpgrbtjvg5

‑Dur prgngpt, t`gh, kust fg t`bt w`bt nbh vbry jhlgpghlghtay kust

fg bhbayzgl jhlgpghlghtay (Hggl`bk 2:?3, 677). _g s`dual

t`grgidrg ijrst kbmg b idrkba bhbaysjs di t`g tgrkjhdadoy, t`gh

gstbfajs` t`g ruags irbkgl fy t`js nabssjijnbtjdh, bhl ijhbaay padt

t`g kdlgs di sdnjba bntjdh= bt gbn` stbog jh t`g jhvgstjobtjdh wg

`bvg td gxpgnt ljspbrjtjgs‛ (Hggl`bk 2:?>, 2?<).

\`g jkpdrt di Hggl`bk‚s broukght idr fdt` bht`rdpdadojstsbhl brn`bgdadojsts js t`bt jhigrghng irdk fg`bvjdr td ruags,

irdk ruags td nbtgodrjgs, bhl irdk fg`bvjdr td nbtgodrjgs js

vgry rjsmy. Nbtgodrjgs brg pbrt bhl pbrnga di jlgdadoy bhl,

wjt` rgspgnt td prgsnrjptjdh5

‑\d prgsnrjfg js td aby ldwh b ruag, td lgnrgg bh dfajobtdry kdlg di

ndhlunt= t`bt js, t`g tgrk rgigrs prdpgray td t`g eurba rgouabtjdh di

sdnjba ajig. Fut t`g eurba igbturgs jh qugstjdh nbhhdt fg bttrjfutgl td

b idrkba strunturg, bhl t`gy brg hdt prdpgrtjgs di b rgabtjdhs`jp

tgrkjhdadoy. Srgsnrjfgl kbrrjbog js adojnbaay qujtg ljstjhnt irdk b

prgsnrjptjvg tgrkjhdadoy5 t`grg js hd hgngssbry ndrrgspdhlghng

fgtwggh nbtgodrjgs bhl sdnjba bntjdh, bhl t`grgidrg hgjt`gr nbh fg

jhigrrgl irdk t`g dt`gr ‛ (2:?>, 2??= gkp`bsjs bllgl).

J `bvg qudtgl t`gsg pdjhts di Hggl`bk‚s broukght bt aghot`

fgnbusg J bk ndhvjhngl t`gy brg wdrt`y di t`g kdst nbrgiua

ndhsjlgrbtjdh fy bhy brn`bgdadojst w`d kjo`t bttgkpt bh

jhigrghtjba fbnmfgbrjho irdk brtjibnt td jlgdadoy dr sdnjba

strunturg. \`g broukght t`bt ‐nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr

brg jhlgpghlght vbrjbfags‚ ]suprb[ js di pbrtjnuabr rgagvbhng

idr brn`bgdadojsts, idr jt tgaas us t`bt wdrmjho irdk fg`bvjdr

td ruags, bhl t`ghng td nbtgodrjgs nbhhdt fg ldhg b prjdrj

fgnbusg t`grg js hd hgngssbry ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh t`gsg t`rgg

bspgnts di ndaagntjvg ndhlunt bhl rgprgsghtbtjdhs.?

Jh blljtjdh, Hggl`bk prdpdsgs t`bt bht`rdpdadojsts s`dual

wdrm ijrst irdk jlgdadoy (nbtgodrjgs bhl nabssjijnbtjdhs), t`gh

td ruags (bhl jhstjtutjdhs), bhl t`gh td bnnduhts di fg`bvjdr,

w`jn` js vbrjbfag wjt` rgspgnt td ruags bhl nbtgodrjgs. \`js js

t`g rgvgrsg di t`g prdnglurg di brn`bgdadoy, w`jn` kust

fgojh wjt` brtjibnts bs t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di fg`bvjdr bhl

wdrm t`gh tdwbrl sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy.

Bh gt`hdorbp`gr nbh dfsgrvg bhl rgndrl t`g fg`bvjdr di

ajvjho pgdpag fut, ji Hggl`bk js ndrrgnt, jt js hdt pdssjfag td

rgbl wjt` ngrtbjhty ruags w`jn` prgsukbfay odvgrh t`bt

fg`bvjdr irdk t`g fg`bvjdr jtsgai. Hdrkbaay, w`grg t`grg brg

ruags td fg iduhl, bh gt`hdorbp`gr ljsndvgrs t`gk fy

jhtgrrdobtjho ajvjho jhidrkbhts. Ajmgwjsg, t`g nbtgodrjgs di

nabssjijnbtjdh systgks, jhnauljho t`g sdnjba nbtgodrjgs w`jn`

kbmg up systgks di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh, brg ljsndvgrgl

t`rduo` bh gxbkjhbtjdh di abhoubog bhl t`g bntuba spggn` dijhidrkbhts, bkdho w`dk t`g gt`hdorbp`gr nbh kbmg iurt`gr

ljrgnt jhvgstjobtjdhs fy t`g sjkpag gxpgljght di ljsnussjho

wjt` t`gk t`g jlghtjijnbtjdh di nbtgodrjgs. \ùs, bh

gt`hdorbp`gr ldgs hdt (fgnbusg `g nbhhdt) lgrjvg ruags irdk

fg`bvjdr, bhl t`gh iurt`gr lgrjvg t`g nbtgodrjgs di sdnjba bhl

nuaturba systgks di nabssjijnbtjdh irdk ruags. Jh gt`hdorbp`y,

gbn` di t`gsg js iduhl ljrgntay jh gkpjrjnba gvjlghng di

ljiigrght typgs bhl tùs kust fg t`g sufegnt di ljstjhntjvg

jhvgstjobtjdhs. \`g hbturg di gbn` bspgnt di nuaturg js

lgtgrkjhgl jhljvjlubaay fy rgigrghng td ajvjho kgkfgrs di

t`g ndkkuhjty uhlgr stuly bhl t`gjr bntjdhs.

\`gsg kgt`dls brg nagbray hdt bvbjabfag td brn`bgdadojsts

bhl, fgnbusg fg`bvjdr, ruags, bhl nbtgodrjgs brg jhlgpgh-lghtay vbrjbfag, lgtgrkjhjho t`gk idr pgdpag adho lgbl js b

vgry ljiijnuat uhlgrtbmjho. J wdual suoogst t`bt t`g

rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh brtjibnt, fg`bvjdr (dr bntjdh), bhl

jlgdadoy brg sjkjabray jhlgtgrkjhbtg. \`grg js b iurt`gr

prdfagk5 brtjibnts brg hdt fg`bvjdr, fut t`g prdlunts di

fg`bvjdr (J wdual sby ‐jhtghtjdhba bntjdh‚). \`g kbtgrjba t`bt

brn`bgdadojsts stuly js tùs b iurt`gr agvga rgkdvgl irdk t`g

‐nuaturg‚ (nbtgodrjgs bhl ruags dr jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba

strunturg) t`gy wjs` td n`brbntgrjzg.

<. ‐Nuaturg‚ bhl jhigrghng

Ebkgs Lggtz, w`d wbs t`g agblgr di b fbhl di ghtùsjbstjn

stulghts di `jstdrjnba brn`bgdadoy w`gh J abst stuljgl t`g

sufegnt idrkbaay0 dhng wrdtg5 ‐Brn`bgdadoy sggms td agbrh

bfdut nuaturg irdk t`g irbokghtbry rgkbjhs di t`g prdlunts

di ùkbh bntjvjty‚ (2:9?, 7). \`js js b wdrt`y odba, fut

Lggtz `bl trdufag lgijhjho nuaturg “ sd kun` sd, t`bt `g

prgigrrgl td kbmg stbtgkghts bfdut jt rbt`gr t`bh lgijhjho jt

ljrgntay. \`gsg stbtgkghts jhnaulgl5 2. nuaturg js agbrhgl

fg`bvjdr= 6. nuaturg js uhjqugay ùkbh= >. nuaturg js

pbttgrhgl= bhl <. sdnjgty js t`g vg`jnag idr nuaturg. \ùs,

‐nuaturg ]js[ b uhjqugay ùkbh systgk di `bfjts bhl nustdks

bnqujrgl fy kbh t`rduo` bh gxtrbsdkbtjn prdngss, nbrrjgl fy

`js sdnjgty, bhl usgl bs `js prjkbry kgbhs di blbptjho td `js

ghvjrdhkght‚ (Lggtz 2:9?, ?). Fut, jh blljtjdh,‑Nuaturg js `joày pgrjs`bfag, bhl t`grgidrg nbhhdt fg gxnbvbtgl. H

dhg `bs gvgr luo up b pdajtjnba systgk, b abhoubog, b sgt di rgajojdu

fgajgis, dr b pgdpag‚s bttjtulg tdwbrl t`gjr bhngstdrs. Zgt sun` t`jho

bs pdajtjnba bhl rgajojdus fg`bvjdr, abhoubog, bhl sdnjba jhtgrbntjdh

biignt w`bt t`g brn`bgdadojst ldgs rgndvgr. \`g pbttgrhjho w`jn`

t`g brn`bgdadojst pgrngjvgs jh `js kbtgrjba js b rgiagntjdh di t`g

pbttgrhjho di t`g nuaturg w`jn` prdlungl jt. Sdts, brrdw`gbls, `dus

2>? L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



iaddrs bhl bxgs brg t`g prdlunts di nuaturg, hdt nuaturg jh

t`gksgavgs, fut t`gy brg ajhmgl td nuaturg jh b systgkbtjn kbhhgr.

Jt js t`g brn`bgdadojst‚s tbsm td ljsndvgr `dw nuaturba fg`bvjdr js

s`dwh jh jts prdlunts‛ (Lggtz 2:9?, ?).:

Jt js prgnjsgay t`g gvbhgsnghng di nuaturg jh Lggtz‚s sghsg di

t`g tgrk, paus ngrtbjh ljiijnuatjgs jh rgabtjho vbrjdus bspgnts

di jt td dhg bhdt`gr, t`bt nrgbtg prdfagks jh t`g brn`bgdadoj-nba sgbrn` idr jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g rgkbjhs di

pbst bntjdh.

Lggtz‚s jlgbs fgbr b nadsg rgabtjdhs`jp td t`dsg di \byadr

(2:9? ]2:<0[) w`d, jh broujho idr b ‐ndheuhntjvg bpprdbn`‚

(jh ndhtrbljstjhntjdh td t`g ndkpbrbtjvg bhl tbxdhdkjn

bpprdbn`) jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba stuly di t`g pbst, iduhl jt

hgngssbry td ndhtrjvg b lgijhjtjdh di nuaturg sujtgl

spgnjijnbaay td brn`bgdadoy. Jh sd ldjho, \byadr wbs bkdho

t`g ijrst di kbhy w`d `bvg hdtgl t`g bkfjoujty di t`g tgrk

nuaturg. @g kblg t`rgg pgrtjhght pdjhts. Ijrstay, `g

ljstjhoujs`gl nuaturg bs ‐b ndhngpt w`jn` js `dajstjn bhl usgl

td ljstjhoujs` p`ghdkghb t`bt brg ‐nuaturba‚ ]j.g., ‐t`g prdlunt

di ùkbh bntjvjty‚[ irdk t`dsg t`bt brg ‐hbturba‚ irdk nuaturg

bs ‐b ndhngpt w`jn` js dh b sgndhlbry agvga di bfstrbntjdh,

w`jn` js pbrtjtjvg, w`jn` lghdtgs b sgokght di t`g `dajstjn

ndhngpt, j.g., b nuaturg.‚ @js sgndhl pdjht js t`bt ‐nuaturg js b

kghtba p`ghdkghdh, ndhsjstjho di t`g ndhtghts di kjhls, hdt

di kbtgrjba dfegnts dr dfsgrvbfag fg`bvjdr.‚23 \`jrlay, ‐b

‐trbjt‚ dr uhjt di nuaturg nbh fg gjt`gr s`brgl dr jljdsyhnrbtjn,

j.g., jt nbh fg ndkkdh td kbhy jhljvjluba kjhls dr td t`g

kjhl di b sjhoag jhljvjluba‚ (\byadr 2:9?, :9).

Jh t`gsg bhl twd iurt`gr pdjhts, \byadr wbs b`gbl di `js

tjkg (ni. _btsdh 2::7)5

‑Nuaturg, ndhsjstjho bs jt ldgs di kghtba ndhstrunts, js hdt ljrgntay

dfsgrvbfag. Jt nbhhdt, t`grgidrg, ndhstjtutg t`g gkpjrjnba lbtb di bhyljsnjpajhg. Nuaturg nbh fg stuljgl dhay t`rduo` t`g jhstrukghtbajty

di dfsgrvbfag p`ghdkghb, t`rduo` w`bt `bvg fggh nbaagl t`g

dfegntjijnbtjdhs di nuaturg5 nuaturba fg`bvjdr bhl t`g kbtgrjba bhl

hdh-kbtgrjba rgsuats di sun` fg`bvjdr. B trjfba lbhng, t`g bvdjlbhng

di b wdkbh fy `gr sdh-jh-abw, t`g jlghtjnba bppgaabtjdh usgl

fgtwggh b skbaa n`jal bhl bh dal kbh, t`g lgsjohs di b Hbvb`d

sbhlpbjhtjho, b stdhg bxg, baa t`gsg brg dfsgrvbfag p`ghdkghb.\`g

nuaturg jlgbs fg`jhl t`gk nbh dhay fg jhigrrgl ‛ (\byadr 2:9?, 230-

23:, gkp`bsgs bllgl).

\`g ljiijnuaty js t`g prdfagk di jhigrghng irdk dhg

jhlgpghlght vbrjbfag (brtjibnt dr fg`bvjdr) td bhdt`gr (sdnjba

strunturg dr jlgdadoy)._`jag jt js hdt ky purpdsg `grg td sukkbrjzg t`g `jstdry

di brn`bgdadojnba t`jhmjho bfdut nuaturg, t`g njtbtjdh di dhg

blljtjdhba jlgb irdk t`g brn`bgdadoy di t`g 2:93s bhl 2:?3s

wjaa `gap gstbfajs` ky broukght. _`gh J abst stuljgl

brn`bgdadoy, J agbrhgl t`bt t`g gqubtjdh di ‐bssgkfabog‚ wjt`

‐nuaturg‚ jh brn`bgdadoy `gal ngrtbjh t`gdrgtjnba jkpajnbtjdhs

bhl kgt`dldadojnba blvbhtbogs idr brn`bgdadojsts.22

^dkgw`bt abtgr, \rjoogr trgbtgl t`g ndhngpt di t`g bssgkfabog

nrjtjnbaay bhl jlghtjijgl jt wjt` t`g ‐`jstdrjnba pbrtjnuabrjst

ndhngptjdh, n`bkpjdhgl fy Fdbs‚ (\rjoogr 2:0:, 2:3). _`jag

J bk hdt ndkpgtght td ibuat \rjoogr‚s eulokght, J wjaa suoogst

t`bt t`g gqubtjdh di bh brn`bgdadojnba bssgkfabog wjt` b

nuaturg kby `bvg sdkg rgsjluba vbaug idr t`dsg brn`bgdadojsts

ndhngrhgl wjt` t`g gxtght td w`jn` jlgdadoy bhl sdnjbastrunturg nbh fg rgbl irdk kbtgrjba rgkbjhs.

Ky jhtghtjdh jh t`js gssby js td vdjng b wbrhjho bfdut t`g

ljiijnuatjgs di fbnmfgbrjho irdk t`g kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di

bntjdh bhl fg`bvjdr td ndohjtjdh, td pbttgrhs di ‐sdnjba‚

t`duo`t bhl bntjdh, bhl td ‐nuaturg.‚ J ndhigss td wdrrjgs

bfdut t`g rgajbfjajty di sun` n`bjhs di jhigrghng fgnbusg

(2) J borgg wjt` \byadr‚s vjgw t`bt, ji nuaturg js ndhstruntgl

kghtbaay, t`gh jt nbhhdt fg bpprg`ghlgl ljrgntay bhl

gkpjrjnbaay fy bht`rdpdadojsts dr fy bhydhg gasg, bhl

(6) J bk ndhvjhngl t`bt w`bt sdnjba bhl nuaturba bht`rdpdad-

ojsts `bvg adho nbaagl ‐nuaturg‚ js hdt b nbusba ghtjty. \`bt js

td sby, jt js hdt b idrng jh t`g uhjvgrsg w`jn` bnts updh

kbttgr dr frbjhs bhl kjhls. Ji nuaturg js hdt nbusba, t`gh t`gijrst qugstjdh t`bt brjsgs js5 nbh ‐nuaturg‚ fg gxpabhbtdry,

j.g., nbh jt fg jhvdmgl td gxpabjh ùkbh fg`bvjdr dr bntjdh4

Js jt rgbsdhbfag td sby sdkgt`jho ajmg5 ‐\`g Kukfds

(ld, sby, t`jhm, rgprgsght, fgajgvg) fgnbusg di t`gjr nuaturg‚4

\d ky kjhl t`js agbls, bt fgst, td tbutdadoy bhl bt wdrst td

kgtbp`ysjns. \`grg brg kbhy ndkpagx prdfagks `grg, fut

ngrtbjhay b vjgw ndkkdhay rgvgbagl jh pufajn ljsndursg,

bhl dhg wg ijhl `jhts di dnnbsjdhbaay jh bht`rdpdadoy,

t`bt nuaturg js nbusbaay rgabtgl td fg`bvjdr, johdrgs t`g

ljiijnuatjgs.26 Bt b kjhjkuk, nuaturg (w`btgvgr jt kjo`t fg

tbmgh td fg) js kgljbtgl fy jhljvjluba ndohjtjdh bhl n`djng

w`jn`, jh pbrtjnuabr nbsgs, kjo`t fg ajhmgl td bntjdh t`bt vbrjgs

rbljnbaay irdk t`g ‐fg`bvjdrba hdrks‚ di b sdnjba ordup.2>

\`js js bhdt`gr wby di sbyjho t`bt t`g gkpjrjnba dfegnt di

bht`rdpdadojnba stuly js hdt ‐nuaturg‚ bhl ‐sdnjgty,‚ fut

fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh. \`g ibnt t`bt pbttgrhs di jhtghtjdhba

bntjdh rgnur jh dhg ùkbh ordup bhl kby ljiigr irdk t`dsg

di dt`gr ùkbh ordups, t`bt js, t`bt t`gsg pbttgrhs kby fg

‐nuaturba,‚ ldgs hdt kgbh t`bt nuaturg jtsgai js ljrgntay

bvbjabfag idr stuly. \`js agbls td t`g qugstjdh, ji bntjdh js t`g

dfegnt di stuly, s`dual brn`bgdadoy ndhngrh jtsgai wjt`

ljsndvgrjho t`g nuaturg (dr sdnjba strunturg dr jlgdadoy) di

t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bh brtjibnt dr bssgkfabog di brtjibnts jh

t`g ijrst pabng4

Fy t`js broukght, t`g kdst jkpdrtbht igbturg di b ùkbhfgjho‚s ghvjrdhkght js hdt nuaturg, fut dt`gr ùkbh fgjhos.

\`js ibnt brjsgs irdk t`g uhjqug fjdadojnba `jstdry di dur

spgnjgs, w`jn` `bs prdlungl b nrgbturg w`d nbhhdt survjvg,

gjt`gr bs bh jhibht dr bs b kbturg drobhjsk, wjt`dut t`g nbrg

bhl nddpgrbtjdh di dt`grs di jts mjhl. \`js kust fg mgpt jh

kjhl w`gh bsmjho qugstjdhs bfdut t`g rgabtjdhs fgtwggh

bntjdh, t`g kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs di sdnjba ajig, bhl t`g kbtgrjba




rgsjlugs di bntjdh jh b wby t`bt bssukgs b prjdrjty di

jlgdadoy dr sdnjba strunturg.

Ji tgn`hdadojgs brg jhljngs di jlgbs, t`gy brg basd sdautjdhs

td prdfagks „ wjt` rddk idr paby bhl gxpgrjkghtbtjdh. \`g

rgabtjvg ndkpagxjty di Hgdajt`jn tgn`hdadojgs nbh fg tbmgh bs

b kdvgkght tdwbrl orgbtgr gnagntjnjsk, b kdrg oghgrbaay

bppajnbfag rgpgrtdjrg di tddas, tgn`hjqugs, bhl strbtgojgs idr t`g gxpadjtbtjdh di ghvjrdhkghts, w`jn` kust basd jhnaulg

t`g gxpadjtbtjdh di b sdnjba ghvjrdhkght. Ji t`js js sd, jt rbjsgs

jhtgrgstjho qugstjdhs, sun` bs5 td w`bt gxtght, ji bt baa, nbh

b sdnjba systgk fg vjgwgl bs bh gagkght jh b tgn`hdadoy4

_`jag t`g jhnausjdh di ‐sdnjba systgk‚ jh tgn`hdadoy kjo`t

fg b kbttgr di lgijhjtjdh, ndhsjlgrjho ‐sdnjba systgk‚ dr

‐sdnjba strunturg‚ jh t`js wby ky baadw us td bhswgr

qugstjdhs, sun` bs5 nbh b sdnjba systgk bhl t`g jlgbs `gal fy

jts kgkfgrs fg jhigrrgl irdk bh bssgkfabog di brtjibnts bhl

sufsjstghng strbtgojgs, bhl t`gjr kbtgrjba rgkbjhs4 \`js

qugstjdh rgturhs us td ky stbrtjho pdjht.

7. Nuaturg bs t`gdryJi nuaturg ldgs hdt nbusg fg`bvjdr, bhl ji jhigrghng irdk

brtjibnt td fg`bvjdr bhl t`gh td sdnjba strunturg dr jlgdadoy js

uhngrtbjh, t`gh w`bt jh t`g kgt`dls di bht`rdpdadoy kjo`t

fg di usg td bh brn`bgdadojst4

Jh frjgi, bh bht`rdpdadojst‚s lbtb brg dfsgrvbtjdhs bhl

rgndrls di fg`bvjdr kblg jh t`g ndursg di ijgal rgsgbrn`,

jhnauljho rgndrljhos di w`bt `js jhidrkbhts tgaa `jk bfdut

ruags bhl nbtgodrjgs. \`g broukght `grg kust tbmg jhtd

bnnduht t`g dhtdadojgs di t`gsg t`rgg t`jhos. Fg`bvjdr js

p`ysjnbaay kbhjigst jh t`g kdvgkght (jhtghtjdhba dr hdt) di

ùkbh fdljgs. Vuags brg prdpdsjtjdhs w`jn` brg gjt`gr

brtjnuabtgl fy jhidrkbhts dr ndhstruntgl bhbaytjnbaay fy

bht`rdpdadojsts. Jh t`g ijrst jhstbhng, t`gy kby fg tbmgh bs

gxprgssgl jkpgrbtjvgs t`bt brg t`duo`t fy jhidrkbhts td

odvgrh fg`bvjdr= jh t`g sgndhl, t`gy brg bhbaytjnba ndhstrunts

jhtghlgl td bnnduht idr fg`bvjdr. Jh fdt` nbsgs, t`gy kby fg

iduhl td bnndrl dhay stbtjstjnbaay wjt` dfsgrvgl fg`bvjdr.

Nbtgodrjgs brg idrkbaay spgnjijgl jh abhoubog. Jh dt`gr

wdrls, nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr brg t`jhos di ljiigrght

typgs bhl jt sggks uhrgbsdhbfag td kg t`gh td sby t`bt t`gy

kbmg up b t`jho (nuaturg) di b uhjtbry typg.

Brn`bgdadojsts `bvg b sjkjabr prdfagk5 t`g kbtgrjba

brtjibnts dr rgsjlugs di fg`bvjdr stuljgl fy brn`bgdadojsts brg

hdt fg`bvjdr, fut brg t`jhos bhl p`ghdkghb di ljiigrght

adojnba typgs irdk fg`bvjdr. \`grg kby fg kdrg t`bh dhgwby td prdlung bh brtjibnt, idr gxbkpag, b stdhg tdda. \d t`g

gxtght t`bt t`js js sd, td t`g gxtght t`bt kbhy tddas nbh fg put

td kdrg t`bh dhg usg, bhl td t`g gxtght t`bt t`g igbturgs di bh

brtjibnt kby hdt jhnaulg t`dsg t`bt nbh sgrvg bs naugs td

w`jn` dhg di t`g pdssjfag kgbhs di kbhuibnturg t`g kbmgr

bntubaay gkpadygl dr t`g usgs td w`jn` jt wbs put, t`gh nbrg

kust fg tbmgh w`gh jhigrrjho irdk t`g brtjibnt t`g fg`bvjdrs

t`bt prdlungl jt dr jhvdavgl jts usg.

Gt`hdorbp`y, bs t`g kbjh prdlunt di sdnjba bht`rdpdadoy,

kby fg njtgl bs b kdlga idr t`g ijhba rgsuats di brn`bgdadoy.

Fut bh gt`hdorbp`y js hdt b lgsnrjptjdh di b nuaturg (dr di

sdnjba strunturg dr jlgdadoy)= jt js b t`gdry di t`g rgndrlgl

lbtb bh bht`rdpdadojst bnnukuabtgs jh t`g ndursg di ijgalwdrm

bhl w`jn` brg sufegntgl td bhbaysjs td rgvgba t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps td dhg bhdt`gr. \`g bhbadoug jh brn`bgdadoy js

t`g brn`bgdadojst‚s systgkbtjn spgnjijnbtjdh di bh

brn`bgdadojnba sjtg5 lgsnrjptjdhs di t`g brtjibnts jt ndhtbjhs,

t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps td dhg bhdt`gr jh spbng bhl tjkg, bhl t`gjr

rgabtjdhs`jps td t`g ndhtgxt wjt`jh w`jn` t`gy wgrg iduhl. Jt

kby fg usgiua td t`jhm di t`bt bssgkfabog bs fgjho bssdnjbtgl

wjt` dr pbrt di b nuaturg, fut t`grg js sdkgt`jho suspjnjdusay

njrnuabr jh b syaadojsk t`bt pdsjts nuaturg bs b lgtgrkjhbht di

t`g prdluntjdh bhl usg di brtjibnts bhl t`gh prdnggls td

ljsndvgr t`bt nuaturg jh t`g bhbaysjs di bh bssgkfabog di

brtjibnts. Jt kby fg fgttgr td ndhngjvg di t`g rgsuats di t`g

bhbaysjs di bh brn`bgdadojnba sjtg bs b t`gdry t`bt gxpabjhs

t`g lgpdsjtjdh di t`g t`jhos iduhl t`grg. \`js js gxbntay w`btkdst brn`bgdadojsts ld.

Eust bs b sykfda js kgbhjhoagss jh jsdabtjdh, fut dhay tbmgs dh

kgbhjho jh rgabtjdh td dt`gr sykfdas bhl td t`g gxtght t`bt baa brg

systgkbtjnbaay rgabtgl td dhg bhdt`gr, sd, tdd, bh brtjibnt dhay

tbmgs dh kgbhjho jh rgabtjdh td dt`gr brtjibnts bhl t`g ndhtgxts jh

w`jn` t`gy brg lgpdsjtgl. \`grg kby ygt fg b ljstjhnt blvbhtbog

td fg iduhl jh t`js vjgw (w`jn` wbs hdt jhndkpbtjfag wjt` b

abrogr ndhngpt di nuaturg). Bs bh bssgkfabog ordws bhl jts

typdadoy fgndkgs kdrg ndkpagx, bhl bs t`g rgabtjdhs`jps

bkdho brtjibnts bhl fgtwggh brtjibnts bhl ndhtgxt fgndkg

kdrg ndkpagx, sd t`g ‐nuaturg‚ n`bhogs dr ogts rgijhgl. @grg

nuaturg js, jh giignt, b t`gdry di t`g bssgkfabog.

\`g brn`bgdadojst‚s ‐nuaturg‚ js t`gh bh gxpabhbtjdh „ b

t`gdry „ lgvjsgl fy t`g brn`bgdadojst td gxpabjh t`g

prdvghbhng di t`g bssgkfabog, t`g brtjibnts t`bt kbmg jt up,

t`g rgabtjdhs`jps jlghtjijbfag bkdho t`dsg brtjibnts (j.g.,

wjt`jh t`g bssgkfabog), t`g rgabtjdhs di t`g bssgkfabog td jts

ndhtgxt, bhl n`bhogs jh t`g bssgkfabog t`rduo` tjkg (w`grg

t`gsg nbh fg jlghtjijgl, dhg nbh spgbm di ‐nuaturba gvdautjdh‚

dr ‐nuaturg n`bhog‚). \ùs nuaturg js hdt b t`jho bh

brn`bgdadojst jhigrs (dr bh gt`hdorbp`gr dfsgrvgs). Jt js,

rbt`gr, b t`gdry lgvjsgl td gxpabjh w`bt nbh fg dfsgrvgl bhl

lgsnrjfgl (brtjibnts, jh t`g kdst ndkprg`ghsjvg sghsg, idr

brn`bgdadojsts= bntjdh idr gt`hdorbp`grs).

\`grg brg tùs sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh brn`bgdadoy bhl sdnjbabht`rdpdadoy. Fdt` jhnaulg jh t`gjr prjkbry lbtb t`g rgsjlugs

di ùkbh bntjdh jh t`g wdral, bat`duo` bht`rdpdadojsts nbh

jhnaulg jh t`gjr lbtb ljrgnt dfsgrvbtjdhs di bntjdh bhl

fg`bvjdr. Jh brn`bgdadoy t`dsg lbtb brg brtjibnts,

bssgkfabogs, bhl rgs`bpgl abhlsnbpgs. Jh bht`rdpdadoy t`gy

brg tgxts di dhg idrk dr bhdt`gr. Fut t`g ijgals jhtgrrdobtg

t`gsg lbtb jh sjkjabr wbys. Fdt` bht`rdpdadojsts bhl

2>: L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



brn`bgdadojsts wbht td mhdw t`g rgbsdhs w`y b t`jho wbs

kblg bhl w`bt wbs ldhg wjt` jt, bhl, ji pdssjfag, t`g

kdtjvbtjdhs di t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bhl usgl jt= wg wbht

td mhdw w`bt t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bhl usgl t`gk t`duo`t

bfdut t`gjr nrgbtjdhs. _g fdt` wbht td mhdw w`bt t`g t`jhos

bhl t`g t`jhos ldhg wjt` t`g t`jhos kgbht. Bhl wg fdt`

wbht td mhdw w`bt nbh fg agbrhgl irdk t`g drjojhs bhlgvdautjdh di ùkbh sdnjgty fgnbusg t`dsg agssdhs wjaa tgaa us

basd bfdut dur pdtghtjba bs jhljvjlubas bhl bs b spgnjgs.

B igw di t`g mgy tgrks jh t`g ljsnussjdh di t`gsg

qugstjdhs bt HJB^ wgrg5

Nuaturg @uhtjho-obt`grjho

^dnjgty Borjnuaturg

Jlgdadoy

^dnjba strunturg

Bhl wg gxbkjhgl, jhtgr bajb5

Orbvgs

Orbvg sjtgs

^tdhg tddas

wjt` rgigrghng td5

Bhjkbas

Sabhts

Abhlsnbpgs

\`gsg brg t`jhos di ljiigrght adojnba typgs5 sdkg brg ndhnrgtg

t`jhos jh t`g p`ysjnba wdral= sdkg brg fgst lgsnrjfgl bs dpgh

bhl stdn`bstjn (j.g. gvdavjho) systgks= sdkg `bvg b luba

dhtdadoy bhl brg fdt` stdn`bstjnbaay systgkbtjn bt dhg agvga

bhl adojnba ndhstrunts bt bhdt`gr. Bhl, bs bh gvgr prgsght

lbhogr jh bht`rdpdadoy (J wjaa hdt spgbm di brn`bgdadoy),

t`gy nbh fg ndhiusgl dhtdadojnbaay. \ùs, b nuaturg, w jn` js

bt fgst b t`gdry lgvjsgl td gxpabjh gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb, nbh fg

kjstbmgh idr b p`ghdkghdh t`bt `bs nbusba giijnbny w`grgfy

jt prdlungs bs brtjibnt t`bt (fg`bvjdr, bntjdh) w`jn` jt

gxpabjhs. \`js js b ldufag ibaabny di kjspabngl ndhnrgtghgss

bhl t`g bssukptjdh di b ndhnausjdh, w`jn` kbhy di us

bht`rdpdadojsts bntubaay ogt pbjl td ndkkjt. Lgpghljho updh

w`dk ydu `bvg fggh rgbljho rgnghtay, b sdnjba strunturg js

bh gkpjrjnbaay dfsgrvbfag ndhijourbtjdh di ndkkuhjnbtjho

bhl jhtgrbntjho ùkbh fgjhos dr gjt`gr b kgn`bhjnba dr

stbtjstjnba kdlga lrgbkt up fy bh bht`rdpdadojst td gxpabjh b

ndrpus di lbtb. Ji wg brg td gkpady t`gsg tgrks, wg hggl td

uhlgrstbhl t`g pdssjfag rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh t`g t`jhos idr

w`jn` t`gy stbhl.^dnjgtjgs ld hdt kbmg brtjibnts. Brtjibnts brg kblg fy

jhljvjluba pgdpag, sdkgtjkgs wdrmjho sjhoay, sdkgtjkgs

nddpgrbtjvgay jh ordups. Ji t`g fg`bvjdr dr bntjdh fy w`jn`

bh brtjibnt js kblg js rgabtgl jh sdkg wby td bh jlgb dr

jlgdadoy, jt js bh jlgb w`jn` js jh t`g kjhl di t`g jhljvjluba.

Jts gxjstghng nbhhdt fg sdkg kgtbp`ysjnba ‐ordup kjhl,‚ hdr

gvgh Lurm`gjk‚s ndhsnjghng ndaagntjvg. ^jkjabray, jhljvjluba

t`duo`t js hdt t`g sbkg t`jho bs ndaagntjvg t`duo`t, t`g

rgprêsghtbtjdhs ndaagntjvgs jkputgl td t`g pgdpag di b sdnjgty

fy Lurm`gjk. \`g ijrst js ndohjtjdh, b nbpbnjty di t`g

jhljvjluba kjhl, w`grgbs t`g sgndhl js sdnjba bhl, bs sun`,

nbh dhay fg jhigrrgl wjt` kdrg dr agss adojnba agojtjkbny

irdk t`g dfsgrvgl rgprgsghtbtjdhs di jhljvjlubas. Jh sgbrn`jho

idr bh ‐jlgdadoy‚ t`bt kby fg jhigrrgl irdk brtjibnts t`rduo`fg`bvjdr, fdt` brn`bgdadojsts bhl bht`rdpdadojsts wdual fg

wgaa blvjsgl td mggp nagbray jh kjhl w`dsg kjhl jt js td

w`jn` jlgbs brg bttrjfutgl dr jkputgl.

Fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh kby `bvg jkkgljbtg dr giijnjght

nbusgs jh frbjh kgn`bhjsks (w`jn` brg t`gksgavgs stjaa

jkpgrigntay uhlgrstddl). Fut bs gxpabhbtjdh idr t`dsg t`jhos

t`bt kdst bttrbnt t`g bttghtjdh di bht`rdpdadojsts bhl

brn`bgdadojsts, frbjh kgn`bhjsks brg hdt t`gksgavgs b

suiijnjght gxpabhbtjdh. Hgvgrt`gagss, t`g jhvdnbtjdh di nuaturg

(dr jlgdadoy dr sdnjba strunturg) bs bh gxpabhbtjdh di

fg`bvjdr js bt agbst jhsuiijnjght bhl js bt kdst rjljnuadus

fgnbusg nuaturg ldgs hdt nbusg fg`bvjdr. Jt nbhhdt, t`grgidrg,

fg `gal td gxpabjh kgn`bhjnbaay t`g rgouabrjtjgs, rgpgtjtjdhs,bhl pbttgrhs di bntjdh ldnukghtbfag fy bh bht`rdpdadojst hdr

t`g rgsjlugs di sun` bntjdh rgndrlbfag fy brn`bgdadojsts.

Ji nuaturg js hdt b nbusba ghtjty, bhl ji jt js hdt rgbsdhbfag

td sby t`bt sdkgdhg fg`bvgs jh sdkg wby dr ldgs sdkgt`jho

jh pbrtjnuabr fgnbusg di `js nuaturg, t`gh t`grg wjaa fg

jkpajnbtjdhs idr brn`bgdadojsts w`d brg jhtgrgstgl jh t`g ajhms

fgtwggh t`g brtjibntuba rgkbjhs di ùkbh bntjdh bhl t`g

‐jlgdadoy‚ dr ‐sdnjgty‚ dr ‐nuaturg‚ di t`g pgdpag w`d agit

t`dsg rgsjlugs fg`jhl. ^pgnjijnbaay, J bk birbjl jt js hdt

pdssjfag td rgbl ljrgntay irdk t`g idrkgr td t`g abttgr. Ji t`js

js t`g nbsg, t`gh brn`bgdadojsts kust tbmg pbrtjnuabr nbrg jh

t`g wby t`gy gxpabjh t`gjr lbtb5 nuaturg bs b t`jho (suj

oghgrjs dr Ljho bh sjn`) nbhhdt fg jhvdmgl bs gxpabhbtjdh

idr bh brn`bgdadojnba bssgkfabog.

@dwgvgr, t`js js hdt td lghy t`bt t`g pgdpag w`d nrgbtg

bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts dr w`d bnt jh pbttgrhgl wbys pdssgss

b nuaturg. B agss sbtjsiyjho, fut kun` kdrg rbtjdhba bhl, J

fgajgvg, usgiua jkpajnbtjdh idaadws5 nuaturg, ji hdt b t`jho dr

nbusbtjvg idrng, nbh fg b t`gdry. \`bt js td sby, dhg nbh

gxpabjh fg`bvjdr dr t`g rgkbjhs di jt jh tgrks di bh

gxpabhbtdry ndhstrunt t`bt wg nbh nbaa (pgr`bps idr wbht di b

fgttgr tgrk) b ‐nuaturg,‚ sd adho bs t`g gxpabhbtjdh js tgstbfag

bhl ndrrgntbfag jh ajo`t di hgw dr blljtjdhba gvjlghng, w`jn`

js bhdt`gr wby di sbyjho t`bt sun` b t`gdry kust ndhtbjh bh

`gurjstjn w`jn` agbls tdwbrl iurt`gr rgsgbrn`, bhl lbtb w`jn`kby ibasjiy t`g jhjtjba idrkuabtjdh. \`g broukght js, sjkpay,

t`bt nuaturg js b t`gdry di t`jhos, bhl hdt b t`jho jtsgai. \`bt

t`gdry kby `bvg t`g idrk di b sgqughng di jhigrghngs

(strjntay spgbmjho, `ypdt`gsgs)5

ji brtjibnt x (bhl y, z, …), t`gh jhtghtjdhba bntjdh b.

ji bntjdh b, t`gh jlgb (dr jlgdadoy) j.

2<3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



Gbn` jhigrghtjba `ypdt`gsjs, td fg di usg, duo`t jh prjhnjpag

td fg tgstbfag, gjt`gr fy t`g oghgrbtjdh di iurt`gr

‐ji k, t`gh h‚ `ypdt gsgs, w`grg h nbh gjt`gr fg sduo`t

gkpjrjnbaay dr nbh fg lgnjlgl dh dt`gr rgbsdhbfag orduhls.

\`g prdnglurg js vgry kun` ajmg t`bt fy w`jn` wg sdavg

ejosbw puzzags, dhay jh t`g nbsg di brn`bgdadoy bhl

bht`rdpdadoy, pjgngs brg bawbys kjssjho. Gbn` pjgng w`jn`jhtgrbrtjnuabtgs wjt` bhdt`gr bhl t`gh bhdt`gr, td idrk b

kbss, duo`t td jhvjtg t`g ijttjho di dt`gr pjgngs. Ji, jh t`g

ghl, kdrg pjgngs (lbtb) brg agit dut t`bh brg jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd

t`g puzzag, t`gh bhdt`gr strbtgoy idr ijttjho t`gk tdogt`gr

duo`t td fg lgvjsgl.

B hukfgr di ygbrs bod J lgajvgrgl b agnturg td b nabss di

uhlgrorblubtgs jh w`jn` J suoogstgl t`bt t`g dhtdadoy di

‐nuaturg‚ js kurmjgr t`bh kdst bht`rdpdadojsts oghgrbaay

rgndohjzg bhl t`bt dhg wby di lgbajho wjt` t`g ndhngpt js td

t`jhm di b ‐nuaturg‚ bs t`g ljstjaabtjdh di b kggtjho fgtwggh

t`g gt`hdorbp`gr‚s nuaturg bhl t`g nuaturg di t`g pgdpag `g

stuljgs. J nbaagl t`js syht`gsjs bh ‐gt`hdorbp`jn nuaturg‚ bhl

sbjl t`bt w`bt jt rgbaay js, js b t`gdry di t`g gt`hdorbp`jnjhidrkbtjdh bh bht`rdpdadojst `bs bt `bhl bt b ojvgh kdkght

bhl t`bt jts kdst pdwgriua qubajty wbs bs bh `gurjstjn idr

iurt`gr rgsgbrn`.2<

^dnjba bht`rdpdadojsts nbh lrbw dh ‐hbtjvg t`gdrjgs‚ di

strunturg bhl gkpady t`gk bs lbtb= brn`bgdadojsts nbhhdt5

jhlggl, jt js t`dsg ‐hbtjvg t`gdrjgs‚ t`bt brg bkdho t`g odbas

di brn`bgdadojnba rgsgbrn`. Brn`bgdadojsts kby, t`grgidrg,

ijhl jt usgiua td mhdw di t`g prdfagks bhl ljiijnuatjgs t`bt

bht`rdpdadojsts ghnduhtgr bhl t`g kgt`dls t`gy frjho td fgbr

dh t`gk.27 Nuaturg js, t`gh, hgjt`gr b t`jho hdr b p`ghdkg-

hdh, kun` agss b idrng t`bt nbusgs bhyt`jho. Fut jt kby stjaa

fg sdkgt`jho t`bt bh bht`rdpdadojst dr brn`bgdadojst nbh

jhigr wjt` orgbtgr dr agssgr kgt`dldadojnba rjodr bhl t`gh

bhbayzg kdrg dr agss iuaay. Jt js kdst usgiuaay vjgwgl bs b

nukuabtjvg t`gdry di t`g lbtb td w`jn` bht`rdpdadojsts bhl

brn`bgdadojsts vbrjdusay bttghl5 fg`bvjdr bhl t`g rgsjlugs di

fg`bvjdr. Bh gt`hdorbp`jn lgsnrjptjdh di b ndkkuhjty di

ùkbh fgjhos bhl t`g bhbaysjs di t`g pbttgrhs di dfsgrvbfag

fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh jh w`jn` t`gy ghobog js sun` b t`gdry.

\`g lgsnrjptjdh bhl bhbaysjs di t`g jhljvjluba gagkghts jh b

kbtgrjba bssgkfabog di brtjibnts bhl t`g ndhtgxt jh w`jn`

t`gy brg gkfgllgl bhl t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps td dhg bhdt`gr

kby basd agbl td sun` b t`gdry.

hdtgs

2 \`js gssby fgobh ajig bs t`g hdtgs idr b ljsnussbht‚s pbpgr idr t`gNdhigrghng dh Jlgdadoy bhl ^dnjba ^trunturg di @uhtjho, Obt`grjhobhl Ibrkjho Ndkkuhjtjgs jh ^tdhg Bog Gurdpg drobhjzgl fyKbrgm Uvgagfja bhl Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh bhl spdhsdrgl fy \`gHgt`grabhls Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl ^tuly jh t`g @ukbhjtjgs bhl^dnjba ^njghngs, _bssghbbr, bhl t`g Jhstjtutg di Srg`jstdry,Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh, \`g Hgt`grabhls, 60-6: Bprja 2::<. J bk

jhlgftgl td HJB^ idr b Igaadws`jp jh 2::>-:< bhl idr t`g ygbr di irggldk irdk t`g qudtjljbh biibjrs di ajig jh t`g abtg twghtjgt`nghtury uhjvgrsjty jt prdvjlgl kg. \`g hdtgs irdk w`jn` t`js pbpgrgkgrogl wgrg bssgkfagl bt HJB^ lurjho t`bt ygbr. J wdual ajmg tdt`bhm ky ndaagboug, Lr E. \jkdt`y D‚Kgbrb, di t`g Bht`rdpdadoySrdorbkkg, \`g Whjvgrsjty di Kgafdurhg, idr b t`duo`tiua bhlndhstruntjvg ljsnussjdh di t`g kbjh pdjhts di ky broukght bs t`glrbit di t`g pbpgr hgbrgl ndkpagtjdh.

6 \bhb _bj Frbkb (‐t`g Ldkbjh di _bj Frbkb‚) js dhg di sgvghngrgkdhjba ldkbjhs jhtd w`jn` t`g pgdpag di \bhb ‚Bj brg ljvjlgl.^gg Agwjs 2:00 idr bh gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduht di \bhb _bj Frbkb,jhnauljho t`g orgh kb`ê rjtgs, bhl Agwjs, Bsn` bhl Bsn` 2::>, bijak bfdut t`g orgh kb`ê .

> B ndkpbrjsdh di gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduhts di sbnrjijnjba rjtgs jhvbrjdus sdnjgtjgs di gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb wdual rgvgba t`bt rjtubandkpagxgs w`jn` kjo`t agbvg sjkjabr brn`bgdadojnba rgndrls brgbttghlgl fy qujtg ljiigrght jlgdadojgs bhl, ndhvgrsgay, t`bt sjkjabr jlgdadojgs brg bssdnjbtgl wjt` rjtuba prbntjngs w`jn` wdual agbvgqujtg ljiigrght brn`bgdadojnba rgndrls (bs, idr gxbkpag, t`dsg di Iadrghgsg pgdpags w`d sbnrjijng wbtgr fuiibadgs bhl t`dsg w`dsbnrjijng dt`gr bhjkbas) (sgg Agwjs 2::9 bhl t`g dt`gr gssbys jh

@dwgaa ]gl.[ 2::9).

< J jhnaulg jh t`g sgt di sun` gvghts t`dsg w`jn ndhsjst di bhbht`rdpdadojst ljsnussjho wjt` bh jhidrkbht sdkg qugstjdh di fgajgkdtjvbtjdh, jhtghtjdh, dr ‐jlgdadoy.‚ \`gsg gvghts fgndkgtgxtubajzgl w`gh t`g bht`rdpdadojst rgndrls b ndhvgrsbtjdh wjt` bhjhidrkbht dr kjhutgs t`bt ndhvgrsbtjdh jh ijgalhdtgs.

7 Bht`rdpdadojsts gkpady b sjkpag s`drt-`bhl idr jlghtjiyjhooghgbadojnba rgabtjdhs`jps5 I ; ibt`gr, K ; kdt`gr, F ; frdt`gr,U ; sjstgr, L ; lbuo`tgr, ^ ; sdh.

9 \`grg js ygt bhdt`gr kbedr nabss di sdnjgtjgs, t`dsg jh w`jnmjhs`jp (j.g., lgsnght) js lgtgrkjhgl hgjt`gr t`rduo` kgh hdr t`rduowdkgh gxnausjvgay. Bht`rdpdadojsts rgigr td t`g mjhs`jp bhl lgsnghpbttgrhs di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs bs ndohbtjn. Jh t`gk, baa jhljvjlubasrgndohjzg gqubaay t`gjr mjhs`jp wjt` t`gjr kdt`grs‚ bhl t`gjr ibt`grsmjh. Jt js pgr`bps wdrt` pdjhtjho dut t`bt bakdst baa di t`gndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs di Gurdpg brg di t`js nabss. Idr t`bt bhlkbhy dt`gr oddl rgbsdhs, bh brn`bgdadojst sggmjho td jlghtjiy bprg`jstdrjn sdnjgty jh tgrks di jts mjhs`jp bhl lgsnght pbttgrhs kustndhsjlgr t`g pdssjfjajty t`bt jt wbs ndohbtjn.

? Jh Fgajgi, Abhoubog bhl Gxpgrjghng Hggl`bk tbmgs up_jttoghstgjh‚s prdpdsjtjdh5 ‐Bh ‑jhhgr prdngss‛ stbhls jh hggl di dutwbrl nrjtgrjb‚ (_jttoghstgjh 2:7>, sgn. 703) wjt` rgspgnt td fgajgbhl brougs pgrsubsjvgay t`bt, ‐jh t`g nbsg di fgajgi t`gsg brg eustw`bt wg nbhhdt ljsndvgr jh bhy idrk di bntjdh‚ (Hggl`bk 2:?65236). Jh bh broukght t`bt fgbrs ljrgntay dh t`g prdfagks di bht`rdpdadoy bhl brn`bgdadoy, Hggl`bk ndhnaulgs t`bt t`bt ‐t`grjs hd hgngssbry dr oghgrba ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh fgajgi bhl bntjdh,‚

bhl, fgnbusg t`js js sd, bntjdh nbhhdt fg b nrjtgrjdh di fgajgi (2:?65 233). Eust bs baa kgh t`jhm, fut t`grg js hd ndrrgspdhljhofdljay p`ghdkghdh fy w`jn` t`duo`t kby fg jhtujtgl (Hggl`bk2:?65 2<<), sd tdd wjt` fgajgi, w`jn` ghtbjas hd hgngssbry fdljayjhlgx. Ji Hggl`bk js ndrrgnt jh `js nrjtjnjsk di _jttoghstgjh bhl j`js broukght js gxtghljfag td jlgdadoy, t`gh t`g sgbrn` idr jlgdadoy jh t`g rgkbjhs di bntjdh wjaa agbl td kbhy di t`g sbkgprdfagks bs bttgkptjho td lgtgrkjhg b pgrsdh‚s fgajgis irdk `jsbntjdhs.

2<2 L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG



0 Jh t`g Lgpbrtkght di Bht`rdpdadoy, Frdwh Whjvgrsjty, jh 2:?>-?<.

: \`g ‐nuaturg ndhngpt‚ `bs fggh lgijhgl jh vbrjdus wbys jhbrn`bgdadoy jh t`g W.^.B. _btsdh (2::7) prdvjlgs b sunnjhnt survgydi t`g `jstdry di t`g ndhngpt.

23 Dh t`js pdjht, \byadr bhl Lggtz bppbrghtay ljsborgg, idr Lggtzsbys di nuaturg t`bt jt js ‐agbrhgl fg`bvjdr‚ (ni. suprb).

22 Ni. N`brl (2:9:5 6>)5 ‐_`gh b]h[ … bssgkfabog rgnurs rgpgbtglay

bt b hukfgr di sjtgs, wg brg lgbajho wjt` b nuaturg. Gbn` brn`bgdadojnba

nuaturg js t`duo`t td rgprgsght b sdnjgty bhl td rgiagnt t`g pbttgrhs di fg`bvjdr ndkkdh td t`g kgkfgrs di sun` b abrogr ordupjho.‚

26 \ùs, td sby ‐Edg lrjhms fggrfgnbusg di `js nuaturg,‚ t bt js, tdsby t`bt Edg‚s pbrtjnuabr fg`bvjdur dr bntjdhs brg nbusgl fy `jsnuaturg, js td uttgr hdhsghsg. \`js vjgw js ljstjhntay ndhtrbry td t`gpdpuabr ndhngptjdh di t`g lyhbkjns di nuaturg bhl t`g wbys jhw`jn` jt jhiaughngs fg`bvjdr, bt agbst jh Bustrbajb, b hbtjdh w`dsgodvgrhkght pdajny gxpajnjtay prdkdtgs ‐kuatjnuaturbajsk.‚ Hdt tddadho bod, Vbljd Hbtjdhba, t`g Bustrbajbh pufajn rbljd sgrvjng,frdblnbst b ljsnussjdh di kuatjnuaturbajsk jh t`g abw ndurts. Dhgnbsg njtgl jh t`g prdorbk wbs t`bt di b kbh w`d `bl kjorbtgl tdBustrbajb irdk b kjllag gbstgrh nduhtry bhl w`d stddl bnnusgl di

p`ysjnbaay bfusjho `js wjig. \`g ndkkghtbtdrs jh t`g prdorbkndhsjlgrgl t`g qugstjdh di w`gt`gr dr hdt t`g kbh‚s ‐nuaturbafbnmorduhl‚ (w`jn`, jt wbs jkpajgl, jhnaulgl wjig-fgbtjho bs b‐nuaturbaay sbhntjdhgl‚ idrk di bntjdh) kjo`t dr kjo`t hdt fg bkjtjobtjho ibntdr jh `js nbsg fgidrg abw. \`g prdpdsgl broukghtsggkgl td fg5 ‐B`kgl fgbt `js wjig fgnbusg jh B`kgl‚s nuaturgwjig-bfusg js hdrkba,‚ j.g., B`kgl‚s ‐nuaturg‚ kblg `jk fgbt `jswjig. \ùs B`kgl‚s ‐nuaturg‚ s`dual fg ndhsjlgrgl b kjtjobtjhoibntdr jh `js fg`bvjdr bhl jt kjo`t fg iduhl t`bt B`kgl wbs hdtghtjrgay rgspdhsjfag idr `js bntjdh= `ghng jt kjo`t hdt fg prdpgr tdijhl `jk oujaty di t`g n`brog abjl bobjhst `jk.

2> ^gg Irggkbh (2:?0, 2:02) idr bh gagobht gxpdsjtjdh di prgigrghtjba n`djng bs b lgijhjho n`brbntgrjstjn di ùkbh fg`bvjdr.^gg basd D‚Kgbrb (2::?) idr bh gxpdsjtjdh di t`g nbusba giijnbny di

jlgbs, fgajgis, bhl vbaugs.

2< J t`duo`t J bl ajitgl t`g jlgb ljrgntay irdk Vdy _bohgr (2:02),fut jh rg-rgbljho `js fddm J ld hdt ijhl t`js p`rbsg, bat`duo`t t`gjlgbs w`jn` agbl td jt brg nagbray t`grg.

27 ^gg Agwjs 2::?

rgigrghngs

N`brl, N.^. 2:9:. Kbh jh prg`jstdry, Hgw Zdrm.

Lggtz, E. 2:9?. Bh jhvjtbtjdh td brn`bgdadoy, Obrlgh Njty, Hgw Zdrm.

Irggkbh, L. 2:?0. B Srgnursdry vjgw di t`g bht`rdpdadoy di n`djng,

uhpufajs`gl sgkjhbr pbpgr, Lgpbrtkght di Bht`rdpdadoy, Vgsgbrn`

^n`dda di Sbnjijn ^tuljgs, \`g Bustrbajbh Hbtjdhba Whjvgrsjty, Nbhfgrrb.

Irggkbh, L. 2:02. \`g bht`rdpdadoy di n`djng5 bh BHUBB^

prgsjlghtjba bllrgss ojvgh jh Bunmabhl, Hgw Ugbabhl dh 6< Ebhubry

2:?:, Nbhfgrrb Bht`rdpdadoy < (2), 06-233.

@dwgaa, ^. (gl.) 2::9. Idr t`g sbmg di dur iuturg5 sbnrjijnjho jh

Gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb, Kdhdorbp`s di t`g Nghtgr idr Hdh-_gstgrh

^tuljgs, Agjlgh.

Mrdgfgr, B. A. & N. Maunm`d`h 2:76.Nuaturg5 b nrjtjnba rgvjgw di

ndhngpts bhl lgijhjtjdhs, Sbpgrs di t`g Sgbfdly Kusguk idr

Brn`bgdadoy bhl Gt`hdadoy <? (2), Nbkfrjlog, Kbssbnùsgtts.

Agwjs, G.L. 2:00. Sgdpag di t`g sdurng5 t`g sdnjba bhl ngrgkdhjba

drlgr di \bhb _bj Frbkb dh Iadrgs, Ygr bhlgajhogh vbh `gt

Mdhjhmajem Jhstjtuut vddr \bba-, Abhl- gh Ydamghmuhlg 2>7,

Ldrlrgn`t, @daabhl bhl Srdvjlghng, V`dlg Jsabhl.

Agwjs, G.L. 2::9. Jhvdnbtjdh, sbnrjijng, bhl prgnglghng jh t`gOrgh

Kb`ê Vjtgs jh \bhb _bj Frbkb, Iadrgs. Jh5 ^. @dwgaa (gl.) Idr t`g

sbmg di dur iuturg5 sbnrjijnjho jh Gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb, Kdhdorbp`s di

t`g Nghtgr idr Hdh-_gstgrh ^tuljgs, Agjlgh, 222-2>2.

Agwjs, G.L. 2::?. Ndhvgrsbtjdhs wjt` Kd'bh Mdb5 ndaabfdrbtjdh jh

gt`hdorbp`jn ljsndvgry jh \bhb _bj Frbkb,Nbhfgrrb Bht`rdpdadoy

63 (2 bhl 6).

Agwjs, G.L., \. Bsn` & S. Bsn` (Nd-prdlungrs) 2::>. B ngagfrbtjdh

di drjojhs, Ldnukghtbry Glunbtjdhba Vgsdurngs, Jhn. 29 kk ijak.

<? kjhutgs, sduhl syhn`, ndadr, _btgrtdwh, Kbssbnùsgtts.

Hggl`bk, V. 2:?3. Ghlg`. JJ5 \gst bhl Ndhijrkbtjdh, Fjelrbogh tdt

lg \bba-, Abhl- gh Ydamghmuhlg 269, 6<9-70.

Hggl`bk, V. 2:?6. Fgajgi, abhoubog, bhl gxpgrjghng, N`jnbod.

Hggl`bk, V. 2:?>. Srgsnrjptjdh, Dngbhjb <>, 299-202.

D'Kgbrb, \. 2::?. Nbusbtjdh bhl t`g struooag idr b snjghng di

nuaturg, Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy >0 (>), >::-<20.

\byadr, _._. 2:9? (2:<0). B stuly di brn gdadoy, Nbrfdhlbag, Jaajhdjs.

\rjoogr, F. O. 2:0:. B `jstdry di brn`bgdadojnba t`duo`t , Nbkfrjlog.

_bohgr, V. 2:02. \`g jhvghtjdh di nuaturg, Vgvjsgl bhl gxpbhlgl

gljtjdh, N`jnbod.

_btsdh, S.E. 2::7. Brn`bgdadoy, bht`rdpdadoy, bhl t`g nuaturg

ndhngpt, Bkgrjnbh Bht`rdpdadojst :? (<), 90>-9:<.

_jttoghstgjh, A. 2:7>. S`jadsdp`jnba jhvgstjobtjdhs, Hgw Zdrm.

G.L. Agwjs

Bht`rdpdadoy Srdorbkkg

Ibnuaty di Brts

\`g Whjvgrsjty di Kgafdurhg

Sbrmvjaag, Yjntdrjb >376

Bustrbajb




\`g wgaa-prgsgrvgl rgkbjhs di t`g Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn

^gttagkght _btgrjhogh < ojvg lgtbjagl jhidrkbtjdh di b

`jt`grtd uhmhdwh gbray p`bsg di ndbstba dnnupbtjdh, prjdr td

t`g wgaa-mhdwh sjtgs di t`g Yabbrljhogh Ordup. \`js Kjllag-

Hgdajt`jn sjtg di t`g @bzghldhm > Ordup wbs jh`bfjtgl

brduhl >733 nba FN. Jt js ndhnaulgl t`bt t`g sjtg wbs

prdfbfay dnnupjgl dh b ygbr-rduhl fbsjs= idrbojho bhl ibrkjho wgrg fdt` jkpdrtbht.

2. Jhtrdluntjdh L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs

2.2. @J^\DVZ DI \@G VG^GBVN@

Whtja rgnghtay, t`g rgkbjhs di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn F

Yabbrljhogh Ordup ndhstjtutgl t`g gbrajgst mhdwh gvjlghng

idr t`g prgsghng di Hgdajt`jn kbh jh t`g Lutn` ndbstba brgb.

\`g bfsghng di dalgr dnnupbtjdh rgkbjhs wbs bttrjfutgl td

t`g lyhbkjn hbturg di t`g ndbstba brgb5 jt wbs fgajgvgl t`bt

bhy dalgr dnnupbtjdh rgkbjhs wdual gjt`gr `bvg ljsbppgbrgl

dwjho td grdsjdh dr t`gy wdual `bvg fgndkg furjgl fghgbt`

t`jnm lgpdsjts, prgnauljho t`gjr rgndvgry (Aduwg Mddjekbhs

2::>, ijo. 9.22). \`js vjgw ndual stjaa fg kbjhtbjhgl jh 2::>,w`gh rgkbjhs di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B @bzghldhm > Ordup

nbkg td ajo`t dh t`g sadpgs di twd luhgs lurjho abrog-snbag

jhirbsntrunturba wdrm jh t`g kuhjnjpbajty di Vjeswjem

(prdvjhng di Uujl-@daabhl). \`gsg luhgs `bl ijrst fggh

ndvgrgl wjt` b abygr di sgljkghts wjt` b tdtba t`jnmhgss di

bpprdxjkbtgay >.7 kgtrgs, bitgr w`jn`, jh t`g Jrdh Bog, abrog

pbrts di t`js abygr `bl fggh grdlgl fy b nrggm systgk mhdwh

bs t`g Obhtga (@gssjho 2::<b, <27= Mddt 2::<, 27-6>).

@dwgvgr, t`js trbljtjdhba vjgw `bl td fg bfbhldhgl w`gh

t`g VBBS iduhlbtjdh ljsndvgrgl t`g _btgrjhogh < sjtg jh t`g

ndursg di b ndrjho nbkpbjoh ndkkjssjdhgl fy t`g prdvjhnjba

but`drjtjgs di Uujl-@daabhl td gvbaubtg t`g brn`bgdadojnba

rgkbjhs jh bh brgb w`grg b rdbl wbs td fg ndhstruntgl (ijo. 2).

\`g VBBS's bhbaysjs rgvgbagl t`g prgsghng di b sdja jh t`g

tdp pbrt di b luhg, w`jn` wbs jhtgrprgtgl bs b prg`jstdrjn

‐nuaturg abygr', pdssjfay lbtjho irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn dr t`g

Frdhzg Bog. VBBS rgndkkghlgl ljoojho b trjba trghn` td

lgtgrkjhg t`g n`brbntgr bhl bog di t`g sjtg (Mdagh/Fdskbh

2::6, 6<).

\`g VDF ( Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgk-

dhlgrzdgm , t`g Lutn` ^tbtg ^grvjng idr Brn`bgdadojnba

Jhvgstjobtjdhs) t`gh luo b trjba trghn` jhtd t`g luhg. \`js

trghn` yjgalgl pdttgry s`grls, irbokghts di fdhg bhl furht

iajht brtgibnts, w`jn` wgrg lbtgl td t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B

@bzghldhm > pgrjdl (@gssjho 2::<f, <>?). \`g uhgxpgntgl

ljsndvgry di t`gsg wgaa-prgsgrvgl Kjllag Hgdajt`jn rgkbjhswbs nbusg idr bh gxtghsjvg gxnbvbtjdh, w`jn` wbs nbrrjgl

dut fy t`g JSA ( Jhstjtuut vddr Srg`jstdrjg, Vjemsuhjvgrsjtgjt

Agjlgh, Jhstjtutg idr Srg`jstdry, Agjlgh Whjvgrsjty). \`g JSA

ndhluntgl t`js jhvgstjobtjdh dut di snjghtjijn jhtgrgst, fut basd

fgnbusg jt wbs bfag td stbrt t`g gxnbvbtjdh di t`g sjtg wjt`jh b

s`drt spbng di tjkg.

2.6. \@G GPNBYB\JDH

\`g `jo` orduhlwbtgr agvga bhl t`g ndhsjlgrbfag lgpt` di

t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgkbjhs (ldwh td twd kgtrgs fgadw t`g

suribng) hgngssjtbtgl t`g jhstbaabtjdh di b lrbjhbog systgk.

\d kjhjkjsg t`g ndsts jhvdavgl jh jhstbaajho t`js lrbjhbog

systgk, ndrg sbkpags wgrg ijrst ndaagntgl wjt`jh b orjl di tgh-fy-tgh kgtrgs td lgtgrkjhg t`g dptjkuk adnbtjdh idr t`g

lrbjhs. \`g dutndkg di t`js ndrjho nbkpbjoh wbs b lgtbjagl

kbp di t`g idssja luhg suribng, jhljnbtjho t`g t`jnmhgss bhl

gxtght di t`g ijhl abygr bhl t`g prgsghng/bfsghng di n`brndba

dh t`g fbsjs di w`jn` t`g lrbjhs wgrg sufsgqughtay jhstbaagl.

\`js ghbfagl us td gxnbvbtg t`g tdp di t`g luhg, w`grg t`g

ijhl abygr wbs t`jnmgst bhl ndhtbjhgl t`g kdst n`brndba, bhl

abrog pbrts di t`g luhg's sadpgs.

\`g rdbl ndhstruntjdh wdrm wbs sn`gluagl td fgojh bitgr

gjo`t wggms, bhl jt ndual hdt fg pdstpdhgl. _g t`grgidrg

lgnjlgl td gxnbvbtg t`g sjtg dh b abrog snbag fy s`dvga,

wjt`dut usjho sjgvgs, jh uhjts di dhg squbrg kgtrg, td

kjhjkjsg t`g bkduht di blkjhjstrbtjdh. Kdst igbturgs wgrg

ljsndvgrgl jh t`g abst wggms di t`g gxnbvbtjdh, sd bh

gxnbvbtjdh dh b skbaagr snbag wdual `bvg agl td b fgttgr

uhlgrstbhljho di t`g pgrjp`grba pbrts di t`g sgttagkght sjtg,

fut t`g nghtrg di t`g sgttagkght wdual hdt `bvg fggh

gxnbvbtgl. ^trbtjorbp`jn sgqughngs wgrg dfsgrvgl jh t`g

sadpgs dh fdt` sjlgs di t`g luhg (sgg fgadw). @grg t`g ijhls

L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs _btgrjhogh <5 B ^gttagkght di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jnN.N. Fbmgas @bzghldhm > Ordup jh t`g Lutn` Ndbstba BrgbF. Fggrgh`dut

B.A. vbh Ojeh

M. @ìhhjhgh

^. Kdaghbbr

L. Sbbakbh

K. Ygrfruoogh

N. Ygrkggrgh



2<< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

Ijourg 2. \`g sjtubtjdh di t`g

_btgrjhogh < gxnbvbtjdh jh rgabtjdh

td t`g pabhhgl rdbl (ldufag

jhtgrkjttght ajhgs) bhl t`g fujat-up

brgb di t`g tdwh di _btgrjhogh

(sdajl orgy). \`g ijgal fduhlbry js

jhljnbtgl bs wgaa.

Ijourg 6. ^n`gkbtjn nrdss-sgntjdh di

t`g _btgrjhogh < sjtg. Dhay t`g

gxnbvbtgl pbrt di t`g luhg js

lgpjntgl. ^bkpag hukfgrs rgigr td2<N sbkpags.



wgrg ndaagntgl pgr strbtjorbp`jn uhjt. Dh tdp di t`g luhg,

`dwgvgr, t`g ijhls wgrg ndaagntgl pgr squbrg.

Kdst igbturgs nbkg td ajo`t bitgr t`g ijhl abygr `bl fggh

luo bwby. \`gy wgrg baa lrbwh bhl sgntjdhgl. ^dkg igbturgs

wgrg hdt nagbray vjsjfag bt t`js lgpt`, prdfbfay dwjho td

`dkdoghjzjho giignts di sdja idrkbtjdh. \`grgidrg bhdt`gr abygr

di 23-63 nk wbs rgkdvgl wjt` t`g bjl di b kgn`bhjnba s`dvga.

\`js agl td t`g ljsndvgry di bfdut 63 kdrg igbturgs, jhnauljho

t`g hdrt`grh `bai di b `dusg pabh (Vbgkbgmgrs 2::?).

6. Ogdadojnba ndhtgxt K. Ygrfruoogh

6.2. AJ\@D^\VB\JOVBS@Z

^gvgrba lggp fdrjhos bhl twd trghn`gs rgvgbagl sjx ajt`d-

strbtjorbp`jn uhjts bt lgpt`s di fgtwggh 2.< bhl 0.6 kgtrgs

fgadw HBS (sgg ijo. 6). \`g adwgst uhjt (Whjt 2) ndhsjstgl

di nbanbrgdus, wgaa-sdrtgl, iabt-fgllgl, ijhg-orbjhgl sbhls

batgrhbtjho wjt` abygrs di naby wjt` t`jnmhgssgs di up td

6 nk. \`g abygrs ndhtbjhgl kbhy aghsgs di kdaausn s`gaas

( Kbndkb fbat`jnb) t`bt `bl fggh wbs`gl tdogt`gr.

Whjt 6 ndhsjstgl di wgaa-sdrtgl uhstrbtjijgl ijhg sbhls. \`g

tdp di t`js uhjt s`dwgl b luhg kdrp`dadoy. Bfdut b ùhlrgl

fdrjhos rgvgbagl twd ^G-H_ drjghtgl rjlogs wjt` wjlt`s

di 03 bhl 63 kgtrgs rgspgntjvgay, wjt` b s`baadw lgprgssjdh

jh fgtwggh. \`g brgb di t`g frdblgst bhl `jo`gst rjlog wbs

gxnbvbtgl= hd dnnupbtjdh rgkbjhs `bl fggh iduhl dh t`g

sgndhl rjlog lurjho t`g ndrjho nbkpbjoh. \wd typgs di sdja

wgrg dfsgrvgl jh t`g tdp pbrt di Whjt 6. \ypg 2, b lbrm orgy

B2 `drjzdh, wbs dfsgrvgl fghgbt` Whjt > bhl jh abrog aukps

di sgljkght iduhl jh t`g uhajhgl wgaas t`bt `bl fggh luo

jhtd Whjt 6. \ypg 6, b fabnm, 23-nk-t`jnm B `drjzdh, `bl

lgvgadpgl dh t`g `jo`gr pbrts di t`g sbhl rjlog (sgg fgadw).

Whjt >, b t`jh abygr di pgbt, `bl idrkgl jh t`g lgprgssjdhfgtwggh t`g twd rjlogs bhl t`g luhg's sdut`gbstgrh sadpg.

B nagbr ljstjhntjdh ndual fg kblg wjt`jh t`g pgbt fgtwggh b

lbrm frdwh adwgr pbrt wjt` rgndohjsbfag pabht rgkbjhs bhl

b fabnm uppgr pbrt wjt`dut rgndohjsbfag pabht rgkbjhs. \`g

ijhls irdk t`g adwgr bhl uppgr pbrts di Whjts wgrg ndaagntgl

sgpbrbtgay. Bt t`g hdrt`gbstgrh sadpg, t`g uppgr pbrt di Whjt >

js hbkgl Whjt >b, t`g adwgr pbrt js lgsjohbtgl Whjt >f, w`jag

bt t`g sdut`wgstgrh sadpg t`gsg pbrts brg lgsjohbtgl Whjt >n

bhl Whjt >l rgspgntjvgay.

\`g sbhl bfdvg t`g brgb w`grg t`g fabnm uppgr pbrt di t`g

pgbt abygr wglogl dut wbs basd fabnm= t`js ljsndadurbtjdh

gxtghlgl td 23 nghtjkgtrgs bfdvg t`g pgbt. Hd igbturgs

gxtghlgl t`rduo` Whjt >. B abkjhb di sbhl wjt` t`g sbkg

n`brbntgrjstjns bs t`g sgljkght di Whjt 6 wbs dfsgrvgl wjt`jh

Whjt > (sgg ijo. 6).

Whjt <, bh bpprdxjkbtgay >3-nk-t`jnm abygr di naby, aby dh

tdp di Whjt 6 bhl Whjt >. \d t`g gbst di t`g rjlog t`js naby

abygr wbs bt agbst 03 nk t`jnm (sgg ijo. 6). \`grg t`g fduhlbry

fgtwggh Whjts > bhl < wbs vgry s`brp.

Whjt 7 (b t`jh abygr di pgbt) bhl Whjt 9 (b ljsturfgl abygr

di naby) idrkgl t`g tdp di t`g sgqughng.

6.6. N@VDHDADOZ

Gjo`t 2<N sbkpags wgrg tbmgh jh drlgr td lbtg t`g sgljkghts

bhl t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. Ijourg > prgsghts t`g sbkpag

hukfgrs, 2<N bogs, OrH bhl OrB hukfgrs bhl nbaghlbr bog

rbhogs. ^bkpag VOL 2, w`jn` wbs tbmgh fy t`g VOL

(Ogdadojnba ^grvjng di t`g Hgt`grabhls), ndhsjstgl di s`gaas

di Kbndkb fbat`jnb. Bs jt wbs dftbjhgl irdk bfdut 93 nk

fghgbt` t`g tdp di Whjt 2 jt yjgalgl b lbtg idr t`g pgrjdl di

sgljkghtbtjdh di t`js uhjt.2

^bkpags 2, <, 7 bhl 9 wgrg tbmgh jh drlgr td lgrjvg lbtgs

idr t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. ^bkpags 2, 7 bhl 9, w`jn` wgrg

dftbjhgl irdk t`g ijaas di sdkg uhajhgl wgaas dh t`g iabhms bhl

tdp di t`g sbhl rjlog, ndhsjstgl di n`brndba. ^bkpag <, w`jn`

ndhsjstgl di fdhg, wbs dftbjhgl irdk t`g ijaa di b wbtgrjho

pabng jh t`g iabhm di t`g rjlog, fghgbt` t`g pgbt abygr.

^bkpags 6 bhl > nbkg irdk t`g fdttdk bhl tdp di t`g pgb

abygr, rgspgntjvgay.^bkpag VOL 6 wbs tbmgh idr t`g purpdsg di lbtjho Whjt <

\`g sbkpag wbs iduhl td ndhsjst di s`gaas di ^nrdfjnuabrjb

pabhb. ^jhng hd brn`bgdadojnba rgkbjhs wgrg ghnduhtgrgl

jh t`g sgljkghts hgxt td t`g rjlog, t`g sjtg kust `bvg fggh

bfbhldhgl fy t`g tjkg t`bt t`g sgljkghtbtjdh di Whjt < stbrtgl

\`g uhnbajfrbtgl 2<N lbtgs prgsghtgl sgvgrba jhtgrprgtbtjdh

prdfagks. Jh t`g ijrst pabng, t`g twd 2<N lbtgs dftbjhgl idr

2<7 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

Ijourg >. \`g 2<N lbtgs di_btgrjhogh <. \`g sbkpag hukfgrs

rgigr td t`g hukfgrs jh t`g tgxt.

\`g nbajfrbtgl lbtgs brg ojvgh wjt`

2s (orgy ajhgs) bhl 6s (fabnm ajhgs)

rbhogs.



Ijourg. <. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g n rdhdstrbtjorbp`y bhl

gvghts bt _btgrjhogh <.

t`g pgbt abygr bppgbrgl td fg jh rgvgrsg drlgr. ^gndhlay, t`g

lbtgs suoogstgl t`bt t`g sjtg wbs jh`bfjtgl fdt` fgidrg bhl

bitgr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g pgbt (sgg sbkpags 2 bhl <),

w`grgbs t`g brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng pdjhts td b sjhoag

`bfjtbtjdh p`bsg (sgg fgadw).

@dwgvgr, baa t`js n`bhogl w`gh t`g 2<N lbtgs wgrg

nbajfrbtgl wjt` t`g bjl di t`g NBA63 prdorbk (Ybh lgr Sajn`t 2::>) td dftbjh nbaghlbr bog rbhogs. \`g nbajfrbtjdh

nurvg wbs skddt`gl fy n`ddsjho b sbkpag tjkg wjlt` di

93 ygbrs idr n`brndba bhl pgbt (Kddm 2:0>)= t`g nurvg wbs

hdt skddt`gl idr kdaausns bhl fdhg. Jt wbs lgnjlgl td usg

t`g iuaa sgqughng di baa t`g nbajfrbtgl 2<N bogs bs b fbsjs idr

jhtgrprgtbtjdh jhstgbl di rgegntjho dhg dr kdrg lbtgs idr t`g

sbmg di brrjvjho bt b ‐ndhvjhnjho' jhtgrprgtbtjdh.

_`gh wg ndhsjlgr t`g iuaa nbaghlbr bog rbhogs di t`g

twd pgbt sbkpags, t`g 2<N bogs brg hdt hgngssbrjay rgvgrsgl.

\`g pgbt ordwt` kby `bvg stbrtgl s`drtay bitgr >973 FN6

bhl ghlgl fgidrg ><33 dr gvgh >733 FN (sgg t`g nbaghlbr

bog rbhog di sbkpag >) „ jh dt`gr wdrls, t`g pgrjdl di pgbt

ordwt` kby `bvg abstgl dhay 273 td 673 ygbrs. Jh t`gsgntjdh, t`g pgbt abygr wbs iduhl td wglog dut bhl ndkg td

bh ghl bt t`g pdjht w`grg jt kgt t`g ibjray stggp sadpgs di t`g

luhg (sgg ijo. 6). \`js jkpajgs t`bt t`g fbsg di t`g pgbt js

ljbn`rdhdus, w`jn` ndual kgbh t`bt dh t`g `jo`gr pbrts di

t`g luhg pgbt ordwt` stbrtgl gvgh abtgr t`bh >933 FN.

\`g nbaghlbr bog rbhog di sbkpag <, stbrtjho brduhl >933,

suppdrts t`js vjgw.

\`g 2<N lbtgs dftbjhgl idr sbkpags 2, 7, 9 bhl < suoogst

lbtgs di bfdut >?33 bhl >233 FN idr t`g fgojhhjho bhl ghl

di t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh, ji wg tbmg jhtd bnnduht t`g

gxtrgkg bogs di t`g rbhogs di 9 bhl <. \`g nbaghlbr bog

rbhogs di sbkpags > bhl VOL 6 `dwgvgr s`drtgh t`js tjkg

spbh td >?33-><33 FN (ijo. >).

Bh jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh irdk bh brn`bgdadojnba vjgwpdjht

js w`gt`gr t`g nbaghlbr bog rbhogs agbvg dpgh t`g pdssjfjajty

di b sjhoag dnnupbtjdh p`bsg di b s`drt lurbtjdh (sby 73 ygbrs).

Ji wg borgg t`bt t`js wdual kgbh t`bt t`g nbaghlbr bog rbhogs

di sbkpags 2, <, 7 bhl 9 wdual t`gh `bvg td s`dw dhay dhg

n`rdhdadojnba dvgrabp, t`gh t`g bhswgr js ygs5 t`g lbtg di

>967 FN ² 67 ibaas wjt`jh baa t`g rbhogs. Ji wg bnngpt t`bt b2<N lbtg dftbjhgl idr n`brndba prdvjlgs bh jhljnbtjdh hdt di

t`g tjkg w`gh t`g n`brndba wbs prdlungl (j.g. t`g tjkg di

dnnupbtjdh), fut di t`g tjkg w`gh t`g wddl stjaa idrkgl pbrt

di b trgg (w`jn` js bawbys bh uhmhdwh hukfgr di ygbrsgbrajgr), sun` b s`drt dnnupbtjdh p`bsg nbh fg pabngl

bhyw`grg fgtwggh >967 bhl ><33 FN.

6.>. \@G GYGH\^

\`g ajt`dstrbtjorbp`jn gvjlghng bhl t`g gjo`t 2<N lbtgs ghbfag

us td rgndhstrunt t`g gvghts t`bt tddm pabng fgidrg, lurjho

bhl bitgr t`g dnnupbtjdh di t`g sbhl rjlog (ijo. <).


Whjt 2 idrkgl brduhl <333 FN. ^jkjabr sgljkghts `bvg

fggh gxtghsjvgay stuljgl fy Ybh lgr Ybam (2::6) bt b

adnbtjdh dhay < mk td t`g gbst di _btgrjhogh < (Vjeswjem B<

tgkpdrbry gxpdsurg, Whjt >b). Ybh lgr Ybam jhtgrprgtgl t`dsgsgljkghts bs fgbn` fbrrjgr lgpdsjts.>

Adw luhg rjlogs wgrg abtgr idrkgl dh tdp di t`g fgbn`

fbrrjgr.< ^dkg sdja idrkbtjdh kust `bvg tbmgh pabng fgidrg

t`g luhg wbs dnnupjgl= sgg t`g lgsnrjptjdh di Whjt 6.

Brduhl >973 FN pgbt fgobh td ordw jh t`g lgprgssjdh

fgtwggh t`g twd luhg rjlogs. Brduhl t`js tjkg, dr bt t`g

vgry kdst 633 ygbrs abtgr, pgdpag sgttagl dh dhg di t`g luhg

rjlogs. Jh t`g sgntjdh, t`g fdttdk di t`g uhajhgl wgaa ajgs bt b

orgbtgr lgpt` t`bh t`g fbsg di t`g pgbt, w`jn` kgbhs t`bt t`g

wgaas kust `bvg ndhtbjhgl wbtgr. Ji wg ndhsjlgr t`g ibnt t`bt

wbtgr tbfags fghgbt` luhg rjlogs ajmg t`bt di _btgrjhogh <

brg ditgh ndhvgx, t`g wbtgr jh t`g wgaa kby `bvg fggh

<3-73 nk lggp. Jhtgrgstjho jh t`js ndhtgxt js t`bt t`grg wbs bskbaa kbrs` hgbr t`g luhg. Sgr`bps t`g prg`jstdrjn sgttagrs

wgrg bttrbntgl td t`js sjtg fgnbusg t`gy mhgw t`bt t`g kbrs`

jkpajgl t`g bvbjabfjajty di irgs` wbtgr jhsjlg t`g luhg.

Sgbt ordwt` ndhtjhugl t`rduo`dut t`g pgrjdl di

dnnupbtjdh. Bitgr t`g sjtg `bl fggh bfbhldhgl, pdssjfay

brduhl ><33 FN, b fabnm sdja lgvgadpgl jh t`g `jo`gr pbrts

di t`g luhg rjlog, bs b rgsuat di b rjsg jh t`g orduhlwbtgr

agvga. Brduhl >>73 FN pbrt di t`g gbstgrh `bai di t`g luhg

wbs biigntgl fy grdsjdh, bitgr w`jn` kbrjhg sgljkghts wgrg

lgpdsjtgl baa-dvgr t`g luhg rjlog.

>. Igbturgs L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs

>.2. SD^\@DAG^

B tdtba di :? pdst`dags wgrg rgndrlgl, t`g kbedrjty di

w`jn` aby dh tdp di t`g luhg (ijo. 7). Bs t`gsg igbturgs wgrg

ljsndvgrgl dhay bitgr t`g ijhl abygr `bl fggh rgkdvgl,

t`gjr gxbnt lgpt`s `bl td fg lgtgrkjhgl fy nbanuabtjho t`g

ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g `gjo`t di t`g luhg suribng bfdvg

t`g igbturgs bhl t`g fdttdk di t`g pdst`dag sgntjdhs. \`g



2<? L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

Ijourg 7. \`g gxnbvbtgl brgb di

_btgrjhogh <, t`g ljiigrght

nbtgodrjgs di igbturgs bhl t`g

ndhtdur ajhgs di t`g luhg jh nk

fgadw H.B.S. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g sjtg

jh t`g Lutn` hbtjdhba orjl js basd

jhljnbtgl.



Ijourg 9. \`g lgpt s di t`g

pdst`dags. \`g pdst`dags bsnrjfgl tdt`g `dusg pabh brg jhljnbtgl

sgpbrbtgay.

Ijourg ?. \`g `dusg pabh. Jh t g tdppbrt di t`g lrbwjho t`g pdst`dags

bsnrjfgl td t`g `dusg pabh brg

s`dwh jh fabnm= t`g lgpt`s di t`g

pdst`dags brg jhljnbtgl jh t`g fdttdk

pbrt. \`g rgkbjhs di t`g wddlgh

pdsts brg jhljnbtgl jh w`jtg. \`g

orgy pbrts ndrrgspdhl td t`g

t`jnmhgss di t`g fabnm abygr (sgg t`g

tgxt). \`g pdst`dags bsnrjfgl td t`g

`dusg pabh brg dutajhgl jh fabnm.



Ijourg 0. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di bh uhajhgl wgaa (WW22:).

kbxjkuk lgpt` di t`g pdst`dags wbs iduhl td `bvg fggh

03 nk (Abwghlg 2::7, 69-6:= sgg basd ijo. 9).

B ndhijourbtjdh di hjhgtggh pdst`dags dfsgrvgl dh tdp di

t`g luhg ndhstjtutgl t`g pabh di b twd-bjsagl `dusg wjt` b

aghot` di 23.: k bhl b wjlt` di <.2 k (ijo. ?). Bs pdst-

Fbhlmgrbkjm Hgdajt`jn `dusg pabhs brg vgry rbrg jh t`g

Hgt`grabhls, t`g `dusg pabh wjaa fg ljsnussgl jh lgtbjafgadw. \`g ndhijourbtjdh wbs jhtgrprgtgl bs t`g pabh di b

`dusg dh t`g fbsjs di t`g idaadwjho gvjlghng5

„ t`g usg di ljiigrght mjhls di wddl idr ljiigrght strunturba

pbrts, j.g. Bahus idr t`g nghtrba pdsts bhl Euhjpgrus idr t`g

wbaa pdsts (sgg sgntjdh 7)=

„ t`g dfsgrvbtjdh t`bt t`g nghtrba pdst`dags wgrg sdkgw`bt

frdblgr bhl lggpgr t`bh t`g wbaa pdst`dags. \`js suoogsts

t`bt t`g `dusg `bl b sbllag rddi (@ujets 2::65 62)=

„ t`g prgsghng di t`g twd bjsags bhl t`g sjzg di t`g pabh.

\`g igw dt`gr `dusg pabhs irdk t`js pgrjdl mhdwh jh t`g

Hgt`grabhls brg basd twd-bjsagl bhl di b sjkjabr sjzg.

Oddl gxbkpags brg t`g pabhs di t`g Yabbrljhogh Ordup bt

@bbkstglg-Frbfgrs (pabh 2 (:.23 ≀ >.73/>.03 k) bhl pabh

6 (?.73 ≀ >.:3 k)= Ygr`brt 2::6, ijos 23-2>), bhl t`g

`dusg pabh di Yabbrljhogh (wgstgrh agvgg (:.?3 ≀

7.>3/7.03 k)= Oabsfgrogh gt ba. 2:92, ijo. >2)=

„ t`g sjtubtjdh di t`g igbturgs dh tdp di t`g luhg. \`js wbs

t`g lrjgst pbrt di t`g luhg, w`jn` wjaa kdrgdvgr `bvg

biidrlgl b oddl vjgw dvgr t`g surrduhljho brgb=

„ t`g drjghtbtjdh di t`g pabh rgabtjvg td t`g luhg's ndhtdurs=

„ t`g dvgrabp wjt` t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ijhls (ijos 69, 6:, >>).

\`js suoogsts t`bt t`g strunturg wbs b nghtrg di bntjvjtjgs.

\`g kbedrjty di t`g pdst`dags t`bt stjaa ndhtbjhgl t`g rgkbjhs

di wddlgh pdsts idrk pbrt di t`g rgndhstruntgl `dusg pabh.

\`js suoogsts t`bt t`g bfsghng di wddl jh t`g dt`gr pdst`dags

dh tdp di t`g luhg js hdt bttrjfutbfag td prgsgrvbtjdh ndhljtjdhs.

Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`g pdsts t`bt dhng stddl jh t`dsg `dags

wgrg lgajfgrbtgay rgkdvgl, pdssjfay idr usg jh b abtgr strunturg.

\`bt wdual kgbh t`bt t`g pabh idrkgl fy t`g pdst`dags

ndhtbjhjho t`g rgkbjhs di wddlgh pdsts rgprgsghts t`g abst

strunturg td `bvg stddl dh t`g gxnbvbtgl pbrt di t`g luhg tdp.

_`gh t`g pdsts di t`g gbrajgr strunturgs wgrg rgkdvgl bhl

rgusgl dr furhgl, t`g gkpty pdst`dags wgrg ijaagl wjt` sbhl.

\`g ijaas di t`gsg `dags ndhsjstgl di ùkjn tdpsdja dr t`g

hdh-ùkjn sbhl t`bt surrduhlgl t`g pdst`dag. Jh t`g abttgr

nbsg jt wbs di ndursg jkpdssjfag td ljstjhoujs` vjsubaay

fgtwggh t`g ijaa di t`g pdst`dag bhl t`g surrduhljho sbhl.\`g abrog hukfgr di pdst`dags wjt`dut rgkbjhs di wddlgh

pdsts suoogst t`bt t`grg wgrg kdrg strunturgs dh tdp di t`g

luhg t`bh t`bt ljsnussgl bfdvg.

>.6. WHAJHGL _GAA^

Jh blljtjdh td t`g pdst`dags, t`g gxnbvbtdrs dfsgrvgl b

sgndhl ordup di igbturgs. \`js ordup ndhsjstgl di idurtggh

2<: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

sjkjabr igbturgs wjt` ljbkgtgrs fgtwggh <7 bhl 67? nk

(bvgrbog 276 nk), lgpt`s fgtwggh 70 bhl 23> nk (bvgrbog

?0 nk) bhl prjkbry ijaas ndhsjstjho di t`jh aghsgs di hdh-

ùkjn bhl sajo`tay ùkjn sbhl ndkfjhgl wjt` b igw aukps

di sbhl s`dwjho trbngs di sdja lgvgadpkght (sgg ijo. 0).

\`gsg igbturgs yjgalgl vgry igw ijhls.

Jh t`g luhg strbtjorbp`y gxpdsgl jh t`g sgntjdh t`g sdja

`drjzdh wbs dfsnurgl fy t`g fabnm ljsndadurbtjdh= jt wbs

bttgstgl dhay jh t`g ijaas di t`js sgndhl ordup di igbturgs bhl

fghgbt` t`g abygr di pgbt. Baa t`gsg igbturgs ndhtbjhgl aukps di

t`js sdja, w`jn` kgbhs t`bt t`g pjts kust baa `bvg fggh luo sdkg

tjkg bitgr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g luhg. \`js js iurt`gr suppdrtgl

fy t`g 2<N lbtgs idr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g luhg bhl t`g

dnnupbtjdh, w`jn` s`dw b nagbr `jbtus di sgvgrba ùhlrgl ygbrs

\`g ndkfjhbtjdh di vgry igw ijhls bhl b ijaa di sajo`tay

ùkjn bhl hdh-ùkjn sbhl jkpajgs t`bt t`g pjts fgnbkg

ijaagl wjt` sbhl s`drtay bitgr t`gy `bl fggh luo. \`js rbpjl

jhijaajho kbmgs jt ajmgay t`bt t`g igbturgs rgprgsght uhajhgl

pjts t`bt wgrg luo ldwh td fghgbt` t`g orduhlwbtgr agvga=

sun` pjts wjaa `bvg `bl uhstbfag wbaas, w`jn` wjaa `bvg

nbvgl jhtd t`g pjts wjt`jh b s`drt tjkg. \`bt wdual gxpabjh

t`g prgsghng di t`g sbhl aghsgs bhl t`g aukps di sbhl

s`dwjho trbngs di sdja lgvgadpkght. Jh sgntjdh 6 jt wbs

bargbly dfsgrvgl t`bt t`g pjts prdfbfay gxtghlgl td fghgbt`

t`g orduhlwbtgr agvga._g kby bssukg t`bt t`gsg pjts wgrg luo idr t`g purpdsg

di dftbjhjho wbtgr. Bh broukght ibvdurjho t`js jhtgrprgtbtjdh

js t`g bfsghng di jhtgrsgntjdhs, w`jn` wdual `bvg kblg t`g

wbaas di t`g uhajhgl wgaas gvgh agss stbfag, nbusjho t`gk td

nbvg jh bakdst jkkgljbtgay. Bitgr t`g uhajhgl wgaas `bl

ijaagl up, lgprgssjdhs rgkbjhgl jh t`g suribng di t`g luhg.

\`gsg lgprgssjdhs jhljnbtgl t`g pdsjtjdhs di gbrajgr wgaas bhl



Ijourg 23. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g gbrt` (A06).

Ijourg :. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di b wbtgrjho pabng (PP??).

ndual fg bvdjlgl w`gh ljoojho hgw wgaas. Ndhnghtrbtjdhs di

n`brndba wgrg iduhl jh twd di t`gsg lgprgssjdhs (^^236 bhl

WW227= sgg ijo. 7).

\`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g uhajhgl wgaas js s`dwh jh ijourg 7.

\`g kbedrjty di t`g wgaas wgrg sjtubtgl hgbr t`g pgrjp`grjgs

di t`g sgttagkght brgb bs jhigrrgl irdk t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g

ijhls. Hjhg di t`g idurtggh wgaas wgrg ndhnghtrbtgl jh b skbaabrgb td t`g gbst di t`g tdp di t`g luhg. \`js brgb yjgalgl

igwgr ijhls t`bh wdual `bvg fggh gxpgntgl dh t`g fbsjs di

t`g batjtulg di t`g luhg suribng= ndkpbrg ijourgs 20, 69, 6:

bhl >>. Jt kby wgaa fg t`bt t`g dnnupbhts lgajfgrbtgay mgpt

t`js brgb irgg di rgiusg td bvdjl pdaautjho t`gjr lrjhmjho wbtgr.

\`g abrogst bhl lggpgst uhajhgl wgaa aby dh tdp di t`g

luhg, hgbr t`g `dusg pabh. Ji t`g prgvghtjdh di pdaautjdh wbs

jhlggl b ndhsjlgrbtjdh, jt js uhajmgay t`bt t`js wgaa wbs jh usg

bt t`g sbkg tjkg bs t`g `dusg, idr t`g abrog hukfgr di ijhls

ljsndvgrgl jh bhl brduhl t`g wgaa jkpajgs t`bt t`g wbtgr

wdual t`gh `bvg fggh pdaautgl. Jt js gqubaay uhajmgay t`bt

t`g wgaa wbs luo bt b abtgr lbtg, fgnbusg t`g pgrjdl di

dnnupbtjdh js fgajgvgl td `bvg ghlgl wjt` t`g bfbhldhkghtdi t`g abst `dusg ljsnussgl bfdvg. \`js js iurt`gr gvjlghng

suoogstjho t`bt t`g sjtg wbs bargbly dnnupjgl fgidrg t`g abttgr

`dusg wbs ndhstruntgl.

>.>. _B\GVJHO SABNG^

\`rgg igbturgs dfsgrvgl jh t`g pgbt-ndvgrgl hdrt`grh sadpg di

t`g luhg ljiigrgl irdk t`g bfdvg ordup di igbturgs jh tgrks

di t`gjr sjzgs (aghot`s di 293, 293 bhl >>7 nk), t`gjr lgpt`s

(9<, 72 bhl :3 nk, rgspgntjvgay), t`gjr pgbty ijaas bhl t`gjr

s`bpgs (aghot`-lgpt` rbtjds), sgg ijo. :. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g

igbturgs, jh t`g wgttgst (; lggpgst) pbrt di t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb,

suoogst t`bt t`g igbturgs rgprgsght wbtgrjho pabngs. \`g abrog

bkduhts di fdhg iduhl jh t`g igbturgs' ijaas jhljnbtg t`bt t`g

wbtgrjho pabngs wgrg abtgr usgl idr b ljiigrght purpdsg,

prdfbfay idr t`g lukpjho di rgiusg. \`g twd gbstgrhkdst

igbturgs yjgalgl t`g rgkbjhs di luho fggtags, w`jn` brg

oghgrbaay bssukgl td ndhstjtutg sduhl gvjlghng idr t`g

idrkgr prgsghng di bhjkba luho.


>.<. SJ\^

\`g sgndhl abrogst ordup di igbturgs ndkprjsgl t`g igbturgs

di hjhgtggh pjts wjt` ljbkgtgrs fgtwggh >: bhl :? nk

(bvgrbog 92 nk), lgpt`s fgtwggh >2 bhl 9? nk (bvgrbog

<6 nk) bhl uhjidrk ijaas di orgy, sajo`tay ùkjn sbhl. Ajmg

baa t`g dt`gr igbturgs, t`gsg pjts yjgalgl igw ijhls. \`g pjts

wgrg baa sjtubtgl hgbr t`g tdp di t`g luhg, jh ndhtrbst wjt` t`guhajhgl wgaas. \`g pjts' iuhntjdh js uhmhdwh.

>.7. \@G @GBV\@

^dkg sgvgh kgtrgs irdk t`g wgstgrh sjlg di t`g `dusg pabh

t`g gxnbvbtdrs iduhl b njrnuabr igbturg wjt` b ljbkgtgr di

273 nk bhl b lgpt` (rgndhstruntgl) di 79 nk. \`g igbturg's

iabt fdttdk wbs ndvgrgl wjt` b 7-nk-t`jnm abygr di abrog

irbokghts di n`brndba, idaadwgl fy b 23-nk-t`jnm abygr di

luhg sbhl (sgg ijo. 23). \`js igbturg wbs jhtgrprgtgl bs b

`gbrt`. \`g sbhl kby `bvg fggh usgl td gxtjhoujs` t`g ijrg

bitgr usg. \`js js t`g dhay trug igbturg di b `gbrt` iduhl bt

t`g sjtg. Jh blljtjdh, abygrs di n`brndba wgrg iduhl jh twd di

t`g lgprgssjdhs t`bt rgkbjhgl bitgr t`g ndaabpsg di t`guhajhgl wgaas.

>.9. NDHNAW^JDH^

\`g bhbaysjs di t`g igbturgs' s`bpgs, sjzgs, ijaas bhl spbtjba

ljstrjfutjdhs s`dwgl t`bt t`gy rgprgsght pdst`dags, uhajhgl

wgaas, wbtgrjho pabngs, pjts bhl b `gbrt`. \`g igbturgs'

ljstrjfutjdhs rgiagnt b spbtjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh di bntjvjtjgs5 t`g

kbedrjty di t`g pdst`dags, t`g pjts bhl t`g `gbrt` wgrg

ndhnghtrbtgl dh tdp di t`g luhg, w`grgbs t`g wgaas bhl t`g

wbtgrjho pabngs wgrg sjtubtgl kdstay dh t`g sadpgs.

\`g aghot` di t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh js prdfbfay fgst

gstjkbtgl dh t`g fbsjs di t`g gvjlghng prdvjlgl fy t`g

igbturgs. Baa t`g wgaas wgrg iduhl td ndhtbjh aukps di sbhl

kjxgl wjt` sdja. \`js kgbhs t`bt t`g ijrst dnnupbhts kust

`bvg brrjvgl b igw ùhlrgl ygbrs bitgr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g

luhg. \`g bssukptjdh t`bt gbrajgr strunturgs stddl dh t`g

luhg fgidrg t`bt rgprgsghtgl fy t`g rgndhstruntgl `dusg pabh

jkpajgs t`bt t`g sjtg wbs dnnupjgl idr bt agbst twd `dusg



oghgrbtjdhs. Bt agbst dhg di t`g wgaas js lbtbfag td t`js gbrajgr

dnnupbtjdh p`bsg.

<. Idrkgr vgogtbtjdh bhl iddl pabhts N.N. Fbmgas

<.2. KG\@DL^

Jt wbs lgnjlgl td rgndvgr t`g fdtbhjnba rgkbjhs irdk t`g

ijhl abygr fy kgbhs di jhtgrvba sbkpajho. Jhjtjbaay, 7-ajtrgsbkpags di fabnm sdja wgrg tbmgh irdk gvgry dt`gr squbrg

badho idur ajhgs ruhhjho pbrbaaga td t`g adho sjlgs di t`g kbjh

gxnbvbtjdh trghn`, bt jhtgrvbas di gjo`t, bhl jh dhg nbsg sjx,

kgtrgs (ni . ijos 22-29). Whidrtuhbtgay, t`g sdut`gbstgrh tjp di

t`g gxnbvbtjdh brgb wbs hdt sbkpagl. _`ghgvgr igbturgs

nbkg td ajo`t fghgbt` t`g fabnm abygr, t`gy wgrg sbkpagl tdd.

\`g sbkpags wgrg tbmgh irdk aukps di t`g dal abhl suribng

jhndrpdrbtgl jh t`g igbturgs, irdk t`g prjkbry bhl sgndhlbry

ijaas di vbrjdus igbturgs, irdk sdkg di t`g pdst`dags bhl irdk

t`g `gbrt`.

@dwgvgr, bitgr sdkg tjkg wg iduhl t`bt wg `bl ndaagntgl

sun` vbst qubhtjtjgs di sdja t`bt jt wdual fg jkpdssjfag td

bhbaysg baa di t`g sbkpags. Bs t`g sdja ndhtbjhgl fdt`nbrfdhjzgl bhl uhnbrfdhjzgl pabht rgkbjhs, abrog-snbag

iadtbtjdh wbs dut di t`g qugstjdh. Baa t`g sbkpags `bl td fg

`bhl-sjgvgl bhl `bhl-sdrtgl. \`g ijhgst kgs` usgl wbs

3.7 kk. \d ajkjt t`g bkduht di wdrm, t`g jhvgstjobtjdh wbs

t`grgidrg abrogay rgstrjntgl td squbrgs ayjho ijvg kgtrgs bpbrt

bhl t`g sbkpag sjzg wbs rglungl td t`rgg ajtrgs.

Jt wbs lgnjlgl basd td pgridrk sdkg pdaagh rgsgbrn`.

Idr t`g abttgr purpdsg b sgntjdh jh dhg di t`g trghn`gs wbs

sbkpagl (sgg ijo. 7). \`g sgntjdh s`dwgl b pgbty sgljkght

wjt` b t`jnmhgss di bfdut 23 nk, t`g abtgrba ndhtjhubtjdh di

t`g fabnm abygr kghtjdhgl bfdvg (Whjt >). \`g pgbt aby dh

tdp di t`g sbhly sufsdja bhl wbs ndvgrgl fy naby.

Brn`bgdadojnba ijhls s`dwgl t`bt t`g abygr lbtgl irdk t`g

pgrjdl di ùkbh dnnupbtjdh. \`g sbkpag wbs tbmgh irdk b

pdjht ayjho 73 k irdk t`g nghtrg di ùkbh bntjvjty5 t`g tdp

di t`g adw luhg. \wd pdaagh spgntrb wgrg nduhtgl, dhg irdk

t`g fdttdk bhl dhg irdk t`g tdp di t`g pgbt.

<.6. VGNDH^\VWN\JDH DI \@G IDVKGV YGOG\B\JDH

^dkg rgsuats di t`g jlghtjijnbtjdh bhl nduhtjho di t`g sggls

prgsgrvgl jh t`g sdja sbkpags brg prgsghtgl jh tbfag 2. \`gy

brg rgprgsghtbtjvg di baa t`g bhbaysgl sbkpags. \`g tbxb `bvg

fggh brrbhogl bnndrljho td t`g ghvjrdhkghts jh w`jn` t`gy

kdst prdfbfay orgw. \`g ijrst twd rdws jhljnbtg `dw t`gy

wgrg prgsgrvgl. Kdst di t`g uhnbrfdhjzgl rgkbjhs wgrgdi spgnjgs wjt` lgnby-rgsjstbht sggls. \`g drjojhba hukfgr di

pabht tbxb wjaa `ghng `bvg fggh orgbtgr. Hgvgrt`gagss, t`g

ghnduhtgrgl pabhts prdfbfay rgprgsght t`g idrkgr vgogtbtjdh

ibjray bnnurbtgay.

Bs nbrfdhjzgl rgkbjhs `bvg jh dhg wby dr bhdt`gr fggh

`bhlagl fy ùkbh fgjhos, jt js bawbys fgst td rgndhstrunt

idrkgr vgogtbtjdhs irdk t`g gvjlghng prdvjlgl fy

wbtgradoogl rgkbjhs. Di ndursg, t`grg js bawbys t`g

pdssjfjajty t`bt sdkg wbtgradoogl rgkbjhs sgagntgl idr

bhbaysjs `bvg fggh ljsadnbtgl fy ùkbh fgjhos, fut t`js js

bssukgl td fg di dhay kjhdr jhiaughng dh t`g rgsuats,

gspgnjbaay jh t`g nbsg di `grfs. Bs wjaa fg pdjhtgl dut fgadw

jt js vgry uhajmgay t`bt t`g rgkbjhs irdk t`g _btgrjhogh sjtg

`bl fggh ljsadnbtgl fy dt`gr boghts, sun` bs wbtgr.\`g fgst sdurngs idr t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g ghvjrdhkght

brg t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs. \`gy rgprgsght b

vgogtbtjdh jh sjtu.

\`g ijrst qugstjdh t`bt `bl td fg bhswgrgl wbs w`gt`gr

t`js vgogtbtjdh ndrrgspdhls td t`g vgogtbtjdh lurjho t`g

pgrjdl di ùkbh dnnupbtjdh. \`js wbs jhvgstjobtgl fy

ndkpbrjho t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g squbrgs wjt` jhidrkbtjdh

dftbjhgl irdk t`g aukps di dal abhl suribng iduhl bt t`g

fdttdk di sdkg di t`g uhajhgl wgaas. \`dsg aukps wgrg

iduhl td ndhtbjh rgkbjhs di t`g sbkg spgnjgs bs basd

ghnduhtgrgl jh t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs. \`g

ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g prjkbry bhl sgndhlbry ijaas di t`g pjts

s`dwgl t`bt t`g vgogtbtjdh uhlgrwght vgry igw, ji bhy,n`bhogs lurjho bhl bitgr t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. \`g sggl

fbhm kby t`gdrgtjnbaay `bvg ndhtrjfutgl ndkpdhghts di bh

dalgr, ljiigrght, vgogtbtjdh (Nbppgrs 2::7), fut hd nagbr

jhljnbtjdhs di t`js wgrg iduhl jh t`g bhbaysjs di t`g nduhts.

\`grgidrg t`g gvjlghng prdvjlgl fy t`g uhnbrfdhjzgl

rgkbjhs irdk t`g squbrgs wbs usgl td rgndhstrunt t`g idrkgr

ghvjrdhkght.

\`g ordups di pabhts prgsghtgl jh tbfag 2 wgrg ndkfjhgl

wjt` t`g luhg's idrkgr rgajgi, t`rgg gxngptgl. \`g rgkbjhs di

‐nuatjvbtgl pabhts' wgrg baa nbrfdhjzgl. \`g dhay trug

wbtgrpabht, Ngrbtdp`yaauk lgkgrsuk, wbs rgprgsghtgl

gxnausjvgay jh sbkpags irdk t`g igbturgs jhtgrprgtgl bs wgaas

jt wbs hdt ghnduhtgrgl jh t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs.

Sdtbkdogtdh sp. basd ordws jh kbrs`gs. \`g sbkpags irdk

t`g squbrgs kdrgdvgr ndhtbjhgl hd rgkbjhs di pabhts irdk

trdllgh orduhl, sun` bs pbt`s.

\`g ijrst ordup di pabhts w`jn` bppbrghtay ndvgrgl b ibjray

abrog brgb js t`bt di rjpbrjbh pabhts= sgg ijourg 22. \`g ijourg

js fbsgl dh t`g prgsghng/bfsghng di t`g tbxb, fgnbusg hd

blljtjdhba jhidrkbtjdh wbs dftbjhgl jh b qubhtjtbtjvg bhbaysj

di t`g lbtb. \`g pabht ndkkuhjtjgs jh qugstjdh ndvgrgl t`g

adwgr pbrt di t`g tgrrbjh, rduoày t`g pbrt fgadw t`g ·>03 nk

ndhtdur ajhg. \`js pbrt di t`g sgttagkght's surrduhljhos wbs

prdfbfay wgtabhl. \`grg wgrg hd abrog gxpbhsgs di dpgh

wbtgr.Ijourg 26 prgsghts t`g rgkbjhs di pabhts nabssjijgl bs

spgnjgs ibvdurjho kbrs`y brgbs. \`gy wgrg ghnduhtgrgl jh

t`g sbkg brgbs bs t`g rjpbrjbh pabhts, fut basd `jo`gr up t`g

luhg, up td t`g ·>93 nk ndhtdur ajhg. Dhg di t`g spgnjgs

ghnduhtgrgl kdst irgqughtay js Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk.

Bs bargbly pdjhtgl dut bfdvg, t`js ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay kgbh

t`bt t`js wbs b ldkjhbht spgnjgs, idr jt kby sjkpay fg t`g

272 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <




\bfag 2. \`g pabht spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh < bhl gxbkpags di t`g ndhtghts di jhljvjluba sbkpags. _;wbtgradoogl, N;n`brrgl= jh

jhljvjluba sbkpags, n`brrgl rgkbjhs brg jhljnbtgl fy bh *= t`g dt`gr rgkbjhs brg wbtgradoogl ijhls. +5 123, ++5 ≧23 fut 1273, +++5 ≧273.

2-9 brg sbkpags irdk igbturgs, ?-: brg sbkpags irdk squbrgs. 2;WW22:, 6;ZZ263, >;N00, <;WW227, 7;ZZ263, 9;N00, ?;O263, 0;O223, :;O?9.

Dal suribng Srjkbry ijaa ^gndhlbry ijaa ^qubrgs_ N

2 6 > < 7 9 ? 0 :

Nuatjvbtgl Sabhts@drlguk vuaobrg x 6* „ „ >* ?* <* „ 6* „

@. vuaobrg, jhtgrhdljb x „ „ „ „ „ :* „ „ 2*

\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk x „ „ „ 2* 6* „ „ „ „

\r. ljndnnuk, oaukg fbsgs x „ „ >* 2* 2* 0* „ „ „

@drlguk/\rjtjnuk x „ „ „ „ „ 23* „ „ „

Dpgh _btgr

Ngrbtdp`yaauk lgkgrsuk x x „ „ „ 2 6* „ „ „ „

Sdtbkdogtdh sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Vjpbrjbh Ygogtbtjdhs

Fgruab grgntb x „ „ „ „ 2* „ „ „ „

Nbrgx bnutjidrkjs x 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Nbrgx rjpbrjb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Jrjs psgulbndrus x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Ayndpus gurdpbgus x + „ „ „ „ „ 6 „ „

Kght`b bqubtjnb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^njrpus abnustrjs ssp tbf. x x „ „ „ 2 „ 2* „ „ „

^njrpus kbrjtjkus x x „ „ 2 „ „ 2* „ „ „

Kbrs`

Frbssjnb hjorb x x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk x x „ 6 2 „ „ 6 27 6 „

Gup`drfjb pbaustrjs x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2

Ayt`ruk sbajnbrjb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^dabhuk luanbkbrb x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^tbn`ys pbaustrjs x 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

\`bajntruk iabvuk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Vulgrba Brgbs, wgt

Badpgnurus oghjnuabtus x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

N`ghdpdljuk oabunuk/rufruk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Ayn`hjs iads-nunuaj x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Kydsdtdh bqubtjnuk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Sdayodhuk `ylrdpjpgr x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Sdayodhuk kjhus x x ++ „ „ „ „ 2* „ „ „

Sdtghtjaab rgptbhs x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Vbhuhnuaus sngagrbtus x + „ + „ „ „ „ „ „

Vulgrbas/_ggls, lry

Brntjuk sp. x „ „ 6 „ „ „ „ „ „

Btrjpagx pbtuab/prdstrbtb x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

N`ghdpdljuk bafuk x x „ „ ++ + ++ 7 2 „ „

N`ghdpdljuk ijnjidajuk x x „ „ „ „ + „ „ „ „

Sdayodhuk ndhvdavuaus x x „ „ + „ „ „ „ „ „

Sdayodhuk abpbt`jidajuk x x „ „ ++ „ „ 2* „ „ „

^dabhuk hjoruk x x „ „ 2 + „ „ „ „ „

^tgaabrjb kgljb x + „ ++ „ „ „ „ „ „

Wrtjnb ljdjnb x ++ 2 +++ +++ „ „ > „ 2



27> L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

\bfag 2. (ndhtjhugl).

Dal suribng Srjkbry ijaa ^gndhlbry ijaa ^qubrgs_ N

2 6 > < 7 9 ? 0 :

Sbt`s

Sabhtbod kbedr x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Sdayodhuk bvjnuabrg x x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

_ddlgl Brgbs

Ndrhus sbhoujhgb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Ndryaus bvgaabhb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Obagdpsjs fjijlb/tgtrb`jt x „ „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ „

Oagn`dkb `glgrbngb x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 2

Abpsbhb ndkkuhjs x 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Kbaus syavgstrjs x x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Kdg`rjhojb trjhgrvjb x +++ 27 6 + ++ ? 2 ++ 6<

Sruhus spjhdsb x x 0->* „ „ „ >* <* „ „ „

Vdsb sp. x „ „ „ „ „ 2* „ „ „

Vufus nbgsjus x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^bkfunus hjorb x „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^bat Kbrs`

ûbglb kbrjtjkb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Dt`grs

Bahus oautjhdsb x x „ „ „ 2* „ „ „ „ „

Frbssjnb rbpb x „ „ ++ „ „ „ „ „ „

Frdkus sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Nbrgx sp. x x „ „ „ „ „ 6* 2 „ „

Obajuk bpbrjhg x „ „ „ 6* 2* <* „ „ „

Obajuk ni. kdaauod x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Orbkjhgbg x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

@ypgrjnuk sp. x „ „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ „

Euhnus sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

S`rbokjtgs/Sdb sp. x „ „ „ 2* „ „ „ „ „Sdb sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Vukgx sp. x x ++ „ 6 „ „ „ „ „ „

^nrdpùabrjb/Ygrfbsnuk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^jaghg sp. x ++ 6 „ „ „ „ „ „ „

^tgaabrjb sp. x „ „ „ + „ „ „ „ „

Yjnjb `jrsutb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Yjnjb `jrsutb/tgtrbspgrkb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

spgnjgs wjt` t`g kdst lgnby-rgsjstbht sggls. Jh t`js pbrtjnuabr

nbsg, `dwgvgr, t`js pabht kby jhlggl `bvg fggh t`g ldkjhbht

spgnjgs. \`g tbaa idrf Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk tghls td

ldkjhbtg jh ndkpbrbfag surrduhljhos. Bat`duo` jt js

ndkkdhay lgsnrjfgl bs b pabht ibvdurjho wgt ndhljtjdhs,

jt basd t`rjvgs jh lry brgbs, jh sdjas ndhtbjhjho lgndkpdsjho

ùkus, idr jhstbhng jh nbanbrgdus luhg ghvjrdhkghts. \`g

sbkg js trug di ^dabhuk luanbkbrb. \`g adwgr sadpgs di t`g

_btgrjhogh < luhg kby `ghng `bvg fggh agss ‐kbrs`y' t`bh

dhg wdual t`jhm.

B t`jrl nbtgodry ndhsjsts di pabhts w`jn` brg hdwblbys

iduhl kbjhay jh wgt rulgrba brgbs. Bs nbh fg sggh jh

ijourg 2>, t`gy s`dw t`g sbkg ljstrjfutjdh bs t`g kbrs`

pabhts. \`gsg pabhts ordw jh sdjas wjt` b `jo` hjtrdogh

ndhtght, w`jn` wjaa `bvg dnnurrgl hbturbaay jh t`js yduho

ghvjrdhkght.




Ijourg 22. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng di

rgkbjhs di rjpbrjbh vgogtbtjdh jh t`g

sbkpagl squbrgs bhl t`g prjkbry

ijaas di t`g igbturgs. \`g abrog ldts

jhljnbtg t`g prgsghng, t`g skbaa ldts

t`g bfsghng di rgkbjhs jh t`g

sbkpags. \`g orgy brgb rgprgsghts

t`g `dusg pabh.


rgkbjhs di kbrs` vgogtbtjdh.^gg basd ijo. 22.

Ijourg 2>. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng

di rgkbjhs di wgtabhl rulgrba

vgogtbtjdh. ^gg basd ijo. 22.




Ijourg 29. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng dingrgba rgkbjhs. \`g abrog ldts

jhljnbtg kdrg t`bh 2 irbokght, t`g

kgljuk-sjzgl ldts 2 irbokght, w`jag

t`g skbaa ldts jhljnbtg t`g bfsghng

di rgkbjhs. ^gg basd ijo. 22.

Ijourg 2<. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng di

kbnrd-rgkbjhs di t`jnmgts. \`g abrog

ldts jhljnbtg kdrg t`bh 23 rgkbjhs,

t`g kgljuk-sjzgl ldts 2-23 rgkbjhs,

w`jag t`g skbaa ldts jhljnbtg t`g

bfsghng di rgkbjhs. ^gg basd

ijo. 22.


pabhts typjnba di sbat kbrs`gs.^gg basd ijo. 22.



\`g rgsuats di t`g bhbaysjs s`dw t`bt t`g brgb surrduhljho

t`g luhg js fgst lgsnrjfgl bs b kbrs` wjt` b aus` vgogtbtjdh

di tbaa idrf spgnjgs. Bat`duo` t`g orduhlwbtgr rgbn`gl t`g

suribng jh t`g adwgst pbrts, bhl t`grg kust `ghng `bvg fggh

pbtn`gs di dpgh wbtgr (dt`grwjsg pabhts ajmg Sdtbkdogtdh sp.

wdual hdt `bvg ordwh `grg), t`grg ldgs hdt sggk td `bvg

fggh bh bntuba abmg jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos, bt agbsthdt wjt`jh t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb. \`g wbtgr wbs irgs`, bs

jhljnbtgl fy spgnjgs ajmg Ayt`ruk sbajnbrjb, w`jn` ld hdt

ordw jh sbajhg ghvjrdhkghts, fut t`js kby `bvg fggh b ibjray

rgnght ndhljtjdh fy t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. Kdst di t`g

ghnduhtgrgl pabhts tdagrbtg sbajhg dr sajo`tay sbajhg

ndhljtjdhs. \`gdrgtjnbaay, t`g rgkbjhs di t`gsg spgnjgs kby

bntubaay lgrjvg irdk t`g sgglfbhm agit fy bh gbrajgr

vgogtbtjdh jh b frbnmjs` ghvjrdhkght, fut bs t`gy wgrg

ghnduhtgrgl jh sun` `jo` hukfgrs jh prdpdrtjdh td trug

irgs`wbtgr spgnjgs wg kby bssukg t`bt t`g spgnjgs jh

qugstjdh idrkgl pbrt di t`g ndhtgkpdrbry vgogtbtjdh. Baa

t`gsg spgnjgs nbh ordw pgrigntay uhlgr irgs`wbtgr ndhljtjdhs.

\`gy kby `bvg ndadhjzgl t`g brgb lurjho b p`bsg di frbnmjs`ndhljtjdhs bhl `bvg ndhtjhugl td ordw t`grg w`gh t`g

ghvjrdhkght uhlgrwght lgsbajhjsbtjdh.

Gagkghts bssdnjbtgl wjt` wddlgl brgbs brg prgsghtgl jh

ijourg 2<. \`gy ndkprjsg t`g rgkbjhs di irujts bhl sggls di

wddly pabhts (wjt` t`g gxnausjdh di balgr, Bahus oautjhdsb)

bhl t`g `grfs t`bt kby `bvg idrkgl pbrt di t`g uhlgrordwt`.

Bahus wbs gxnaulgl fgnbusg jts irujts bhl sggls wgrg

ghnduhtgrgl dhay jh t`g prjkbry ijaa di wbtgrjho pabng \\??.

\`gy kby `bvg fggh lukpgl jh t`g pjt fy ùkbh fgjhos.

Ji balgrs `bl ordwh jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos di t`g

sjtg, t`gjr sggls wdual `bvg fggh iduhl jh kbhy kdrg

sbkpags. \`g kdst ndkkdh s`rufs di w`jn` irujt bhl sggl

rgkbjhs `bl fggh prgsgrvgl wgrg galgr (^bkfunus hjorb) bhl

sadg ( Sruhus spjhdsb). Bat`duo` t`dsg irujts kby basd `bvg

fggh obt`grgl gasgw`grg, jt js vgry ajmgay t`bt t`g s`rufs

idrkgl pbrt di t`g adnba vgogtbtjdh. B s`ruf vgogtbtjdh js

bttgstgl fy t`g pabht w`dsg rgkbjhs wgrg kdst irgqughtay

ghnduhtgrgl5 Kdg`rjhojb trjhgrvjb= jts sggls wgrg gvgh t g

kdst hukgrdus di baa t`g _btgrjhogh < sggls. \`js `grf

t`rjvgs fghgbt` s`rufs jh rgabtjvgay dpgh stbhls, dh sbhly

sdjas wjt` `jo` ndhnghtrbtjdhs di lgndkpdsgl drobhjn kbttgr

t`bt brg hgjt`gr tdd lry hdr tdd wgt. \`g sgndhl kdst

ndkkdh `grf ghnduhtgrgl dh t`g luhg wbs Oagn`dkb

`glgrbngb, w`jn` ibvdurs t`g sbkg ndhljtjdhs. Hgjt gr pabht

ordws jh frbnmjs` ghvjrdhkghts.^dkg spgnjgs, jh pbrtjnuabr Kdg`rjhojb, wgrg ghnduhtgrgl

jh wjlgay vbryjho irgqughnjgs= t`bt js t`g rgbsdh w`y t`gjr

rgkbjhs brg gxprgssgl jh nabssgs jh ijourg 2<. Bs nbh fg sggh

jh t`js ijourg, t`g orgbtgst qubhtjtjgs wgrg iduhl jh t`g `jo`gr

pbrts di t`g abhlsnbpg. Irdk t`js wg kby jhigr t`bt t`g adw

luhg wbs drjojhbaay ndvgrgl wjt` bh dpgh s`ruf vgogtbtjdh

jhnauljho galgr bhl t`drhy gagkghts, w`jn` fdrg b nadsg

rgsgkfabhng td t`g typg di vgogtbtjdh ndkkdhay ghnduhtgrgl

dh yduho luhgs tdlby. B strjmjho ljiigrghng wjt` rgspgnt

td prgsght-lby luhg vgogtbtjdhs js `dwgvgr t`g bfsghng di

sgb funmt`drh ( @jppdp`bí r`bkhdjlgs) jh t`g Hgdajt`jn

vgogtbtjdh. \`g bfsghng di rgkbjhs di t`g irujts di t`js s`ruf

ndual fg bttrjfutbfag td prgsgrvbtjdh ndhljtjdhs, fut ji sgb

funmt`drh `bl jhlggl ordwh dh t`g luhg, jts pdaagh wdual`bvg fggh rgprgsghtgl jh t`g pdaagh spgntrb bhl, bs wg wjaa

sgg fgadw, t`js js hdt t`g nbsg.

Bhdt`gr adw trgg w`dsg irujt bhl pdaagh wgrg hdt

rgprgsghtgl jh t`g rgndrl js euhjpgr ( Euhjpgrus ndkkuhjs).

\`g irujt bhl pdaagh di t`js spgnjgs survjvg dhay rbrgay.

@dwgvgr, kbhy rgkbjhs di t`g wdrmgl bhl uhwdrmgl wddl

di euhjpgr trggs wgrg iduhl lurjho t`g gxnbvbtjdh. \`g dutgr

pdsts di t`g `dusg, idr gxbkpag, wgrg kblg di rgabtjvgay

stdut euhjpgr truhms (sgg sgntjdh 7). Euhjpgr kby `bvg ordwh

jh wgaa-lgvgadpgl stbhls dh t`g adw luhgs. Dhay igw

euhjpgrs brg td fg iduhl dh t`g Lutn` luhgs tdlby, fut jh t`g

pbst t`g spgnjgs wbs ibjray ndkkdh. Dh t`g jsabhl di \gxga,

idr jhstbhng, euhjpgrs wgrg td fg iduhl jh rgabtjvgay lghsgstbhls uhtja wgaa jhtd t`g hjhgtgght` nghtury.

\`g Hgdajt`jn dnnupbhts uhlduftglay `bl td nagbr bwby

sdkg di t`g t`jnmgt fgidrg t`gy wgrg bfag td sgttag dh t`g

luhg. \`g rgsuatbht nagbrbhng bhl jts usg wjaa `bvg stjkuabtgl

t`g ordwt` di rulgrba `grfs, kdst di w`jn` kby gvgh `bvg

fggh jhtrdlungl fy t`g dnnupbhts t`gksgavgs. Dhay Wrtjnb

ljdjnb kby `bvg fggh ibjray ndkkdh fgidrg t`gjr brrjvba.

\`g abst nbtgodry ndhsjsts di pabhts typjnba di sbat kbrs`gs.

Dhay dhg spgnjgs di t`js nbtgodry wbs bntubaay rgprgsghtgl,

hbkgay ûbglb kbrjtjkb. Bs nbh fg sggh jh ijourg 27, t`g

kbedrjty di t`g sggls di t`js spgnjgs wgrg iduhl brduhl t`g

`dusg pabh. \`g pabht js vgry kun` dut di pabng jh t`g

rgndhstruntgl jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos5 t`g sbat kbrs`gs kust

`bvg abjh sdkg uhmhdwh ljstbhng bwby irdk t`g luhg. Dhg

gxpabhbtjdh idr t`g pabht's prgsghng jh t`g sjtg's fdtbhjnba

rgndrl ndual fg t`bt naby irdk t`g sbat kbrs`gs wbs usgl td

lbuf t`g wbaas di t`g `dusg, bat`duo` hd rgkbjhs di naby

wgrg iduhl lurjho t`g gxnbvbtjdh. Bhdt`gr pdssjfjajty js t`bt

t`g sggls wgrg jhtrdlungl fy bhjkbas bhl wgrg lgpdsjtgl jh

t`gjr luho= sbat kbrs`gs brg oddl pbsturgs.

\`g bhbaysjs di t`g pdaagh irdk t`g pgbt jh t`g trghn`

ndhtrjfutgl ajttag tdwbrls t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g

vgogtbtjdh. \`g kbnrdrgkbjhs iduhl jh t`g sgntjdh

( Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk bhl Ayt`ruk sbajnbrjb) s`dw t`btt`g drobhjn lgpdsjt idrkgl jh t`g ghvjrdhkght lgsnrjfgl

bfdvg. \`g prgsghng di sdkg rgkbjhs di idrbkjhjigrbg

jh t`g adwgst spgntruk tgstjijgs td dnnbsjdhba iaddljho fy

sbat dr frbnmjs` wbtgr jh t`g gbray p`bsgs di t`g lgpdsjt's

idrkbtjdh. \`grg wgrg kbhy kdrg rgkbjhs di t`gsg

drobhjsks jh t`g tdp spgntruk, jhljnbtjho rghgwgl jhiaughng

di t`g sgb.




\`g pdaagh spgntrb di t`g fdttdk bhl tdp sbkpags brg vgry

sjkjabr. Sjhg ( Sjhus), prgsukbfay b adho-ljstbhng gagkght, js

t`g ldkjhbht trgg, w`jn` ndhijrks t`bt t`g abhlsnbpg wbs

jhlggl dpgh. Dbm (Rugrnus) js t`g kdst ndkkdh suf-

rgojdhba pdaagh typg, idaadwgl fy balgr ( Bahus). \`g dt`gr

trgg spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl brg ajkg (\jajb), bs` ( Irbxjhus),

fjrn` ( Fgtuab) bhl bzga (Ndryaus), fut bs t`gy wgrg baargprgsghtgl jh pgrnghtbogs di agss t`bh 7% t`gy nbhhdt `bvg

ordwh jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos.

\`g `grf spgntrb brg ldkjhbtgl fy Ndkpdsjtbg

tufuajiadrbg, bs wdual fg gxpgntgl wjt` Gupbtdrjuk fgjho b

prdkjhght adnba `grf. Orbkjhgbg ( S`rbokjtgs4) bhl

Nypgrbngbg (^njrpus4) brg basd wgaa rgprgsghtgl. \`g tdp

spgntruk s`dws `jo`gr irgqughnjgs di N`ghdpdljbngbg bhl

Ndkpdsjtbg ajouajiadrbg ( Bstgr trjpdajuk4), w`jn` kby fg

bttrjfutbfag td t`g ordwjho jhiaughng di t`g sgb. \`g spdrgs

di Kdhdagtbg psjabtbg kby `bvg ndkg irdk igrhs t`bt orgw

jh t`g adnba kbrs`. \`g dt`gr spgnjgs, w`jn` wgrg

rgprgsghtgl jh pgrnghtbogs di bt kdst 2%, brg Brtgkjsjb,

Sdaypdljuk, Gup`drfjb pbaustrjs, Ijajpghluab, Sdayodhuk pgrsjnbrjb-typg, Wrtjnb, ^pbrobhjuk grgntuk-typg bhl

Nbaystgojb / gpjuk. _jt` t`g gxngptjdh di t`g ijrst twd, t`gy

baa idrkgl pbrt di t`g adnba kbrs` iadrb.

Bs bargbly kghtjdhgl bfdvg, b ndhspjnudus igbturg di t`g

Hgdajt`jn rgndrl js t`g bfsghng di @jppdp`bí pdaagh. Basd

rgkbrmbfag js t`bt t`g spgntrb s`dw hd ldkjhbhng di balgr

( Bahus). \`js jkpajgs t`bt hd stbhls di balgr wgrg td fg iduhl

hgbrfy, w`jn` js rbt`gr surprjsjho fgnbusg, fgsjlgs euhjpgr

wddl, balgr wddl js t`g kdst ndkkdh typg di wddl iduhl

dh t`g sjtg (sgg sgntjdh 7). \`g jh`bfjtbhts kust `ghng `bvg

trbhspdrtgl t`g wddl dvgr sdkg ljstbhng. \`g sbkg `dals idr

t`g dt`gr rgsdurngs t`bt wgrg obt`grgl jh wddls. Fut t`g

gxbnt gxtght di t`g ljstbhng ndvgrgl js uhmhdwh.

<.>. NWA\JYB\GL BHL OB\@GVGL SABH\^

\`g rgkbjhs di nuatjvbtgl pabhts brg rgstrjntgl td hbmgl

fbragy ( @drlguk vuaobrg vbr. huluk) bhl gkkgr w gbt

(\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk), di w`jn` fdt` t`g mgrhgas bhl t`g n`bii

wgrg iduhl. \`gsg rgkbjhs, w`jn` wgrg baa nbrfdhjzgl, wgrg

ghnduhtgrgl hdt dhay jh t`g ijaas di vbrjdus igbturgs, fut basd

jh t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs. Bs nbh fg sggh jh tbfag 2,

t`gsg spgnjgs wgrg hdt rgprgsghtgl jh abrog qubhtjtjgs

bhyw`grg dh t`g sjtg, fut t`g sbkpags t`bt wgrg iduhl td

ndhtbjh kdrg t`bh dhg irbokght bakdst baa nbkg irdk t`g

jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos di t`g `dusg bhl t`g wgaas (ijo. 29).Jt s`dual fg fdrhg jh kjhl t`bt t`js n`brrgl kbtgrjba js vgry

ajo`t bhl js gbsjay fadwh bfdut fy wjhl. \`js gxpabjhs w`y

irbokghts di nuatjvbtgl pabhts wgrg iduhl gvgh jh t`g kbrs`.

\`g gvjlghng irdk _btgrjhogh < ndhijrks t`bt gkkgr

bhl hbmgl fbragy wgrg t`g kbjh ngrgbas ordwh jh t`g Kjllag

Hgdajt`jn. \`g sbkg spgnjgs wgrg basd iduhl bt t`g

ndhtgkpdrbry Lutn` sjtgs @bzghldhm > bhl S2< (Fbmgas

2:02= Og`bssg 2::7). \`g qugstjdh js w`gt`gr t`gsg ngrgbas

wgrg ordwh adnbaay. \`g adnba ndhljtjdhs ngrtbjhay baadwgl

t`gjr nuatjvbtjdh. \`g rgndhstruntgl adnba vgogtbtjdh js

jhljnbtjvg di rbt`gr rjn` bhl suiijnjghtay kdjst sbhly sdjas,

w`jn` brg vgry sujtbfag idr t`g nuatjvbtjdh di ngrgbas.

\`g dhay prdfagk kby `bvg fggh t`g wjhl.

\`g wggl iadrb bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g ngrgbas kby fgrgprgsghtgl jh t`g ‐rulgrbas/wggls' nbtgodry. B strjmjho

bspgnt di t`js nbtgodry js t`g `jo` pgrnghtbog di nbrfdhjzgl

rgkbjhs. \`g pabhts kby `bvg fgndkg n`brrgl tdogt`gr wjt`

t`g orbjh. \`g wggls jh t`g ajst stbrtjho wjt` N`ghdpdljuk

bafuk bhl ghljho wjt` ^dabhuk hjoruk brg baa ndkkdh

Hgdajt`jn wggls. ^dkg di t`g pabhts ajstgl uhlgr ‐dt`grs',

ajmg Obajuk bpbrjhg, Yjnjb `jrsutb bhl Yjnjb

`jrsutb / tgtrbspgrkb, wgrg basd qujtg ndkkdh jh t`g

Hgdajt`jn. \dlby, kdst di t`gsg wggls brg bssdnjbtgl wjt`

sukkgr nrdps, gxngpt Yjnjb, w`jn` js bssdnjbtgl wjt` wjhtgr

nrdps. Fut wg s`dual fg nbrgiua jh lrbwjho bhy ndhnausjdhs

irdk t`js bs wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr wg kby bppay prgsght-

lby ndhljtjdhs td Hgdajt`jn ghvjrdhkghts.Bhdt`gr prdfagk jhvdavgs turhjp ( Frbssjnb rbpb). _g ld

hdt mhdw idr surg w`gt`gr jt wbs b wjal pabht dr b nrdp pabht

(Frjhmmgkpgr 2::2).

\`g dnnupbhts di t`g _btgrjhogh sjtg kby `bvg

suppagkghtgl t`gjr ljgt wjt` wjal irujts, huts bhl sggls

obt`grgl jh t`g surrduhljhos. Bs bt dt`gr prg`jstdrjn sjtgs,

rgkbjhs di `bzgahuts (Ndryaus bvgaabhb), bppags ( Kbaus

syavgstrjs), sadg pauks ( Sruhus spjhdsb), rdsg`jps ( Vdsb sp.),

ldowddl (Ndrhus sbhoujhgb) bhl, agss irgqughtay, lgw

fabnmfgrrjgs ( Vufus nbgsjus) wgrg ndkkdh ijhls (Fbmgas

2::2). Bs bargbly kghtjdhgl bfdvg, sdkg di t`g irujts

bhl huts, sun` bs t`g `bzgahuts bhl t`g bppag, nbhhdt `bvg

fggh obt`grgl jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos. Fut t`gy brg

prdlunts t`bt nbh fg stdrgl, `bzgahuts bs sun` bhl bppags jh

lrjgl ndhljtjdh.

Hdh-iddl pabhts wgrg basd obt`grgl. \`g rgabtjvgay `jo`

prdpdrtjdh di n`brrgl rus` (^njrpus sp.) rgkbjhs pdjhts

td ùkbh usg. \`g sbkg `dals idr t`g rggl ( S`rbokjtgs

bustrbajs) rgkbjhs. \`g sggls di t`g abttgr pabht wgrg ljiijnua

td jlghtjiy, fut t`g nbrfdhjzgl stgks wgrg irgqughtay

ghnduhtgrgl. \`g pabhts kby `bvg fggh usgl idr fbsmgtry

bhl t`btn`jho. Bhy rgkbjhjho dr lgnbygl pbrts kby `bvg

fggh put dhtd ijrgs.

\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdhs di t`g nbrfdhjzgl bhl

uhnbrfdhjzgl rgkbjhs di t`g pabhts t`bt wgrg usgl fy t`gdnnupbhts ld hdt rgvgba bhy spgnjba bntjvjty brgbs. \`g

bssgkfabogs irdk t`g prjkbry bhl sgndhlbry ijaas di t`g pjts

bhl wgaas wgrg t`g sbkg bs t`dsg irdk t`g blebnght squbrgs,

gxngpt idr t`g ibnt t`bt t`gjr lghsjtjgs wgrg `jo`gr, pgr`bps

fgnbusg pabht rgkbjhs bnnukuabtgl t`grg, gjt`gr fy n`bhng d

fgnbusg t`g dnnupbhts usgl t`g pjts bhl wgaas idr lukpjho

t`g rgkbjhs jh qugstjdh. \`grg js dhay hgobtjvg gvjlghng

27? L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <



suoogstjho t`bt dhg di t`g igbturgs kby fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` b

spgnjba bntjvjty. \`g `gbrt` iduhl dutsjlg t`g `dusg

ndhtbjhgl hd sggls w`btsdgvgr, dhay b abrog bkduht di

n`brndba. Ji t`js `bl fggh b hdrkba ldkgstjn `gbrt`, jhtghlgl

idr t`g prgpbrbtjdh di iddl, jt wdual `bvg yjgalgl sdkg

n`brrgl sggls „ t`bt js bt agbst usubaay t`g nbsg wjt` ldkgstjn

`gbrt`s. \`g bfsghng di n`brrgl sggls kby jhljnbtg t`bt t`js

`gbrt` `bl b ljiigrght iuhntjdh.

7. _ddl M. @ìhhjhgh bhl N. Ygrkggrgh

Baa t`g wbtgradoogl wddl ghnduhtgrgl lurjho t`g gxnbvbtjdhwbs sbkpagl. N`brrgl wddl wbs iduhl jh t`g sbkpags

ndaagntgl idr sggl bhbaysjs bhl jh t`g igbturg jhtgrprgtgl bs b

`gbrt`. \`g wddl wbs bhbayzgl td dftbjh jhidrkbtjdh bfdut

t`g vgogtbtjdh jh t`g vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg bhl bfdut t`g

dnnupbhts' usg di wddl. \`g wddl wbs ljvjlgl jhtd idur

nbtgodrjgs5 wbtgradoogl/uhwdrmgl, wbtgradoogl/pdjhtgl,

wbtgradoogl/wdrmgl bhl n`brrgl wddl. \`g ijrst nbtgodry

prdvjlgl jhidrkbtjdh bfdut t`g vgogtbtjdh, t`g dt`gr t`rgg

s`gl ajo`t dh bspgnts di ùkbh fg`bvjdur. Baa t`g wdrmgl

wddl wbs jlghtjijgl. \`g dt`gr nbtgodrjgs wgrg jhvgstjobtgl

fy tbmjho sbkpags. \`g rgsuats brg s`dwh jh tbfag 6.

B abrog hukfgr di spgnjgs wgrg iduhl. \`js, bhl t`g gquba

ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ljiigrght spgnjgs dvgr t`g idur nbtgodrjgs,

suoogsts t`bt t`g trggs orgw jh brgbs hdt tdd ibr rgkdvgl irdk

t`g sjtg. Kdst wjaa `bvg ordwh jh skbaa wddls di trggs bhl

s`rufs dh lry luhgs. \`g balgr, wjaadw bhl funmt`drh wjaa

`bvg ordwh dh kdjstgr sdjas. Euhjpgr js b spgnjba nbsg. Jt wjaa

ogrkjhbtg dhay jh dpgh tgrrbjh, bhl dhay jh brgbs s`jgalgl irdkfadwjho sbhl. Jts stbhls wgrg kdst prdfbfay td fg iduhl dh t`g

wgstgrh fgbn` fbrrjgr. \`g ibnt t`bt t`g uhwdrmgl rgkbjhs di

wddl ndhsjstgl kbjhay di euhjpgr bhl balgr suoogsts t`bt

t`gsg twd trgg spgnjgs wgrg t`g kdst rgbljay bvbjabfag.

Ljiigrght typgs di wddl wgrg sgagntgl idr ljiigrght usgs.

\`g dutgr pdsts di t`g `dusg wgrg kblg irdk euhjpgr,

prdfbfay fgnbusg euhjpgr js b strdho typg di wddl. \`g


Ijourg 2?. \wd wddlgh brtgibnts

irdk _btgrjhogh <. Dhg di t`g

ghls di t`g pdst (2, irdk igbturg

L:2) `bl fggh s`brpghgl td b

pdjht. \`g tdp pbrt `bl fggh

biigntgl fy dxjlbtjdh. \`g wddlgh

pabhm (65 irdk igbturg \\?9) `bl

fggh nbrgiuaay ijhjs`gl= jts usg js

uhmhdwh. ^nbag5 25>.



truhms wgrg rgkbrmbfay t`jnm. Balgr wbs usgl idr t`g jhhgr

pdsts (ijo. ?). Balgr wddl js sditgr, fut jt wbs rgbljay

bvbjabfag jh t`g vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg bhl bs balgrs brg tbaa trggs,

t`gjr truhms ndual fg usgl td kbmg adho pdsts.

Vgkbjhs di wdrmgl wddl wgrg iduhl jh ijvg igbturgs.

\`gy sggkgl td ndhsjst kbjhay di wbstg. Kun` usg `bl fggh

kblg di kbpag wddl, w`jn` js strdho bhl gbsy td wdrm. Kbpag

wddl `bl fggh usgl td kbmg b rgkbrmbfag brtgibnt (ijo. 2?5 6)

w`dsg iuhntjdh js uhmhdwh. Dt`gr brtgibnts wgrg kblg di balgr

wjaadw, bs` bhl euhjpgr. \`g pjgngs di wdrmgl wddl wgrg jh

vgry pddr ndhljtjdh= hd nutkbrms wgrg vjsjfag dh t`gk.

\`g n`brrgl wddl lgrjvgl irdk obt`grgl ijrg-wddl,

ljsnbrlgl wddlgh dfegnts bhl wbstg idrkgl jh wddl

wdrmjho. Sdkdjlgb, balgr, euhjpgr, pruhg, ldowddl, bs`, dbm

27: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

\bfag 6. _ddl spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <.

Whwdrmgl Sdjhtgl _drmgl N`brrgl

Kbpag < 0.3 „ „ < >>.> „ „ Bngr spg

Balgr 63 <3.3 ? <9.? 6 29.? ? 23.0 Bahus spg

Balgr4 „ „ „ „ „ „ > <.9 ni. Bahus spg

Ldowddl 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Ndrhus spg

@bzga 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ „ „ Ndryaus bvgaabh

Bs` „ „ „ „ 6 29.? 2 2.7 Irbxjhus gxngasjd

Euhjpgr 27 >3.3 ? <9.? 6 29.? 9 :.6 Euhjpgrus ndkkuh

Euhjpgr4 „ „ „ „ „ „ 6 >.2 ni. Euhjpgrus ndkkuh

Bppag/pgbr/`bwt`drh 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ 6: <<.9 Sdkdjl

^wggt n`grry „ „ „ „ „ „ 6 >.2 Sruhus bvju

Fjrln`grry4 < 0.3 „ „ „ „ „ „ Sruhus ni. pblu

âdg4 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ < 9.2 Sruhus ni.spjhd

âdg/fjrln`grry „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Sruhus pblus/spjhd

Sruhg „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Sruhus spg

Sruhg/fjrln`grry „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Sruhus/^drfu

Dbm > 9.3 2 9.9 „ „ 6 >.2 Rugrnus spg

Funmt`drh „ „ „ „ „ „ 6 >.2 V`bkhus nbt`brtjnu

_jaadw „ „ „ „ 6 29.? „ „ ^bajx spg

\dtba 73 233.3 27 ::.: 26 233.2 97 233.6

Jhlgt. 2< <

\bfag >. Kbkkba spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <. >b->l rgigr td t`g suf-uhjts di Whjt >.

\dtba % >b % >f % >n % >l % Igbturgs %

Nbttag 60< <>.6 63 >3.> >< 70.9 < 60.9 6 73.3 27 76.9 Fds tbur

Vgl lggr 277 6>.9 >> 73.3 0 26.2 2 ?.2 „ „ < 62.3 Ngrvus gabp`

Sjo (w/l) 27> 6>.> 22 29.? 29 6<.6 > 62.< 2 67.3 7 69.> ûs snrdib/ld

Ldo <3 9.2 2 2.7 „ „ 7 >7.? 2 67.3 „ „ Nbhjs ibkjajbr

Fgbvgr 23 2.7 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Nbstdr ijf

Dttgr ? 2.2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Autrb aut_jal nbt > 3.< 2 2.7 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Igajs sjavgstr

Kdag 6 3.> „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ \bapb gurdpbg

_btgr vdag 2 3.2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Brvjndab tgrrgstr

Orgy ^gba 2 3.2 „ „ „ „ 2 ?.2 „ „ „ „ @bajndgrus orypu

Nbrhjvdrg 2 3.2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

\dtbas 97? ::.0 99 233.3 70 ::.: 2< ::.: < 233.3 2: ::.:

AK 223 7 7 2 > 2

KK 22 > „ 2 „ 2

^K 7 „ „ „ „ „

Jhlgt. 66?? 20: 2<: 2< 63 6




Ijourg 20. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g fdhg rgkbjhs. \`g abrogst

ldts rgprgsght bt agbst 673 o pgr

squbrg.

Ijourg 2:. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g fdhgs di Fds tburus . \`g

abrogst ldts rgprgsght 0 fdhg

irbokghts pgr squbrg.


di t`g fdhgs di Ngrvus gabpùs .

\`g abrogst ldts rgprgsght bt agbst

7 fdhg irbokghts pgr squbrg.



Ijourg 62. \rjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwjho t`g prdpdrtjdhs di fdhgs di

wjal bhl ldkgstjnbtgl bhjkbas bhl (wjal/ldkgstjnbtgl) pjo irdk 29

Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sjtgs (sgg tbfag <). \`g fdhg spgntruk di _btgrjhogh

< fgbrs t`g nadsgst rgsgkfabhng td t`g spgntrb di t`g ndbstbasgttagkghts irdk t`g Yabbrljhogh pgrjdl, w`grg t`g fdhgs wgrg

ndhnghtrbtgl jh naustgrs bssdnjbtgl wjt` ljiigrght ghvjrdhkghtba zdhgs

bhl funmt`drh wgrg jlghtjijgl. \`g n`brrgl wddl irdk t`g

`gbrt` ndhsjstgl gxnausjvgay di Sdkdjlgb, wddl t`bt furhs

gxtrgkgay wgaa.

9. Kbkkba fdhgs L. Sbbakbh

\bfag > prgsghts b survgy di t`g kbkkba fdhgs. Nbttag js

t`g kdst irgqughtay jlghtjijgl spgnjgs, idaadwgl fy pjo (wjaldr ldkgstjnbtgl) bhl rgl lggr. ^dkg fdhgs ndual hdt fg

jlghtjijgl td spgnjgs agvga. \`gy wgrg sufljvjlgl jhtd Abrog

Kbkkbas (nbttag dr rgl lggr), Kgljuk-^jzgl Kbkkbas

(pjo, ldo dr euvghjag abrog kbkkbas) bhl ^kbaa Kbkkbas

(fgbvgr, dttgr, wjal nbt dr euvghjag kgljuk-sjzgl kbkkbas)

dh t`g fbsjs di t`gjr sjzg.

\`g fdhgs irdk t`g uppgr bhl adwgr pbrt di t`g pgbt dh

t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg wgrg stuljgl sgpbrbtgay bs jt wbs

`dpgl t`bt bhy ljstjhntjvg ljiigrghngs dfsgrvbfag fgtwggh t`g

bssgkfabogs irdk t`dsg suf-uhjts wdual s`gl kdrg ajo`t dh

t`g n`rdhdadoy di t`g dnnupbtjdh. Whidrtuhbtgay, `dwgvgr,

t`g abygrs yjgalgl jhsuiijnjght ijhls td baadw bhy ndhnausjdhs.

\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fdhgs ljiigrs irdk t`gljstrjfutjdhs di t`g dt`gr nbtgodrjgs di ijhls (ndkpbrg ijo. 20

wjt` ijos 69, 6: bhl >>). \`g fdhgs wgrg iduhl prgldkj-

hbhtay dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg, w`grgbs t`g kbedrjty di t`g

dt`gr ijhls nbkg td ajo`t dh tdp di t`g luhg. \`js js

pbrtjnuabray bppbrght jh t`g ijourgs s`dwjho t`g hukfgrs di

jlghtjijgl fdhgs (ijos 2:, 63). \`g ljiigrghng jh t`g

ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fdhgs ndual fg bttrjfutbfag td gjt`gr

ùkbh bntjvjtjgs dr ljiigrghngs jh prgsgrvbtjdh ndhljtjdhs

fgtwggh t`g tdp di t`g luhg bhl t`g sadpgs. \`g ibnts t`bt

fdhgs wgrg basd iduhl dh tdp di t`g luhg bhl t`bt t`gy wgrg

di t`g sbkg qubajty bs t`dsg iduhl iurt`gr ldwh jkpajgs t`bt

t`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fdhgs js b ndhsgqughng di

ùkbh bntjvjtjgs. Ji, bs brougl jh sgntjdh >, t`g nghtrg di t`g

sgttagkght jhlggl aby dh tdp di t`g luhg, t`js kust kgbh t`bt

bhjkbas wgrg gjt`gr futn`grgl bwby irdk t`g nghtrg di t`g

sgttagkght, dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg, dr jh t`g nghtrg di t`g

sgttagkght, bitgr w`jn` t`gjr fdhgs wgrg tbmgh gasgw`grg.

\`grg js ajttag gvjlghng irdk w`jn` wg kby jhigr w`gt`gr

t`g sjtg wbs dnnupjgl dh b sgbsdhba dr b ygbr-rduhl fbsjs.

_`bt ndual fg bh jhljnbtjdh di sgbsdhba dnnupbtjdh js b

kbhljfag di b nbai di bfdut twd kdht`s dal. Ji wg bssukg

t`bt nbavgs wgrg fdrh brduhl Bprja (Idmmjhob 2:07), t`js

kbhljfag pdjhts td sukkgr `bfjtbtjdh. B sgndhl jhljnbtjdh

di dnnupbtjdh jh b spgnjijn sgbsdh js prdvjlgl fy t`g rgkbjhs

di t`rgg iuaa-ordwh bhtagrs bhl irbokghts di t`g smuaas di rgllggr. \`gy suoogst t`bt t`g lggr wgrg mjaagl sdkg tjkg

fgtwggh Dntdfgr bhl Igfrubry/Kbrn` (Sgatzgr 2::2, 26).

\`js agbvgs us wjt` jhljnbtjdhs di fdt` sukkgr bhl wjhtgr

bntjvjtjgs bt t`g sjtg.

\`g prdpdrtjdh di nbttag jh t`g ibuhba spgntruk di

_btgrjhogh js ndhsjlgrbfay `jo`gr t`bh t`bt iduhl bt S2< bhl

@bzghldhm >, t`g dhay twd ndhtgkpdrbry sjtgs jh t`g


Hgt`grabhls td `bvg yjgalgl prgsgrvgl fdhgs, w`grgbs t`g

prdpdrtjdh di wjal kbkkbas js kun` adwgr (ijo. 62, tbfag <)

\`g fdhg bssgkfabog di _btgrjhogh fgbrs b nadsgr

rgsgkfabhng td t`g bssgkfabogs di t`g ndbstba sjtgs di t`g

Kjllag Hgdajt`jn F Yabbrljhogh Ordup t`bh td t`bt di

@bzghldhm >. Ijourg 62, jh w`jn` t`g fdhg spgntrb di

_btgrjhogh <, @bzghldhm > bhl S2< brg ndkpbrgl, suoogsts

t`bt t`g gndhdkjn ljvgrsjty n`brbntgrjstjn di t`g Yabbrljhogh

pgrjdl (ndhtrb Ygr`brt 2::65 :7) kby bargbly `bvg gxjstgl jh

t`g @bzghldhm > pgrjdl.

?. Fjrl fdhgs L. Sbbakb

Di t`g tdtba di ?06 fjrl fdhgs rgndvgrgl, <9> ndual fg

jlghtjijgl (tbf. 7). \`g `jo` prdpdrtjdh di uhjlghtjijbfag

fdhgs js bttrjfutbfag td ohbwjho fy ldos, w`jn` rgsuatgl jh b

abrog hukfgr di fdhgs wjt`dut ljstba bhl prdxjkba ghls.

\`g spgntruk js ldkjhbtgl fy kbaabrl ( Bhbs pabtyr`yh-

n`ds). \gba/obrobhgy ( Bhbs sp.) bhl wjlogdh ( Bhbs

pghgadpg) brg basd wgaa rgprgsghtgl. Whjts >b bhl >f yjgalgl

rgabtjvgay igw fjrl fdhgs, fut t`g rbhog di spgnjgs

rgprgsghtgl jh t`gsg abygrs bhl t`g prdpdrtjdhs di t`gjhljvjluba spgnjgs brg sjkjabr td t`dsg di t`g dvgrbaa

spgntruk. \`g rgprgsghtgl spgnjgs brg baa wbtgr fjrls, w`jn`

suoogsts t`bt t`g fjrls wgrg mjaagl jh bh ghvjrdhkght

bfduhljho jh wbtgr.

\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fjrl fdhgs s`dws b igw

ljstjhntjvg ndhnghtrbtjdhs, w`jn` kby rgprgsght t`g rgkbjhs

di b skbaa hukfgr di idwajho gxpgljtjdhs (ijo. 66). Di t`g



kdst irgqughtay ghnduhtgrgl spgnjgs, wjlogdh wbs

rgprgsghtgl dhay jh t`g ndhnghtrbtjdh iduhl dh tdp di t`g

luhg (ijo. 6>). \`g kbedrjty di t`g tgba/obrobhgy fdhgs, dh

t`g ndhtrbry, wgrg iduhl jh t`g ndhnghtrbtjdh brduhl ZZ22<.

\`g ljstrjfutjdh di kbaabrl fdhgs js vgry sjkjabr td t`bt di baa

t`g fjrl fdhgs ndaagntjvgay. Jt js tgkptjho td jhtgrprgt t`g

lgvjbtjho ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs di wjlogdh bhl tgba/obrobhgy

bs t`g rgsuats di idwajho gxpgljtjdhs t`bt idnusgl dh t`gsg

spgnjijn spgnjgs. Kbaabrls wgrg prgsukbfay mjaagl kdrg

ditgh, w`jn` wdual gxpabjh w`y t`gjr ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh

ndrrgspdhls td t`bt di baa t`g fjrls ndaagntjvgay, di w`jn`

kbaabrl js t`g ldkjhbht ndkpdhght.

Fgsjlgs irdk t`g fdhgs di ngrtbjh kbkkba spgnjgs,

jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g sgbsdh di dnnupbtjdh nbh basd fg jhigrrgl

irdk t`g fdhgs di ngrtbjh fjrl spgnjgs. Dh t`g fbsjs di

prgsght-lby gvjlghng jt js bssukgl t`bt wjlogdh wbs nbuo`t

jh t`g wjhtgr `bai di t`g ygbr. Fut dt`gr wbtgr fjrls t`bt

wjhtgr jh t`g Hgt`grabhls hdwblbys „ sun` bs t`dsg

rgprgsghtgl bt Fgrosn`gh`dgm (Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:07, ??)

„ brg ndhspjnudusay bfsght jh t`g fjrl spgntruk. \`js js baa

t`g kdrg rgkbrmbfag jh vjgw di t`g rgabtjvgay `jo`

prdpdrtjdh di jlghtjijgl fjrl fdhgs. Baa t`g dt`gr fjrl

spgnjgs fgsjlgs wjlogdh wgrg prdfbfay bvbjabfag jh t`g

sukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr (tgba), dr t`rduo`dut t`g ygbr


\bfag <. \`g kbkkba fdhg spgntrb di 29 sjtgs. Hds 2-> brg di _btgrjhogh < bhl twd ndhtgkpdrbry sjtgs,

t`g dt`gr brg di t`g Yabbrljhogh Ordup. \`gsg lbtb wgrg usgl td ndhstrunt t`g trjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwh

jh ijo. 62. Bitgr Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.23.

Hd. sjtg ‐nuaturg'_jal

SjoLdkgstjnbtgl

Ajtgrbturgbhjkbas bhjkbas

2 _btgrjhogh < @bzghldhm > 6? 6> <:

6 @bzghldhm > @bzghldhm > 0> 23 ? Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag <> S2<, abygrs BFN ^wjitgrfbht 7? 6: 2< Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.>

< @bzghldhm Yabbrljhogh 2f 02 27 6 Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag 7

7 @bzghldhm Yabbrljhogh 6f ?? 26 22 jl., tbfag 9

9 Yabbrljhogh Yabbrljhogh <0 >? 27 Nabsdh 2:9?, tbfag 2

? @gmgajhogh J Yabbrljhogh 73 69 6< jl., tbfag >

0 @gmgajhogh JJJ-2 Yabbrljhogh <7 >9 63 Srukkga 2:0?, tbfag 6

: @gmgajhogh JJJ-6 Yabbrljhogh 70 20 6< jl.

23 @gmgajhogh JJJ-> Yabbrljhogh 92 67 2< jl.

22 Gwjem Yabbrljhogh < >3 7? Nabsdh 2::3, 600-60:

26 Ubhlwgrvgh Yabbrljhogh 6 6 :9 Nabsdh 2:9?, tbfag 7

2> Yddrsn`dtgh-L Yabbrljhogh > 72 <9 Lgnmgrs 2::2, tbfag 2

2< Yddrsn`dtgh-F Yabbrljhogh 2 2> 27 ?6 Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog

gt ba. 2:90, tbfag 2

27 Yddrsn`dtgh-F Yabbrljhogh 6 >6 0 93 jl.

29 Agjlsn`ghlbk Yabbrljhogh 26 >0 73 jl., tbfag 6

\bfag 7. \`g fjrl spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <.

\dtba % >b % >f %

Kbaabrl 6<3 72.0 2 26.7 6 67.3 Bhbs pabtyr`yhn`ds

Lunm 263 69.3 > >?.7 > >?.7 Bhbtjlbg

\gba/Obrobhgy 76 22.6 > >?.7 „ „ Bhbs spgn.

_jlogdh >0 0.6 „ „ „ „ Bhbs pghgadpg

Gjlgr 9 2.> 2 26.7 2 26.7 ^dkbtrjb kdaajssjkb

Oddsg < 3.: „ „ 2 26.7 Bhsgr spgn.Nddt 2 3.6 „ „ „ „ Iuajnb btrb

Orgy `grdh 2 3.6 „ „ 2 26.7 Brlgb njhgrgb

Sadvgr 2 3.6 „ „ „ „ N`brb spgn.

\dtbas <9> 233.3 0 233.3 0 233.3

Jhlgt. >2: 6 6




\bfag 9. \`g ijs` spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <.

\dtbas _gaa 00N Dt`gr

^turogdh 6 3.0 „ „ 6 0.> Bnjpghsgr sturjd A

Gga 2>9 7<.3 2>9 7:.9 „ „ Bhoujaab bhoujaab (A

Nbrp ibkjay 29 9.> 27 9.9 2 <.6 Nyprjhjlb

Frgbk 6 3.0 2 3.< 2 <.6 Bfrbkjs frbkb (A

Sjmg ? 6.0 9 6.9 2 <.6 Gsdx aunjus A

^bakdh/^gb trdut > 2.6 > 2.> „ „ ^bakd spg

Sgrn` < 2.9 < 2.? „ „ Sgrnb iauvjbtjajs A

Kuaagt ibkjay 2? 9.? 2> 7.? < 29.? Kuojajlb

\`jh-ajppgl kuaagt 2< 7.7 7 6.6 : >?.7 Ajzb rbkblb (Vjss

Sabjng ibkjay <9 20.6 <2 20.3 7 63.0 Sagurdhgntjl

Iaduhlgr 7 6.3 < 2.? 2 <.6 Sabtjn`t`ys iagsus (A

\dtbas 676 ::.: 660 ::.0 6< 233.2

Jhlgt. >:0 >:9 6


di t`g fjrl fdhgs. \`g skbaagst ldts

rgprgsght 2-7 fdhg irbokghts pgr

squbrg, t`g kgljuk-sjzgl ldts 9->3

fdhgs bhl t`g abrogst ldts ?<-:>

fjrl fdhgs pgr squbrg.

Ijourg 6>. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g fdhgs di Bhbs pghgadpg . \`g

skbaagst ldts rgprgsght 2 fdhg

irbokght pgr squbrg, t`g kgljuk-

sjzgl ldts 6 fdhgs bhl t`g abrogst

ldts 0-2< fjrl fdhgs pgr squbrg.



(kbaabrl, gjlgr, obrobhgy). Bs hd ljstjhntjdh wbs kblg

fgtwggh tgba bhl obrobhgy jh t`g bhbaysjs di t`g fjrl fdhgs

wg nbhhdt ndhnaulg irdk t`js t`bt t`g fjrls wgrg mjaagl dhay

jh t`g sukkgr.

0. Ijs` fdhgs F. Fggrgh`dut

Dwjho td t`g gkpadygl gxnbvbtjdh tgn`hjqugs, igw ijs`rgkbjhs wgrg rgndvgrgl bt _btgrjhogh. Dhay 69 irbokghts

wgrg ndaagntgl fy `bhl= >:9 dt`grs wgrg rgndvgrgl irdk b

sjgvgl sbkpag irdk wgaa N00. Bs nbh fg sggh jh tbfag 9, t`g

rgkbjhs rgprgsght gjo`t spgnjgs. \`gy jhnaulg irgs`wbtgr ijs`

(pjmg ( Gsdx aunjus A.) pgrn` ( Sgrnb iauvjbtjajs A.) bhl frgbk

( Bfrbkjs frbkb)), ijs` t`bt tdagrbtg irgs` wbtgr idr adho

pgrjdls (gga ( Bhoujaab bhoujaab), kuaagt (Kuojajlbg) bhl

iaduhlgr ( Sabtjn`tùs iagsus)) bhl ijs` t`bt tdagrbtg sbat wbtgr

idr adho pgrjdls (sturogdh ( Bnjpghsgr sturjd A.) bhl

sbakdh/sgb trdut (^bakd spgn.). _jt` t`g gxngptjdh di pgrn`,

baa t`gsg spgnjgs nbh fg iduhl jh frbnmjs` wbtgr, fut t`gy

spbwh gjt`gr jh irgs` wbtgr (pjmg, pgrn`, sbakdh/sgb trdut,

sturogdh, frgbk) dr jh sbat wbtgr (gga, kuaagt, iaduhlgr=Fdllgmg 2:?<= Hjessgh/Lg Orddt 2:0?). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho,

baa t`gsg spgnjgs tdagrbtg irgs` wbtgr idr vbryjho aghot`s di

tjkg, w`jn` suoogsts t`bt t`g sjtg wbs sjtubtgl jh b

irgs`wbtgr ghvjrdhkght (sgg basd t`g sgntjdh dh t`g idrkgr

vgogtbtjdh, <.6).

Bs t`g twd ijs` fdhg bssgkfabogs ljiigr ndhsjlgrbfay, t`gy

wjaa fg ljsnussgl sgpbrbtgay fgadw. 676 di t`g irbokghts

irdk wgaa N00 wgrg jlghtjijgl, >0 di w`jn` wgrg irbokghts

di ljstdrtgl vgrtgfrbg. Bnndrljho td Edhgs, t`g ljstdrtjdh js

n`brbntgrjstjn di vgrtgfrbg t`bt `bvg pbssgl t`rduo` b

kgtbfdajn systgk (2:0<5 92-97). ^jx vgrtgfrbg kdrgdvgr

s`dwgl sjohs di ohbwjho dr tddt` kbrms. \`g s`brp, pdjhtgl

tddt` kbrms nbhhdt `bvg fggh kblg fy ùkbh fgjhos dr

ldos. \`gsg rgkbjhs wgrg baa vgry irbokghtbry, t`gjr suribngs

pbrtay grdlgl. \`g nrbhjba smgagtdh wbs pddray rgprgsghtgl jh

ndkpbrjsdh wjt` t`g rgst di t`g smgagtdh. B ijhba ndhspjnudus

bspgnt di t`gsg rgkbjhs js t`bt t`gy jhnaulgl t`jrtggh furhgl

irbokghts, ijvg di w`jn` wgrg nbanjhgl. \`js suoogsts t`bt

t`g fdhgs wgrg hdt furhgl lurjho nddmjho, idr baa iddlstuiis

fgndkg jhgljfag bt t`g `jo` tgkpgrbturgs rgqujrgl idr

nbanjhbtjdh. Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`g irbokghts wgrg

sgndhlbrjay furhgl.

\`g n`brbntgrjstjns lgsnrjfgl bfdvg agbl td t`g ndhnausjdh

t`bt t`js bssgkfabog js hdt t`g rgsuat di ùkbh nddmjho

bntjvjtjgs, fut t`g ndhtghts di t`g stdkbn` di b ijs`-gbtjhokbkkba, prdfbfay bh dttgr. Bfdut :3% di bh dttgr's ljgt

ndhsjsts di ljiigrght mjhls di ijs`= t`g rgst ndkprjsgs skbaa

kbkkbas, fjrls, s`gaa-ijs` bhl jhsgnts (Kbsdh/Kbnldhbal

2:0<, ?-23). _`gh bh dttgr nbtn`gs b abrog ijs`, jt tbmgs t`g

ijs` bs`drg bhl gbts ngrtbjh pbrts di jt, jh pbrtjnuabr t`g sdit

pbrts fg`jhl t`g `gbl bhl t`g stdkbn` brgb= t`g rgst di t`g

ijs` js ditgh agit uhtdun`gl (Frdgmùjzgh 2:07, :?-2:7). \`js

fg`bvjdur wdual qujtg pabusjfay bnnduht idr t`g ijs` rgkbjhs

iduhl jh wgaa N00.

Dttgrs gxpadjt hdt dhay irgs`wbtgr brgbs, fut basd frbnmjs`

gstubrjgs bhl kbrjhg ghvjrdhkghts (Orggh gt ba. 2:0<, 2<3).

\`gy ibvdur brgbs wjt` `jljho pabngs, w`grg t`g wbtgr js hdt

lggpgr t`bh ijvg kgtrgs. Dttgrs s`dw b prgigrghng idr gga,

gspgnjbaay jh t`g sukkgr, w`gh ggas brg bntjvg bhl `ghnggbsy td ijhl. Jh t`g wjhtgr, w`gh t`gy brg hdt bntjvg, ggas brg

`brlgr td ijhl (Kbsdh/Kbnldhbal 2:0<, ?). Jh gstubrjhg

ghvjrdhkghts, dttgrs basd ndkkdhay ndhsukg iabtijs`5 jh

Euhg bhl Euay t`gy ndhsukg gga bhl iabtijs` jh gquba

prdpdrtjdhs, jh Buoust t`gy ditgh ndhsukg kdrg iabtijs`

(@grist 2:0<, 99). \`gsg prgsght-lby lbtb ndhijrk t`g

jhtgrprgtbtjdh di t`js bssgkfabog bs t`g ndhtghts di t`g

stdkbn` di bh dttgr.

\`g ldkjhbhng di gga (bhl iabtijs`) suoogsts t`bt t`g dttgr

ndhsukgl `js abst kgba jh t`g sukkgr. \`g ibnt t`bt t`g

ndhtghts di t`g futn`grgl bhjkba's stdkbn` ghlgl up jh t`g

sgndhlbry ijaa di wgaa N00 suoogsts t`bt t`js wgaa wbs

sgndhlbrjay usgl bs b rgiusg pjt. \`g ijs` rgkbjhs prdvjlg bhjhljnbtjdh di t`g bqubtjn ndhljtjdhs wjt`jh b rbljus di

2.7-7 mk irdk t`g pabng w`grg t`g dttgr wbs mjaagl „ t`g sjzg

di t`g tgrrjtdry di b skbaa ordup di dttgrs (Yggh 2:?7, 62-

>?). Ji t`g dttgr wbs mjaagl hgbr t`g sgttagkght, t`gh wg kby

jhigr irdk t`g rgkbjhs t`bt t`g sgttagkght wbs sjtubtgl jh b

irgs`wbtgr ghvjrdhkght wjt` frbnmjs` wbtgr hgbrfy.

Dutsjlg wgaa N00 hd kdrg t`bh 69 irbokghts di ijs` fdhgs

wgrg iduhl. \`gy brg td fg jhtgrprgtgl bs b kjxgl

bssgkfabog spbhhjho t`g ghtjrg pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh.

\`g rgkbjhs di sturogdh bhl t`jh-ajppgl kuaagt, twd spgnjgs

w`jn` wgrg td fg iduhl hgbr t`g sjtg dhay jh t`g sukkgr

sgbsdh, brg jhljsputbfag gvjlghng idr dnnupbtjdh jh t`g

sukkgr (tbf. ?). Fut t`gy ld hdt jkpay t`bt t`g sjtg wbs

dnnupjgl dh b sgbsdhba fbsjs dhay, bs t`g rgkbjhs di t`g

dt`gr ijs` spgnjgs kby rgiagnt dnnupbtjdh jh t`g wjhtgr.

:. Sdttgry L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs

:.2. JH\VDLWN\JDH

Jh tdtba, t`g pdttgry s`grls rgndvgrgl jh t`g gxnbvbtjdh

wgjo`gl <:,09? o. Dhay b pdrtjdh di t`js pdttgry wbs

bhbayzgl, hbkgay t`g s`grls w`dsg tgkpgr wbs stjaa

jlghtjijbfag bhl w`dsg suribng `bl survjvgl suiijnjghtay

jhtbnt idr us td fg bfag td lgtgrkjhg w`gt`gr dr hdt t`g

pdttgry `bl fggh lgndrbtgl5 j.g. >39> s`grls wjt` b tdtba

wgjo`t di <3,>?2 o, 02% di t`g dvgrbaa wgjo`t di t`g pdttgry.\bfags 0 td 22 s`dw vbrjdus qubajtbtjvg bhl qubhtjtbtjvg

n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g pdttgry irdk idur ljiigrght strbtjorbp`jn

ndhtgxts. Bs hd ndhnausjdhs nbh fg lrbwh irdk t`g > bhl

6 s`grls t bt wgrg rgndvgrgl irdk Whjts >n bhl >l,

rgspgntjvgay, t`dsg s`grls `bvg hdt fggh jhnaulgl jh t`gsg

tbfags. Bs nbh fg sggh jh t`g tbfags, t`g bvgrbog tdtba wgjo`t

di t`g pdttgry irdk >f js ndhsjlgrbfay `jo`gr t`bh t`bt di t`g




pdttgry irdk t`g dvgrayjho >b. \`js js uhlduftglay lug td t`g

ibnt t`bt t`g pdttgry ndhtbjhgl jh >f fgnbkg furjgl fghgbt` b

abygr di pgbt rgabtjvgay qujnmay, w`jn` prdtgntgl jt irdk t`g

lgstruntjvg giignts di trbkpajho. \`g <9 s`grls t`bt wgrg

rgndvgrgl irdk t`g igbturgs brg dh bvgrbog b ajttag `gbvjgr bhl

t`jnmgr t`bh t`g s`grls di t`g bssgkfabog bs b w`dag bhl t`gy

brg basd tgkpgrgl wjt` kdrg ordo bhl s`dw agss lgndrbtjdh.\`g rgagvbhng di t`gsg ljiigrghngs js ljiijnuat td bssgs. Bh

bspgnt di t`g dvgrbaa _btgrjhogh pdttgry bssgkfabog t`bt

s`dual fg kghtjdhgl `grg js t`bt jt ndhtbjhgl hd s`grls di

typgs hdt ghnduhtgrgl bt t`g dt`gr sjtgs di t`g @bzghldhm >

Ordup. \`g ibnt t`bt b hukfgr di s`grls rgndvgrgl irdk

ljiigrght ndhtgxts ndual fg ijttgl tdogt`gr sggks td eustjiy

dur lgnjsjdh td trgbt t`g s`grls bs b sjhoag bssgkfabog.

:.6. LG^NVJS\JDH

Ijrst t`g n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g pdttgry wjaa fg ljsnussgl,

bh t`g gkpadygl vbrjbfags wjaa fg jhtrdlungl, bitgr w`jn` t`g

irbokghts s`dwh jh ijourgs 6< bhl 67 wjaa fg frjgiay

lgsnrjfgl. Ijhbaay, t`g kbjh igbturgs di t`g pdttgry wjaa fg

sukkbrjsgl bhl t`g pdttgry wjaa fg ndkpbrgl wjt` t`bt irdk

dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs.

:.6.2. \gkpgr

\`g bkduht bhl typg di tgkpgr usgl idr b pdt kby `bvg

fggh ljntbtgl fy ndhsjlgrbtjdhs rgabtjho td, idr gxbkpag, t`g

sjzg dr iuhntjdh t`g pdt, jts wbaa t`jnmhgss dr w`gt`gr dr hdt

t`g pdt wbs td fg lgndrbtgl, dr jt kby `bvg fggh nuaturbaay

lgtgrkjhgl, bs pgr`bps suoogstgl fy t`g n`rdhdadojnba


\bfag ?. \`g prdfbfag sgbsdhba prgsghng di ijs` spgnjgs jh t`g surrduhljhos di _btgrjhogh <.

kdht`5 2 6 * > < 7 * 9 ? 0 * : 23 22 * 26

sturogdh -------------------------------------------- -- -- -- --

gga --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

frgbk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pjmg --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sbakdh/sgb trdut -- ------------------ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

pgrn --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

t`jh-ajppgl kuaagt -- -------------------- -- --

iaduhlgr -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\bfag 0. Rubhtjtbtjvg bhl qubajtbtjvg n`brbntgrjstjns di t g _btgrjhogh < pdttgry.

Baa s`grlsDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas

3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >

Hukfgr :>: :92 02: ><< 29>3 ?6? 92> :> >9? 239< 2302 772 >39>

Sgrnghtbog >3.9 >2.< 69.? 22.6 7>.6 6>.? 63.3 >.3 26.3 ><.? >7.> 20.3

_gjo`t (o) 23,?62 2>,<37 22,7?0 <,97> 63,<?6 :,:?> 0,076 2,>6: >,?:< 26,972 27,6<7 :,302 <3,><9

Sgrnghtbog 69.9 >>.6 60.? 22.7 73.? 6<.? 62.> >.> 0.< >2.> >?.0 66.7

Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) 22.< 2>.: 2<.2 2>.7 26.7 2>.? 2<.3 2<.> :.6 22.: 2<.2 29.7 2>.6

Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) 0.0 :.6 :.< :.? :.6 :.3 :.< :.? :.9 :.2 :.2 :.< :.6

\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 233 2<9 2?0 0< 62< 2>2 269 0 :7 632 263 7> 773

H-edjhs 6: ?3 << 2> :> >? 6> 6 2> 70 9< 62 27?

U-edjhs 23 22 7 6 20 < < 6 6 22 23 9 6:

ûribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 6:3 >90 >2? :7 732 693 697 << :: >92 >00 666 23?3

^kddt`gl 606 6:6 663 :> <96 67> 2<: 6> 262 ><? >9: 223 00?

Sdajs`gl 96 2> >3 >3 ?0 63 >9 2 <3 >3 7< 22 2>7

Fgsghstrjn` 2? 63 2? 9 >9 22 26 2 > 20 2: 63 93

^kgbrgl < 0 : 3 26 < 7 3 6 < 23 7 62

Jrrgouabr 297 263 :> <: 69< 90 06 2> >: 2>0 27> :? <6?

_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 72 ?2 <0 2< :3 >? 72 9 9 7: 02 >0 20<

@daadw jhstrukght >3 0 9 7 >< < 23 2 < 2< 66 : <:

^jhoag ijhogrtjp 26: 239 26< >> 209 262 ?2 2< 29 269 2<? 29> >:6

Ldufag ijhogrtjp 6> 27 2< ? >9 23 : < 6 2> >3 2< 7:

Vjk lgndrbtjdh5 Ijhogrtjp 6 7 2 2 ? 6 3 3 3 6 < > :

^pbtuab > 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 >



vbrjbtjdhs dfsgrvbfag jh sdkg Kjllag Hgdajt`jn pdttgry

(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 677-603). \`g lgtgrkjhbtjdh di t`g

bkduht bhl typg di tgkpgr js t`grgidrg bh jkpdrtbht bspgnt

di pdttgry bhbaysjs.

B sgt di rgigrghng s`grls wbs usgl td lgtgrkjhg t`g

bkduhts di tgkpgr jh t`g s`grls. ^jx s`grls ndhtbjhjho

ljiigrght bkduhts di stdhg orjt, ordo bhl drobhjn tgkpgr

lgtgrkjhgl t`g ajkjts di t`rgg rbhogs rgprgsghtjho skbaa,

bvgrbog bhl abrog qubhtjtjgs di tgkpgr. \`g bvgrbog pbrtjnag

sjzg di t`g stdhg orjt bhl ordo wbs gstjkbtgl jh kk= t`g

bvgrbog pbrtjnag sjzg di t`g drobhjn tgkpgr wbs hdt

gstjkbtgl, bs t`bt wdual `bvg fggh tdd ljiijnuat jh kdst

nbsgs. \`g orjt ghnduhtgrgl jh kdst di t`g s`grls wbs

nrus`gl qubrtz= b igw s`grls ndhtbjhgl nrus`gl orbhjtjn rdnm.

Jh drlgr td fg bfag td stuly t`g rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g typgs bhl

bkduhts di tgkpgr dh t`g dhg `bhl bhl t`g dt`gr n`brbntgrjstjns

di t`g pdttgry dh t`g dt`gr, t`g s`grls wgrg sufljvjlgl dh t`g

fbsjs di t`g typg di tgkpgr ndhtbjhgl jh t`gk. \`g rgsuats brg

prgsghtgl jh tbfags 0 td 22. \`gsg tbfags wgrg usgl bs b fbsjs

idr stulyjho ljiigrghngs wjt`jh t`g bssgkfabog bhl fgtwggh

t`js bssgkfabog bhl dt`gr bssgkfabogs.

Bs nbh fg sggh jh tbfag 0, t`g kbedrjty di t`g s`grls brg

tgkpgrgl wjt` bvgrbog dr abrog qubhtjtjgs di orjt, fut kun`

usg wbs basd kblg di drobhjn tgkpgr bhl ordo. \`g bvgrbog

pbrtjnag sjzg di t`g orjt tgkpgr vbrjgs irdk 6.3 kk (skbaa

qubhtjty) td 6.? kk (abrog qubhtjty)= t`g bvgrbog pbrtjnag

sjzg di t`g ordo vbrjgs irdk 6.2 kk (skbaa qubhtjty) td

6.: kk (abrog qubhtjty).


\bfag :. ^bkg bs tbfag 0, hdw idr t`g s`grls irdk Whjt >b.

Whjt >bDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas

3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >

Hukfgr 0 0 7 2 2? 7 „ „ 2 7 : ? 66

Sgrnghtbog >9.< >9.< 66.? <.7 ??.> 66.? „ „ <.7 66.? <3.: >2.0

_gjo`t (o) 23: 266 9> 20 673 96 „ „ 7 ?: :6 2>9 >26Sgrnghtbog ><.: >:.2 63.6 7.0 03.2 2:.2 „ „ 2.9 67.> 6:.7 <>.9

Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) 2>.9 27.6 26.9 20.3 2<.? 26.< „ „ 7.3 27.0 23.6 2:.< 2<.6

Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) :.6 0.7 22.9 22.3 :.? :.6 „ „ 2>.3 :.6 23.> 0.< :.9

\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 2 2 3 3 2 2 „ „ 3 6 3 3 6

H-edjhs 3 2 2 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 6 3 6

ûribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 2 2 3 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 3 6 6

^kddt`gl > > 3 2 7 6 „ „ 3 < 6 2 ?

Fgsghstrjn` > 6 2 3 < 6 „ „ 2 3 2 < 9

Jrrgouabr 2 3 2 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 6 3 6

_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 2 3 2 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 6 3 6

\bfag 23. ^bkg bs tbfag 0, hdw idr t`g s`grls irdk Whjt >f.

Whjt >fDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas

3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >

Hukfgr 6> 23 6 7 60 0 < „ > 22 2? : <3

Sgrnghtbog 7?.7 67.3 7.3 26.7 ?3.3 63.3 23.3 „ ?.7 6?.7 <6.7 66.7

_gjo`t (o) 7<2 62: 62 ?3 <:< 697 :6 „ <2 ><? 69> 633 072

Sgrnghtbog 9>.9 67.? 6.7 0.6 70.3 >2.2 23.0 „ <.0 <3.0 >3.: 6>.7

Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) 6>.7 62.: 23.7 2<.3 2?.9 >>.2 6>.3 „ 2>.? >2.7 27.7 66.6 62.>

Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) :.9 :.9 :.3 26.0 23.> 0.? 23.6 „ 2>.< :.: :.0 :.2 23.3

\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 2 2 3 > < 2 3 „ > 3 6 3 7

U-edjhs 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 „ 3 3 2 3 2

ûribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 6 3 3 3 6 3 3 „ 3 3 3 6 6

^kddt`gl ? 9 3 2 : > 6 „ 2 7 7 > 2<

Fgsghstrjn` < 2 6 > ? 6 2 „ 2 6 > < 23

Jrrgouabr ? > 3 2 0 6 2 „ 3 < ? 3 22

_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 „ 3 3 6 3 6

^jhoag ijhogrtjp < 3 3 3 6 6 3 „ 3 6 2 2 <



:.6.6. Hukfgr bhl wgjo`t

Jhljnbtgl brg t`g hukfgrs di s`grls bhl t`gjr tdtba wgjo`ts.

Ndkpbrjsdh di t`g hukfgr bhl wgjo`t pgrnghtbogs di t`g

ljiigrght ordups di s`grls rgvgbas t`g rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g

typgs bhl bkduhts di tgkpgr dh t`g dhg `bhl bhl t`g lgorgg

di irbokghtbtjdh dh t`g dt`gr.

\`g bvgrbog wgjo`t di t`g >39> bhbayzgl s`grls js

2>.6 orbks. \`g hukfgr pgrnghtbogs bhl wgjo`t pgrnghtbogs

di t`g ljiigrght ordups brg sjkjabr, w`jn` suoogsts t`bt t`g

ibfrjns' strghot` wbs hdt jhiaughngl fy t`g bkduht bhl typgdi tgkpgr usgl. \`grg js dhg gxngptjdh5 t`g bvgrbog wgjo`t

di s`grls ndhtbjhjho abrog qubhtjtjgs di orjt js ndhsjlgrbfay

`jo`gr t`bh t`bt di s`grls ndhtbjhjho agss dr hd orjt. \`js

nbhhdt fg gxpabjhgl fy bssukjho t`bt b abrog qubhtjty di orjt

jkpajgs b strdhogr ibfrjn „ dh t`g ndhtrbry, abrog bkduhts di

orjt rgsuat jh pddrgr nd`gsjdh di t`g ibfrjn, w`jn` wdual

jkpay b `jo`gr lgorgg di irbokghtbtjdh. Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt,

jh dur bhbaysjs, wg dvgrgstjkbtgl t`g bkduht di orjt

ndhtbjhgl jh t`g abrogr (bhl `gbvjgr) s`grls.

:.6.>. _baa t`jnmhgss

\`g bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss js :.6 kk. \`grg sggks td fg hd

rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g wbaa t`jnmhgss bhl t`g typg bhl bkduht

di tgkpgr usgl.

:.6.<. Edjhs

\`g rgabtjvg jkpdrtbhng di t`g ljiigrght typgs di edjhs

kby fg rgobrlgl bs b tgn`hdadojnba n`brbntgrjstjn wjt`

n`rdhdadojnba jkpajnbtjdhs, idr jt `bs fggh iduhl t`bt @-edjhs

wgrg orblubaay rgpabngl fy H-edjhs bhl U-edjhs jh t`g Kjllag

bhl Abtg Hgdajt`jn (Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 677-609).

?>9 s`grls (6<%) s`dwgl sjohs di strjp fujaljho. @-edjhs

prgldkjhbtgl (?7%), idaadwgl fy H-edjhs (62%), bhl b skba

hukfgr di U-edjhs (<%). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho, @-edjhs wgrg

dfsgrvgl ndkpbrbtjvgay irgqughtay jh s`grls ndhtbjhjho

abrog qubhtjtjgs di drobhjn tgkpgr= t`gy wgrg dfsgrvgl

ndkpbrbtjvgay rbrgay jh s`grls ndhtbjhjho abrog qubhtjtjgs

di orjt tgkpgr. \`grg sggks td fg hd rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g

bkduht di ordo usgl bhl t`g typg di edjh.

:.6.7. Vjk lgndrbtjdh

Vjk lgndrbtjdh wbs vgry rbrg5 dhay 26 di t`g ?6> rjk s`grls

wgrg iduhl td fg lgndrbtgl (6%). \`g lgndrbtjdh, ndhsjstjho

di ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs (?7%) bhl spbtuab jkprgssjdhs

(67%), wbs bawbys dh t`g dutsjlg di t`g pdt.

:.6.9. _baa lgndrbtjdh

\`g tgn`hjqug usgl td lgndrbtg t`g wbaas ndual fg jlghtjijgl jh

t`g nbsg di baa t`g lgndrbtgl s`grls, jh ndhtrbst td t`g pdsjtjdhs

bhl pbttgrhs di t`g lgndrbtjdhs, w`jn` ndual fg jlghtjijgl dhay

dh t`g abrog irbokghts. \wd typgs di lgndrbtjvg tgn`hjqugs

wgrg ljstjhoujs`gl. \`g ijrst ghtbjagl kbmjho ldufag dr sjhoag

jkprgssjdhs jh t`g sdit naby wjt` t`g ijhogrhbjas dr ijhogrtjps. Bs

t`grg wbs hdt bawbys b nagbr-nut ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh ijhogrhbja

bhl ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs, dhay ldufag bhl sjhoag jkprgssjdhs

`bvg fggh ljstjhoujs`gl jh t`g tbfags. _`gt`gr t`g jkprgssjdhs

wgrg kblg wjt` t`g ijhogrhbjas dr ijhogrtjps js spgnjijgl jh

t`g lgsnrjptjdhs di t`g lgpjntgl irbokghts w`grg pdssjfag.


\bfag 22. ^bkg bs tbfag 0, hdw idr t`g s`grls irdk t`g vbrjdus igbturgs.

IgbturgsDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas

3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >

Hukfgr < ? 6< 22 26 22 62 6 < 6< 22 ? <9

Sgrnghtbog 0.? 27.6 76.6 6>.: 69.2 6>.: <7.9 <.> 0.? 76.6 6>.: 27.6

_gjo`t (o) >0 232 <72 2:< 27< 290 <>> 6: 6? <2? 2>: 632 ?0<Sgrnghtbog <.0 26.: 7?.7 6<.? 2:.9 62.< 77.6 >.? >.< 7>.6 2?.? 67.9

Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) :.7 2<.< 20.0 2?.9 26.0 27.> 63.9 2<.7 9.? 2?.< 26.9 60.? 2?.3

Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) :.? 23.: 23.6 :.: :.0 :.0 23.7 23.7 :.? 23.6 :.9 22.2 23.6

\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 6 2 26 < 2 7 2> 3 > 26 6 6 2:

H-edjhs 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2

U-edjhs 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 6

ûribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 2 2 7 2 > 6 2 6 3 > < 2 0

^kddt`gl 6 2 6 > > > 6 3 3 7 > 3 0

Fgsghstrjn` 3 3 6 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 3 6

^kgbrgl 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

Jrrgouabr 2 > 2> ? > 7 29 3 < 2< > > 6<

_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 6

^jhoag ijhogrtjp 2 2 2 3 6 2 3 3 3 2 6 3 >

Ldufag ijhogrtjp 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 6



\`g sgndhl typg di lgndrbtjvg tgn`hjqug ghtbjagl kbmjho

jkprgssjdhs wjt` t`g bjl di bh jhstrukght5 gjt`gr b skbaa

`daadw dfegnt, ajmg t`g fdhg di b fjrl dr pbrt di b rggl stgk,

dr b fauht spbtuab (sjkpay rgigrrgl td bs b spbtuab fgadw).

\`g tgrk ‐pjh prjnms' `bs jh t`g pbst fggh usgl td lgsnrjfg

sun` jkprgssjdhs kblg wjt` t`g bjl di b skbaa spbtuab

(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 67?).

Bfdut 66% di t`g s`grls brg lgndrbtgl. Ji wg ndhsjlgr

dhay t`g abrog s`grls, t`js ijourg jhnrgbsgs td bpprdx. >9-<6%

(ijo. 69). \`g pgrnghtbog di lgndrbtgl s`grls kby fg

rgobrlgl bs bh jhljnbtjdh di t`g pgrnghtbog di lgndrbtgl pdts.

\`g kdst ndkkdh idrk di lgndrbtjdh (99%) ndhsjsts di

sjhoag (7?%) bhl ldufag (:%) ijhogrtjp/ijhogrhbja

jkprgssjdhs. Jkprgssjdhs kblg wjt` t`g bjl di bh jhstrukght

(><%) brg di twd ljiigrght mjhls5 dhg mjhl wbs kblg wjt`

t`g bjl di b spbtuab (69%), t`g dt`gr wjt` t`g bjl di b `daadw

jhstrukght (?%). \`grg sggks td fg hd rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g

bkduht bhl typg di tgkpgr usgl bhl t`g typg di wbaa

lgndrbtjdh.

:.6.?. ûribng trgbtkght

\`g suribng trgbtkght di 6933 s`grls wbs jlghtjijgl (07%).

Ybrjdus ijhjs`jho trgbtkghts wgrg ljstjhoujs`gl5 rduo`ghjho

(<2%), skddt`jho (><%), pdajs`jho (7%), Fgsghstrjn` (6%)

bhl skgbrjho (2%). \`g rgst di t`g jlghtjijgl s`grls (29%)

`bvg jrrgouabr suribngs.

Jh t`g nbtgodry di pdttgry wjt` b `jo` orjt dr ordo ndhtght

t`g pgrnghtbog di s`grls wjt` b rduo`ghgl suribng js kun`

`jo`gr t`bh t`bt di s`grls wjt` b skddt`gl suribng.

\`g pdttgry wjt` b `jo` orjt ndhtght basd jhnaulgs b `jo`


B

F

N

L

G I

O

Ijourg 6<. Abrog pdttgry irbokghts irdk _btgrjhogh <. Agttgrs B-O rgigr td t`g tgxt. ^nbag 25>.



pgrnghtbog di s`grls wjt` bh jrrgouabr suribng. Hd rgabtjdh

wbs dfsgrvgl fgtwggh t`g bkduht di drobhjn tgkpgr bhl t`g

suribng trgbtkght.

\`g lgpjntgl pdttgry irbokghts (ijo. 6<)5

B. Irbokght di b fbrrga-s`bpgl pdt wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di

>6 nk. \`g naby wbs kjxgl wjt` t`rgg typgs di tgkpgr,

baa di w`jn` wgrg usgl jh skbaa qubhtjtjgs5 orjt (pbrtjnag

sjzg 6 kk), ordo (> kk) bhl drobhjn tgkpgr. \`g pdt

wbs fujat irdk strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl bh

jrrgouabr suribng. \`g wbaa lgndrbtjdh ndhsjsts di sjhoag

ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs t`bt ndvgrgl t`g ghtjrg suribng di

t`g pdt wjt` t`g gxngptjdh di t`g rjk. B fbhl wjt` b

wjlt` di 9 nk brduhl t`g tdp di t`g pdt wbs lgndrbtgl

wjt` b sgrjgs di `drjzdhtba s`baadw orddvgs lrbwh wjt`

t`g ijhogrtjps.

F. Irbokght di b iabt-fbsgl pdt tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog

qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk) bhl b skbaa


Ijourg 67. Sdttgry irdk _btgrjhogh <. ^nbag 25>.



qubhtjty di drobhjn kbttgr. \`g pdt wbs fujat irdk

strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl bh jrrgouabr suribng.

N. Irbokght di b funmgt-s`bpgl pdt wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di

6< nk. \`g naby wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog qubhtjty

di drobhjn kbttgr bhl b skbaa qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag

sjzg 6 kk). \`g pdt, w`jn` wbs fujat irdk strjps edjhgl

vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl bh jrrgouabr suribng, ndhtbjhgl twd

`dags, w`jn` wgrg bt sdkg tjkg rgpbjrgl.

L. Irbokght di b fbrrga-s`bpgl pdt wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di

<< nk. \`g naby wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` b skbaa qubhtjty di

orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk). \`g suribng di t`g pdt wbs

skddt`gl. \`g rjk di t`g pdt wbs lgndrbtgl wjt` b sjhoag

rdw di hbja jkprgssjdhs, t`g rgst di t`g pdt's suribng wjt`

sjhoag ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs.

G. Bh jhtbnt pjhn`gl fdwa wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di 22 nk bhl

b `gjo`t di 0 nk. \`g naby wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog

qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg 6 kk). \`g pdt's suribng

wbs skddt`gl.

I. Irbokght di b rduhl-fbsgl pdt tgkpgrgl wjt` b abrog

qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg 6 kk) bhl bh bvgrbog

qubhtjty di ordo (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk). \`g pdt, w`jn`

wbs fujat irdk strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs, wbs lgndrbtgl

wjt` rbhldkay brrbhogl hbja jkprgssjdhs.

O. Irbokght di b _bnmgafdlgh tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog

qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg 6 kk) bhl b skbaa

qubhtjty di ordo (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk). \`g pdt wbs fujat

irdk strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl b skddt`gl

suribng.

2?3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

Ijourg 69. \`g pgrnghtbog di

lgndrbtgl wbaa s`grls jh rgabtjdh td

t`g s`grls' kjhjkuk wgjo`t jh

orbks. _`gh dhay t`g abrogst

s`grls brg ndhsjlgrgl, t`g

pgrnghtbog di lgndrbtgl wbaa

s`grls js bfdut >9-<>%.

Ijourg 6?. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g pdttgry. \`g abrogst ldts

rgprgsght bt agbst 673 o pgr squbrg.



\d sukkbrjzg, t`g pdttgry irdk t`g _btgrjhogh sjtgndkprjsgs irbokghts di fbrrga- bhl funmgt-s`bpgl pdts bhl

dhg skbaa, rduhl-fbsgl pjhn`gl fdwa. \`g pdts `bl iabt dr

rduhl fbsgs dr b typg di fbsg mhdwh bs b _bnmgafdlgh. \`g

naby di t`g kbedrjty di t`g pdts wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` orjt, fut

drobhjn kbttgr bhl ordo wgrg basd ndkkdhay usgl bs tgkpgr.

Vjk lgndrbtjdh js vgry rbrg, fut bfdut <3% di t`g pdttgry

s`dws wbaa lgndrbtjdh, ndhsjstjho di jkprgssjdhs kblg wjt`

t`g ijhogrtjps/ijhogrhbjas dr sdkg jhstrukght. Kdst di t`gpdts `bl b rduo`ghgl dr skddt`gl suribng= sdkg `bl bh

jrrgouabr suribng.

Dh t`g fbsjs di t`g pdttgry n`brbntgrjstjns lgsnrjfgl bfdvg

t`g _btgrjhogh < sjtg kby fg nabssjijgl jh t`g @bzghldhm >

Ordup (Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 69?-6?9)5 jh tgn`hdadojnba

bhl kdrp`dadojnba tgrks t`g pdttgry irdk _btgrjhogh <

s`dws b nadsg rgsgkfabhng td t`g pdttgry irdk @bzghldhm

2?2 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

\bfag 26. Vbw kbtgrjba vgrsus ndrtgx gxtght.

bfsght ldrsba 1 73% ldrsba ≧ 73%tdtba

uhsurh %

tgrrbng iajht < 72 >9 :2 20.2 „

pgffag-Kgusg goos 23 :0 639 >2< 96.7 „

Vjenm`dat 29 2 3 2? >.< „

Ybamghfuro > 3 3 > 3.9 „

Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh 6< 6 3 69 7.6 „

Ugvghwgogh > > 2 ? 2.< „

bxg irbokghts << 3 3 << 0.0 „

\dtba h 23< 277 6<> 736 233.3 „

% 63.? >3.: <0.< 233.3

jhlgtgrkjhbfag >:> 2>7 >3 770 7

\bfag 2>. \ypdadoy vgrsus rbw kbtgrjba. 2;tgrrbng iajht= 6;pgffag-Kgusg goos= >;Vjenm`dat=

<;Ybamghfuro= 7;Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh= 9;Ugvghwgogh= ?;bxg irbokghts.

2 6 > < 7 9 ? uhsurg\dtba

h %

trjbhouabr pdjhts 6 < 6 „ 6 „ „ 26 66 6.

agbi„s`bpgl pdjhts „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2 3.

trbhsvgrsg brrdw-`gbls „ „ „ „ „ „ „ < < 3.<

dt`gr pdjhts 2 2 „ „ „ „ „ 2 > 3.>

pdjhtgl fablgs „ „ „ „ „ 6 „ „ 6 3.6

fdrgrs / rgbkgrs 2 2 2 „ „ „ „ > 9 3.9

snrbpgrs < 9 2 2 < 2 „ 23 6? 6.7

iajht bxgs „ „ 6 „ „ „ „ 6 < 3.<

rgtdun`gl fablgs 6 2 2 „ 6 2 „ > 23 3.:

rgtdun`gl iabmgs < > 2 „ 6 2 „ : 63 2.:

rgtdun`gl wbstg „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ > < 3.<

dt`gr rgtdun`gl kbt. 6 2 6 „ „ „ „ : 2< 2.>uhrgtdun`gl iabmgs >9 2>: < 2 0 2 69 6<6 <7? <6.

uhrgtdun`gl fablgs 2 7 2 „ > „ „ „ 23 3.:

ndrgs 6 63 „ „ 6 „ „ < 60 6.9

uhrgtdun`gl wbstg 2? <2 6 „ 6 2 ? 99 2>9 26.

spajhtgrs < 2? „ 2 2 „ 7 29: 2:? 20.7

pdtajls 6 > „ „ „ „ 9 67 >9 >.<

pgffags 2> ?2 „ „ „ „ „ „ 0< ?.:

\dtba h :2 >2< 2? > 69 ? << 79> 2397 233.

% 0.7 6:.7 2.9 3.> 6.< 3.9 <.2 76.: ::.:





2?> L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

B

F

N

L

ndkpbrjsdh wjt` dt`gr brgbs bt t`g sbkg batjtulg. \`js

suoogsts t`bt t`js brgb wbs lgajfgrbtgay mgpt nagbh td bvdjl

ndhtbkjhbtjdh di t`g lrjhmjho wbtgr. ^dkg di t`g strby ijhls

rgndvgrgl dh t`g sadpgs wgrg iduhl jh prjkbry ndhtgxts,

dt`grs jh sgndhlbry ndhtgxts. \`g abttgr js jaaustrbtgl fy t`g

ibnt t`bt kbtn`jho pdttgry irbokghts wgrg iduhl ayjho bt

ljstbhngs di up td <3 kgtrgs bpbrt. \`gy `bl fggh kdvglirdk t`gjr prjkbry ndhtgxts fy pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba prdngssgs

sun` bs trbkpajho bhl n`jalrgh's paby. Dhg ordup di

kbtn`jho s`grls ndkprjsgs s`grls irdk t`g ijhl abygr, b

igbturg bhl Whjt >f. \`js sggks td eustjiy dur lgnjsjdh td

rgobrl t`g pdttgry irdk t`g ljiigrght ndhtgxts bs b sjhoag

bssgkfabog jh t`g bhbaysjs.

23. Iajht B.A. vbh Ojeh

23.2. JH\VDLWN\JDH

Jh tdtba, t`g gxnbvbtdrs iduhl 2,397 iajht brtgibnts, wjt` bh

dvgrbaa wgjo`t di 7,>>7 o. \`g ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g

bssgkfabog js td sdkg gxtght t`g rgsuat di t`g rgndvgry

prdnglurg usgl jh t`g ijgal5 skbaa n`jps brg lgijhjtgayuhlgrrgprgsghtgl. Baa t`g iajht brtgibnts wgrg lgsnrjfgl jh

tgrks di t`gjr kgtrjnba ljkghsjdhs, wgjo`t, fbsjn tgn`hdadoy,

typdadoy, rbw kbtgrjba, orbjh sjzg, frgbmbog pbttgrhs, mjhl

bhl gxtght di ndrtgx, prgsghng di trbngs di furhjho,

pbtjhbtjdh, pdajs`gl ibngts bhl spbtjba ndhtgxt. Jh blljtjdh, b

sbkpag di 2?: jkpagkghts wbs sgagntgl idr kjnrdwgbr

bhbaysjs.

23.6. KDVS@DADOJNBA LG^NVJS\JDH

\`g _btgrjhogh < iajht bssgkfabog js t`g rgsuat di b iabmg

tgn`hdadoy, fablgs fgjho bakdst ndkpagtgay bfsght (7>.2%

vgrsus 6.?%). Fgsjlgs iabmgs bhl fablgs, t`g bssgkfabog basd

jhnaulgs b abrog bkduht di wbstg, j.g. brtgibnts wjt`dut

jhljnbtjdhs di iabmjho ljrgntjdh (<<.6%). B `jo` pgrnghtbog

(>:.6%) di t`g jkpagkghts s`dws trbngs di furhjho. Bs t`g

bssgkfabog ndhtbjhs sd igw fablgs, t`g lgorgg di

irbokghtbtjdh js vgry adw5 dhay 62 pjgngs wgrg iduhl td

`bvg frdmgh bhl t`grg wgrg hd jhljnbtjdhs di jhtghtjdhba

frgbmjho w`btsdgvgr. Iajht bxgs wgrg rgusgl bs ndrgs idr t`g

prdluntjdh di iabmgs5 ?.>% di t`g brtgibnts s`dw pdajs`gl

ibngts. ûn` rgusg wbs vgry ndkkdh jh t`g sufsgqught

Yabbrljhogh ordup (@ddjegr 2:92). \`g orgbtgr pbrt di t`g

Ijourg 6:. \ypjnba iajht tddas irdk _btgrjhogh <

(^nbag 252)5 B5 pdjhtgl fablg= F-L5 snrbpgrs.

Jhljnbtgl brg t`g wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g

tddal (sgg agoghl).



2?< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

B F

L

N

I

G

@O

Ijourg >3. \ypjnba iajht tddas irdk _btgrjhogh < (^nbag 252)5 B-@5 rgtdun`gl iabmgs bhl fablgs. Jhljnbtgl brg t`g wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g

tddas (sgg agoghl).



2?7 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

jlghtjijbfag rbw kbtgrjba jh t`g bssgkfabog ndhsjsts di iajht

irdk rjvgr orbvgas bhl w`bt brg mhdwh bs pgffag-Kgusg

goos, skbaa pgffags di rgabtjvgay ijhg-orbjhgl iajht di vbryjho

ndadurs. \`g jkpdrtgl iajht jhnaulgs Vjenm`dat (2.9%), Ajo`t-

orgy Fgaojbh (6.<%), Ybamghfuro (3.>%) bhl Ugvghwgogh

(3.?%) iajht. Kbhy brtgibnts s`dwgl ndrtgx td vbryjho gxtghts

(7>.>%), kdstay di b wgbt`grgl mjhl= 0< brtgibnts wgrgndkpagtgay ndvgrgl wjt` ndrtgx (t`g pgffag-Kgusg goos).

\`js `jo` pgrnghtbog js bttrjfutbfag td t`g typg di rbw

kbtgrjba sgagntgl5 abrogay rjvgr orbvgas, bakdst baa di w`jn`

(>:2 di t`g <37) s`dwgl ndrtgx. Kbhy di t`g jkpagkghts

prdlungl irdk jkpdrtgl iajht s`dwgl hd trbngs di ndrtgx,

w`jn` suoogsts t`bt t`gy ghtgrgl t`g sjtg jh ijhjs`gl idrk

(tbf. 26). \`g ibnt t`bt kdst di t`g ndrgs (H;6:) bhl ndrg

irbokghts bhl t`g orgbtgr pbrt di t`g wbstg ndhsjst di iajht

irdk t`g rjvgr orbvgas s`dws t`bt t`js iajht wbs mhbppgl dh

t`g spdt (tbf. 2>). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho, t`g brtgibnts brg rbt`gr

skbaa5 t`g bvgrbog aghot` di ndkpagtg fablgs js >.0 nk

(H;27), di iabmgs 6.0 nk (H;:<). \`js js gvjlghtay basd

bttrjfutbfag td t`g usg di skbaa rjvgr pgffags idr t`gprdluntjdh di jkpagkghts.

23.>. \DDA \ZSDADOZ

Di t`g tdtba di 2397 brtgibnts 22? pjgngs wgrg jhtghtjdhbaay

kdljijgl (22%) (tbf. 2>). \`g pdjhts (ijo. 605 B-@)

ndhstjtutg t`g abrogst nbtgodry di idrkba tddas (H;>3, j.g.

69% di t`g rgtdun`gl jkpagkghts)= t`js js bh gxngptjdhbaay

`jo` pgrnghtbog jh ndkpbrjsdh wjt` t`g ijourgs dftbjhgl idr

dt`gr ndhtgkpdrbry sjtgs. \`g kbedrjty di t`g pdjhts brg

trjbhouabr (H;66), ? `bvjho b strbjo`t fbsg, > b ndhnbvg fbsg

bhl 26 b ndhvgx fbsg. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g rgtdun` wbs iduhl

td vbry ndhsjlgrbfay= jh sdkg nbsgs jt wbs ndhijhgl td t`g

tdda's kbrojh, jh dt`grs jt gxtghlgl dvgr t`g ghtjrg suribng.

Jh blljtjdh td t`g trjbhouabr pdjhts, dhg agbi-s`bpgl, idur

trbhsvgrsg bhl t`rgg hdh-ljbohdstjn pdjhts wgrg rgndvgrgl.

\`g sgndhl abrogst nbtgodry (H;6?) (ijo. 6:5 F-L) ndhsjsts

di snrbpgrs, t`g kdst ndkkdh tdda typg jh kdst Hgdajt`jn

bssgkfabogs. \`grg js hd gvjlghng suoogstjho b prgigrghng

idr b snrbpgr di b spgnjijn s`bpg5 s`drt ghlsnrbpgrs, abtgrba

snrbpgrs bhl ldufag snrbpgrs brg rgprgsghtgl jh gquba

prdpdrtjdhs. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g snrbpgr `gbl wbs gvjlghtay

ljntbtgl fy t`g kdrp`dadoy di t`g iabmg, w`jn` jh kdst nbsgs

wbs qujtg jrrgouabr dwjho td t`g rgstrjntjdhs jkpdsgl fy t`g

pddr-qubajty rbw kbtgrjba. Dhg snrbpgr `gbl wbs dfsgrvgl dh

b ndrg.Fdrgrs brg hdt wgaa-rgprgsghtgl jh t`g bssgkfabog5 dhay sjx

wgrg jlghtjijgl, dhg di w`jn` kby fg b rgbkgr (ijo. >25 B-N).

Jh blljtjdh, twd pdjhtgl fablgs wgrg iduhl, ijourg 6:5 B.

Fgsjlgs t`g rgabtjvgay wgaa-lgijhgl tdda typgs, t`g

bssgkfabog jhnaulgs qujtg b igw rgtdun`gl iabmgs (H;63),

fablgs (H;23) bhl rgtdun`gl wbstg (H;<), ijourg >35 B-@.

\`jrtggh jkpagkghts kby fg tgrkgl kdljijgl fut t`gy

F

B

N

nbhhdt fg nabssjijgl jh b spgnjijn tdda nbtgodry. Ijhbaay, t`g

bssgkfabog basd jhnaulgs twd bxg irbokghts bhl b ndrg t`bt

wbs sgndhlbrjay usgl bs b `bkkgrstdhg.

23.<. KJNVD_GBV BHBAZ J^

23.<.2. Kgt`dls

Baa di t`g 22? kdljijgl jkpagkghts (bkdho w`jn` J jhnaulg

t`g tddas wjt` dhay b vgry skbaa bkduht di rgtdun`) bhl 96

uhkdljijgl brtgibnts wgrg gxbkjhgl idr t`g prgsghng di trbngs di usg= t`g uhkdljijgl brtgibnts wgrg sgagntgl dh t`g

fbsjs di t`g prgsghng di b rgouabr nrdss-sgntjdh di bt agbst dhg

nk (ni. Kdss 2:0>= Ybh Ojeh 2::3). Bs sdkg jkpagkghts

s`dwgl trbngs di rgsjlugs prgsgrvgl dh t`gjr suribngs, t`g

tddas wgrg gxbkjhgl idr t`g prgsghng di drobhjn rgkbjhs

wjt` t`g bjl di b stgrgdkjnrdsndpg fgidrg fgjho nagbhgl.

_`grg sun` rgkbjhs bppgbrgl td fg prgsght, sbkpags wgrg

Ijourg >2. \ypjnba iajht tddas irdk _btgrjhogh < (^nbag 252)5

B-N5 fdrgrs. Jhljnbtgl brg t`g wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g tddas(sgg agoghl).




tbmgh fy ljssdavjho t`g rgsjlug jh ljstjaagl wbtgr bhl

skgbrjho jt dh b oabss sajlg idr gxbkjhbtjdh fghgbt` b

trbhskjttgl ajo`t kjnrdsndpg. Bitgr t`js jhjtjba snrgghjho,

t`g jkpagkghts wgrg wbs`gl jh wbtgr ndhtbjhjho b lgtgroght

bhl wgrg rgouabray wjpgl wjt` b nadt` lrghn`gl jh band`da.

B skbaa hukfgr di jkpagkghts ljspabygl b ijak di `joày

rgsjstbht ‐ljrt', w`jn` wbs rgkdvgl t`rduo` jkkgrsjdh jh bh

uatrbsdhjn nagbhjho tbhm. Hdhg di t`g jkpagkghts wgrg

n`gkjnbaay nagbhgl. \`g kjnrdwgbr bhbaysjs wbs nbrrjgl dut

wjt` t`g bjl di bh jhnjlght ajo`t kjnrdsndpg, bt kbohjijnb-

tjdhs rbhojho irdk 233 td 933≀.

23.<.6. Vgsuats

Dh t`g w`dag, t`g suribng di t`g jkpagkghts wbs rgbsdhbfay

wgaa-prgsgrvgl, pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba suribng kdljijnbtjdh

dnnurrjho dh dhay >< pjgngs= : jkpagkghts ndual hdt fg

stuljgl fgnbusg t`gy wgrg tdd sgvgrgay furht. Jh tdtba, 09 di

t`g 2?: brtgibnts stuljgl ljspabygl trbngs di usg, ditgh jh

sgvgrba zdhgs5 2> tddas ljspabygl twd zdhgs di usg, t`rgg

jkpagkghts gvgh s`dwgl t`rgg zdhgs di usg. Ijvg tddas

s`dwgl zdhgs di sgvgrba usgs, gjt`gr dh ljiigrght ndhtbnt

kbtgrjbas, dr jh ljiigrght kdtjdhs. \`g rgsjlugs, idr w`jn` t`g

tddas wgrg systgkbtjnbaay stuljgl, wgrg ajkjtgl td rgkhbhts

di fjrn` tbr, bssdnjbtgl wjt` `bitjho.

\`g ndhtbnt kbtgrjba kdst irgqughtay ghnduhtgrgl js pabht

(H;20, tbfag 2<). Jh kdst nbsgs t`g pabhts wgrg di sjajnjdus

spgnjgs sun` bs rggls dr orbssgs (ijo. >65 b-f). \`g pdajs` js

vgry frjo`t bhl skddt`, wjt` b iautgl tdpdorbp`y. \`g trbngs

brg wgaa-lgvgadpgl. Hdhg di t`g jkpagkghts ljspabygl pabht

rgsjlugs. Adhojtuljhba bhl trbhsvgrsg kdtjdhs brg rgprgsghtgl

Ijourg >6. Kjnrdorbp`s di wgbr trbngs. b5 pdajs` irdk ndhtbnt wjt` pabhts sggh dh tdda hd. 2> (ijo. >3O, 633x)= f5 pabht pdajs` dh tdda hd. 233

(ijo. >3I) usgl idr sjajnjdus pabhts (633x)= n5 trbngs irdk snrbpjho `jlg, sggh dh tdda hd. 9? (ijo. 6:F, 233x)= l5 sd-nbaagl pdajs` ‐23' wjt` b

pgrpghljnuabr ljrgntjdhbajty, dfsgrvgl dh tdda hd. <? (ijo. 6:L, 233x)= g5 sbkg tdda (633x)= i5 trbngs irdk fdrjho b kjhgrba sufstbhng, pgr`bps

pdttgry, sggh dh tdda hd. >7 (233x)= o5 rduo` pdajs` jhtgrprgtgl bs fgjho t`g rgsuat di snrbpjho b kjhgrba sufstbhng, sggh dh tdda hd. 23?

(ijo. >3@, 233x)= `5 irjntjdh-oadss irdk jkpbnt sggh dh t`g tjp di b pdjht usgl idr s`ddtjho (hd. 227, ijo. 60L, 633x).

b

n






(ijo. >65 l-g). Jh bppgbrbhng jt sdkgtjkgs rgsgkfags `jlgpdajs`, bt dt`gr tjkgs pabht pdajs`, fut jt js prdfbfay

bttrjfutbfag td hgjt`gr di t`dsg ndhtbnt kbtgrjbas. Jt `bs hdt

ygt fggh rgprdlungl gxpgrjkghtbaay. Sdajs` ‐23' wbs

dfsgrvgl dh twd tddas, dhg wjt` twd wdrmgl glogs. Fdt` di

t`g tddas wgrg di gxdtjn kbtgrjba. \`g jkpagkghts wgrg usgl

jh b trbhsvgrsg kdtjdh. \`g tddas t`bt wgrg jhtgrprgtgl bs

`bvjho fggh usgl dh sdkg uhmhdwh kjhgrba kbtgrjba brg

kdrg vbrjgl (ijo. >65 i-o). \`grg wbs gvjlghng idr nuttjho,

snrbpjho bhl fdrjho. \`g fdrjho jkpagkghts wgrg di adnba

iajht, t`g nuttjho bhl snrbpjho tddas di gxdtjn, Ajo`t-orgy

Fgaojbh iajht. \`g abttgr jkpagkghts brg qujtg rgkbrmbfag bs

t`gy wgrg iduhl td ljspaby pdajs` dvgr abrog pbrts di t`gjr

suribngs, fdt` t`gjr vghtrba bhl t`gjr ldrsba suribngs. \`g

jkpagkghts wgrg sufsgqughtay rgtdun`gl. \`g tddas kby

`bvg fggh usgl td snrbpg pdttgry, fut t`g trbngs ld hdt kbtn`

t`g gxpgrjkghtba gqujvbaghts suiijnjghtay td ndrrdfdrbtg sun`

bh jhtgrprgtbtjdh.

Ijhbaay, 60 jkpagkghts ljspabygl uhljbohdstjn trbngs di

usg, w`jn` ndual hdt fg iurt`gr spgnjijgl.

Rujtg b igw tddas s`dwgl trbngs di `bitjho, jh pbrtjnuabr t`g pdjhts. \`g trbngs ndkprjsgl rgkhbhts di fjrn` tbr

bhl kjnrdwgbr trbngs. B rgkbrmbfag tdda jh t`js rgspgnt

js dhg di Ugvghwgogh iajht (ijo. 6:5 B), w`jn` wbs usgl

dh `jlg bhl pabht bhl wbs `bitgl jh fjrn` tbr. \`grg

wbs hd nagbr gvjlghng suoogstjho t`bt tddas di jkpdrtgl

iajht wgrg kdrg irgqughtay `bitgl t`bh adnbaay kblg

jkpagkghts.

Hgjt`gr wbs t`grg bhy gvjlghng suoogstjho b prgigrghng

idr b spgnjijn rbw kbtgrjba idr b pbrtjnuabr ndhtbnt kbtgrjba,

gxngpt pgr`bps t`g trbngs di pdajs` ‐23' dfsgrvgl dh twd

tddas di Ugvghwgogh kbtgrjba. \`g jkpagkghts di jkpdrtgl

iajht `bl `dwgvgr fggh kdrg irgqughtay usgl t`bh t`dsg

kblg dh iajht irdk t`g adnba rjvgr orbvgas (tbfag 27). \`g

tddas di Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh iajht jh pbrtjnuabr s`dwgl nagbr

gvjlghng idr rgs`brpghjho5 jh idur di t`g gjo`t nbsgs t`g

trbngs di prjkbry usg `bl fggh rgkdvgl fy sufsgqught

rgtdun`. Bhdt`gr jhtgrgstjho igbturg di t`g jkpdrtgl tddas js

t`bt t`g kbedrjty wgrg usgl idr ljiigrght purpdsgs, bs

jhljnbtgl fy t`g trbngs di ljiigrght ndhtbnt kbtgrjbas bhl

\bfag 2<. Ndhtbnt kbtgrjba vgrsus kdtjdh. 2;adhojtuljhba= 6;trbhsvgrsg= >;fdrjho= <;ljbodhba=

7;n`dppjho/wglojho= 9;s`ddtjho.

2 6 > < 7 9 uhsurg\dtba

h %

pabht 9 0 6 „ „ „ 6 20 63.:

wddl „ 7 „ 2 2 „ „ ? 0.2

fdhg „ 7 2 „ „ „ „ 9 ?.3

`jlg 6 23 2 „ „ „ „ 2> 27.2

sdit bhjkba kbt. > „ „ „ „ „ 2 < <.9

kjhgrba > 2 > „ „ „ „ ? 0.2

pdajs` ‐23' „ > „ „ „ „ „ > >.7

uhsurg „ 6 7 „ 6 27 < 60 >6.7

\dtba h 2< >< 26 2 > 27 ? 09 ::.0

% 29.> >:.7 2>.: 2.6 >.7 2?.< 0.2 ::.:

\bfag 27. Vbw kbtgrjba vgrsus lgorgg di wgbr (dhay idr jkpagkghts s`dwjho trbngs di usg).

ajo`t kgljuk `gbvy uhsurg\dtba

h %

tgrrbng iajht + 63 : < „ >> >0.<

pgffag-Kgusg goos

jkpdrtgl iajht : < 9 „ 2: 66.2

uhsurg 62 < ? 6 >< >:.7

\dtba h 73 2? 2? 6 09 233.3

% 70.2 2:.0 2:.0 6.> 233.3



ljiigrght kdtjdhs. \`g usg-wgbr trbngs brg kdrgdvgr fgttgr

lgvgadpgl bhl jhljnbtg kdrg gxtghsjvg usg._`gh wg gxbkjhg t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh tdda usg bhl

tdda typdadoy wg ijhl t`bt t`g pdjhts wgrg bakdst jhvbrjbfay

usgl bs prdegntjags= sdkg s`dwgl sjohs di usg bs fdrgrs, fut

t`js kby `bvg fggh b sgndhlbry usg. \`g snrbpgrs wgrg

jhlggl usgl jh trbhsvgrsg kdtjdhs, usubaay dh `jlg, fut basd

dh fdhg.

23.7. ^SB\JBA LJ^\VJFW\JDH

\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g iajht, fbsgl dh jts wgjo`t,

ndrrgspdhls rduoày td t`g lghsjty ljstrjfutjdh di t`g

pdttgry5 t`g lghsjty js `jo`gst brduhl t`g `dusg pabh

(ijo. >>). B ljiigrghng wjt` rgspgnt td t`g pdttgry ljstrjfutjdh

js `dwgvgr t`bt ndkpbrbtjvgay kdrg iajht wbs ljsnbrlgl dht`g sadpgs di t`g luhg, nadsg td t`g wbtgrjho pabngs. \`g

ljstrjfutjdh di t`g jkpagkghts di Ugvghwgogh bhl Vjenm`dat

iajht ljspabys b `jo`gr ndhnghtrbtjdh badho t`g njrnukigrghng

di t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb, fut t`js js prdfbfay lug td ibnt t`bt b

abrog pbrt di t`g iajht wbs iduhl bt t`g pgrjp`grjgs di t`g

jh`bfjtgl brgb. \`js kby fg bttrjfutbfag td b lgsjrg td mggp

t`g ajvjho brgb irgg di s`brp-glogl lgfrjs. \`js jhtghtjdhba

nagbrjho di t`g ajvjho brgb iurt`gr suppdrts t`g bssukptjdh

t`bt _btgrjhogh < wbs b pgrkbhghtay jh`bfjtgl sgttagkght.

\`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ljiigrght tdda typgs ldgs hdt s`dw

bhy pbrtjnuabr naustgrjho. Baa t`g typgs wgrg kdrg dr agss

gvghay ljstrjfutgl bnrdss t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb (ijo. ><). Dhay

t`g brrdw `gbls sggkgl td fg ndhnghtrbtgl jh t`g hdrt`grh pbrt,

brduhl t`g `dusg pabh. \`js kby fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` rgtddajho

bntjvjtjgs (Mggagy 2:06) bt t`g nghtrg di t`g ajvjho brgb.

Jh ndhsjlgrjho t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ljiigrght bntjvjtjgs

jhigrrgl irdk t`g wgbr trbngs dh t`g jkpagkghts (ijo. >7) wg

kust baadw idr t`g pdssjfjajty t`bt sdkg di t`g ijhls kby

`bvg fggh rgndvgrgl irdk sgndhlbry ndhtgxts. Jt js prdfbfay

sbig td bssukg t`bt t`g brtgibnts t`bt wgrg iduhl dh tdp di

t`g luhg wgrg ljsnbrlgl bt t`g sjtg di t`gjr abst bntjvg usg.\ddas s`dwjho trbngs di `jlg wdrmjho bppgbrgl td fg abrogay

ndhijhgl td t`g nghtrba ajvjho brgb. \`g gvjlghng idr t`g

nuttjho bhl fdrjho di `jlgs suoogsts t`bt t`g `jlgs wgrg

prdngssgl jhtd prdlunts ajmg obrkghts wjt`jh t`g nghtrba

ajvjho brgb. \`g prgsghng di `jlg snrbpgrs wjt`jh t`g ajvjho

brgb js rbt`gr rgkbrmbfag fgnbusg wg tghl td rgobrl `jlg

wdrmjho bs b rbt`gr skgaay, ljrty bntjvjty t`bt wjaa prgigrbfay

`bvg fggh nbrrjgl dut sdkg ljstbhng irdk t`g ajvjho brgb.

Jt js t`grgidrg kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`gjr prgsghng js bssdnjbtgl

wjt` rgtddajho bntjvjtjgs. \`g prgsghng di t`g pdjhts s`dwjho

trbngs di s`ddtjho dh tdp di t`g luhg js jh bnndrlbhng wjt`

dur vjgws dh t`g brgbs jh w`jn` spgnjijn bntjvjtjgs wgrg

nbrrjgl dut wjt`jh b sgttagkght5 brrdw s`bits kby `bvg fgghrgtddagl brduhl t`g `gbrt`.

\`g usgl jkpagkghts iduhl dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg brg

td fg ljiigrghtay jhtgrprgtgl. \`gsg jkpagkghts ndhsjst

prgldkjhbhtay di pabht-wdrmjho tddas bhl jkpagkghts

s`dwjho kjnrdwgbr pdajs` ‐23'. \`js kby jkpay t`bt t`gsg

tddas wgrg ljsnbrlgl dh ndkpagtjdh di t`g tbsm idr w`jn`

t`gy wgrg usgl, fut wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr t`bt tbsm wbs

pgridrkgl jh t`g ajvjho brgb dr dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg.

23.9. NDHNAW^JDH

\`g pjnturg t`bt gkgrogs irdk t`g gxbkjhbtjdh di t`g iajht

ndkpdhght di t`g _btgrjhogh < bssgkfabog js t`bt di b

pgrkbhghtay jh`bfjtgl sgttagkght, abrogay lgpghlght dh adnba

rbw kbtgrjbas. @dwgvgr, t`g prgsghng di jkpagkghts di

gxdtjn iajht t`bt wgrg frduo`t td t`g luhg jh ijhjs`gl idrk

bttgsts td ndhtbnt wjt` brgbs iurt`gr sdut`. \`gsg tddas wgrg

lgijhjtgay nurbtgl. B ndhspjnudus bspgnt di t`gsg tddas js t`bt

t`gy s`dwgl trbngs di ‐idrgjoh' ndhtbnt kbtgrjbas sun` bs lry

`jlg bhl t`g kbtgrjbas jkpajgl fy pdajs` ‐23'. ^jkjabr trbngs

2?: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <

Ijourg >>. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g iajht kbtgrjba. \`g abrogst


squbrg.






Ijourg >7. \`g spbtjba ljstjrfutjdh

di t`g iajht brtgibnts wjt` trbngs di

usg jh rgabtjdh td t`g gxnbvbtjdh

orjl bhl t`g `dusg pabh. Jhljnbtgl

js t`g ljstrjfutjdh di jhigrrgl

kbtgrjbas.




wgrg basd dfsgrvgl dh b abrog rgtdun`gl iabmg di

Ugvghwgogh iajht irdk t`g ndhtgkpdrbry sjtg di Vjeswjem(but`dr's dfsgrvbtjdh). \`js jkpagkght s`dwgl gvjlghng idr

sgvgrba jhstbhngs di usg bhl jhtgrkgljbtg rgs`brpghjho.

\`g jh`bfjtbhts di _btgrjhogh < prbntjsgl b rbhog di

bntjvjtjgs, rgabtgl td fdt` sufsjstghng tbsms bhl t`g prdngssjho

di vbrjdus kbtgrjbas. Sabhts wgrg obt`grgl bhl prdngssgl=

t`dsg pabhts kby `bvg fggh rggls w`jn` wgrg kblg pajbfag

sd bs td fg sujtbfag idr t`g kbhuibnturg di kbts bhl t`g ajmg.

\`g kbhy brrdw pdjhts t`bt wgrg usgl idr ùhtjho jh t`g

vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg wgrg tbmgh fbnm td t`g ajvjho brgb td fg

rgpbjrgl bhl rg`bitgl. Fdhg dfegnts wgrg basd kblg, ji dh b

skbaa snbag. \`grg js gvjlghng idr `jlg wdrmjho. ^dkg di

t`g `jlgs kby `bvg fggh usgl td kbhuibnturg smjh prdlunts.

\`g ibnt t`bt hd sjnmag fablgs wgrg iduhl ldgs di ndursg hdtkgbh t`bt borjnuaturg wbs hdt prbntjsgl5 hgobtjvg gvjlghng di

t`js hbturg js hdt sjohjijnbht.

\`g rgsuats di t`g bhbaysjs di t`g _btgrjhogh < iajht

bssgkfabog nadsgay rgsgkfag t`dsg di t`g igw ndhtgkpdrbry

sjtgs t`bt `bvg fggh stuljgl. Bs ibr bs t`g usg di rbw kbtgrjba

js ndhngrhgl, t`g prdpdrtjdh di adnba iajht (pgffag-Kgusg

goos) js `jo`gr t`bh t`bt di jkpdrtgl kbtgrjba (Vjenm`dat,

Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh, Ybamghfuro, Ugvghwgogh). \`js wbs t`g

nbsg jh pbrtjnuabr bt @bzghldhm > (>6% jkpdrtgl iajht) bhl

Vjeswjem (26%= Vbgkbgmgrs, pgrs. ndkk.). Bt Obssga bhl

Mrbbjghfgro, w`jn` brg fdt` sjtubtgl nadsgr td t`g sdut`grh

iajht sdurngs, t`g pgrnghtbogs di jkpdrtgl iajht wgrg `jo`gr

(Aduwg Mddjekbhs / Ygr brt 2::3= Ygr`brt / Aduwg

Mddjekbhs 2:0:). \`g tgn`hdadoy wbs bjkgl abrogay bt t`g

prdluntjdh di iabmgs= fablgs brg rbrg. Baa idur sjtgs yjgalgl

rgabtjvgay igw kdljijgl tddas5 @bzghldhm > 26%, Obssga

29%, Mrbbjghfgro 2>% bhl _btgrjhogh < 22%. \`g usg-

wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g iajht rgprgsght ndkpbrbfag frdbl

spgntrb di bntjvjtjgs bt baa idur sjtgs (t`g Vjeswjem bssgkfabog

`bs hdt ygt fggh sufegntgl td iuhntjdhba bhbaysjs) (Fjghghigal

2:0:= ^n`rgurs jh prgp.). ‐Gxdtjn' trbngs, sun` bs pdajs` ‐23'bhl pdajs` ‐6>', wgrg iduhl kdstay dh sdut`grh, jkpdrtgl

iajht jkpagkghts (Ybh Ojeh 2::?). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho, t`g

gvjlghng pdjhts td pgrkbhghtay jh`bfjtgl sjtgs wjt`, idr

gxbkpag bt _btgrjhogh <, b strdho gkp`bsjs dh ùhtjho.

_btgrjhogh < yjgalgl gvjlghng idr t`g usg di pdajs`gl

bxgs bs ndrgs, bs basd bttgstgl bt t`g abtgr Yabbrljhogh sjtgs.

?.>% di t`g brtgibnts irdk _btgrjhogh < s`dwgl pdajs`gl

ibngts. \`g orgbtgst ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g _btgrjhogh <

bssgkfabog bhl t`g bssgkfabogs irdk t`g Yabbrljhogh sjtgs

jh tgrks di t`g rbhog di bntjvjtjgs rgprgsghtgl js t`g bakdst

ndkpagtg abnm di trbngs di fdhg wdrmjho jh t`g idrkgr (ni.

Ybh Ojeh 2::3).

22. ^tdhg ^. Kdaghbbr

22.2. VB_ KB\GVJBA^

<?2 pjgngs di stdhg wjt` b tdtba wgjo`t di ?,26:.6 o wgrg

ndaagntgl. \`gy rgprgsght tgh ljiigrght mjhls di stdhg

(tbfags 29, 2?). \`g twd kdst ndkkdh mjhls brg qubrtz bhl

qubrtzjtg, wjt` wgjo`t pgrnghtbogs di 7>.7% bhl 62.0%,

rgspgntjvgay. \`g abrog ljiigrghng jh pgrnghtbogs fgtwggh t`g

hukfgr di qubrtz irbokghts bhl t`gjr wgjo`t js lug td t`g

abrog hukfgr di skbaa irbokghts di t`js stdhg.

_`bt js pgr`bps t`g kdst rgkbrmbfag bspgnt di t`g ajt`jn

bssgkfabog js t`g prgsghng di kbrnbsjtg (Ig^6), bh jrdh

ndkpduhl w`jn` dnnurs bs aukps jh abygrs di n`bam. \`g hgbrgst

hbturba dnnurrghngs brg jh t`g Lgvdhjbh n`bams bhl sn`jsts di

t`g Brlghhgs (Aduwg Mddjekbhs, pgrs. ndkk.). Bkdho t`g

sgljkghtbry rdnms brg sgvgrba irbokghts di bh uhjlghtjijgl

rdnm. Bs t`gsg irbokghts jhnaulg ijvg brtgibnts t`gy wgrg

rgobrlgl bs b sgpbrbtg ordup di uhjlghtjijgl irbokghts.

\`g hukfgr bhl sjzg di t`g pgffags jhljnbtg t`bt t`g

orgbtgr pbrt di t`g ajt`jn kbtgrjba wbs prdfbfay dftbjhgl irdk

\bfag 29. \`g ljiigrght typgs di stdhg ghnduhtgrgl bt _btgrjhogh < bhl t`g prdpdrtjdhs jh w`jn` t`gy

wgrg iduhl fbsgl dh t`g hukfgr di irbokghts iduhl.

Hukfgr fadnms % pgffags % tddas % tdtba %

Rubrtz < ?.2 637 70.2 > <.0 626 <7.3

Rubrtzjtg 0 2<.> 26> ><.0 >2 73.3 296 ><.<

^bhlstdhg 9 23.? 66 9.6 ? 22.> >7 ?.<

Dt`gr kgtbkdrp`. 29 60.9 „ „ 7 0.2 62 <.7

Nrystbaajhg ? 26.7 „ „ 0 26.: 27 >.6

Rubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg < ?.2 6 3.9 ? 22.> 2> 6.?

Kbrnbsjtg 9 23.? „ „ „ „ 2 2.>

Egt 2 2.0 „ „ 2 2.9 6 3.<

âbtg 2 2.0 „ „ „ „ 2 3.6

Sdrp`yry „ „ 2 3.> „ „ 2 3.6

Jhlgtgrkjhbfag > 7.< „ „ „ „ > 3.9

\dtbas 79 233.3 >7> 233.3 96 233.3 <?2 ::.:



Kgusg bhl V`jhg orbvgas. ^dkg di t`g stdhg kby `bvg fggh

pjnmgl up dh t`g fgbn`gs badho t`g Hdrt` ^gb ndbst. \`g

bssgkfabog basd jhnaulgs jkpdrtgl kbtgrjba. B egt fgbl iduhl

bt ^wjitgrfbht js t`duo`t td `bvg ndkg irdk hdrt`grh Irbhng

(Lgnmgrs gt ba. 2:03, ijo. 262). B sjkjabr sdurng kby pgr`bps

fg prdpdsgl idr t`g egt fgbl t`bt wbs iduhl bt _btgrjhogh <.

22.6. BV\GIBN\^

\bfag 20 prgsghts b survgy di baa t`g 96 irbokghts di stdhg

brtgibnts. Hdtgwdrt`y js b pjgng di b pdajs`gl egt stdhg wjt`

twd jhndkpagtg ndhjnba pgridrbtjdhs „ prdfbfay t`g rgsuat

di bh uhsunngssiua bttgkpt td prdlung b fgbl (ijo. >9.2).

B sjkjabr fgbl wbs iduhl bt Yabbrljhogh (Oabsfgrogh gt ba

2:9?5 ijo. 2:).


Ijourg >9. ^tdhg tddas irdk

_btgrjhogh <. 25 egt fgbl= 6-<5

irbokghts di pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs=

7-?5 stdhgs wjt` pdajs`gl suribngs.

Egt fgbl snbag 252, baa t`g dt`gr

irbokghts snbag 256.




\bfag 2?. ^bkg bs tbfag 29, wjt` t`g prdpdrtjdhs fbsgl dh t`g wgjo`t di t`g irbokghts.

_gjo`t (o) fadnms % pgffags % tddas % tdtba %

Rubrtz :.< 6.> 2,6:9.7 >7.0 673.0 0.2 2,779.? 62.0

Rubrtzjtg >:.7 :.0 6,3?7.? 7?.> 2,?36.? 7<.: >,02?.: 7>.7

^bhlstdhg <:.: 26.> 62>.7 7.: >?>.6 26.3 9>9.9 0.:

Dt`gr kgtbkdrp`. 97.0 29.> „ „ 2>9.2 <.< 632.: 6.0

Nrystbaajhg <0.< 26.3 „ „ 69?.> 0.9 >27.? <.<

Rubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg 69.> 9.7 26.? 3.< >90.2 22.: <3?.2 7.?

Kbrnbsjtg 63.> 7.3 „ „ „ „ 63.> 3.>

Egt >.0 3.: „ „ 2.< 3.3 7.6 3.3

âbtg <>.3 23.9 „ „ „ „ <>.3 3.9

Sdrp`yry „ „ 6?.3 3.? „ „ 6?.3 3.<

Jhlgtgrkjhbfag :?.0 6<.6 „ „ „ „ :?.0 2.<

\dtbas <3<.6 ::.: >,967.< 233.2 >,3::9 ::.: ?,26:.6 ::.0

\bfag 20. \`g rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g typgs di stdhg tddas bhl t`g rbw kbtgrjbas. 2;`bkkgrstdhg,6;orjhlstdhg, >;qugrh, <;bxg irbokght, 7;kdrtbr, 9;fgbl, bhl ?;jhlgtgrkjhbfag.

Brtgibnts 2 6 > < 7 9 ? \dtba

Rubrtzjtg 23 0 > > „ „ ? >2

Nrystbaajhg „ „ „ „ „ „ 0 0

^bhlstdhg „ „ 6 „ „ „ 7 ?

Rubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg „ 2 „ 2 2 „ < ?

Dt`gr sgljkghtbry „ „ „ „ „ „ 7 7

Rubrtz > „ „ „ „ „ „ >

Egt „ „ „ „ „ 2 „ 2

\dtbas 2> : 7 < 2 2 6: 96

Ijourg >?. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g stdhg kbtgrjba. \ g abrogst


squbrg.




Ijourg >0. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh

di t`g stdhg tdda irbokghts jh

rgabtjdh td t`g gxnbvbtjdh orjl bhl

t`g `dusg pabh. Ijttjho irbokghts

brg edjhgl fy sdajl ajhgs.




\`rgg irbokghts di qubrtzjtg stdhg bxgs wgrg jlghtjijgl5

b iabmg, bh bakdst ndkpagtg glog bhl b tjp (ijo. >95 6, >).

Baa t`rgg s`dwgl trbngs di pduhljho. Jt ndual hdt fg jhigrrgl

irdk t`g irbokghts w`gt`gr t`gy `bl baa fgadhogl td t`g

sbkg bxg. \`g glog kby `bvg idrkgl pbrt di b Igas

Vgn`tgnmfgjag B, b typg di bxg mhdwh irdk vbrjdus Hgdajt jn

nuaturgs (Fgumgr gt ba. 2::6, 22?-263= ^nùt 2::2, ?-67).

B idurt` irbokght di qubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg kby basd fg pbrt di

bh bxg, eulojho irdk jts t`rgg ibngttgl sjlgs, ijourg >95 <.

Abrog bhl rduhlgl pgffags wjt` rduo`ghgl suribngs kby

`bvg fggh usgl bs `bkkgrstdhgs, idr jhstbhng jh iajht

wdrmjho. Jh sdkg nbsgs b irbokght di t`g pgffag `bl fgghrgkdvgl jh t`g `bkkgrjho. \`g ajt`jn bssgkfabog basd

jhnaulgs ijvg irbokghts di qugrhs, di sbhlstdhg bhl qubrtzjtg.

^dkg di t`gsg irbokghts s`dw nagbr trbngs di t`g lgajfgrbtg

rduo`ghjho di t`g suribng. Dt`gr stdhgs s`dw pdajs`gl

suribngs (sgg ijo. >9, 7-?).

^tdhg tddas brg hdt gxtghsjvgay ljsnussgl jh t`g rgpdrts dh

t`g dt`gr sjtgs di t`g @bzghldhm > Ordup. _btgrjhogh <

yjgalgl ibr kdrg irbokghts di stdhg tddas t`bh t`g dt`gr sjtgs,

fut t`g kbedrjty di t`dsg irbokghts rgprgsght t`g sbkg typgs

di tddas bs basd ghnduhtgrgl bt kdst di t`g dt`gr sjtgs. \`grg

js t`grgidrg hd gvjlghng td suoogst b ljiigrghng jh iuhntjdh

fgtwggh _btgrjhogh < bhl t`g dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs.

22.>. ^SB\JBA LJ^\VJFW\JDH

\`g orgbtgr pbrt di t`g ajt`jn kbtgrjba wbs ndhnghtrbtgl dh

tdp di t`g luhg bhl dh t`g sdut`grh sadpg (sgg ijos >?, >0).

\wd naustgrs di brtgibnts wgrg ljstjhoujs`gl wjt`jh t`g dvgrbaa

ljstrjfutjdh5 b ijrst naustgr, w`jn` jhnaulgl `bkkgrstdhgs

bhl irbokghts di qubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg bxgs, jh bhl brduhl t`g

`dusg pabh bhl b sgndhl, ndhsjstjho prgldkjhbhtay di

jhlgtgrkjhbfag brtgibnts, dh t`g sdut`grh sadpg.

26. ^yht`gsjs L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs

\`g ijrst dnnupbhts di t`g _btgrjhogh sjtg sgttagl dh b luhg

jh b hbturba ghvjrdhkght t`bt `bl dhay s`drtay fgidrg

lgvgadpgl irgs`wbtgr ndhljtjdhs. \`g luhg wbs surrduhlgl

fy b ljvgrsg abhlsnbpg wjt` kbrs`gs, nrggms bhl skbaa

wddls dh t`g hgbrfy skbaa luhgs. \`g pdtghtjba di t`js brgb

wbs gqubaay ljvgrsg5 nbttag ndual fg pbsturgl dh t`g hgbrfy

sbat kbrs`gs, t`grg wbs prdfbfay bh bfuhlbhng di wjal

bhjkbas bhl ngrgbas ndual fg nuatjvbtgl dh t`g luhgs.\`g sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs di t`g dnnupbhts di t`g

_btgrjhogh < sjtg jhnaulgl nrdp nuatjvbtjdh bhl bhjkba

ùsfbhlry, ùhtjho bhl obt`grjho. Dt`gr bntjvjtjgs bttgstgl bt

t`g sjtg brg t`g prdngssjho di pabhts bhl t`g wdrmjho di

wddl, fdhg bhl `jlgs bhl t`g bntjvjtjgs rgprgsghtgl fy t`g

ghjokbtjn pdajs` ‐23' dfsgrvgl dh sdkg iajht brtgibnts.

\`g dnnupbhts luo vbrjdus mjhls di pjts, sdkg di w`jn` `bvg

fggh jhtgrprgtgl bs uhajhgl wgaas bhl wbtgrjho pabngs.

Kdrgdvgr, bt agbst dhg `dusg wbs ndhstruntgl.

Jt prdvgl pdssjfag td rgabtg sdkg di t`gsg bntjvjtjgs td

spgnjijn zdhgs di t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb (tbf. 2:). \`g kbedrjty

di t`g bntjvjtjgs bppgbr td `bvg tbmgh pabng prgldkjhbhtay jh

t`g nghtrba zdhg rbt`gr t`bh dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg. ^dkg

di t`g ijhls rgndvgrgl dh t`g sadpgs rgprgsght bntjvjtjgs,

dt`grs t`g ljsnbrljho di wbstg idrkgl jh t`g bntjvjtjgs dh tdp

di t`g luhg. \`g uhajhgl wgaas bhl wbtgrjho pabngs wgrg baa

sjtubtgl gxnausjvgay dh t`g sadpgs.

Bs ibr bs t`g sgbsdh/sgbsdhs di t`g dnnupbtjdh js

ndhngrhgl, t`g kbhljfag di b twd-kdht` dal nbai bhl t`g

\bfag 2:. \`g jhtrbsjtg ljstrjfutjdh di vbrjdus nbtgodrjgs di ijhls bhl dt`gr vbrjbfags.

^durng hdrt`grh sadpg nghtrba zdhg uhajhgl wgaas zdhg sdut`grh sadpg

ijo. 7 wbtgrjho pabngs pdst`dags / dusg pabh wgaas „

ijo. 27 „ sbat kbrs` pabhts „ „

ijo. 29 „ ngrgbas „ „

ijo. 20 fdhg „ fdhg fdhg

ijo. 2: nbttag „ „ „

ijo. 66 „ fjrls fjrls „

ijo. 6> „ wjlogdh „ „

ijo. 6? „ pdttgry „ „

ijo. >> „ iajht „ iajht

ijo. >< „ brrdw `gbls „ „

ijo. >7 pabht wdrmjho „ pabht wdrmjho pabht wdrmjho

pdajs` ‐23' „ pdajs` ‐23' pdajs` ‐23'

„ `jlg wdrmjho „ „

„ prdegntjags „ „

ijo. >? „ stdhg „ stdhg

ijo. >0 „ `bkkgrstdhg „ `bkkgrstdhg

„ kdrtbr „ „



Ijourg >:. \rjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwjho t`g prdpdrtjdh di fdhgs di wjal

bhl ldkgstjnbtgl kbkkbas bhl (wjal/ldkgstjnbtgl) pjo irdk 0

Hgdajt`jn sjtgs, baa di w`jn` brg dalgr t`bh _btgrjhogh < (sgg ijo. 62).

\`g sjtgs kby fg jlghtjijgl dh t`g fbsjs di tbfag 63.

rgkbjhs di ijs` fdhgs irdk t`g stdkbn` di bh dttgr ndhstjtutg

gvjlghng idr dnnupbtjdh lurjho t`g sukkgr sgbsdh. _jhtgr

bntjvjtjgs brg rgprgsghtgl fy wjlogdh fdhgs bhl t`rgg iuaa-

ordwh bhtagrs.

Fut ldgs t`js kgbh t`bt t`g sjtg wbs dnnupjgl dh b

sgbsdhba fbsjs, jh t`g idrk di wjhtgr dnnupbtjdh jh sdkg

ygbrs bhl sukkgr dnnupbtjdh jh dt`grs, dr dh b ygbr-rduhlfbsjs4 Zgbr-rduhl `bfjtbtjdh sggks kdrg ajmgay, fgnbusg

2. t`g brgb sggks td `bvg fggh sujtbfag idr nrdp nuatjvbtjdh

bhl bhjkba ùsfbhlry,

6. t`grg bppgbrs td `bvg fggh b nagbr ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g

rgabtjvg jkpdrtbhng di t`g gndhdkjn bntjvjtjgs prbntjsgl bt

t`g ljiigrght sjtgs jh t`g @bzghldhm > pgrjdl. _btgrjhogh

wbs b kdrg pgrkbhghtay dnnupjgl sgttagkght (sgg ijo. 62),

>. t`g `dusg pabh jkpajgs b ndhsjlgrbfag jhvgstkght jh tjkg

bhl abfdur (ndhtrb Ygr`brt 2::6, :6-:<).

Jt js vgry ljiijnuat td ndkpbrg _btgrjhogh < wjt` t`g dt`gr

sjtgs di t`g @bzghldhm > Ordup dh bnnduht di t`g hbturg di

t`g abttgr sjtgs. Kdst di t`dsg dt`gr sjtgs wgrg iduhl td fgsuribng snbttgrs, w`grg baa zddadojnba bhl fdtbhjnba rgkbjhs

`bl ljsbppgbrgl lug td dxjlbtjdh. Kbhy `bl kdrgdvgr

rgkbjhgl dnnupjgl idr b adho pgrjdl di tjkg, bs b rgsuat di

w`jn` t`g rgkbjhs irdk ljiigrght p`bsgs `bl fgndkg kjxgl.

\`js orgbtay ndkpajnbtgs dr gvgh prgnaulgs ndkpbrjsdhs di

bspgnts ajmg sjtg ljkghsjdhs, sjtg strunturg bhl gndhdky.

@bzghldhm js t`g dhay pufajs`gl sjtg t`bt ldgs hdt prgsght

t`g bidrgkghtjdhgl ljiijnuatjgs. Jh sgvgrba rgspgnts

@bzghldhm ljiigrs ndhsjlgrbfay irdk _btgrjhogh <. Jh t`g

ijrst pabng jt js fgajgvgl t`bt t`g dnnupbhts di @bzghldhm,

w`jn` wbs sjtubtgl dh tdp di b skbaa rjvgr luhg jh bh ghtjrgay

ljiigrght hbturba ghvjrdhkght, nbhhdt `bvg prbntjsgl nrdp

nuatjvbtjdh, bs t`g brgb bvbjabfag dh t`g luhg wbs tdd skbaa

bhl t`grg wgrg hd brgbs sujtbfag idr nrdp nuatjvbtjdh jh t`g

vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg (Fbmgas 2:09). \`g @bzghldhm >

sufsjstghng lbtb rgiagnt t`g jkpdrtbhng di t`g ùhtjho di

dttgrs bhl fgbvgrs (Ugjagr 2::2, tbf. <).

\`g iajht brtgibnts irdk _btgrjhogh < nadsgay rgsgkfag

t`dsg iduhl bt t`g dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs jh tgn`hdadojnba

bhl typdadojnba rgspgnts. Kbrmgl ljiigrghngs brg dfsgrvbfag

jh t`g rbw kbtgrjbas usgl5 w`grgbs tgrrbng iajhts bhl pgffag-

Kgusg goos wgrg rbrg bt Obssga bhl Orbvg-Sbtgr Fgrt`jgr,

t`gy ndhstjtutgl bfdut ?3% di t`g rbw kbtgrjba usgl bt

Ydrkgr bhl @bzghldhm >. Bt _btgrjhogh < t`js pgrnghtbog

js gvgh `jo`gr. _btgrjhogh kdrgdvgr yjgalgl ibr kdrg iajhtbrtgibnts bhl tddas t`bh t`g dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs.

Bs idr t`g pdttgry, t`g typjnba funmgt- bhl fbrrga-s`bpgl

pdts wgrg iduhl bt baa t`g @bzghldhm > sjtgs. \`g sbkg `dals

idr t`g skbaa rduhl-fbsgl fdwas. \`g pdttgry irdk t`g

ljiigrght sjtgs js rgkbrmbfay uhjidrk jh kdrp`dadojnba bhl

tgn`hdadojnba tgrks. B ndhspjnudus igbturg di t`g

_btgrjhogh pdttgry js t`g bfsghng di t`g orddvg pbttgrhs


w`jn` wgrg iduhl td fg t`g kbjh idrk di lgndrbtjdh bt t`g

dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs. \`js kby suoogst nadsgr ajhms wjt`

t`g sdut` (Uggabhl bhl Iabhlgrs) t`bh wjt` t`g gbst.

B igw jkpdrtbht ndhnausjdhs nbh fg lrbwh irdk b

ndkpbrjsdh di t`g lbtb irdk _btgrjhogh < wjt` t`g gvjlghng

irdk t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn F Yabbrljhogh sgttagkghts jh t`g

ndbstba brgb. Jh t`g ijrst pabng, jh t`g nghturjgs fgtwggh t`g

bfbhldhkght di _btgrjhogh < bhl t`g brrjvba di t`g

Yabbrljhogh sgttagrs, t`g hbturba ghvjrdhkght n`bhogl

lrbstjnbaay irdk bh dpgh, hgway lgvgadpgl irgs`wbtgr

ghvjrdhkght td b rgabtjvgay kbturg lgnjludus idrgst

(Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog gt ba. 2:90). Jt js `dwgvgr

fgajgvgl t`bt fdt` ghvjrdhkghts wgrg sujtbfag idr borjnuaturg

^gndhlay, t`g rgsgkfabhng fgtwggh t`g fdhg spgntrb di t`g

@bzghldhm > pgrjdl bhl t`dsg di t`g Yabbrljhogh pgrjdl

suoogsts t`bt t`g gndhdkjn ljvgrsjty bttgstgl fy t`g gvjlghng

irdk t`g Yabbrljhogh pgrjdl kby `bvg gxjstgl bargbly jh t`g

@bzghldhm > pgrjdl. \d tbmg t`js broukght dhg stgp iurt`gr,

wg kby gvgh suoogst t`bt t`g sgttagkght systgk di t`g

@bzghldhm > pgrjdl rgsgkfagl t`g rgabtjvgay wgaa-mhdwh

Yabbrljhogh sgttagkght systgk.

Bt w`bt tjkg ljl t`g Hgdajt`jn dnnupbtjdh di t`g Lutn`

ndbstba brgb fgojh4 \`js qugstjdh nbh fg bpprdbn`gl irdk

twd ljiigrght stbrtjho pdjhts. \`g ijrst js t`g fgojhhjho di t`g

idrkbtjdh di t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs jh t`js brgb, w`jn` ndhstjtutgs

b sduhl tgrkjhus pdst qugk idr t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh.

Jt js t`duo`t t`bt t`js tddm pabng brduhl <073 FN (Ybh lgr

Ybam 2::6, 263-262). \`js wdual agbvg b pgrjdl di bfdut



2667-2<33 ygbrs fgtwggh t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs

bhl t`g _btgrjhogh < dnnupbtjdh. Bat`duo` wg mhdw di hd

bntuba sgttagkghts irdk t`js pgrjdl, t`g Fgrosn`gh`dgm

idwajho nbkp (lbtgl brduhl <>33/<633 FN) jhljnbtgs t`bt

t`g rgsdurngs di t`g ndbstba brgb wgrg fgjho gxpadjtgl(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:??, 6<7-6<0= 2:0?, 6>0-6<6).

Dur sgndhl stbrtjho pdjht js di bh brn`bgdadojnba hbturg.

_`grg ljl t`g ndadhjst di t`g ndbstba brgb ndkg irdk4 \`js

qugstjdh js di ndursg ljiijnuat td bhswgr, t`duo` jt js qujtg

tgkptjho td ndrrgabtg t`g lgnrgbsg jh sgttagkght lghsjty jh t`g

pgbt ljstrjnt di t`g V`jhg-Kgusg lgatb bttgstgl irdk t`g

@bzghldhm > pgrjdl dhwbrls wjt` t`g fgojhhjho di t`g

dnnupbtjdh di t`g ndbstba brgb. Fdt` t`g hukfgr di sjtgs jh

t`g pgbt ljstrjnt bhl t`gjr sjzgs lgnrgbsgl (Ygrfruoogh 2::>).

Jt kby wgaa fg t`bt t`g @bzghldhm > dnnupbhts di

_btgrjhogh (bhl t`dsg di Vjeswjem) nbkg irdk t`g pgbt

ljstrjnt. Brduhl t`js tjkg kbrmgl n`bhogs fgobh td tbmg

pabng jh t`g rgabtjvg jkpdrtbhng di t`g sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs,tdd5 t`g sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs bttgstgl bt t`g sjtgs irdk t`g

@bzghldhm > bhl Yabbrljhogh pgrjdls s`dws b wjlgr lgorgg

di ljiigrghtjbtjdh t`bh t`dsg di t`g prgngljho pgrjdl

(ndkpbrg ijos. >: bhl 62 dr tbfags 63 bhl <). \`js orgbtgr

ljvgrsjty jh sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs kby rgiagnt b orgbtgr

ljvgrsjty jh sgttagkght typgs. Di ndursg, t`g dfsgrvgl

ljiigrghngs kby basd fg bttrjfutbfag td ljiigrghngs jh t`g

jhtghsjty di brn`bgdadojnba rgsgbrn`.

Irdk w`bt `bs fggh sbjl bfdvg jt kby fg ndhnaulgl t`bt

t`g ndbstba brgb wbs ijrst dnnupjgl gjt`gr jh t`g @bzghldhm >

pgrjdl dr b ajttag gbrajgr, fut hdt fgidrg bfdut <073 FN.

Ji t`g brgb wbs dnnupjgl fgidrg t`g @bzghldhm > pgrjdl, t`g

dnnupbtjdh wbs prdfbfay di b ljiigrght hbturg t`bh t`g

Yabbrljhogh-ajmg dnnupbtjdh di t`g @bzghldhm > sjtgs.

_g wdual ajmg td suoogst t`bt bhy gbrajgr dnnupbtjdh di t`g

Lutn` ndbstba brgb wjaa `bvg fggh di b pjdhggrjho hbturg, jh

sgbsdhbaay dnnupjgl idwajho dr ùhtjho nbkps w`dsg

dnnupbhts `gsjtbhtay gxpadrgl t`g pdssjfjajtjgs di t`g vjrojh

brgb. Abtgr, prdfbfay irdk t`g fgojhhjho di t`g @bzghldhm >

pgrjdl dhwbrls, t`g dnnupbtjdh orblubaay bnqujrgl b kdrg

pgrkbhght n`brbntgr.

Bnmhdwaglokghts

\`g hjhg but`drs w`d ndaagntjvgay wrdtg t`js brtjnag brgorgbtay jhlgftgl td t`g idaadwjho pgrsdhs idr prdvjljho t`gk

wjt` usgiua jhidrkbtjdh5 E. Odulzwbbrl, K. Mdhjho,

K. Abwghlg, @. Dulg Vghogrjhm bhl K. _bhsaggfgh.

Lurjho t`g ijgalwdrm, t`g ijrst but`dr rgngjvgl kun` suppdrt

irdk M. Ighhgkb, F. Igrkjh, I. Vjepkb bhl B. Vdfggrst,

w`d wgrg bt t`g tjkg baa stulghts bt t`g JSA. B.A. vbh Ojeh,

N._. Mddt bhl A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs rgbl bh gbrajgr lrbit

di t`g brtjnag. \`gjr ndkkghts wgrg `joày bpprgnjbtgl.

^. Kgaadr ndrrgntgl t`g Gurd-Ghoajs`.

\`g lrbwjhos wgrg kblg fy S. vbh lgr Mrdit (ijo. 6?),

@. lg Adrk (ijos. >9, 67 B bhl 67 N), K. vbh _bvgrgh

(ijo. 2?), N. Kdstgrt (ijo. 69, gxngpt 67 B bhl 67 N) bhl

S. @gbvghs (baa t`g dt`gr ijos).

hdtgs

2 Vbljdnbrfdh lbtgs VOL 2 bhl VOL 6 wgrg ndrrgntgl idr t`gbog giignt di suribng dngbh wbtgr bhl t`g lgatb 2>N giignt, fut hdtidr t`g bog giignt di t`g blkjxturg di irgs` wbtgr. Ybh lgr Ybam(2::65 26?-26:) `bs suoogstgl t`bt rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs dftbjhgl idr kdaausn s`gaas kby fg >33 td <33 ygbrs tdd dal dwjho td t`gblkjxturg di irgs` wbtgr. \`js js prdfbfay basd t`g nbsg wjt` t`glbtgs dftbjhgl idr t`g s`gaas di _btgrjhogh <. \`js wdual hbrrdwt`g obp fgtwggh t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs bhl t`gjr dnnupbtjdh. ûftrbntjdh di >73 ygbrs irdk t`g lbtg dftbjhgl idr t`g kdaausn s`gaas irdk Whjt <, w`jn` pdstlbtgs Whjt > (t`g pgbt

abygr), yjgals b lbtg di brduhl >>73 nba. FN. \`js wdual borggwjt` t`g bog di t`g pgbt abygr.\`g VOL lbtgs brg qudtgl `grg wjt` t`g mjhl pgrkjssjdh di t`gVOL.

6 Baa lbtgs FN ojvgh jh t`js brtjnag brg nbajfrbtgl lbtgs.

> Bnndrljho td Ybh lgr Ybam, t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs di Vjeswjem brgbkdho t`g dalgst prgsgrvgl fbrrjgr n`bjhs. Brduhl <073 nba. FN


\bfag 63. \`g kbkkba fdhg spgntrb di 0 Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sjtgs, baa di w`jn` brg dalgr t`bh _btgrjhogh <.

\`gsg lbtb wgrg usgl td ndhstrunt t`g trjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwh jh ijo. >7. Bitgr Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.>.

Hd. sjtg ‐nuaturg' _jal Sjo Ldkgstjnbtgl Ajtgrbturg

bhjkbas bhjkbas

2 @bzghldhm 2/6 ^wjitgrfbht ?< 23 29 Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag >

6 ^wjitgrfbht > ^wjitgrfbht >7 77 23 Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag 2

> S2<, abygrs BFN ^wjitgrfbht 7? 6: 2< Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.>

< @ñlg J ^wjitgrfbht ?: 2: 6 @ñfhgrgt ba.2:00, tbfag 29

7 Frbhlwjem A>3 4 93 63 63 Vdfggrst 2::7

9 Frbhlwjem A73fbsg ^wjitgrfbht 9> >2 9 Vdfggrst 2::7

? Frbhlwjem a73tdp ^wjitgrfbht 7: >> 0 Vdfggrst 2::7

0 Frbhlwjem A93 ^wjitgrfbht 90 66 23 Vdfggrst 2::7



(dr sgvgrba ùhlrgls di ygbrs abtgr ji t`g 2<N lbtgs brg ljiigrghtayjhtgrprgtgl) t`g fbrrjgrs fgobh td prdorblg hdrt`wbrls bt b `jo` rbtg.

< Whjt 6 js sjkjabr td Whjt >f di t`g Vjeswjem B< tgkpdrbrygxpdsurg= sgg Ybh lgr Ybam 2::6.

rgigrghngs

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:02. Hgdajt`jn Sabht Vgkbjhs irdk t`g @bzghldhm,

Srdvjhng di Uujl-@daabhl, \`g Hgt`grabhls, Ugjtsn`rjit iñr

Brn`ìdadojg 27, 2<2-2<0.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:09. Bmmgrfduw jh `gt kdgrbs4 Jh5 K.N. vbh \rjgruk

& @.G. @ghmgs (gls) Vdttgrlbk Sbpgrs Y, b ndhtrjfutjdh td

prg`jstdrjn, Vdkbh bhl kgljgvba brn`bgdadoy, Vdttgrlbk, 2-9.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2::2. _gstgrh Ndhtjhghtba Gurdpg. Jh5 _. vbh Ugjst,

M. _bsyajmdwb & M.-G. Fg`rg (gls) Srdorgss jh Dal _dral

Sbabgdgt`hdfdtbhy. B rgtrdspgntjvg vjgw dh t`g dnnbsjdh di 63

ygbrs di t`g jhtgrhbtjdhba wdrm ordup idr pbabgdgt`hdfdtbhy,Vdttgrlbk/Frddmijgal, 6?:-6:0.

Fgumgr, E.V., G. Lrght`, B.G. Abhtjho & B.S. ^nùllgfgurs 2::6.

Lg stghgh fjeagh gh `bkgrfjeagh vbh `gt Lrghts kusguk5 ggh

dhlgrzdgm hbbr lg ogfrujmtg stgghsddrtgh, Hjguwg Lrghtsg

Ydamsbakbhbm 23:, 22?-263.

Fjghghigal, S. 2:0:. Wsg-_gbr Bhbaysjs di t`g Obssga Iajht

Bssgkfabog. Jh5 A.F.K. Ygr`brt & A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:0:.

Ggh Kjllgh-Hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjho fje Obssga, ogkgghtg Fggrs

(H.-Fr.) kgt ggh fjelrbog vbh Fjghghigal, S.I., Dul`gjlmuhljog

Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 9:,

222-22?.

Fdllgmg, V. 2:?<. Yjssgh & vjssgh. Grvbrjhogh vbh ggh vjssgrje-

fjdaddo gh spdrtvjssgr , Bkstgrlbk/Frussga.

Frjhmmgkpgr, D. 2::2. _gtabhl ibrkjho jh t`g brgb td t`g sdut` di

t`g Kgusg gstubry lurjho t`g Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh Sgrjdl.

Bh ghvjrdhkghtba bhl pbabgd-gndhdkjn rgndhstruntjdh, Bhbagntb

Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 6<.

Frdgmùjzgh, ^. 2:07. Yjsvrbbt lddr dttgr ] Autrb autrb (A.)[ di

frujhg rbt ] Vbttus hdrvgojnus (Fgrmgh`dut)[, Autrb 60, :?-237.

Nbppgrs, V.\.E. 2::7. B pbabgdgndadojnba kdlga idr t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh

di wjal pabht spgnjgs, Ygogtbtjdh @jstdry bhl Brn`bgdfdtbhy <,

6<:-67?.

Nabsdh, B.\. 2:9?. Bhjkba bhl Kbh jh @daabhl's Sbst. Bh

jhvgstjobtjdh di t`g bhjkba wdral surrduhljho kbh jh prg`jstdrjn

bhl gbray `jstdrjnba tjkgs jh t`g prdvjhngs di Hdrt` bhl ^dut`

@daabhl, Sbabgd`jstdrjb 2>.

Nabsdh, B.\. 2::3. Gwjem, bh jhabhl Yabbrljhogh sgttagkght.

Brn`bgdzddadoy bhl t`g bkbtgur brn`bgdadojst. Jh5 E. ^n`jfagr,

E. ^glagkgjgr & @. ^pyn`gr (gls) Igstsn`rjit iñr @.V. ^tìkpiaj.

Fgjtrìog zur Brn`ìdzddadojg, Brn`ìdadojg, Bht`rdpdadojg, Ogdadojg

uhl Sbaìdhtdadojg, @gafjho/Ajn`tgh b`h, 9>-?7.

Nrggkgrs, O. & S.K. Ygrkggrsn` 2:0:. Kgguwgh-Ldhlgrsabo`gjlg

b Kjllag Hgdajt`jn ^jtg dh t`g Ajkfuro Mgkpgh Sabtgbu (Fgaojuk)

@gajhjuk >:, 639-669.

Lgnmgrs, S.@. S. lg Vdgvgr & E.L. vbh lgr _bbas 2:03. Ebogrs,

vjssgrs gh fdgrgh jh ggh prg`jstdrjsn` ogtjelgogfjgl fje ^wjitgrfbht

Ebbrfdgm U._.D. 2:03, 222-2<7.

Lgnmgrs, K.E.N. 2::2. Agvgh dp ggh strbhlwba. Ggh zddbrn`gdad-

ojsn`g stuljg vbh lg Yabbrljhogh sjtg5 Yddrsn`dtgh-lg Ldhm , JSA

Jhtgrhba Vgpdrt.

Ijsn`gr, B., S.Y. @bhsgh & E.N. @boogrty 2:0<. Kbnrd bhl

kjnrdwgbr trbngs dh ajt`jn prdegntjag pdjhts. Gxpgrjkghtba rgsuats bh

prg`jstdrjn sbkpags, Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy >, 2:-<9.

Idmmjhob, B. 2:07. Mdgfdgm , Nuagkfdro.

Og`bssg, G.I. 2::7. Gndadojsn`-brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm vbh `gt

hgdajt`jnuk gh lg vrdgog Frdhstjel jh lg Hddrlddstpdalgr kgt lg

hblrum dp S2< ogvdaol lddr ggh dvgrzjn`t vbh lg fgwdhjhos-

ogsn`jglghjs gh fgstbbhsgndhdkjg fjhhgh lg @dadnghg lgatb, S .L.

t`gsjs, Whjvgrsjty di Bkstgrlbk.

Ojeh, B.A. vbh 2::3. \`g wgbr bhl tgbr di iajht5 prjhnjpags di

iuhntjdhba bhbaysjs bppajgl td Lutn` Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs,

Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 66.

Ojeh, B.A. vbh 2::?. Nrbit bntjvjtjgs jh t`g Lutn` Hgdajt`jn5 b ajt`jn

vjgwpdjht. Jh5 K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls) ^dnjba ajig bhl

sdnjba n`bhog5 t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt`-_gstgrh Gurdpg, Oabsodw,

>>2->7>.

Oabsfgrogh, _., E.B. Fbmmgr, G.N.A. Lurjho Nbspgrs, _.B. Gttgkb

S.E. vbh lgr Yggh, N.V. @ddjegr, N.@. Ebpjho, @. lg _bbrl &

K.V. _bavjus 2:92. Lg hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjhogh tg Yabbrljhogh

(U.@.). Jh5 _. Oabsfgrogh & _. Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog (gls)

Jh `gt vdgtspddr vbh B.G. vbh Ojiigh, Ordhjhogh, <2-97.

Oabsfgrogh, _., _. Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog & O.K.

@brlghfgro-Kualgr 2:9?. ^gttagkghts di t`g Yabbrljhogh Nuaturg b

Yddrsn`dtgh bhl Agjlsn`ghlbk, @gajhjuk ?, >->2, :?-263.

Orggh, E., V. Orggh & L.E. Egiirjgs 2:0<. B rbljd-trbnmjho survgy

di dttgrs Autrb autrb dh b Sgrt`s`jrg Vjvgr systgk, Autrb 6?, 07-

2<7.

Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog, _., B. Yddrrjps & A.@. vbh

_jehobbrlgh-Fbmmgr 2:90. ^gttagkghts di t`g Yabbrljhogh Nuaturg

bt Yddrsn`dtgh bhl Agjlsn`ghlbk (Gndadoy), @gajhjuk 0, 237-2>3.

@grist, K.^. 2:0<. @bfjtbtjdh bhl iddl di t`g dttgr Autrb autrb jh

^`gtabhl, Autrb 6?, 07-2<7.




@gssjho, _.B.K. 2::<b. Vjeswjem5 @dgmpdalgr, Jh5 E.-M.B. @bogrs /

_.B.K. @gssjho (gls) Brn`gdadojsn`g Mrdhjgm vbh @daabhl 2::>,

@daabhl 69, <27.

@gssjho, _.B.K. 2::<f. _btgrjhogh5 trbnê Srdvjhnjbag wgo

^22/^7<. Jh5 E.-M.B. @bogrs & _.B.K. @gssjho (gls) Brn`gdadoj-

sn`g Mrdhjgm vbh @daabhl 2::>, @daabhl 69, <>?-<>0.

@ddjegr, N.V. 2:92. @gt ajt`jsn`g kbtgrjbba. Jh5 _. Oabsfgrogh,

E.B. Fbmmgr, G.N.A. Lurjho Nbspgrs, _.B. Gttgkb, S.E. vbh lgr

Yggh, N.V. @ddjegr, N.@. Ebpjho, @. lg _bbrl & K.V. _bavjus

2:92. Lg hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjhogh tg Yabbrljhogh (U.@.). Jh5

_. Oabsfgrogh & _. Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog (gls) Jh `gt

vdgtspddr vbh B.G. vbh Ojiigh, Ordhjhogh, <0-72.

@ñfhgr, M.-D., V. ^bur & @. Vgjn`stgjh 2:00. Ljg ^ìuogtjgrmhdn`g

lgr hgdajt`jsn`gh ^gguigrsjglauho @ñlg J bk Lñkkgr, AMr.

Ljgp`daz, Hjglgrsbn`sgh. Jh5 O. Ebndf-Irjgsgh (gl.) Sbayhdadojsn`g

uhl sìuogtjgrmuhlajn`g Whtgrsunùhogh zuk ^jglauhospabtz @ñlg J

bk Lñkkgr, AMr. Ljgp`daz, Oùttjhogr ^n`rjitgh zur Ydr- uhl

Irñògsn`jn`tg 6>, >7-2>>.

@ujets, N.^.\.E. 2::6. Lg vddr-`jstdrjsn`g fdgrlgrjefduw jh

Lrght`g. Vgndhstruntjgkdlgaagh vbh 2>33 vþþr tdt 2>33 hb N`r.,

S`.L. t`gsjs Ordhjhogh Whjvgrsjty.

Edhgs, B.M.O. 2:0<. ^dkg giignts di t`g kbkkbajbh ljogstjvg

systgk dh ijs` fdhgs. Jh5 H. Lgssg-Fgrsgt (gl.) 6hl ijs`

dstgdbrn`bgdadoy kggtjho, NHV^, Hdtgs gt Kdhdorbp`jgs

\gn`hjqugs 29, 92-97.

Mggagy, A.@. 2:06. @bitjho bhl rgtddajho5 giignts dh t`g brn`bgd-

adojnba rgndrl, Bkgrjnbh Bhtjqujty <?, ?:0-03:.

Mdagh, E.N.B. & _. Fdskbh 2::6. _btgrjhogh, ^22-^77, ggh brn`gd-

adojsn`g mbrtgrjho, jhvghtbrjsbtjg gh wbbrlgrjho, VBBS-rbppdrt 7?.

Mddt, E.K. 2::<. Jh mbhhgh gh mrujmgh. Yggrtjo ebbr brn`gdadojsn`

dhlgrzdgm jh Vjeswjem, Vjeswjemsg @jstdrjsn`g Vggms 22.

Abwghlg, K. 2::7. _btgrjhogh-<. Ggh ggrstg jhtgrprgtbtjg vbh ggh

@bzghldhm-> vjhlpabbts jh `gt Hglgrabhlsg mustogfjgl , JSA Jhtgrhba

Vgpdrt.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:?<. \`g V`jhg/Kgusg Lgatb. Idur stuljgs

dh jts Srg`jstdrjn Dnnupbtjdh bhl @dadnghg Ogdadoy, Bhbagntb

Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb ?= Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt

Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 76-7<.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:?9. Adnba Lgvgadpkghts jh b Fdrlgrabhl.

B survgy di t`g Hgdajt`jn bt t`g Adwgr V`jhg,Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglg-lgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 7?, 66?-6:?.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:??. Fgrosn`gh`dgm. Jh5 @. ^bribtje (gl.)

Brn`gdadojsn`g mrdhjgm vbh Uujl-@daabhl dvgr 2:?9, @daabhl :,

6<7-6<0.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:03. Lg kjllgh-hgdajt`jsn`g vdhlstordgp

vbh `gt Ydrkgr fje _yn`gh gh `gt nuatuurpbtrddh rdhl lg zujlgajemg

Hddrlzgg njrnb >333 v. N`r., Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt

Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 92, 22>-630.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:07. ^pdrgh jh `gt abhl. Lg Hglgrabhlsg

lgatb jh lg prg`jstdrjg, Bkstgrlbk.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:0?. Hgdajt`jn ^gttagkght bhl ûfsjstghng

jh t`g _gtabhls di t`g V`jhg/Kgusg Lgatb di t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh5E.K. Ndags & B.E. Abwsdh (gls) Gurdpgbh _gtabhls jh Srg`jstdry,

Dxidrl, 66?-672.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>. _gtabhl Gxpadjtbtjdh bhl Wpabhl

Vgabtjdhs di Srg`jstdrjn Ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh5

E. Obrljhgr (gl.) Iabtabhls & _gtabhls, nurrght t`gkgs jh Gbst

Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy, Gbst Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy 73, ?2-229.

Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. & A.F.K. Ygr`brt 2::3. Ggh kjllgh-

hgdajt`jsn` hglgrzgttjhostgrrgjh gh ggh muja vbh lg ^tgjh-ordgp dp lg

vddrkbajog Mrbbjghfgro fje Ajhlgh, ogkgghtg Fggrs (H.-Fr.),

Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh

tg Agjlgh ?3, <:-230.

Kbsdh, N.I. & ^.K. Kbnldhbal 2:0<. Lg dttgr Autrb autrb (A.),

Autrb 6?, ?-23.

Kddm, _.O. 2:0>. 2<N nbajfrbtjdh nurvgs lgpghljho dh sbkpag

tjkg-wjlt`. Jh5 _.O. Kddm & @.\. _btgrfdam (gls) Srdnggljhos di

t`g 2st Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^ykpdsjuk 2<N bhl Brn`bgdadoy5 Ordhjhogh,

^trbssfduro5 Ndhsgja lg a'Gurdpg, Bssgkfagg pbragkghtbjrg (SBN\

0), 72?-767.

Kdss, G.@. 2:0>. \`g iuhntjdhba bhbaysjs di iajht jkpagkghts, FBV

Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 2??.

Hjessgh, @. & ^.E lg Orddt 2:0?. Lg vjssgh vbh Hglgrabhl , Wtrgn t5

^tjn`tjho Wjtogvgrje Mdhjhmajemg Hglgrabhlsg Hbtuur`jstdrjsn`gYgrghjojho.

Dlgaa, O.@. & Ndwbh, I. 2:09. Gxpgrjkghts wjt` spgbrs bhl brrdws

dh bhjkba tbrogts. Edurhba di Ijgal Brn`bgdadoy 2>, 2:7-626.

Sgatzgr, [email protected]. 2::2. @gt glga`grt jh Gurdpb, Bpgalddrh.

Sajn`t, E. vbh lgr 2::>. \`g Ordhjhogh rbljdnbrfdh nbajfrbtjdh

prdorbk, Vbljdnbrfdh >7, 6>2-6>?.

Srukkga, _. 2:0?. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs irdk t`g hgdajt`jn sjtg di

@gmgajhogh JJJ, @gajhjuk >>, 2:3-670.

Vbgkbgmgrs, L.N.K. 2::?. Ybh `dutsmdda jh twgg frdjhogh tdt

Kjllgh-Hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjho _btgrjhogh <5 ggh rgndhstruntjg,

_gstgr`ggk <9, 23-26.

Vdfggrst, E.K.K. 2::7. Lg Hgdajt`jsn`g ibuhb vbh lg Ldhm @gt

Mgrm`di fje Frbhlwjem, Bafabssgrwbbrl , JSA Jhtgrhba Vgpdrt.

^n`rgurs, E. 2::>. \`g Kjn`gasfgro sjtg Kbbstrjn`t-Majhmgrs5 b iuhn-

tjdhba jhtgrprgtbtjdh, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, 26:-2?2.

2:3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:



^n`rgurs, K.E.N.B. jh prgp. Ggh iuhntjdhgag jhtgrprgtbtjg vbh ghmgag

Kjn`gasfgro-sjtgs, S`.L. t`gsjs Agjlgh Whjvgrsjty.

^nùt, S., 2::2. Ggh jhvghtbrjsbtjg vbh hgdajt`jsn`g fjeagh ujt

Ogalgrabhl, tgh hddrlgh vbh lg Vjeh, Hglgrabhlsg Brn`gdadojsn`g

Vbppdrtgh 22.

Ybam, A. vbh lgr 2::6. Kjl- bhl Abtg-@dadnghg Ndbstba gvdautjdhjh t`g Fgbn`-Fbrrjgr brgb di t`g _gstgrh Hgt`grabhls, S`.L. t`gsjs,

Irgg Whjvgrsjty di Bkstgrlbk.

Yggh, E. 2:?7. @gt vddrmdkgh gh ghjog oglrbosvgrsn`jehsgagh vbh

lg vjsdttgr, Autrb autrb (A.) jh Hddrl-@daabhl, Autrb 2?, 2->.

Ygrfruoogh, K. 2::6. Ogdbrn`bgdadojnba prdspgntjdh di t`g

Vdkkgrtsldhm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, 22?-260.

Ygr`brt, A.F.K. 2:0:. Hglgrzgttjhosspdrgh ujt `gt Kjllgh-

Hgdajt`jnuk abhos lg Sbtgr Fgrt`jgrstrbbt tg Orbvg, _gstgr`ggk >0,

2:3-2:?.

Ygr`brt, A.F.K. 2::6. ^gttajho dr trgmmjho4 \`g abtg hgdajt`jn `dusg

pabhs di @bbkstglg-Frbfgrs bhl t`gjr nduhtgrpbrts, Dul`gjlmuhljog

Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh ?6, ?>-::.

Ygr`brt, A.F.K. & A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:0:. Ggh Kjllgh-

Hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjho fje Obssga, ogkgghtg Fggrs (H.-Fr.) kgt

ggh fjelrbog vbh Fjghghigal, S.I, Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt

`gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 9:, ?7-22?.

Ugjagr, E.\. 2::2. @uhtjho bhl Bhjkba @usfbhlry bt Hgdajt`jn ^jtgs

jh t`g _gstgrh bhl Nghtrba Hgt`grabhls= jhtgrbntjdh fgtwggh Kbh

bhl t`g Ghvjrdhkght, @gajhjuk >2, 93-267.

N.N. Fbmgas

B.A. vbh Ojeh

^. Kdaghbbr

L. Sbbakbh

L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs

Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy

Sdstfus :7276>33 VB Agjlgh

\`g Hgt`grabhls

F. Fggrgh`dut

Jhstjtuut vddr Srg- gh Srdtd`jstdrjsn`g Brn`gdadojg Bafgrt

Googs vbh Ojiigh (J.S.S.)

Hjguwg Srjhsghorbn`t 2>3

2320 YU Bkstgrlbk

\`g Hgt`grabhls

M. @ìhhjhgh

N. Ygrkggrgh

FJBP NdhsuatVdgtgrstrbbt 0 `s

2320 _N Bkstgrlbk

\`g Hgt`grabhls

K. Ygrfruoogh

Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgkdhlgrzdgm

Sdstfus 2933

>033 FS Bkgrsiddrt

\`g Hgt`grabhls

2:2 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <



\`g jhndrpdrbtjdh di t`g sdut`grh pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls

jhtd t`g Vdkbh Gkpjrg agl td t`g jhtrdluntjdh di nustdks,

kbhhgrs bhl jlgbs `jt`grtd uhmhdwh dr `brlay mhdwh td t`g

jhljoghdus sdnjgtjgs. Bkdho t`g hdvgatjgs wgrg iddls bhl

nuajhbry `bfjts. Bh jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh js `dw t`g adnba

rurba pdpuabtjdh rgbntgl td t`g wbvg di n`bhog. \`g

gxnbvbtjdhs t`bt wgrg nbrrjgl dut bt Dss-Wssgh prdvjlgl bh

dppdrtuhjty td stuly t`js sufegnt. B ndkfjhbtjdh di fdtbhjnba,

zddadojnba bhl dt`gr gvjlghng dh gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho s`dws

t`bt t`g nuajhbry `bfjts di t`g hbtjvg ibrkgrs jhlggl uhlgrwght sdkg n`bhogs, fut t`bt t`g hgw nustdks wgrg hdt

uhjidrkay bldptgl fy baa t`g `dusg`dals. Kdrgdvgr, t`g kbjh

pbrt di t`g lbjay ljgt rgkbjhgl uhn`bhogl. B rgiagntjdh dh

t`g rgbsdhs w`y pgdpag n`bhog t`gjr nuajhbry `bfjts sggms td

diigr bh gxpabhbtjdh idr t`js.

2. Jhtrdluntjdh

\`g ygbr 26 FN wbs bh jkpdrtbht ygbr jh t`g `jstdry di w`bt

js hdw t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh t`bt ygbr t`g Vdkbh brky

jhvblgl t`g brgb bhl jhndrpdrbtgl pbrt di jt jhtd t`g Vdkbh

Gkpjrg. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g fdrlgr fgtwggh dnnupjgl bhl

irgg tgrrjtdry iauntubtgl sdkgw`bt bt ijrst, fut brduhl BL <?

jt nbkg td fg ijxgl badho t`g ndursg di t`g rjvgr V`jhg. \`gVdkbh brky wbs idaadwgl fy t`g Vdkbh blkjhjstrbtjvg bhl

kbrmgtjho systgks bhl t`g brgb wbs ajhmgl up wjt` t`g Vdkbh

jhirbstrunturg. \`js rgsuatgl jh t`g jhtrdluntjdh di nustdks,

kbhhgrs bhl jlgbs `jt`grtd uhmhdwh dr `brlay mhdwh td t`g

jhljoghdus sdnjgtjgs. Bkdho t`g hdvgatjgs wgrg basd hgw

iddls, bs `bs fggh bkpay lgkdhstrbtgl jh t`g ajkgs brgb wjt`

jts Vdkbh nbstgaab bhl bssdnjbtgl sjtgs (Mhùrzgr 2::2b).

Bh jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh js `dw t`g adnba rurba pdpuabtjdh,

ajvjho jh kdrg dr agss fbnmwbrl brgbs, rgbntgl td t`g wbvg di

n`bhog. Ljl t`gjr kghu n`bhog bhl, ji sd, jh w`bt wbys4

Bhdt`gr jkpdrtbht jssug js t`g kgbhjho di n`bhogs jh gbtjho

bhl lrjhmjho `bfjts5 nuajhbry nustdks brg jhiaughngl fy kdrg

t`bh hutrjtjdhba vbaugs badhg.

\`g gxnbvbtjdhs t`bt wgrg ndhluntgl bt Dss-Wssgh

fgtwggh 2:?9 bhl 2:09 obvg us bh dppdrtuhjty td sgbrn` idr

bhswgrs td t`gsg qugstjdhs. Lurjho t`g abrog-snbag ijgalwdrm

nbrrjgl dut fy t`g Agjlgh Jhstjtutg di Srg`jstdry b kjnrd-

rgojdh di sdkg >3 `gntbrgs wbs uhndvgrgl, rgvgbajho b

ndhtjhudus `jstdry di dnnupbtjdh irdk t`g Frdhzg Bog,

t`rduo` t`g Jrdh Bog jhtd t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. ^jhng t`g

gxnbvbtjdhs, sgvgrba kbedr rgpdrts `bvg bppgbrgl bhl kdrg

wjaa fg pufajs`gl jh t`g hgbr iuturg (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh/Ybh

lgh Frdgmg 2:0?= Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00= ^n`jhmga 2::<=

Idmmghs 2::9= _gssgajho` idrt`ndkjho). \`gsg rgpdrts

ghbfagl us td ndhlunt t`g stuly w`dsg rgsuats brg prgsghtgl

dh t`g idaadwjho pbogs.

6. ^gttagkght bt Dss-Wssgh jh t`g Jrdh Bog bhl

t`g Vdkbh pgrjdlWssgh js t`g hbkg di bh brgb jh t`g hdrt`wgstgrh pbrt di t`g

kuhjnjpbajty di Dss. \`g brgb ajgs jh t`g trbhsjtjdhba zdhg

fgtwggh t`g Sagjstdnghg ndvgrsbhls di t`g prdvjhng di

Frbfbht bhl t`g wjlg vbaagy di t`g rjvgr Kgusg. \`g adnba

sufsdja js sbhl. Bt prgsght, t`g Kgusg iadws ijvg mjadkgtrgs

td t`g hdrt` di t`g sjtg, fut jt kby `bvg ruh nadsgr fy jh t`g

Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl (ijo. 2).

\`g `jstdry bhl hbturg di t`g ùkbh dnnupbtjdh `bvg fggh

bkpay lgsnrjfgl fy M. ^n`jhmga (2::<). Jh t`g Gbray Jrdh

Bog (033-733 FN) sgttagkght ndhsjstgl di sjhoag ibrks

snbttgrgl bnrdss t`g abhlsnbpg. \`g ibrks jhndrpdrbtgl ajvjho

brgbs bhl b fyrg fghgbt` b sjhoag rddi. Dhg dr kdrg

dutfujaljhos bhl wgaas wgrg td fg iduhl jh t`g ybrls.^dkgtjkgs t`grg wbs basd b wbtgrjho pabng idr ajvgstdnm.

_`gh b ibrk`dusg wbs bfbhldhgl, jt wbs hdt rgfujat bt t`g

sbkg spdt dr jh t`g sbkg ybrl. Ibrkstgbls wgrg s`jitgl

bfdut wjt`jh b „ t`gjr4 „ skbaa tgrrjtdry. \`g dnnupbhts di

t`g ibrks prbntjsgl fdt` brbfag ibrkjho bhl stdnm-frggljho.

\`g hbturg di sgttagkght ljl hdt n`bhog lurjho t`g Kjllag

Jrdh Bog (733-673 FN). Dhay irdk t`g Abtg Jrdh Bog

(673-26 FN) dhwbrls wgrg ibrks rgfujat bt kdrg dr agss t`g

sbkg spdt, bs tgstjijgl fy t`g naustgrjho di igbturgs uhndvgrgl

jh t`g gxnbvbtjdhs. \`js ldgs `dwgvgr hdt jkpay b kdrg

naustgrgl typg di sgttagkght, fgnbusg ndhtgkpdrbry ibrks

stjaa aby snbttgrgl bnrdss t`g abhlsnbpg. \`g gndhdky

rgkbjhgl t`g sbkg.

\`g lgvgadpkght dutajhgl bfdvg uatjkbtgay rgsuatgl jh

ijxgl sgttagkghts wjt` trug naustgrjho di pgrkbhght

ibrkstgbls jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl (26 FN - BL 633). Lurjho

t`g 2:?9-2:09 nbkpbjohs t`g rgkbjhs di t`rgg sun` `bkagts

wgrg ljsndvgrgl5 Yjevgr, Udkgr`di bhl _gstgrvgal. _jt` t`

gxngptjdh di Udkgr`di, w`dsg gbrajgst rgkbjhs wgrg lbtgl

Ndrrjg Fbmgas Bnqujrjho b tbstg5 t`g kghu di Jrdh Bog bhl Vdkbh-Ljgmg _gssgajho` pgrjdl ibrkgrs bt Dss-Wssgh, t`g Hgt`grabhlsJasg vbh Bkgh



Ijourg 2. \`g adnbtjdh di Dss wjt` rgspgnt td t`g Vdkbh ajkgs. 2. iauvjbtjag lgpdsjts= 6. pgbt bhl naby= >. wbtgr= <. ndbstba fbrrjgrs bhlSagjstdnghg lgpdsjts= 7. kjajtbry nbkps.

brduhl BL ?3, t`g `bkagts nbh fg rgobrlgl bs t`g ljrgnt

sunngssdrs di t`g Jrdh Bog sgttagkghts jh t`js brgb. \`g

abrogst di t`g t`rgg, t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, aby wjt`jh b

rgntbhouabr ljtn`gl ghnadsurg. \`js sgttagkght wbs kdrgdvgr

iduhl td `bvg ndkprjsgl hgw typgs di `dusgs. Jh spjtg di

t`gsg ljiigrghngs, ibrkjho wbs t`g prjhnjpba bntjvjty di baa t`g

`bkagts' jh`bfjtbhts.

\`g lgngbsgl di Dss-Wssgh wgrg nrgkbtgl bhl t`gjr

bs`gs wgrg furjgl jh addsgay brrbhogl naustgrs di furjbas.

Dhay t`g abydut di t`g ngkgtgry irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl

s`dws sdkg lgorgg di pabhhjho. Jh blljtjdh td furjbas, dt`gr

rjtuba „ fut kdst ngrtbjhay hdh-iuhgrbry „ kdhukghts wgrg

ljsndvgrgl. \`gy jhnaulgl squbrg strunturgs, w`jn` wgrg

fujat irdk t`g Kjllag Jrdh Bog dhwbrls bhl wgrg jhtgrprgtgl

bs dpgh-bjr sbhntubrjgs (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2::<= âdistrb/Ybh

lgr ^bhlgh 2:00).

>. Jhorgljghts di t`g ljgt, pabhts

\`g ljgt ndhsjstgl di jhorgljghts lgrjvgl irdk pabhts,

bhjkbas bhl kjhgrba sdurngs. Bspgnts ajmg `dw t`g iddl

wbs prgpbrgl bhl sgrvgl wjaa fg lgbat wjt` jh abtgr sgntjdhs.

_g wjaa ijrst tbmg b addm bt t`g iddl pabhts.

Dur kbjh sdurng di jhidrkbtjdh dh iddl pabhts ndhsjstgl

di sdja sbkpags. ^dja sbkpags wgrg dftbjhgl irdk fdt` lry

bhl wbtgradoogl ndhtgxts bt Dss-Wssgh. \`g idrkgr wgrg

iduhlbtjdh trghn`gs bhl pdst`dags, t`g abttgr wgaas bhl

wbtgrjho pabngs. Fdt` typgs di sgljkghts wgrg sjgvgl usjho

kgs` sjzgs up td bhl jhnauljho 3.67 kk. \`g lry sbkpags

ndual `bvg fggh sufegntgl td iadtbtjdh, fut bs t`gy wgrg irdk

hgngssjty skbaa fgnbusg t`g igbturgs wgrg skbaa, bhl bs t`g

wbtgradoogl sbkpags `bl td fg `bhl-sjgvgl bhy`dw, baa t`g

kbtgrjba wbs trgbtgl jh t`g sbkg wby. Iadtbtjdh wdual hdt

`bvg rglungl t`g dvgrbaa prdngssjho tjkg. B skbaa bkduht di

2:< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:

3 73 mk

2 6 > < 7

3ss

^ n g

a l t K

g u s

g V `

j h g



blljtjdhba jhidrkbtjdh dh iddl pabhts wbs dftbjhgl irdk

jkprgssjdhs jh pdttgry.

\`g Jrdh Bog rgkbjhs wgrg pufajs`gl fy N. Fbmgas (2::<)

bhl t`g sggls bhl irujts irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl wgrg

bhbaysgl fy J. vbh Bkgh (2::7). Kbhy di t`g rgkbjhs wgrg

di wjal pabhts w`jn`, wjt` t`g gxngptjdh di wjal irujts bhl

`bzgahuts, wjaa hdt fg ndhsjlgrgl fgadw. Dbts wjaa fg dkjttgl

`grg, tdd, fgnbusg dhay igw rgkbjhs di t`gsg pabhts wgrg

iduhl bhl t`g jlghtjijbfag n`bii fgadhogl td wjal dbts ( Bvghb

ibtub). Bhdt`gr uhngrtbjh ngrgba, ryg (^gnbag ngrgbag), kby

ajmgwjsg `bvg fggh b ijgal wggl, fut jt wbs hgvgrt`gagss

jhnaulgl jh t`g bhbaysjs fgnbusg ryg wbs fgojhhjho td fg

nuatjvbtgl jh t`g pgrjdl uhlgr ndhsjlgrbtjdh. Bat`duo` t`g

idajbog, sggls, tufgrs, gtn. di kbhy wjal pabhts wjaa `bvg

fggh ndhsukgl, wg lgnjlgl td rgstrjnt dursgavgs td nuatjvbtgl

pabhts bhl t`g bidrgkghtjdhgl irujts bhl huts bs t`g gvjlghng

dftbjhgl jh t`g gxnbvbtjdhs ljl hdt rgvgba bhy n`bhogs jh t`g

prgsghng di wjal pabhts dvgr t`g nghturjgs.

\bfags 2, 6 bhl > s`dw t`g ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g gvjlghng

pgr pgrjdl bhl sjtg. \bfag 2 prgsghts t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g

prjkbry ijaas di wbtgradoogl igbturgs. ^gndhlbry ijaas wgrg

hdt ndhsjlgrgl fgnbusg t`gjr lbtgs brg hdt ngrtbjh. Bat`duo`

sgvgrba sbkpags wgrg tbmgh irdk kbhy di t`g wgaas bhl

wbtgrjho `dags, gspgnjbaay t`dsg jh w`jn` ljiigrght abygrs

wgrg dfsgrvbfag, wg rgobrlgl t`g igbturg bs t`g uhjt di

bhbaysjs jhstgbl di t`g sbkpag. \`g vbrjdus abygrs di t`g

prjkbry ijaas di t`g jhljvjluba igbturgs fdrg b nadsg

rgsgkfabhng td dhg bhdt`gr jh tgrks di ndhtghts. \`grg wgrg

`dwgvgr ndhsjlgrbfag ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g jhljvjluba

igbturgs.

\bfag 2 s`dws t`g irgqughnjgs di t`g vbrjdus spgnjgs

jhstgbl di t`g hukfgrs di sggls rgndvgrgl. \`g irgqughnjgs

jhljnbtg t`g pgrnghtbogs di t`g igbturgs jh w`jn` rgkbjhs di

t`g pabht jh qugstjdh wgrg iduhl. Bt sjtgs ajmg Dss-Wssgh,

w`grg baa mjhls di wbstg `bvg fggh prgsgrvgl, irgqughnjgs

prdvjlg b fgttgr jkprgssjdh di t`g ndkkdhhgss di ljiigrght

2:7 N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G

Ijourg 6. ^ggls di typjnba Vdkbh-

pgrjdl pabhts. 2. sbvdry, 6. ngagry,

>. ndrjbhlgr, <. fggt. ^nbag fbrs5

2 kk.




\ b f a g 2 .

S a b h t r g k b j h s i r d k

w b t g r a d o o g l i g b t u r g s , g x p r g s s g l j h i r g q u

g h n j g s .

^ j t g

D s s - W s s g h

D s s - J E s s g a s t r b b t

S g r j d l

G b r a y J r d h B o g

K j l l a g J r d h B o g

A b t g J r d h B o g

V d k b h p g r j d l

V d k b h p g r j d l

^ g t t a g k g h t

U d k g r ` d i

Y j e v g r

_ g s t g r v g a l 2

_ g s t g r v g a l 6

_ g s t g r v g a l 6 - S > 6 :

H u k f g r d i i g b t u r g s

7

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S b h j n u k k j a j b n g u k , k j a a g

t

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^ g n b a g n g r g b a g , r y g

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p u a s g s

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B h g t ` u k o r b v g d a g h s , l j a a

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i r u j t s b h l h u t s , w j a l d r n

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spgnjgs t`bh t`g hukfgrs di prgsgrvgl rgkbjhs. ^dkg di t`g

rgkbjhs wjaa `bvg fggh lgpdsjtgl jh t`g ibrkybrls bs pbrt di

t`g ldkgstjn wbstg bhl wjaa `bvg fggh mjnmgl dr fadwh jhtd

t`g wgaas. Dt`grs kby `bvg fggh jhtghtjdhbaay lukpgl jhtd

bh bfbhldhgl wgaa. \`g ndkkdhgr t`g pabht, t`g orgbtgr t`g

n`bhng di jt dnnurrjho bkdho t`g prgsgrvgl rgkbjhs, dh t`g

ndhljtjdh, di ndursg, t`bt jt jhnaulgs pbrts t`bt survjvg wgaa jh

wbtgradoogl ndhtgxts. Gxbkpags di sun` pbrts brg ngrgba

n`bii, t`g sggls di dja pabhts bhl mjtn`gh `grfs, t`g pjps bhl

mgrhgas di irujt bhl huts`gaas. Suasgs brg rbrgay prgsgrvgl.

\`g Ngatjn fgbh ajstgl jh tbfag 2 `bl survjvgl fy n`bhng

fgnbusg sdkg nbrfdhjsgl fgbhs `bl ghlgl up jh b wgaa.

_jt`dut t`gsg rgkbjhs, t`g Ngatjn fgbh irgqughnjgs wdual

`bvg fggh zgrd gvgryw`grg. ^dkg di t`g ngrgba orbjhs wgrg

basd nbrfdhjsgl, fut t`js ldgs hdt biignt t`g irgqughnjgs.

\`g Gbray, Kjllag bhl Abtg Jrdh Bog brg rgprgsghtgl fy

hjhg, sgvgh bhl gjo`t spgnjgs, rgspgntjvgay. \`gy brg baa kdrg

dr agss t`g sbkg bhl t`gjr irgqughnjgs ld hdt ljiigr kun`.

Adnba nustdks ld hdt sggk td `bvg n`bhogl kun`

t`rduo`dut t`g Jrdh Bog. @uaagl fbragy, kjaagt, gkkgr w`gbt

bhl spgat w`gbt wgrg t`g kbjh ngrgbas, odal di pagbsurg bhl

ajhsggl t`g kbjh dja-sggl spgnjgs. \`g sbkpags ndhtbjhgl hd

rgkbjhs di mjtn`gh `grfs bhl irujts bhl huts wgrg rbrg. \`g

pdppy nbusgl sdkg surprjsg. ^dkg gxpgrts brg di t`g dpjhjdh

t`bt pdppy wbs jhtrdlungl fy t`g Vdkbhs (Ybh Ugjst 2:03).

_jt` t`gjr tgh spgnjgs gbn`, t`g ajsts di iddl pabhts

ghnduhtgrgl bt t`g Vdkbh sgttagkghts Udkgr`di bhl Yjevgr

brg hdt kun` adhogr. Jh t`g bhbaysjs di t`g rgkbjhs irdk sjx

rbhldkay sgagntgl wgaas bt _gstgrvgal gjo`tggh spgnjgs wgrg

ghnduhtgrgl (_gstgrvgal 2 jh tbf. 2). \`gy jhnaulgl ljaa,

2:? N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G

\bfag 6. Sabht rgkbjhs irdk lry ndhtgxts, gxprgssgl jh irgqughnjgs.

^jtg Dss-Wssgh ^dh Ddstgr`dut

Sgrjdl Kjllag Jrdh Bog Abtg Jrdh Bog Vdkbh pgrjdl Kjllag Jrdh Bog Vdkbh pgrjd

^gttagkght Udkgr`di Yjevgr _gstgrvgal

Hukfgr di strunturgs ? ? 6 2 20 ? 66

Ngrgbas

@drlguk vuaobrg, ùaagl fbragy 7? 7? 3 233 79 233 233

Sbhjnuk kjajbnguk, kjaagt 6: 6: 3 3 22 233 233

\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk, gkkgr w`gbt <> <> 3 3 2< 7? 73

\rjtjnuk spgatb, spgat w`gbt 3 3 3 3 2< 09 73

Suasgs

Sjsuk sbtjvuk, pgb 3 3 3 3 3 2< 3

Yjnjb ibfb, Ngatjn fgbh 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Dja pabhts

Nbkgajhb sbtjvb, odal di pagbsurg 3 3 3 3 3 09 3

Ajhuk usjtbtjssjkuk, ajhsggl 3 3 3 3 6: 2< 73

Irujts bhl huts, wjal dr nuatjvbtgl

Ndryaus bvgaabhb, `bzgahut 3 3 3 3 9 2< 3

Vufus irutjndsus, fabnmfgrry 3 3 73 3 3 3 3

Vufus jlbgus, rbspfgrry 3 3 73 3 3 3 3

\bfag >. ^ggl jkprgssjdhs jh pdttgry irdk Dss-Wssgh jh bfsdautg hukfgrs.

Sgrjdl Gbray Jrdh Bog Kjllag Jrdh Bog Abtg Jrdh Bog Vdkbh pgrjdl

@drlguk vuaobrg, ùaagl fbragy ? ? > >

Sbhjnuk kjajbnguk, kjaagt „ 2 „ 2

\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk, gkkgr w`gbt 2 ? 2 „

\rjtjnuk spgatb, spgat w`gbt „ 6 „ „

Yjnjb ibfb, Ngatjn fgbh „ 2 2 „ Ajhuk usjtbtjssjkuk, ajhsggl „ 2 „ 2



ngagry, ndrjbhlgr, sbvdry (ijo. 6) bhl wbahut „ pabhts w`jn`

brg bssdnjbtgl wjt` b Vdkbh wby di ajig.2 \`js rgsuat jhlungl

J. vbh Bkgh td bhbaysg sbkpags irdk kdrg wgaas bt t`js

sgttagkght. Bs _gstgrvgal wbs b abrog sgttagkght, t`g hukfgr

di bhbaysgl igbturgs ndual fg rbjsgl irdk sjx td 66. Fut dhay

twd blljtjdhba spgnjgs, rbpg bhl fjafgrry (tbf. 2, _gstgrvgal 6,

w`jn` jhnaulgs t`g rgkbjhs irdk t`g wgaas di _gstgrvgal 2),wgrg jlghtjijgl jh t`g sufsgqught bhbaysgs. Jt wbs kdrgdvgr

iduhl t`bt t`g rgkbjhs di ljaa, sbvdry bhl wbahut wgrg

rgstrjntgl td dhg wgaa, S>6:, w`jn` `bl fggh jhnaulgl jh t`g

ijrst bhbaysjs fy n`bhng. \`js wgaa basd ndhtbjhgl rgkbjhs di

ndrjbhlgr. Jt wbs nagbray b spgnjba nbsg. \`grgidrg, b t`jrl ajst

di spgnjgs wbs sgt up, jh w`jn` t`g rgkbjhs irdk S>6: wgrg

hdt jhnaulgl (_gstgrvgal 6 · >6:). \`js ajst stjaa ndhtbjhs

sjxtggh spgnjgs, w`jn` js kdrg t`bh t`g hukfgr di spgnjgs

ghnduhtgrgl jh t`g Jrdh Bog ibrkybrls bhl jh t`g Vdkbh-

pgrjdl sgttagkghts Udkgr`di bhl Yjevgr.

Bs ibr bs ùaagl fbragy, kjaagt, gkkgr w`gbt bhl ajhsggl

brg ndhngrhgl, t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl s`dws

hd ljiigrghngs wjt` rgspgnt td t`g prgngljho pgrjdl. \`gjr irgqughnjgs s`dw t`bt t`gy wgrg baa stjaa ndkkdh iddl pabhts.

^pgat w`gbt sggks td `bvg fgndkg agss ndkkdh t`bh jh t`g

Jrdh Bog, w`jn` js surprjsjho, fgnbusg spgat js mhdwh td `bvg

fggh vgry pdpuabr jh Vdkbh njrnags (Mhùrzgr 2::2b, 2::=

Mddjstrb 2::9, :9/230). Vyg wbs iduhl dhay bt t`g Vdkbh-

pgrjdl `bkagt di Udkgr`di, jh vgry skbaa bkduhts. Jt wbs

pgr`bps hdt ygt fgjho nuatjvbtgl jh t`js brgb, bhl wjaa hdt fg

ndhsjlgrgl iurt`gr fgadw. \rug ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g

Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl brg dfsgrvbfag jh odal di

pagbsurg, w`jn` js rgstrjntgl td t`g idrkgr, bhl fggt, w`jn` js

rgstrjntgl td t`g abttgr. Odal di pagbsurg ljl bppbrghtay hdt

gvgh ordw bs b wggl jh iabx ijgals jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl.

\`bt iabx/ajhsggl wbs nuatjvbtgl adnbaay js bppbrght irdk t`g

rgpgbtgl dnnurrghng di t`g wggl Nusnutb gpjajhuk bssdnjbtgl

wjt` t`js spgnjgs. \`g dnnurrghng di fggt jh Vdkbh-pgrjdl

ndhtgxts dhay js jh borggkght wjt` nurrght vjgws dh jts

jhtrdluntjdh bs b iddl pabht (Mhùrzgr 2::2f, 293= Mddjstrb

2::9, 266).

Vgkbjhs di mjtn`gh `grfs wgrg ajmgwjsg ghnduhtgrgl jh

Vdkbh-pgrjdl ndhtgxts dhay, bhl dhay bt t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght. ^dkg irujt bhl hut spgnjgs wgrg basd rgprgsghtgl

bakdst gxnausjvgay jh Vdkbh ndhtgxts, idr gxbkpag wbahut.

\`g irgqughnjgs di fgrrjgs, w`jn` wgrg prgsukbfay obt`grgl

jh t`g wjal, brg nagbray `jo`gr t`bh jh t`g Jrdh Bog.

B skbaa bkduht di iurt`gr jhidrkbtjdh dh iddl pabhts wbs

dftbjhgl irdk nbrfdhjsgl rgkbjhs rgndvgrgl irdk t`g

pdst`dags bhl iduhlbtjdh trghn`gs di ibrk`dusgs bhl dt`gr

fujaljhos. Kdst di t`gsg igbturgs wgrg `dwgvgr tdd s`baadw

idr sbkpajho, sd dhay b igw, ibjray skbaa sbkpags ndual fg

tbmgh. Hd ndhnghtrbtjdhs di sggls wgrg iduhl. \`g dhay

sbkpag irdk t`g igbturgs di rjtuba strunturgs td ndhtbjh sggls

yjgalgl hdt`jho kdrg t`bh b igw strby rgkbjhs di wjal

pabhts.

\`g rgsuats brg prgsghtgl pgr fujaljho jh tbfag 6. ^gvgh

Kjllag Jrdh Bog fujaljhos, sgvgh Abtg Jrdh Bog dhgs, twd

fujaljhos ljsndvgrgl bt Udkgr`di, dhg bt Yjevgr bhl gjo`tggh

bt _gstgrvgal wgrg jhnaulgl jh t`g irgqughny bhbaysjs. Dhay

twd Gbray Jrdh Bog `dusgpabhs wgrg rgndrlgl bhl t`gy wgrghdt sbkpagl. Bs wbs td fg gxpgntgl, t`g spgnjgs ajst js kun`

s`drtgr t`bh t`bt prgsghtgl jh \bfag 2. \`g dhay hdtgwdrt`y

bspgnt js t`bt gvgh t`js skbaa bkduht di gvjlghng jhnaulgl

pjps di fabnmfgrry bhl rbspfgrry.

Dur t`jrl sdurng di jhidrkbtjdh ndhsjstgl di jkprgssjdhs jh

pdttgry. \`gy rgprgsght dhay t`dsg sggls w`jn` agbvg

jkprgssjdhs abrog ghduo` td fg dfsgrvgl lurjho t`g `bhlajho

di s`grls bhl sd t`g rbhog di spgnjgs jlghtjijgl jh pdttgry

jkprgssjdhs js bawbys sdkgw`bt rgstrjntgl. \`g sggls wgrg

jlghtjijgl jh nbsts. Dhg di t`g blvbhtbogs di bhbaysjho

jkprgssjdhs js t`bt t`grg js hd fjbs bobjhst puasgs. Dhay igw

jkprgssjdhs wgrg dfsgrvgl jh t`g pdttgry irdk Dss-Wssgh,fut bt agbst twd di t`g jkprgssjdhs uhkjstbmbfay rgprgsghtgl

Ngatjn fgbh (tbf. >), w`jn` s`dws t`bt puasgs wgrg

uhlgrrgprgsghtgl jh t`g dt`gr typgs di sbkpags.

\d sukkbrjsg t`g rgsuats di t`g irgqughny bhbaysgs, fggt,

wjal irujts, wbahut bhl mjtn`gh `grfs sggk td `bvg fggh

bllgl td t`g trbljtjdhba ljgt jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. \`g abttgr

sggk td `bvg fggh ndhsukgl dnnbsjdhbaay, bhl dhay bt t`g

abrogst bhl kdst lgvgadpgl `bkagt „ _gstgrvgal. Odal di

pagbsurg wght dut di usg.

_`gt`gr t`gsg ndhnausjdhs basd `dal idr dt`gr, ndkpbrbfag

rurba sjtgs jh t`g sbkg brgb js ljiijnuat td sby bs dhay ajttag

gvjlghng js bvbjabfag idr ndkpbrbfag sjtgs. \bfags 2 bhl 6

jhnaulg t`g gvjlghng irdk t`rgg wgaas irdk t`g Vdkbh

pgrjdl ljsndvgrgl bt Dss-JEssgastrbbt, sgvgh Kjllag Jrdh Bog

sjads ijaagl wjt` ldkgstjn ruffjs` gxnbvbtgl bt ^dh, bhl t`g

igbturgs di twd Vdkbh-pgrjdl ibrk`dusgs iduhl bt

Ddstgr`dut (Fbmgas 2:03= Fbmgas/Ybh lgr @bk 2:03=

Fuurkbh 2::3). \`g lbtb s`dw t`bt ùaagl fbragy, kjaagt,

gkkgr w`gbt, spgat w`gbt bhl ajhsggl wgrg ndkkdh iddl

pabhts jh fdt` pgrjdls, bs bt Dss-Wssgh. \`g gvjlghng irdk

^dh blls pgb td t`g ajst di Jrdh Bog spgnjgs. Odal di pagbsurg

wbs rgprgsghtgl dhay bt t`g Kjllag Jrdh Bog sgttagkght di

^dh. Mjtn`gh `grfs wgrg bfsght bt baa t`gsg sjtgs. Jh t`js

rgspgnt _gstgrvgal rgkbjhs b rgkbrmbfag `bkagt.

<. Jhorgljghts di t`g ljgt, bhjkbas

\`g sbhly sdja di Dss-Wssgh js ibr irdk jlgba idr t`g

prgsgrvbtjdh di ibuhba rgkbjhs. Hgvgrt`gagss, sdkg sjx t`dusbhl

fdhgs, fdhg irbokghts bhl gspgnjbaay tggt` wgrg rgndrlgl.

\`gy `bvg fggh lgsnrjfgl bhl pufajs`gl fy V. Abuwgrjgr

bhl O. JEzgrggi (2::<).




\`g rgkbjhs wgrg jh b pddr ndhljtjdh bhl rbt`gr

irbokghtgl. Abrogr bhjkbas kby t`grgidrg fg dvgrrgprg-

sghtgl, bhl t`g rgsuats di t`g jlghtjijnbtjdh kjo`t hdt rgiagnt

t`g drjojhba ldkgstjn rgiusg. \`js js gspgnjbaay trug w`grg t`g

hukfgrs di rgkbjhs brg ndhngrhgl. \`g fdhg wgjo`ts prgsght

b kdrg bnnurbtg jkprgssjdh di t`g rgiusg. \`g prdfagk di

prgsgrvbtjdh js `dwgvgr t`g sbkg idr baa t`g pgrjdls uhlgr

ndhsjlgrbtjdh bhl ndkpbrjsdhs fgtwggh t`g gvjlghng irdk

t`g Gbray, Kjllag bhl Abtg Jrdh Bog bhl t`bt irdk t`g

Vdkbh pgrjdl nbh stjaa fg kblg, gspgnjbaay w`grg abrog

bhjkbas brg ndhngrhgl. Jt js pdssjfag t`bt ljiigrghngs jh

skbaa bhl rbrg bhjkbas wgrg hdt lgtgntgl jh t`g bhbaysgs.

\`g rgsuats di t`g fdhg nduhts bhl t`g fdhg wgjo`ts brg

prgsghtgl jh \bfags < bhl 7.

B ndkpbrjsdh di t`g vbaugs idr t`g abrog kbkkbas rgvgbas

hgoajojfag ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g Gbray, Kjllag bhl Abtg

Jrdh Bog ibrks bhl t`g t`rgg `bkagts irdk t`g Vdkbh

pgrjdl.

2:: N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G

\bfag <. Dss-Wssgh. \ g Jrdh Bog ibuhba rgkbjhs. \bfag bitgr Abuwgrjgr/JEzgrggi 2::<, tbfag 6>.

Gbray Jrdh Bog Kjllag Jrdh Bog Abtg Jrdh Bog

spgnjgs hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) %

nbttag <> 92 <3?.9 73 233 7: 670:.7 ?7 229 ?6 6796.: ?7

s`ggp/odbt 2 2 3.< 3 2 2 93.3 6 < 6 62.6 2

pjo 23 2< 73.< 9 0 7 >0.9 2 0 7 7>.7 6

`drsg 27 62 ><?.0 <> 7: >7 ?92.< 66 >3 2: 90>.3 63

ldo 2 2 7.3 2 3 „ 3.3 „ 2 2 27.3 3

rgl lggr 3 „ 3.3 „ 2 2 2>.7 3 > 6 96.? 6

tdtba jlghtjijgl ?3 <0 022.6 ?? 29: 76 ><9>.3 0> 296 >? >>:0.> 9:

nbttag-`drsg sjzg >7 <? 2?7.> ?3 :3 7? 923.2 07 667 0> 2<?:.0 :?

s`ggp-pjo sjzg 67 >> 7>.? 66 << 60 ?:.? 22 <7 2? 73.9 >

kbkkba 27 63 63.3 0 62 2> 6<.3 > 6 2 2.2 3

fjrl 3 „ 3.3 „ > 6 2.3 3 3 „ 3.3 „

tdtba uhjlghtjijgl ?7 76 6<:.3 6> 270 <0 ?2<.0 2? 6?6 9> 27>2.7 >2

\dtba 2<7 2393.6 >6? <2??.0 <>< <:6:,0

\bfag 7. Dss-Wssgh. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. \bfag bitgr Abuwgrjgr/JEzgrggi 2::<, tbfag 67.

Yjevgr _gstgrvgal Udkgr`di

spgnjgs hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) %

nbttag 2? ?? 6?:.< :2 72? 9? 9?72.6 ?> 0 9? 72.: 0<

s`ggp/odbt 3 „ 3.3 „ 67 > :0.3 2 3 „ 3.3 „

pjo > 2< >.: 2 >6 < 2:7.9 6 2 0 7.3 0

`drsg 3 „ 3.3 „ 202 6< 6620.? 6< > 67 7.3 0

ldo 2 7 3.> 3 26 6 <3.2 3 3 „ 3.3 „

rgl lggr 2 7 67.3 0 3 „ 3.3 „ 3 „ 3.3 „

ldkgstjn idwa 3 „ 3.3 „ 2 3 3.: 3

tdtba jlghtjijgl 66 02 >30.9 :? ?90 73 :>3<.7 99 26 9? 92.: :2

nbttag„`drsg sjzg > 93 7.? 7> 999 0? <9>3.9 :7 9 233 9.> 233

s`ggp„pjo sjzg 3 „ 3.3 „ 97 0 :6.> 6 3 „ 3.3 „

kbkkba 6 <3 7.3 <? >0 7 2?3.3 > 3 „ 3.3 „

tdtba uhjlghtjijgl 7 2: 23.? > ?9: 73 <0:6.: >< 9 >> 9.> :

\dtba 6? >2:.> 27>? 2<2:?.< 20 90.6



@uhtjho, gxprgssgl bs pgrnghtbogs di rgl lggr, wbs hdt

jkpdrtbht jh bhy di t`g pgrjdls ndhsjlgrgl. \`g igw Jrdh

Bog rgkbjhs di rgl lggr jhnaulg fdhg, w`jn` jkpajgs t`bt

sdkg lggr wgrg jhlggl nbuo`t. \`g dhay rgl lggr irbokght

irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl, dh t`g ndhtrbry, js b pjgng di bhtagr,

w`jn` kby lgrjvg irdk b s`gl bhtagr dr jkpdrtgl kbtgrjba.

\`g ljiigrghng js `dwgvgr hdt sjohjijnbht ghduo` td baadwt`g ndhnausjdh t`bt t`g Jrdh Bog ibrkgrs ùhtgl kdrg lggr.

Hd dt`gr rgkbjhs di ùhtjho bhl ijs`jho wgrg iduhl. \`js

ndual fg bttrjfutbfag td t`g ibnt t`bt hdt baa t`g rgiusg wbs

sjgvgl, fut hd ijs` fdhgs wgrg iduhl bkdho t`g rgsjlugs

dftbjhgl jh t`g fdtbhjnba bhbaysjs gjt`gr. Bhdt`gr rgbsdh

ndual fg t`bt t`g skbaa fdhgs `bl hdt survjvgl. Bs b kbttgr

di ibnt, ndhtgkpdrbry hgt-sjhmgrs `bvg fggh iduhl 6.7 mk

irdk Dss-Wssgh, jh t`g brgb di b idrkgr frbhn` di t`g rjvgr

Kgusg (Ygrwgrs/Fggx 2:?0). Hgvgrt`gagss, Abuwgrjgr bhl

JEzgrggi brg di t`g dpjhjdh t`bt ùhtjho bhl ijs`jho nbhhdt

`bvg fggh di jkpdrtbhng idr t`g adnba ljgt.

Nbttag ndhstjtutgl t`g kdst jkpdrtbht sdurng di kgbt.

\`g pgrnghtbogs nbanuabtgl idr t`g Jrdh Bog, gspgnjbaay t`gGbray Jrdh Bog, brg adwgr t`bh t`dsg dftbjhgl idr t`g Vdkbh

pgrjdl, fut t`g ljiigrghng js bttrjfutbfag td ljiigrghngs jh

t`g hukfgrs di `drsg fdhgs. \`g `drsg js oghgrbaay hdt

ndhsjlgrgl td `bvg fggh b kgbt suppajgr (Obutjgr 2::3=

JEzgrggi/Abbrkbh/Abuwgrjgr 2:0:= Abuwgrjgr 2:00). _`gh

wg agbvg t`g `drsg fdhgs dut di ndhsjlgrbtjdh, t`g rgkbjhjho

nbttag fdhgs s`dw hd n`bhogs jh t`g ndhsukptjdh di fggi.

Jh t`gjr stuly di t`g ibuhba rgkbjhs, Abuwgrjgr bhl

JEzgrggi basd ndhsjlgrgl t`g pdssjfjajtjgs di n`bhogs jh

sabuo`tgrjho prbntjngs bhl t`g sjzg di t`g bhjkbas. \`gy

lgtgntgl hd ljiigrghngs jh sabuo`tgrjho prbntjngs, t`g bog bt

w`jn` t`g bhjkbas wgrg mjaagl dr t`gjr sgx, fut t`gy

gkp`bsjsgl t`bt t`gjr rgsuats wgrg fbsgl dh dhay b skbaa

hukfgr di kgbsurgkghts, dwjho td t`g irbokghtgl ndhljtjdh

di t`g gvjlghng.

\`g sbkg prdfagk di jhsuiijnjght gvjlghng ndkpajnbtgl

t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g bhjkbas' wjt`grs `gjo`ts. Jt js

wgaa-mhdwh t`bt t`g nbttag's sjzg n`bhogl uhlgr Vdkbh

jhiaughng. \`g wjt`grs `gjo`t jhnrgbsgl irdk 223 nk dr

agss jh t`g Jrdh Bog td 267 nk dr kdrg (Abuwgrjgr 2:00).

\wd rgndhstruntjdhs di nbttag irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl bt

Dss-Wssgh suoogst bhjkbas di Jrdh Bog sjzgs. \`g „ vgry

tghtbtjvg „ ndhnausjdh lrbwh fy Abuwgrjgr bhl JEzgrggi js

t`bt Vdkbh ùsfbhlry prbntjngs `bl hd jhiaughng dh nbttag

rbjsjho bt Dss-Wssgh.^`ggp/odbt sggk td `bvg fggh di bakdst hgoajojfag

jkpdrtbhng, bat`duo` t`gjr fdhgs kby idrk pbrt di t`g

nbtgodry di uhjlghtjijgl fdhgs di s`ggp/pjo ljkghsjdhs.

Sjo sggks td `bvg fggh sajo`tay kdrg jkpdrtbht. Hd trug

ljiigrghngs brg dfsgrvbfag fgtwggh t`g vbrjdus pgrjdls dr

`bkagts. \`g `jo`gst pgrnghtbogs wgrg dftbjhgl idr t`g Gbray

Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl `bkagt di Udkgr`di. Fut jh

fdt` nbsgs t`g tdtba hukfgrs di fdhgs brg t`g adwgst jh t`gjr

sgrjgs, w`jn` kbmgs t`g pjo vbaugs suspjnjdus.

\`g Vdkbh jhvblgrs wgrg idhl di pdrm bhl t`g Vdkbh

brky agit bkpag gvjlghng di jts pdrm ndhsukptjdh, bat`duo`

nbttag wgrg jts kbjh sdurng di kgbt (Lbvjgs 2:?2= Abuwgrjgr

2:00, 292). \`g njvjajbh pbrt di t`g ‑Vdkbh" wdral bppgbrs

td `bvg ndhsukgl abrog bkduhts di pdrm, tdd. Yjgwgl jh t`jsndhtgxt, t`g bfsghng di nagbr ljiigrghngs jh t`g pjo fdhg

hukfgrs bhl wgjo`ts kgbhs t`bt t`g ibrkgrs di Dss-Wssgh

ljl hdt stbrt rbjsjho kdrg pjos uhlgr t`g jhiaughng di t`g

Vdkbhs.

\`grg brg kdrg bspgnts t`bt s`dual fg ndhsjlgrgl wjt`

rgspgnt td iddlstuiis fgsjlgs ldkgstjn ndhsukptjdh.

\`g ijhls irdk Dss-Wssgh suoogst t`bt pjo pabygl b ibjray

jkpdrtbht pbrt jh furjba prbntjngs jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl.

^dkg nrgkbtjdh furjbas wgrg iduhl td ndhtbjh pjo fdhgs jh

blljtjdh td ùkbh rgkbjhs (Abuwgrjgr 2:07). \`gy brg t`g

rgkbjhs di iddl jhtghlgl idr t`g lgngbsgl. \`g pjos wgrg

yduho jhljvjlubas dr sunmajho pjos. \`js nustdk js mhdwh

irdk dt`gr Vdkbh-pgrjdl ngkgtgrjgs, tdd (Abuwgrjgr 2:0>).\`g ibnt t`bt t`g lgngbsgl wgrg bnndkpbhjgl fy pjoagts ldgs

hdt jkpay t`bt pdrm wbs t`g kbjh iddl idr t`g lgbl, fgnbusg,

bs Abuwgrjgr `bs pdjhtgl dut, fggi wdual `bvg fggh

lgpdsjtgl jh t`g orbvg wjt`dut fdhgs bhl wdual `ghng `bvg

agit hd brn`bgdadojnbaay vjsjfag rgkbjhs. \`g gvjlghng irdk

Dss-Wssgh ldgs hdt jkpay t`bt t`g nustdk wbs bldptgl irdk

t`g Vdkbhs, fgnbusg t`g Jrdh Bog nrgkbtjdh orbvgs basd

yjgalgl fdhgs w`jn` kby `bvg fgadhogl td pjo, fut w`jn`

ndual hdt fg jlghtjijgl bhy iurt`gr t`bh bs rgkbjhs di pjo dr

s`ggp.

\`g abst bhjkba td fg kghtjdhgl js n`jnmgh. Bnndrljho td

_. Srukkga (2:0?, 20?), t`g n`jnmgh wbs jhtrdlungl fy t`g

Vdkbhs. \`g dnnurrghng di b n`jnmgh tjfjdtbrsus jh t`g `dag

di b rddi-fgbrjho pdst „ bh diigrjho4 „ jh t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght js bh jhljnbtjdh t`bt t`g fjrl wbs mhdwh bhl kby

`bvg fggh mgpt jh ibrkybrls jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. Bhdt`gr

fdhg irbokght di b n`jnmgh-ajmg fjrl wbs iduhl jh dhg di t`g

nrgkbtjdh furjbas. Jh blljtjdh td pjoagts, n`jnmghs wgrg

pdpuabr pbrts di t`g kgbas idr t`g lgbl.

\`g ndhsukptjdh di n`jnmgh kby `bvg fggh b auxury jh

ldkgstjn ndhtgxts. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs jlghtjijgl bs t`g fdhgs

di n`jnmgh kby fg t`g dhay trug jhljnbtjdhs di Vdkbh

jhiaughng bs ibr bs t`g bhjkba pbrt di t`g ljgt js ndhngrhgl.

_g s`dual `dwgvgr fg vgry nbrgiua jh lrbwjho sun`

ndhnausjdhs bs t`g ajst di Kjllag Jrdh Bog ibuhba rgkbjhsbasd jhnaulgs t`rgg fdhgs di fjrls, dhg di w`jn` wbs gvgh

spgnjijnbaay jlghtjijgl bs b fjrl rgsgkfajho b n`jnmgh dr b

p`gbsbht. \`gsg fdhgs wgrg `dwgvgr hdt iduhl jh b ldkgstjn

ndhtgxt, fut jh bssdnjbtjdh wjt` t`g igbturg di b rjtuba

strunturg bhl b orbvg. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs t`bt wgrg iduhl jh

sun` ndhtgxts brg hdt ajstgl sgpbrbtgay jh \bfag 7, fut t`gy

ndhstjtutg dhay b vgry skbaa prdpdrtjdh di t`g dvgrbaa bkduht




Ijourg >. _jhg nbsm, rgusgl bs b wgaa-ajhjho bt t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght (ljbkgtgr bpprdx. 97 nk, drjojhba `gjo`t bpprdx. :3 nk).

\`g strjps di spajt wjnmgr t`bt `gal t`g stbvgs tdogt`gr wgrg hdt

prgsgrvgl.

di rgkbjhs bhl ld hdt biignt t`g pgrnghtbogs. Jh t`g nbsg di

t`g fjrl fdhgs, `dwgvgr, t`g hdh-ldkgstjn ndhtgxt s`dual fg

kghtjdhgl. \`g nustdk di usjho fjrls jh rjtubas ldgs hdt

sggk td `bvg fggh jhtrdlungl fy t`g Vdkbhs bhl ji t`g fjrl

kghtjdhgl bfdvg wbs jhlggl b n`jnmgh dr b ljiigrght hgway

jhtrdlungl fjrl ajmg t`g p`gbsbht, t`js wdual kbmg t`g

ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh Vdkbh dnnupbtjdh bhl t`g ndhsukptjdhdi n`jnmgh agss dfvjdus t`bh prgvjdusay bssukgl.

7. Dt`gr jhorgljghts

\`g dhay kjhgrba jhorgljght idr w`jn` gvjlghng wbs iduhl bt

Dss-Wssgh js sgb sbat. \`g gvjlghng jh qugstjdh ndhsjsts di

kbhy irbokghts di b spgnjijn typg di pdttgry jlghtjijgl bs b

sbat ndhtbjhgr. \`gsg ndhtbjhgrs, w`jn` brg usubaay vgry

pdrdus bs b rgsuat di t`g usg di drobhjn tgkpgr, wgrg

lgsjohgl spgnjijnbaay idr t`g gxtrbntjdh bhl trbhspdrtbtjdh di

sbat irdk t`g Lutn`, Fgaojbh bhl Irghn` ndbsts (Ybh lgh

Frdgmg 2:09, 2:0?, 2::7b bhl 2::7f). ^bat wbs fgjho

trbhspdrtgl td t`g Wssgh sgttagkghts jh t`g Jrdh Bog bargbly

bhl t`js ndhtjhugl jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. Jh t`g Gbray JrdhBog, t`g sbat ndhtbjhgrs wgrg di b sgkj-nyajhlrjnba s`bpg, fut

dvgr t`g nghturjgs t`gjr s`bpg, bhl basd t`gjr ibfrjn,

uhlgrwght sgvgrba n`bhogs. Jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl b kdrg dr

agss stbhlbrljsgl typg wbs usgl5 b nyajhlrjnba ndhtbjhgr wjt`

b lgndrbtgl rjk, usubaay di b frjttag ibfrjn, wjt` b ygaadwjs`

td ajo`t drbhog suribng. \`grg wbs basd b ljiigrght typg di b

`brlgr ibfrjn bhl bh drbhogy-rgl ndadur, w`jn` `bl kun`

t`jhhgr wbaas. Jt `bs fggh brougl t`bt t`g twd typgs rgprgsght

twd ljiigrght sbat-prdluntjdh brgbs. \`g idrkgr kby `bvg

ndhtbjhgl sbat irdk t`g Lutn`/Fgaojbh ndbst, w`grg sbat js

mhdwh td `bvg fggh prdlungl irdk t`g Jrdh Bog dhwbrls.

\`g abttgr, t`jh-wbaagl typg kby `bvg fggh prdlungl jh t`g

brgb brduhl t`g ^trbjt di Ldvgr (Ybh lgh Frdgmg 2::7f). Bh

jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh rbjsgl fy t`js `ypdt`gsjs js w`gt`gr t`g

qubajty di t`g sbat irdk t`g ljiigrght ndbstba rgojdhs vbrjgl.

Jt kby wgaa fg t`bt jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl ljiigrght mjhls di sbat

wgrg usgl idr ndhsukptjdh bhl prgsgrvbtjdh dh t`g dhg `bhl

bhl dt`gr bntjvjtjgs sun` bs t`g tbhhjho di `jlgs dh t`g dt`gr.

Bhdt`gr prdlunt w`dsg prgsghng bt t`g sgttagkghts di Dss-

Wssgh kby pgr`bps fg jhigrrgl irdk jts ndhtbjhgr js wjhg.

Fut sjhng orbpgs brg hdt mhdwh irdk t`g brgb bhl t`g

prdlunt jtsgai `bs hdt fggh iduhl wg ld hdt mhdw idr ngrtbjh

w`gt`gr t`g sgttagkghts' jh`bfjtbhts gvgr tbstgl wjhg.

\`g sbat ndhtbjhgrs `bl td fg frdmgh td gxtrbnt t`gjr ndhtghts

bhl t`gy ndual `ghng hdt fg rgusgl, fut t`js wbs hdt t`g nbsgwjt` t`g twd wddlgh wjhg nbsms w`dsg rgkbjhs wgrg

iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, sd t`gy kby `bvg brrjvgl `grg gkpty.

\`g twd wjhg nbsms `bl fggh rgusgl td ajhg t`g jhsjlgs di

twd wgaas lbtjho irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl, fdt` sjtubtgl jh t`g

_gstgrvgal sgttagkght (ijo. >). Bhbaysjs di t`g wddl bhl t`g

stbkps dfsgrvbfag dh dhg di t`g nbsms agl td t`g ndhnausjdh

t`bt t`g nbsm drjojhbtgl jh sdut`grh Irbhng dr hdrt`grh Jtbay,

632 N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G

bs ljl t`g wjhg jt `bl bt sdkg tjkg `gal (Fdobgrs 2:0?). Ji t`g

twd nbsms brrjvgl iuaa di wjhg, t`g jh`bfjtbhts di t`g _gstgr-

vgal sgttagkght kby `bvg ghedygl dvgr 2733 ajtrgs di wjhg.

B sgt di frdhzg mjtn`gh utghsjas rgndvgrgl irdk b wgaa

sdkg 733 k hdrt`gbst di Wssgh (Ygrwgrs 2::2, 2>0) kby

basd fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` wjhg (ijo. <). \`g sgt, w`jn`

ndkprjsgl b fbsjh bhl b kbtn`jho snddp bhl strbjhgr t`bt

wgrg lbtgl td t`g sgndhl dr t`jrl nghtury BL, prdfbfay

fgadhogl td bh jh`bfjtbht di b ljiigrght (uhgxnbvbtgl)

sgttagkght. _g mhdw t`bt sjkjabr sgts di snddps bhl strbjhgrs

wgrg jhtghlgl idr ablajho bhl ijatgrjho nrulg wjhg, fut jt

`bs fggh suoogstgl t`bt t`gsg abtgr jkpagkghts kby `bvg

fggh usgl idr b ljiigrght purpdsg, sun` bs strbjhjho stdnm

(Mdstgr 2::>, >39). ûn` b sgt wdual `bvg fggh b prgnjdus

pdssgssjdh, gvgh ji jt wbs hdt usgl idr wjhg, sd jtsdnnurrghng bt Dss ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay jkpay t`g prgsghng di

wjhg bt t`g sgttagkght. Hd irbokghts di ngrtbjh typgs di

bkp`drbs t`bt brg mhdwh td `bvg fggh usgl prjkbrjay bs

wjhg ndhtbjhgrs (idr jhstbhng Lrgssga 6-7 bhl Sêajn`gt <?)

wgrg jlghtjijgl bt Dss-Wssgh. \`g dhay gvjlghng t`bt ndual

prdvg t`bt wjhg wbs ndhsukgl bt Dss-Wssgh wdual fg t`g

rgkbjhs di t`g nbsms jt brrjvgl jh.



Dajvg dja js b t`jrl jhorgljght t`bt kby `bvg fggh jkpdrtgl

jhtd t`g Dss-Wssgh brgb. Bobjh hd rgkbjhs di t`g prdlunt

jtsgai wgrg iduhl, hdr di bhy dajvgs. \`g vgssgas jh w`jn`

dajvg dja kby `bvg fggh jkpdrtgl wgrg oadfuabr bkp`drbs di

t`g typg jlghtjijgl bs Lrgssga 63, w`jn` wgrg prdlungl jh

sdut`grh ^pbjh. ^gvgrba irbokghts di t`gsg t`jnm-wbaagl

vgssgas, w`jn` wgrg usgl td trbhspdrt dajvg dja irdk t`g

Oublbaqujvjr vbaagy, wgrg iduhl jh t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl sgttag-

kghts di Dss-Wssgh.6 Ajmg t`g wjhg nbsms, t`g dja bkp`drbs

wgrg stjaa sujtbfag idr usg bitgr t`gy `bl fggh gkptjgl di

t`gjr drjojhba ndhtghts, sd wg ld hdt mhdw idr surg w`gt`gr

t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh bntubaay ndhsukgl dajvg dja.

9. \`g prgpbrbtjdh, sgrvjho bhl ndhsukptjdh di

iddl

Dhay b igw ijhls yjgal ljrgnt jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g wbys jh

w`jn` iddl wbs prgpbrgl. Kbhy irbokghts di tgp`rjtg

qugrhs, usgl td orjhl ngrgbas jhtd iadur, wgrg iduhl jh

igbturgs irdk fdt` t`g Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. Jh

t`g Jrdh Bog sbllag qugrhs wgrg usgl, fut t`g Abtg Jrdh Bog

(brduhl 633 FN) sbw t`g jhtrdluntjdh di t`g rdtbry qugrh,

w`jn` wbs td fgndkg t`g ndkkdh typg jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl.

\`js hgw typg wjaa `bvg sjkpajijgl t`g orjhljho prdngss, fut

t`g ghl prdlunt wbs t`g sbkg. Iadur ndual fg usgl td kbmg

frgbl dr pdrrjlog. Dhg di t`g sdja sbkpags, tbmgh irdk b

wgaa jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, ndhtbjhgl t`dusbhls di

frbh irbokghts, baa skbaagr t`bh 2 kk (Ybh Bkgh 2::7).

\`gy ndual fg t`g rgsuat di orjhljho, fut basd di n`gwjho.

B sgndhl _gstgrvgal sbkpag yjgalgl aukps di irbokghtgl

ngrgbas t`bt wgrg n`brrgl, bhl `ghng lgijhjtgay t`g rgsuat di

orjhljho bhl hdt n`gwjho.

Dfegnts pdjhtjho td t`g prgpbrbtjdh di lbjry prdlunts wgrg

iduhl dhay jh Jrdh Bog igbturgs. B abrog, balgr-wddl fbrrga

wjt` twd `bhlags, w`jn` `bl fggh rgusgl bs b wgaa-ajhjho,

wbs s`bpgl rbt`gr ajmg b nùrh (ijo. 7). _`gt`gr jt wbs

bntubaay usgl bs sun` nbhhdt fg prdvgl. B spgnjijn, iuhhga-

s`bpgl typg di pdttgry wjt`dut b fbsg kby `bvg fggh

usgl idr lbjryjho. Irbokghts di t`gsg vgssgas s`dw typjnba

wgbr pbttgrhs dh t`g dutsjlg di t`g rjk suoogstjho t`bt t`g

vgssgas wgrg usgl bs n`ggsg prgssgs (Ybh lgh Frdgmg 2:0?,

23<-237).

B typjnba Vdkbh wby di prgpbrjho iddl jhvdavgl t`g usg

di b kdrtbrjuk dr kdrtbr. ûn` w`gga-t`rdwh vgssgas, dvgr 673 irbokghts di w`jn` wgrg iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, wgrg

lgsjohgl idr kbmjho sbungs, kbrjhblgs dr dt`gr iaujls.

Irbokghts di qubrtz dh t`g jhsjlg di t`g fbsg sgrvgl td

nrgbtg b rduo` suribng dh w`jn` `grfs, sggls dr dt`gr

jhorgljghts ndual fg ruffgl bhl nrus`gl. Bitgr b iaujl `bl

fggh bllgl, t`g rgsuatjho kjxturg ndual fg pdurgl dut

t`rduo` b spdut. Bobjh t`grg js hd gvjlghng td s`dw w`gt`gr

t`g hbtjvg pdpuabtjdh bldptgl t`js prgpbrbtjdh kgt`dl irdk

t`g Vdkbhs.

B ijhba bspgnt di iddl prgpbrbtjdh js t`g wbys jh w`jn`

jhorgljghts wgrg ndkfjhgl5 w`jn` kgbts bhl ngrgbas

wgrg gbtgh tdogt`gr, w`bt wbs sbatgl bhl w`bt wbs

swggtghgl, w`jn` ljs`gs wgrg iabvdurgl wjt` ndhljkghts4

Whidrtuhbtgay wg `bvg vgry ajttag jhidrkbtjdh dh t`js jssug.

\`g bidrgkghtjdhgl sbkpag ndhtbjhjho frbh irbokghts basd

jhnaulgl b fabnmfgrry pjp wjt` orbjh irbokghts bl`grjho td

jt bhl pjgngs di bh bppag ndrg. _g wdual ajmg td fg bfag td

sby t`bt t`gsg brg t`g (ljogstgl) rgkbjhs di frgbl dr

pdrrjlog swggtghgl wjt` irujt, fut t`bt js fy hd kgbhs


Ijourg <. Frdhzg snddp bhl strbjhgr

iduhl jh b wgaa bt Dss-@drzbm

(aghot` ><.> nk). (p`dtd VDF).



Ijourg 9. Sbrt di b kbpag-wddl fdwa (`gjo`t 2>.7 nk).

Ijourg ?. Kbpag-wddl fdwa ( gjo`t 9 nk).Ijourg 7. Nùrh-s`bpgl fbrrga kblg di balgr wddl, rgusgl bs b

wgaa-ajhjho jh t`g Jrdh Bog (aghot` :3 nk).

ngrtbjh. Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`g ‐jhorgljghts' ghlgl up

tdogt`gr bs rgiusg.

\d sukkbrjsg, t`g gvjlghng suoogsts t`bt t`g wbys jh

w`jn` iddl wbs prgpbrgl uhlgrwght dhay igw n`bhogs dvgr t`g nghturjgs. Ji t`g kdrtbrs wgrg usgl jh t`g Vdkbh wby,

t`gy rgprgsght b sjohjijnbht n`bhog. Bhdt`gr n`bhog

jhvdavgl t`g ndkpagtg rgpabngkght di t`g sbllag qugrh fy

t`g rdtbry qugrh bhl jt wdual sggk t`bt lbjryjho fgnbkg

agss jkpdrtbht.

Sdttgry js dur dhay sdurng di jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g wbys jh

w`jn` t`g iddlstuiis wgrg sgrvgl bhl ndhsukgl. \`g typgs

di ljs`gs t`bt wgrg usgl nbh tgaa us sdkgt`jho bfdut

ndkkuhba vs jhljvjluba ljhjho `bfjts (@bwt`drhg 2::9, <).

Jh t`g nbsg di Jrdh Bog pdttgry jt js bakdst jkpdssjfag td

rgabtg spgnjijn typgs td spgnjijn iuhntjdhs, sun` bs sgrvjho

bhl gbtjho (Ybh lgh Frdgmg 2:0?, 23>). \`g dhay

uhgxpgntgl lgvgadpkght rgprgsghtgl fy t`g pdttgry js b

lgnrgbsg bitgr t`g Kjllag Jrdh Bog jh t`g rgabtjvg irgqughny

di dpgh ljs`gs bhl fdwas. \`gsg typgs brg bssukgl td `bvg

fggh t`g kdst sujtbfag idr sgrvjho bhl gbtjho. @dwgvgr,

wddlgh pabtgs, fdwas bhl ljs`gs wjaa `bvg sgrvgl t`g sbkg

iuhntjdhs gqubaay wgaa, fut t`gy brg dhay rbrgay prgsgrvgl.

\wd kbpag-wddl fdwas, di ljiigrght s`bpgs bhl sjzgs, wgrg

iduhl jh Vdkbh-pgrjdl wgaas jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght

(ijos 9 bhl ?).

Jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl, t`g usg di w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgryjhnrgbsgl, t`duo` jt wdual sggk t`bt `bhl-kblg pdttgry

hgvgr wght dut di usg ghtjrgay (_gssgajho` idrt`ndkjho).

Vdkbh w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry s`dws b wjlg rbhog di s`bpgs

bhl sjzgs, irdk w`jn` wg nbh jhigr sdkg iuhntjdhs. Fgsjlgs

t`g bidrgkghtjdhgl typgs usgl idr trbhspdrt, stdrbog bhl iddl

prgpbrbtjdh t`grg wgrg b hukfgr di vgssgas t`bt wgrg

spgnjijnbaay jhtghlgl idr sgrvjho bhl ndhsukjho iddl bhl

lrjhm. \`js sd-nbaagl tbfagwbrg jhnaulgs fdwas, pabtgs, nups

bhl fgbmgrs, usubaay kblg di rgabtjvgay t`jh-wbaagl pdttgry.

\`g ibfrjns jhnaulg tgrrb sjojaabtb, Fgaojn wbrgs, ndadur-

ndbtgl pdttgry bhl b igw gxbkpags di skddt`-wbaagl wbrg.

\bfagwbrg wbs iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, tdd, fut jh adw rgabtjvg

irgqughnjgs (tbf. 9). \`g gbrajgst typgs wgrg ghnduhtgrgl jh

t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght. ^pgnjba bttghtjdh s`dual fg

pbjl td t`g ndadur-ndbtgl nups bhl pabtgs. \`g prdpdrtjdh di

pabtgs js t`duo`t td fg bh jhljnbtjdh di t`g lgorgg di

Vdkbhjsbtjdh5 gbtjho irdk b pabtg wbs b Vdkbh jhhdvbtjdh

(Ybh Ghnmgvdrt/@ujskbh 2::7, >7). \bfag ? s`dws b adw

pgrnghtbog di pabtg irbokghts. Whidrtuhbtgay t`g s`grls

63> N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G



nbhhdt fg bnnurbtgay lbtgl, sd wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr t`g

hukfgr (dr t`g usg) di pabtgs jhnrgbsgl.

Bhdt`gr auxurjdus Vdkbh jkpdrt t`bt kby `bvg fggh usgl

idr sgrvjho js t`g oabss vgssga. ^gvgrba irbokghts di oabss

wgrg iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, kdst di w`jn` `bl fgadhogl tdfdwas bhl fdttags, twd td b nup dr fgbmgr. \`g kbedrjty di

t`g oabss irbokghts wgrg iduhl jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght.

?. Gagkghts bnqujrgl bitgr t`g Vdkbh

dnnupbtjdh

\`g bfdvg survgy di t`g vbrjdus gagkghts di t`g kghu agbls

td t`g ndhnausjdh t`bt t`g jhndrpdrbtjdh di Dss-Wssgh jhtd t`g

Vdkbh wdral jhlggl frduo`t bfdut n`bhogs, hdtbfay jh t`g

idrk di blljtjdhs td t`g Jrdh Bog ljgt. Dhay igw gagkghts

ljsbppgbrgl. Odal di pagbsurg sggks td `bvg odhg dut di usg,

igwgr lggr kby `bvg fggh ùhtgl, bat`duo` t`js js fy hd

kgbhs ngrtbjh, bhl lbjryjho kby `bvg fgndkg agss jkpdrtbht.

Dhay t`g abttgr wdual bntubaay rgprgsght bh jkpdrtbht n`bhog.

Hgw gagkghts brg t`g kdrg irgqught usg di wjal irujts bhl

t`g jhtrdluntjdh di fggt, wbahut, mjtn`gh `grfs, wjhg, dajvg

dja bhl n`jnmgh, bhl t`g usg di kdrtbrs bhl hgw idrks di

tbfagwbrg. _jt` t`g gxngptjdh di t`g wjal irujts, w`dsg

jhndrpdrbtjdh jhtd t`g ljgt js pddray uhlgrstddl, t`g hgw

prdlunts kust `bvg fggh dftbjhgl t`rduo` ndhtbnts wjt` t`g

‑Vdkbh njvjajzbtjdh", kdst prdfbfay t`g brky bhl jts

surrduhljhos. Bt ijrst, baa di t`g hgw prdlunts wgrg pdssjfay

jkpdrtgl jhtd Dss-Wssgh, fut bt b abtgr stbog sdkg di t`gk

kby `bvg fggh prdlungl adnbaay. \`g dnnupbhts di t`g

sgttagkghts kby `bvg stbrtgl td ordw fggt bhl t`g mjtn`gh`grfs jh t`gjr ibrk obrlghs, fut t`js nbhhdt fg prdvgl dh t`g

fbsjs di t`g snbrng gvjlghng. \`g sbkg `dals idr t`g wbahut.

\`g trgg js mhdwh td `bvg fggh jhtrdlungl jhtd t`g sdut`grh

pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls jh t`js pgrjdl (Fbmgas 2::9, 2<2), fut

b sjhoag s`gaa irbokght ldgs hdt ndhstjtutg suiijnjght gvjlghng

idr us td bssukg t`bt b wbahut trgg bntubaay orgw jh dr hgbr

t`g sgttagkghts.

\`g sjhoag n`jnmgh fdhg rgprgsghts b sjkjabr nbsg=

wg mhdw t`bt t`g idwa wbs fgjho mgpt bt t`g tjkg, fut t`g

fdhg rgndvgrgl jh t`g gxnbvbtjdhs kby lgrjvg irdk bh

jkpdrtgl fjrl.

\`g wjhg bhl dajvg dja wgrg lgijhjtgay jkpdrtgl irdk

dutsjlg. Bs idr t`g w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry bhl t`g oabss

vgssgas, t`gy wgrg hdt kblg bt Dss-Wssgh jtsgai. \`g gbray

typgs nbkg irdk ljstbht sdurngs bhl sdkg di t`g abtgr typgs

wgrg prdlungl jh spgnjbajsgl nghtrgs jh t`g brgb.

Jhtgrgstjho qugstjdhs brg w`gh bhl jh w`bt qubhtjtjgs t`g

hgw prdlunts brrjvgl jh t`g vbrjdus sgttagkghts. \`g lbtgs di


\bfag 9. _`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry irdk t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl sgttagkghts bt Dss-Wssgh (hukfgr di irbokghts

bhl rgabtjvg irgqughnjgs).

Yjevgr Udkgr`di _gstgrvgal

tgrrb sjojaabtb 7: 6 62 6 >96 <

Fgaojn wbrg 2<3 7 << > 7<< 7

ndadur-ndbtgl wbrg 273 7 <9 < ><: >

skddt`-wbaagl pdttgry 9>: 62 602 66 29?? 2?

kdrtbrjb <7 6 >7 > 2?0 6

ldajb >62 23 2>2 23 73 +

bkp`drbg 93 6 63 6 <07 7

t`jnm-wbaagl jhlgt. „ „ „ „ <63 <

ndbrsg wbrg 29>< 7> 9?9 7< 6<:7 67

dt`gr 22 + 7 + >723 >7

tdtba >37: 233% 267: 233% 233?3 233%

\bfag ?. Ndadur-ndbtgl nups bhl pabtgs irdk t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl sgttagkghts bt Dss-Wssgh (hukfgr di

irbokghts bhl rgabtjvg irgqughnjgs).

Yjevgr Udkgr`di _gstgrvgal

nups 2<6 :7 << :9 ><9 ::

pabtgs 0 7 6 < > 2

tdtba 273 233% <9 233% ><: 233%



Ijourg 0. Sabh di t`g Yjevgr sgttagkght s`dwjho t`g hgw jhorgljghts (bppag, fabnmfgrry, rbspfgrry bhl fggt).

t`g igbturgs t`bt yjgalgl t`g rgkbjhs di t`g hgw prdlunts nbh

fg usgl td bhswgr t`gsg qugstjdhs. Whidrtuhbtgay, ijhls irdk

pjts bhl wgaas brg prdfagkbtjn jh t`js rgspgnt. \`g kbedrjty

di t`g hdh-fdtbhjnba ijhls wgrg hdt ndaagntgl irdk spgnjijn

strbtjorbp`jn ndhtgxts, bs b rgsuat di w`jn` t`g bssgkfabogs

irdk w`jn` t`g lbtgs di t`g igbturgs `bl td fg jhigrrgl wgrg

kjxgl bhl spbhhgl adho pgrjdls di tjkg. Bt fgst, t`g lbtgs

kby fg rgobrlgl bs tgrkjhj bhtg qugk, bs t`g ijhba lbtgs brg

kdstay fbsgl dh t`g yduhogst pdttgry. Lug baadwbhng s`dual

fg kblg idr t`js jh ndhsjlgrjho t`g lbtgs kghtjdhgl fgadw.

Iurt`gr baadwbhng kust fg kblg idr t`g tjkgspbhs di t`g

sgttagkghts t`gksgavgs5 t`g gbrajgst rgkbjhs di t`g Udkgr`di

sgttagkght brg di b abtgr lbtg t`bh t`dsg di t`g dt`gr twd

sgttagkghts (sgg pbog 2:>). \`g lbtgs dftbjhgl idr t`g wjhg,

w`jn` brg fbsgl dh t`g nbsms t`bt wgrg rgusgl bs wgaa

ajhjhos, s`dual di ndursg basd fg ndhsjlgrgl wjt` lug

nbutjdh= wg kust hdt idrogt t`bt b ngrtbjh aghot` di tjkg wjaa

`bvg gabpsgl fgtwggh t`g gkptyjho di t`g nbsm bhl jts

sgndhlbry usg. \`g dajvg dja ndhtbjhgrs basd jhvdavg

prdfagks, fgnbusg tdd ajttag js ygt mhdwh bfdut t`gjr

dnnurrghng bt Dss-Wssgh.>

Idrgst irujts sggk td `bvg fgndkg kdrg jkpdrtbht irdk

t`g fgojhhjho di t`g ijrst nghtury dhwbrls, pgr`bps b ajttag

abtgr jh t`g twd skbaagr sgttagkghts. Fggt wbs prgsght jh t`g

Udkgr`di sgttagkght jh t`g ijrst nghtury, bhl jh t`g dt`gr twd

jh t`g sgndhl nghtury. Bs idr t`g dt`gr jhorgljghts t`bt wgrg

iduhl dhay bt t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, ngagry, wjhg bhl

n`jnmgh wgrg prgsght jh t`g sgndhl `bai di t`g ijrst nghtury,

wbahut, ndrjbhlgr, ljaa bhl sbvdry jh t`g sgndhl nghtury.

\`g gbrajgst lbtgs di sdkg di t`g dt`gr bspgnts di t`g

nuajhbry `bfjts nbh basd fg ojvgh. Oabss vgssgas kblg t`gjr

bppgbrbhng jh t`g gbray ijrst nghtury BL jh t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght, bhl tdwbrls t`g ghl di t`bt nghtury jh t`g skbaagr

sgttagkghts. \`g gbray usg di oabss jh t`g abrog sgttagkght, bt

b tjkg w`gh t`g hgw iddlstuiis `bl hdt ygt brrjvgl, jhljnbtg

t`bt oabss wbs hdt hgngssbrjay bssdnjbtgl wjt` b ljiigrght ljgt




Ijourg :. Sabh di t`g Udkgr`di sgttagkght s`dwjho t`g hgw

jhorgljghts (fabnmfgrry, rbspfgrry, fjafgrry bhl fggt).

Kdrtbrjb (typg Fruhstjho >9) wgrg usgl irdk t`g kjllag

di t`g ijrst nghtury dhwbrls. Bs idr t`g sbat ndhtbjhgrs, b wgaa

jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght yjgalgl dhg di t`g gbrajgst

irbokghts di t`g t`jh-wbaagl, drbhogy-rgl wbrg gvgr iduhl bt

rurba sgttagkghts= jt js pdssjfay di prg-Iabvjbh lbtg (Ybh lgh

Frdgmg 2::7f, 2:9).

Baa jh baa, t`js kgbhs t`bt kdst di t`g hgw gagkghts wgrgjhtrdlungl bhl/dr usgl bt Dss-Wssgh fgtwggh BL 73 bhl

BL 633. \`grg js hd gvjlghng idr t`g jkpdrt di iddlstuiis jh

t`g Buoustbh/\jfgrjbh pgrjdl= t`g idrgst irujts t`bt wgrg

ndhsukgl jh t`js pgrjdl wgrg hdt jkpdrtgl. \`g t`rgg truay

gxdtjn mjtn`gh `grfs sggk td `bvg fggh usgl irdk t`g sgndhl

nghtury BL dhwbrls.< \`g twd nbtgodrjgs di iddlstuiis t`bt

baadw ndkpbrjsdhs fgtwggh t`g sgttagkghts, j.g. wjal irujts

bhl fggt, s`dw hd ljiigrghngs jh tgrks di lbtgs. Irujts stbrtgl

td fg ndhsukgl sajo`tay gbrajgr bt t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght,

w`jag t`g Udkgr`di sgttagkght yjgalgl t`g gbrajgst gvjlghng

idr fggt.

Jh bh bttgkpt td objh b fgttgr uhlgrstbhljho di nuajhbryprbntjngs dh b `dusg`dal agvga, wg padttgl sdkg di t`g hgw

jhorgljghts dh t`g sgttagkghts' pabhs (ijos 0, :, bhl 23).

Jh t`g nbsg di t`g Yjevgr sgttagkght, kdst di t`g rgkbjhs di

t`g hgw iddls sggk td `bvg ndkg irdk b naustgr di pjts hgbr

dhg di t`g `dusgpabhs (@72), fut bs dhay pbrt di t`js

sgttagkght wbs uhgbrt`gl, wg nbhhdt ndhnaulg t`bt t`js wbs

t`g dhay `dusg`dal td `bvg bldptgl t`g hgw nustdks. \`g

sbkpags ndhtbjhjho rgkbjhs di wjal irujt t`bt wgrg ndaagntgl

bt t`g Udkgr`di sgttagkght, di w`jn` b abrogr prdpdrtjdh wbs

gxnbvbtgl, nbkg irdk baa dvgr t`g sgttagkght sjtg, fut fggt

wbs ghnduhtgrgl dhay jh t`g gbstgrhkdst ibrkybrl

(@</@7/@9).

\`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g hgw gagkghts bt t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght js rbt`gr jhtgrgstjho, s`dwjho w`bt bppgbr td fg

twd ljstjhnt ndhnghtrbtjdhs. \`g sdut`wgstgrh ndhnghtrbtjdh

ajgs wjt`jh b abrog ibrkybrl ghnadsgl fy b sgrjgs di ljtn`gs.

_jt`jh t`js ghnadsurg wgrg sgvgrba `dusgpabhs, dhg wjt` bh

gxngptjdhba abydut pdssjfay jhljnbtjho Vdkbh jhiaughng

(@?0). ^gvgrba dt`gr uhusuba dfegnts wgrg iduhl `grg, tdd.

\`g sgndhl ndhnghtrbtjdh gssghtjbaay ndkprjsgs t`g

ndhtghts di b sjhoag wgaa (S>6:), jh t`g hdrt`wgst di t`g

gxnbvbtgl brgb, hgbr bhdt`gr naustgr di `dusgpabhs w`jn`

jhnaulgs @237. B tghtbtjvg ndhnausjdh ndual fg t`bt bt

agbst twd _gstgrvgal `dusg`dals trjgl t`g hgw iddls.

\d sukkbrjsg, jt wdual sggk t`bt hdt baa t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh bnqujrgl b tbstg idr t`g hgw iddls bhl t`bt b

skbaa hukfgr di `dusg`dals tddm t`g agbl jh sbkpajho t`g

hdvgatjgs.

0. Bh bnqujrgl tbstg

B ndkfjhbtjdh di fdtbhjnba bhl zddadojnba gvjlghng bhl

dt`gr jhidrkbtjdh dh gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho `bs s`dwh t`bt t`g


nuajhbry `bfjts di t`g hbtjvg ibrkgrs di Dss-Wssgh uhlgrwght

vbrjdus n`bhogs lurjho t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. \d rgobrl t`js

‐nuajhbry Vdkbhjsbtjdh' kgrgay bs bh bspgnt di dvgrbaa

Vdkbh jhiaughng wdual fg dvgrsjkpajiyjho kbttgrs. Fgadw,

wg wjaa try td bhswgr twd kbjh qugstjdhs bfdut t`g dfsgrvgl

n`bhogs, bhl broug t`bt b n`bhog jh ljgt rgiagnts kdrg t`bh b

kdrg vbrjgl suppay badhg. _`y ld pgdpag n`bhog t`gjr

nuajhbry `bfjts4 Bhl w`jn` di t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh

(ijrst) bldptgl t`g hgw gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho `bfjts4

Dh t`g bssukptjdh t`bt t`g ljgt di bt agbst sdkg di t`g

ibrkgrs di Dss-Wssgh n`bhogl, b igw rgkbrms nbh fg kblg

bfdut t`g pdssjfag kdtjvgs idr sun` b n`bhog. Ojvgh t`bt

iddl js nghtrba td t`g sghsg di jlghtjty, wg kby agojtjkbtgay

bsm w`y, bhl uhlgr w`bt njrnukstbhngs, pgdpag tghl td rgtbjh

dr n`bhog t`gjr nuajhbry `bfjts. Jlghtjty bhl sdnjba ajigstyag

kby fg kdrg jkpdrtbht nrjtgrjb lgtgrkjhjho w`bt pgdpag gbt

bhl lrjhm t`bh t`g sjkpag kbttgr di tbstg5 pgdpag wjaa

ndhsukg ngrtbjh ljs`gs jh drlgr td gxprgss b wjs` td fgadho,

dr td gkp`bsjsg t`gjr jlghtjty (‐ydu brg w`bt ydu gbt').7

Jh t`js rgspgnt, fbsjn bht`rdpdadojnba nbtgodrjgs ajmg bog,

sgx, rbng bhl nabss brg baa jkpdrtbht. Ygry igw pgdpag ghedy

t`gjr ijrst tbstg di ndiigg dr fggr „ twd lrjhms wjt` jkpdrtbht

sdnjba jkpajnbtjdhs. Fut kdst wjaa qujnmay bnqujrg b tbstgidr t`gsg fgvgrbogs td s`dw t`bt t`gy brg bh bluat, dr dhg di

t`g ‐abls'. Ajmgwjsg, stbtus, rbt`gr t`bh tbstg, nbh sdkgtjkgs

fg t`g kbjh rgbsdh idr gbtjho dr sgrvjho ljs`gs ajmg dystgrs

dr nbvjbr.

Bluats nbh fg gxtrgkgay ndhsgrvbtjvg bfdut w`bt t`gy gbt

„ bh bttjtulg mhdwh bs hgdp`dfjb. \`g ndkpagtg dppdsjtg di

t`js ‐igbr di t`g hgw' js bh bttjtulg tdwbrls iddl jhvdavjho b



ndhstbht sgbrn` idr vbrjgty (hgdp`jajb). @ukbhs s`dw fdt`

tghlghnjgs (Yjssgr 2::2, <6-<>). Ndhtbnt wjt` dt`gr nuaturgs,

gjt`gr t`rduo` trbvga dr fgnbusg dhg's dwh surrduhljhos brgfgjho jhiaughngl, js t`duo`t td ghndurbog t`g wjaajhohgss td

try sdkgt`jho hgw. @dwgvgr, t`js wjaa lgpghl strdhoay dh

pgdpag's bttjtulg tdwbrls t`g hgw nuaturg5 t`g Frjtjs` w`d

ndadhjsgl Jhljb rgiusgl td gbt ‐hbtjvg' iddl bhl `bl t`gjr

dwh ndrhgl fggi bhl tgb s`jppgl jh. Gbtjho nbh tùs fg usgl

bs b wby di rgsjstjho dr gkfrbnjho bhdt`gr jhiaughng. Jh t`js

rgspgnt, t`g ljiigrght kghu di t`g Dss-Wssgh ibrkgrs sggks

td fg b nagbr rgbntjdh td Vdkbh jhiaughng. Fut w`jn`

jh`bfjtbhts n`bhogl t`gjr `bfjts4

^dkg di t`g hgw iddls bhl iddl-rgabtgl jkpagkghts wgrg

ghnduhtgrgl baa dvgr t`g Dss-Wssgh brgb, fut b hukfgr di

jhorgljghts wgrg nagbray rgstrjntgl td t`g abrog _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght. Ldgs t`js uhgvgh ljstrjfutjdh pgr`bps rgiagnt b

sdnjba ljiigrghng4 Jh blljtjdh td rgkbjhs prdvjljho

jhidrkbtjdh dh bspgnts di t`g ljgt, t`g _gstgrvgal gvjlghng

jhnaulgs sgvgrba dt`gr ljstjhnt gagkghts, bkdho w`jn` js bh

gxngptjdhba `dusgpabh (@?0), t`duo`t td rgprgsght b fujaljho

wjt` b Vdkbh-styag tjkfgr pdrtjnus. Jt `bs ditgh fggh

suoogstgl t`bt b trjfba gajtg t`bt ndhtrdaagl t`g dt`gr

jh`bfjtbhts di t`g Dss-Wssgh brgb rgsjlgl jh t`js `dusg.

Yjb ndhtbnts wjt` t`g Vdkbh brky t`gy kby `bvg rgngjvgl

‐ljpadkbtjn ojits' dr gxn`bhogl (surpaus) prdlunts idr auxuryoddls (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00, 220). \bfagwbrg, wjhg bhl

mjtn`gh `grfs kby wgaa `bvg fggh bkdho t`gsg auxury oddls

Gxdtjn ndhljkghts wgrg ndhsjlgrgl ‐prjkbrjay idr t`g rjn`

kbh's tbfag' (Kjaagr 2:9:, 23). \`js wdual ijt jh wjt` t`g

jlgb t`bt jhhdvbtjdhs jh ljgt, jhnauljho bspgnts di kbtgrjba

nuaturg bssdnjbtgl wjt` iddl bhl lrjhm, ld hdt biignt bh

ghtjrg sdnjgty bt dhng (^`grrbtt 2::2, 66:). \`g hgw `bfjts

kby `bvg stbrtgl dut bs sdkgt`jho gxnausjvg, rgstrjntgl td

t`g ‐uppgr nabssgs', jh t`js nbsg t`g adnba gajtg ajvjho jh t`g

_gstgrvgal sgttagkght.

Ji t`js wbs jhlggl t`g nbsg, wg brg agit wjt` b igw

qugstjdhs. Ijrstay, t`g gxdtjn iddls wgrg hdt ndhnghtrbtgl

gxnausjvgay brduhl t`g suppdsgl gajtg rgsjlghng. ^dkg di

t`gk wgrg iduhl jh b wgaa (S>6:) hgbr bhdt`gr naustgr

di ibrk`dusgs (ijo. 23). \`js kby fg t`g rgsuat di t`g usg

di ljiigrght brgbs idr stdrjho, nddmjho, sgrvjho bhl wbstg

ljspdsba. Jh nbsgs jh w`jn` bh gajtg bhl kgkfgrs di b

adwgr nabss ajvgl nadsg tdogt`gr jt nbh sdkgtjkgs fg

ljiijnuat td jhigr spbtjba ljvjsjdhs w`grg iddl js ndhngrhgl

63? N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G

Ijourg 23. Sabh di t g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght s`dwjho t`g hgw

jhorgljghts (bppag, fabnmfgrry,

rbspfgrry, fjafgrry, fggt, ljaa, ngagry,

ndrjbhlgr, sbvdry, wbahut, n`jnmgh,

wjhg bhl dajvg dja, rgprgsghtgl fy

827 irbokghts di Lrgssga 63).



(Lg @jho`/Fbmgas 2::9, 263). Jh t`g nbsg di t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght jt js qugstjdhbfag w`gt`gr t`grg wbs jhlggl sun` b

ljvjsjdh fgtwggh t`g uppgr bhl adwgr nabssgs (_gssgajho`

idrt`ndkjho). @dwgvgr, w`gh wg agbvg t`g dhg wgaa dut di

ndhsjlgrbtjdh, bs `bs fggh ldhg jh tbfag 2, wg ld jh ibnt

dfsgrvg b kbrmgl naustgrjho di ijhls brduhl t`g `dusg wjt`

t`g pdrtjnus. ^dkgt`jho gasg t`bt s`dual fg ndhsjlgrgl js t`btt`g uhgxnbvbtgl pbrts di t`g sgttagkght, sun` bs t`g brgb

jkkgljbtgay td t`g gbst di S>6:, kby `bvg ndhtbjhgl bhdt`gr

‐gajtg' fujaljho.

\`g sgndhl qugstjdh td fg bhswgrgl js w`y, bitgr t`gjr

jhtrdluntjdh bs bh gajtg prjvjagog, t`g hgw iddlstuiis hgvgr

nbkg td fg wjlgay usgl bt Dss-Wssgh. Fy t`g ghl di t`g

dnnupbtjdh pgrjdl, brduhl BL 633, dt`gr jhhdvbtjdhs t`bt

`bl basd fggh auxurjgs bt ijrst, sun` bs w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry,

wgrg jh ndkkdh usg bt baa t`rgg sgttagkghts. @grfs, n`jnmgh,

wbahuts bhl wjhg bppbrghtay rgkbjhgl rbrg oddls. \`js

wdual ijt jh wjt` t`g oghgrba jkprgssjdh t`bt t`g _gstgrvgal

sgttagkght hgvgr iuaay gvdavgl jhtd b wgbat`y vjaab-ajmg

ndkpagx (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00, 22:). Jt ndual fg t`bt t`ggajtg's wjs` td rgtbjh t`g gxnausjvg rjo`t di usjho t`g auxury

jhorgljghts prgvghtgl t`gjr ljiiusjdh bkdho t`g rgst di

sdnjgty, gvgh ji t`g iddlstuiis jh qugstjdh wgrg wjlgay

bvbjabfag.

\`g hbturg di t`g gajtg kby prdvjlg b ljiigrght bhswgr td

t`g qugstjdh di t`g hgw iddls' rgstrjntgl bnngptbhng. \`g

adnba gajtg nbkg jhtd ndhtbnt wjt` Vdkbh nuaturg w`gh jt

‐jhvblgl' t`gjr surrduhljhos. Fut w`bt ji bh jh`bfjtbht di t`g

_gstgrvgal sgttagkght agbrhgl td bpprgnjbtg Vdkbh nujsjhg

ajtgrbaay fy frdblghjho `js `drjzdhs4 \`g njvjtbs Fbtbvdruk,

jh w`jn` Dss wbs sjtubtgl, js mhdwh td `bvg suppajgl abrog

hukfgrs di sdaljgrs idr t`g Vdkbh brky. Ji jt js trug t`bt b

kgkfgr di bakdst gvgry Fbtbvjbh `dusg`dal sgrvgl jh t`g

Vdkbh brky (Vdykbhs 2::>, <3), jt js ajmgay t`bt t`g

_gstgrvgal sgttagkght basd suppajgl dhg dr kdrg wbrrjdrs.

Dh t`gjr rgturh td Dss, t`gsg kgh kby `bvg jhtrdlungl

Vdkbh ljs`gs dr tbfag kbhhgrs idr w`jn` t`gy `bl bnqujrgl

b tbstg lurjho t`gjr tjkg jh t`g brky. \`js snghbrjd t`rdws

bh ghtjrgay ljiigrght ajo`t dh t`g bnngptbhng di hdvga

nuajhbry `bfjts, sjhng t`dsg `bfjts wdual t`gh `bvg fggh

jhtrdlungl fy ‐ndhvgrtgl' adnbas. Fgsjlgs t`g bttjtulg

tdwbrls Vdkbh nuaturg, t`g gstggk di t`g vgtgrbhs

t`gksgavgs wjaa jh t`js nbsg `bvg pabygl b rdag jh n`bhojho

t`g nuajhbry `bfjts.

Bh batgrhbtjvg td t`g bfdvg `ypdt`gsjs fbsgl dh bh gajtgnujsjhg, w`gt`gr jhtrdlungl fy ajhgbog `gbls dr brky

vgtgrbhs, js b vbrjbtjdh dh t`g jlgb t`bt jhhdvbtjdhs jh ljgt ld

hdt biignt bh ghtjrg sdnjgty bt dhng. Jt ndual wgaa fg t`bt,

rbt`gr t`bh fgjho gxnausjvg jh b sdnjba rgspgnt, t`g hgw iddls

wgrg usgl dhay dh spgnjba dnnbsjdhs, idr gxbkpag jh

ngrgkdhjba dr rgajojdus ndhtgxts.9 \`g bntjvjtjgs jhvdavgl

kby `bvg fggh bnngssjfag td gvgrydhg, bhl kby wgaa `bvg

tbmgh pabng bt t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght. Fut kby wg

stjaa spgbm di b trug n`bhog jh ljgt ji ndrjbhlgr wbs gbtgh

(dr sbnrjijngl) fy b prjgst twjng b ygbr4

_`btgvgr snghbrjd wg n`ddsg, t`g n`bhojho ljgt rgiagnts

sdkg di t`g n`bhogs frduo`t bfdut fy t`g brrjvba di Vdkbh

nuaturg. Jt js jkpdrtbht td hdtg t`bt wg brg `grg rgigrrjho hdt

td t`g kgrg jhtrdluntjdh di hgw jhorgljghts bhl hgw wbys di prgpbrjho iddl, fut td t`g hbtjvg jh`bfjtbhts' bnngptbhng di

baa t`gsg hdvgatjgs bs pbrt di b hgw ajigstyag. \`gy ljl hdt

kgrgay tbmg w`bt wbs bvbjabfag td t`gk, fut ndhsnjdusay

sgagntgl t`g gagkghts t`gy wbhtgl, rglgijhjho t`gk bhl

ndkfjhjho t`gk wjt` gagkghts bargbly prgsght. Jt js prgnjsgay

t`js faghl di t`g dal bhl t`g hgw bhl t`g bpprdprjbtjdh di

Vdkbh gagkghts t`bt js gssghtjba td Vdkbhjsbtjdh jh oghgrba

(Lgrms 2::9, 0-2>). Jh t`g nbsg di ljgt, dhay t`g iuaa rbhog di

nuajhbry `bfjts, irdk prgpbrbtjdh td sgrvjho bhl ndhsukptjdh

bhl gvgh ljspdsba, nbh tgaa us w`bt t`g hbtjvg pdpuabtjdh

ndhsjlgrgl wdrt` mggpjho bhl w`bt wdrt` tryjho. Jh b

sjtubtjdh jh w`jn` b ordup di hbtjvg ibrkgrs wbs jhiaughngl

fy b hgw, Vdkbh nuaturg, sun` n`djngs wgrg di nrunjbajkpdrtbhng. Gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho sgrvgl bs wbys di

ndkkuhjnbtjho (Lduoabs 2:0<, 9= @bstdri 2::2, 2>7), bhl

jlghtjty kby `bvg fggh dhg di t`g kgssbogs td fg ndhvgygl

(Kgbldws 2::<, 2>7).

Jt js nagbr t`bt kbhy (sdnjba) bspgnts di ndhsukptjdh

nbhhdt fg jhigrrgl irdk brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng. ^dnjba bhl

jlgdadojnba ibntdrs kust td b orgbt gxtght `bvg lgtgrkjhgl

w`jn` jhljvjlubas (kgh, wdkgh, n`jalrgh, ibkjajgs,

jhljvjlubas di b pbrtjnuabr stbtus) btg w`grg, jh w`bt wby bhl

gspgnjbaay wjt` w`dk. Whidrtuhbtgay, dur mhdwaglog bfdut

lgtbjas di t`g kghu js vgry pddr dwjho td t`g s`drtbog di

rgagvbht gvjlghng. Ghtjrg sgttagkghts wgrg sbkpagl bt Dss-

Wssgh, fut kdst di t`g gvjlghng wbs rgndvgrgl irdk pjts bhl

wgaas bhl kust `ghng fg rgobrlgl bs rgiusg. Jt js bakdst

jkpdssjfag td sby bhyt`jho bfdut iddl dh b `dusg`dal agvga.

Kdrgdvgr, jt js ljiijnuat td lgijhg w`bt pgdpag n`dsg td

ndhsukg ji wg ld hdt mhdw w`bt wbs bvbjabfag.? Idr

jhstbhng, t`grg brg hd jhljnbtjdhs t`bt obruk, t`g ibkdus

Vdkbh ijs` sbung, wbs prgsght bt Dss-Wssgh. Ljl jt hgvgr

rgbn` t`g rgojdh, dr ljl t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh lgnjlg

hdt td jhnaulg jt jh t`gjr ljgt4 Bhl ji hdt, wbs t`js fgnbusg di

t`g sbung's sbaty tbstg, dr ljl t`g sbung hdt borgg wjt` t`g

hbtjvg ndkkuhjty's (nuajhbry) jlghtjty4 ^dkgt`jho gasg t`bt

wg s`dual fgbr jh kjhl js t`bt t`g prgsghng di Vdkbh

jhorgljghts ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay jkpay bh ghtjrgay Vdkbhjsglnujsjhg. Fggt, `grfs bhl n`jnmgh kby `bvg fggh ndkfjhgl

wjt` gxjstjho iddls sun` bs ngrgbas, puasgs bhl fggi. \`gy

kby `bvg fggh prgpbrgl, sgrvgl bhl ndhsukgl jh t`g

trbljtjdhba wby. ^d b sgagntjdh di hgw jhorgljghts hggl hdt

rgiagnt b n`bhog jh tbstg5 hgw iddlstuiis kby `bvg fggh

‐hbtjvjzgl' dr gvgh pgrngjvgl bs trbljtjdhba (Lduoabs 2:0<,

60-6:). Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, t`g bfsghng di hgw jhorgljghts




ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay jkpay b ‐hgdp`dfjn' bttjtulg tdwbrls

iddl bhl gbtjho. Adnba iddlstuiis kby `bvg fggh prgpbrgl,

sgrvgl dr ndhsukgl jh b Vdkbh wby, gvgh wjt`dut usjho

Vdkbh vgssgas (Kgbldws 2::<, 2>?). Jh fdt` nbsgs,

gvgh jh t`g bfsghng di gvjlghng idr ‐hbtjvg ndhtjhujty',

‐Vdkbhjsbtjdh' js hdt t`g bpprdprjbtg tgrk idr lgsnrjfjho

t`g sdnjba n`bhog. Jt js jkpdssjfag td kbmg b nagbr ljstjhntjdhfgtwggh Vdkbh bhl hdh-Vdkbh gagkghts (Kgbldws jh

prgss).

Dhay b igw prgajkjhbry ndhnausjdhs nbh fg lrbwh irdk t`g

gvjlghng bvbjabfag dh nuajhbry `bfjts. _jt`dut mhdwjho w`bt

hgw iddls wgrg bvbjabfag, dr t`g gxbnt ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g

kgbas, wg nbh sby t`bt (sdkg di) t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-

Wssgh n`dsg td ghrjn` t`gjr kghu wjt` vbrjdus hgw gagkghts

prdvjlgl fy Vdkbh nuaturg. \`js kby `bvg fggh ldhg fy b

sgagnt ordup di pgdpag bt ijrst, dr t`g iddls bhl jkpagkghts

kby `bvg fggh usgl idr spgnjba dnnbsjdhs. Bppbrghtay

nuajhbry jhhdvbtjdhs, ajmg kbhy dt`gr bspgnts di nuaturg, ljl

hdt biignt t`g ghtjrg sdnjgty bt dhng. Jh t`g nbsg di Dss-Wssgh

jt sggks t`bt sdkg di t`g hgw gagkghts hgvgr pghgtrbtgl tdbaa t`g kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty, gjt`gr lug td ajkjtgl

bvbjabfjajty dr ajkjtgl bnngss dr fy n`djng. Ji t`g hgw nujsjhg

rgiagnts t`g jlghtjty di t`js skbaa ordup di ibrkgrs ajvjho eust

wjt`jh t`g fdrlgrs di t`g Vdkbh Gkpjrg, jt wbs bh jlghtjty

jh w`jn` trbljtjdhba bspgnts wgrg stjaa vbaugl. Hgw gagkghts

wgrg jhndrpdrbtgl irdk tjkg td tjkg, fut t`gjr hutrjtjdhba

vbaug wbs adw. \`g kbjh pbrt di t`g lbjay ljgt ndhtjhugl td

ndhsjst di trbljtjdhba ngrgbas bhl kgbts. \`g ibnt t`bt t`g

blljtjdhs td t`gsg ljs`gs ndhsjstgl di iabvdurjhos js `dwgvgr

sjohjijnbht.0 Bat`duo` t`g iddl rgkbjhgl ‐hbtjvg' jh gssghng,

t`g hgw iabvdurjhos kust `bvg ojvgh jt b ljiigrght

bppgbrbhng bhl irborbhng= t`g wby t`g iddl addmgl bhl

skgaagl, jts pufajn jkpbnt, wbs dfvjdusay jkpdrtbht. Jh t`js

rgspgnt t`g jhhdvbtjdhs wgrg ngrtbjhay jhtghlgl td gxprgss b

n`bhogl jlghtjty, w`gt`gr t`js kgssbog wbs jhtghlgl idr

igaadw-jh`bfjtbhts, ibrkgrs di hgbrfy sgttagkghts dr gvgh t`g

dnnbsjdhba Vdkbh. Jrrgspgntjvg di baa t`g pdajtjnba, sdnjba bhl

jlgdadojnba ndhsjlgrbtjdhs t`bt kby uhlgrajg b ljgt, b

prgigrghng idr b pbrtjnuabr iddlstuii js td sdkg gxtght basd

lgpghlght dh jhljvjluba ajmgs bhl ljsajmgs. Fut ndhsjlgrjho

t`g sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba jkpajnbtjdhs di iddl, tbstjhgss js

vgry ditgh t`g rgsuat rbt`gr t`bh t`g nbusg di b prgigrghng idr

b pbrtjnuabr iddlstuii. Bsmjho w`gt`gr t`g ibrkgrs di Dss-

Wssgh truay bnqujrgl b tbstg idr t`g Vdkbh nujsjhg js `ghng

bs kgbhjhoagss bs bsmjho w`gt`gr fggr js ‐rgbaay' tbsty.

Bnmhdwaglogkghts

\`g sgndhl but`dr's wdrm wbs nbrrjgl dut bs pbrt di b

rgsgbrn` prdegnt suppdrtgl fy t`g Iduhlbtjdh idr @jstdry,

Brn`bgdadoy bhl Brt @jstdry, w`jn` js sufsjljsgl fy t`g

Hgt`grabhls Drobhjzbtjdh idr ^njghtjijn Vgsgbrn` (H_D).

\`g lrbwjhos wgrg kblg fy S. @gbvghs (ijos 0, :, 23) bhl

_. Mujepgr (ijo. 6). E. Sbuptjt (ijos >, 7, 9, ?) bhl t`g

Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgkdhlgrzdgm

(ijo. <) prdvjlgl t`g p`dtdorbp`s. \`g Ghoajs` tgxt wbs

ndrrgntgl fy ^. Kgaadr.

hdtgs

2 Jh t`g idaadwjho ljsnussjdh wg wjaa bssukg t`bt t`g `grfsghnduhtgrgl bt Dss-Wssgh wgrg usgl bs ndhljkghts. ^dkg di t`g`grfs brg `dwgvgr mhdwh td `bvg fggh usgl fy t`g Vdkbhs idr ljiigrght purpdsgs, tdd. Fgsjlgs bs b iabvdurjho, ljaa wbs basd usglbs bh jhorgljght jh djhtkghts, bhl ndrjbhlgr bhl ljaa kby `bvg fgghusgl bs brdkbtb jh pgriukgs (Kjaagr 2:9:, 9-?).

6 Ybrjdus spgnjbajsts bhbaysgl t`g w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry irdk t`gWssgh sgttagkghts. \`g kbtgrjba irdk t`g Yjevgr bhl Udkgr`di sgttagkghts wbs stuljgl fy _.E.@. Ygrwgrs. Bkp`drb s`grls wgrgjlghtjijgl, fut hdt bsnrjfgl td spgnjijn typgs. K. Frduwgr stuljgl t`pdttgry irdk t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght. ^`g lgsnrjfgl sgvgrbas`grls bs pbrts di ‐^pbhjs` bkp`drbs' (; Lrgssga 63), fut t`bt wbs

t`g dhay typg di bkp`drb s`g ljstjhoujs`gl. ^dkg di t`g s`grlsrgndvgrgl bt t`g twd skbaagr sgttakghts kby basd `bvg fgadhogl tdLrgssga 63 bkp`drbs, fut t`gy wgrg hdt jlghtjijgl bs sun`.

> ^gg basd hdtg 6. Irbokghts di Lrgssga 63 wbrg `bvg sd ibr fgghjlghtjijgl dhay jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, bhl dhay ldnukghtglidr t`g `dusgpabhs. \`g dhay twd strunturgs td `bvg yjgalgl kdrgt`bh ijvg irbokghts di Lrgssga 63 wbrg brg twd `dusgpabhs iduhlwjt`jh t`g brgbs w`grg t`g hgw iddls ndhnghtrbtg. @237, lbtglJl(/JJB), yjgalgl 20 irbokghts, @?0, lbtgl J(n)l/JJB, >0 irbokghts.

< \`g idurt` `grf, ngagry, js b wjal pabht w`jn` ordws jh ndbstbabrgbs, basd badho t`g Hdrt` ^gb ndbst. \`g pabht js `dwgvgr bssukgtd `bvg fggh ldkgstjnbtgl jh t`g Kgljtgrrbhgbh brgb.

7 ‑\`g dal sbw bfdut fgjho w bt wg gbt, w jn` turhs up jh b ldzgljiigrght abhoubogs bhl hukgrdus kgtbp`drs, jkprgssgs fy jts vgryfbhbajty5 bhyt`jho t`bt gvgrylby kust fg qujtg spgnjba. Dur tbstgsbhl `bfjts jh dt`gr sp`grgs di ndhsukptjdh ]...[ ld hdt bpprdbnìddl jh sjohjijnbhng.‛ (Kjhtz 2::>, 696).

9 Jh bh bfstrbnt di b agnturg ojvgh bt t`g Jhtgrhbtjdhba VdkbhBrn`bgdadoy Ndhigrghng 2::?, K. Aduo`tdh wrjtgs t`bt ‐jhjtjbaayt`g ndhsukptjdh di wjhg wbs ndhtrdaagl fy rjtubas ]...[, abtgr t`gndhsukptjdh di wjhg wbs agss strunturgl bhl lgtgrkjhgl fy hgwfgajgis bhl rjtubas. ]...[ \`g n`bhojho vbaugs ojvgh td jkpdrtgl wjhgbrg ajhmgl wjt` dt`gr pjvdtba n`bhogs]...[' (Aduo`tdh 2::?).

? B rgojdhba bhbaysjs dr b ndkpbrjsdh wjt` gvjlghng irdk dt gr rurba sgttagkghts ndual s`gl kdrg ajo`t dh t`js qugstjdh.

Whidrtuhbtgay t`g fdtbhjnba bhl zddadojnba lbtb di kbhy gxnbvbtglsjtgs `bvg hdt ygt fggh pufajs`gl. Bh gxngptjdh js _jem fjeLuurstglg „ lg @drlgh, w`jn` s`dws b rgkbrmbfay sjkjabr ajst di Vdkbh jhorgljghts. Jh blljtjdh td wjhg (nbsms), fggt bhl n`jnmgh jtjhnaulgs t`g `grfs ndrjbhlgr, ljaa bhl ngagry. Hd rgkbjhs di wbahutwgrg rgndvgrgl, fut bkp`drbs usgl idr t`g trbhspdrtbtjdh diobrukwgrg iduhl (Mddjstrb 2::9= Ybh lgr _gri 2:0?). Bt t`js sjtg t`gprdxjkjty di b nbstgaauk wjaa `bvg orgbtay jhiaughngl t`gbvbjabfjajty, bhl pdssjfay basd t`g bnngptbhng, di hgw iddls.

63: N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G



0 ‑_`bt wg ld hdt ditgh rgbajzg js `dw pdwgriuaay t`gsg iabvdr kbrmgrs s`bpg dur hdtjdh di w`bt b nujsjhg js. Ndvgr bhy iddl,hd kbttgr w`bt, wjt` b sbung kblg di tdkbtdgs, dajvg dja, obrajn bhl`grfs, bhl wg jlghtjiy jt bs Jtbajbh5 w`bt js kdrg, Jtbajbhs wjaajlghtjiy jt bs Jtbajbh. Fg jt lrdkglbry ùkp dr bndrh, jts nuajhbryjlghtjijnbtjdhs wjaa uatjkbtgay fg lgtgrkjhgl fy t`g wby jh w`jn` jsiabvdrgl (Vdzjh 2:06, 2:?).

rgigrghngs

Bkgh, J. vbh 2::7. @gt fdtbhjsn` dhlgrzdgm vbh lrjg jh`ggks

Vdkgjhsg hglgrzgttjhogh jh Dss-Wssgh, Agjlgh, (KB t`gsjs JSA).

Fbmgas, N.N. 2:03b. Lg fgwdhjhosogsn`jglghjs vbh lg Kbbsmbht J5

pabhtghrgstgh ujt lg Frdhstjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel ogvdhlgh tg Dss-

JEssgastrbbt, prdv. Hddrl-Frbfbht, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb

2>, 227-2>2.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2::<. Gndadojg5 vrun`tgh gh zblgh. Jh5 M. ^n`jhmga, Uwgrvghlg grvgh. Fgwdhjhosspdrgh jh Dss-Wssgh ujt frdhstjel,

jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh 2:?9-2:09 , Agjlgh (S`.L

ljssgrtbtjdh), pbrt J, 62:-6<>.

Fbmgas, N.N. 2::9. \`g pdaagh ljborbk Ydgrghlbba-?. Jh5 A.J.

Mddjstrb, Fdrlgrabhl ibrkjho. Sdssjfjajtjgs bhl ajkjtbtjdhs di

ibrkjho jh t`g Vdkbh Sgrjdl bhl Gbray Kjllag Bogs fgtwggh t`g

V`jhg bhl Kgusg, Odulb, 2>:-2<9.

Fbmgas, N.N. & V._.E.K. vbh lgr @bk 2:03. Ygrmddal bivba ujt ggh

Kjllgh-Frdhstjel gh ggh Kjllgh-JEzgrtjel hglgrzgttjho dp lg

@ddjldhmsg Bmmgrs, ogk. ^dh gh Frguoga, prdv. Hddrl-Frbfbht,

Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 2>, 02-:2.

Fdobgrs, E.G. 2:0?. Ybh puttgh jh Wssgh. Jh5 _.B.F. vbh lgr ^bhlgh

& S._. vbh lgh Frdgmg (rgl.), Ogtgmghl Ubhl. \jgh ebbr

brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm jh Dss-Wssgh, _bbarg, (Fjelrbogh tdt lg

stuljg vbh `gt Frbfbhtsg `ggk, >2), 277-293.

Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2:09. Uggzdut5 ggh sn`bmga tussgh _gst- gh

Uujl-Hglgrabhl jh lg JEzgrtjel gh lg Vdkgjhsg tjel, Vdttgrlbk

Sbpgrs Y, :2-22<.

Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2:0?. Dss-Wssgh5 @gt `bhlogkbbmtg bbrlgwgrm.

Jh5 _.B.F. vbh lgr ^bhlgh/S._. vbh lgh Frdgmg (rgl.), Ogtgmghl

Ubhl. \jgh ebbr brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm jh Dss-Wssgh, _bbarg,

(Fjelrbogh tdt lg stuljg vbh `gt Frbfbhtsg `ggk, >2), 232-22:.

Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2::7b. Jrdh Bog sgb sbat trblg jh t`g Adwgr

V`jhg brgb. Jh5 E.L. @jaa/N.O. Nukfgrpbtn` (gls), Ljiigrght Jrdh

Bogs= stuljgs dh t`g Jrdh Bog jh tgkpgrbtg Gurdpg , Dxidrl, (FBV

Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs, 936), 2<:-296.

Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2::7f. ^dut`grh sgb sbat jh t`g Adw Nduhtrjgs.

B rgndhhbjssbhng jhtd t`g abhl di t`g Kdrjhj. Jh5 K. Adlgwjenmx

(gl), Brn`bgdadojnba bhl `jstdrjnba bspgnts di _gst-Gurdpgbh

sdnjgtjgs. Bafuk bkjndruk Bhlrê Ybh Lddrsgabgr , Aguvgh, (Bntb

Brn`bgdadojnb Advbhjghsjb, Kdhdorbp`jbg 0), 2:>-637.

Fuurkbh, E. 2::3. Nbrfdhjsgl pabht rgkbjhs bhl p`dsp`btg bhbaysjs

di twd Vdkbh pgrjdl `dusg pabhs wjt` suhmgh fyrgs, Fgrjn`tgh vbh

lg Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgkdhlgrzdgm <3, 607-

6:9.

Lbvjgs, V._. 2:?2. \`g Vdkbh kjajtbry ljgt, Frjttbhhjb 6, 266-2<6.

Lgrms, B.K.E. 2::9. Odlgh, tgkpgas gh rjtugag prbmtjemgh. Lg

trbhsidrkbtjg vbh rgajojguzg jlggíh gh wbbrlgh jh Vdkgjhs Obaají ,

Bkstgrlbk (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh).

Lduoabs, K. 2:0<. ^tbhlbrl sdnjba usgs di iddl5 jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5

K. Lduoabs (gl), Iddl jh t`g sdnjba drlgr. ^tuljgs di iddl bhl

igstjvjtjgs jh t`rgg Bkgrjnbh ndkkuhjtjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 2->:.

Ghnmgvdrt, @. vbh & K. @ujskbh 2::7. Vdkgjhs bbrlgwgrm vbh

lg hglgrzgttjho bbh lg Abbrlgrwgo. Jh5 H. Vdykbhs (rgl.),

Dporbvjhogh jh lg Kdaghbmmgr tg _ggrt, nbkpbohg 2::< ,

Bkstgrlbk, (Uujlhglgrabhlsg Brn`gdadojsn`g Vbppdrtgh, 2), 6:-<3.

Idmmghs, @. 2::9. \`g Kbbsmbht prdegnt5 ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog di b

rgojdhba rgsgbrn` prdegnt, Brn`bgdadojnba Ljbadougs, vda. >, 2:9-627.

Obutjgr, B. 2::3. @dkkgs gt bhjkbux pghlbht a'Bog lu Igr. Jh5

O. Agkbh-Lgagrjvg (gl), Ags Ngatgs gh Irbhng lu Hdrl gt Fgaojqug5

YJ-Jgr sjànag bvbht E.-N., Ybaghnjghhgs, 2:7-623.

@bstdri, N.B. 2::2. Oghlgr, spbng bhl iddl jh prg`jstdry. Jh5

E.K. Ogrd & K._. Ndhmgy (gls), Ghoghlgrjho Brn`bgdadoy5

_dkgh bhl Srg`jstdry, Dxidrl, 2>6-27:.

@bwt`drhg, E.E. 2::9. Ndkkghsbajsk bhl ndkkdh sghsg5 b hgw

bpprdbn` td brn`bgdadojnba ngrbkjns, Bssgkfabog 2 ]Dhajhg[.

Bvbjabfag ttp5/www/s`gi.bn.um/u.../susdn/bssgk/`bwt`.`tka

@jho`, lg B.G. & N.N. Fbmgas 2::9. Sbabgdfdtbhjnba gvjlghng idr

sdnjba ljiigrghng4 \`g gxbkpag di t`g gbray kgljgvba ldkbjh di

^grrjs-Ags Vugaags, Irbhng, Ygogtbtjdh @jstdry bhl Brn`bgdfdtbhy

7, 22?-263.

Mhùrzgr, M.@. 2::2b. Lgutsnàbhl hùrlajn` lgr Ldhbu. Jh5 _. vbh

Ugjst/M._bsjaymdwb/M.G. Fg`rg (gls), Srdorgss jh Dal _dral

Sbagdgt`hdfdtbhy, Vdttgrlbk, 20:-639.

Mhùrzgr, M.@. 2::2f. Ogsn`jn`tg lgr Vñfg (Fgtb vuaobrjs A.) kjt

Fgjtrìogh lurn` Ordssrgstiuhlg vdk Hjglgrr`gjh, Bntb

Jhtgrljsnjpajhbrjb Brn`gdadojnb ?, 27:-29<.

Mddjstrb, A.J. 2::9. Fdrlgrabhl ibrkjho. Sdssjfjajtjgs bhl

ajkjtbtjdhs di ibrkjho jh t`g Vdkbh Sgrjdl bhl Gbray Kjllag Bogs

fgtwggh t`g V`jhg bhl Kgusg, Odulb.

Mdstgr, B. 2::>. Vdkgjhs frdhs ujt `gt ddstgajem rjvjgrghogfjgl5

Dss, _gstgr`ggk <6, >3<->39.




Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. 2:0>. B kgba idr t`g lgbl= bhjkba fdhg ijhls

jh Vdkbh orbvgs , Sbabgd`jstdrjb 67, 20>-2:>.

Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. 2:07. Orbivgal Dss-Wssgh5 ognrgkggrlg

ljgrajemg rgstgh, Ordhjhogh, (uhpufajs`gl rgpdrt FBJ, 66-0-2:07).

Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. 2:00. Bhjkbas jh Vdkbh tjkgs jh t`g Lutn`

gbstgrh rjvgr brgb, ‐s-Orbvgh`bog/Bkgrsiddrt, (HglgrabhlsgDul`glgh, 26).

Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. & O.I. JEzgrggi 2::<. Ygg gh vaggs jh lg

hglgrzgttjhogh jh Dss-Wssgh (033 v.N`r „ 673 hb N`r.). Jh5

M. ^n`jhmga, Uwgrvghlg grvgh. Fgwdhjhosspdrgh jh Dss-Wssgh ujt

frdhstjel, jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh 2:?9-2:09 ,

Agjlgh (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh), pbrt J, 6>>-6<>.

Aduo`tdh, K. 2::?. N`bhogs jh hbtjvg nuaturba bttjtulgs td jkpdrtgl

wjhg lurjho t`g Abtg Ab \àhg bhl t`g Obaad-Vdkbh trbhsjtjdh,

(bfstrbnt idr t`g ^gndhl Jhtgrhbtjdhba Vdkbh Brn`bgdadoy

Dss-Wssgh ujt frdhstjel, jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh

2:?9-2:09 , Agjlgh (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh), pbrt J, 2::-620.

^bhlgh, _.B.F. vbh lgr & S._. vbh lgh Frdgmg (rgl.) 2:0?.

Ogtgmghl Ubhl.\jgh ebbr brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm jh Dss-Wssgh,

_bbarg, (Fjelrbogh tdt lg stuljg vbh `gt Frbfbhtsg `ggk, >2).

^n`jhmga, M. 2::<. Uwgrvghlg grvgh. Fgwdhjhosspdrgh jh Dss-Wssgh ujt frdhstjel, jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh 2:?9-

2:09 , Agjlgh (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh).

^`grrbtt, B.O. 2::2. Sbabgdgt`hdfdtbhy5 irdk nrdps td nujsjhg.

Jh5 I. Rugjrdob & B.S. Ljhjs (gls), Sbagdgndadojb g brqugdadojb JJ.

\rbfba`ds lgljnblds b B.V. Sjhtd lb ^javb, Yjab Hdvb lg Ibkbajnîd.

âdistrb, E. & _.B.F. vbh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00. Vurbag nuatuspabbtsgh

ujt lg Vdkgjhsg tjel jh `gt Kbbs-Lgkgr-^n`galgogfjgl, Bhbagntb

Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 63, 267-290.


Documents

Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste