‘’Identifying the barriers and incentives toward waste segregation at first source: A case study in Duhok and Semel districts’’

International Co-operation Agency of the Association of Netherlands Municipalities

Prepared by:

DIYAR SADEQ SAEED

MSc. Wastes Management

August, 2020

This presentation will cover the following topics: • Environmental global issues

• Background information about study location

• Solid waste management (SWM) in Duhok and Semel districts

• Aim & objectives

• Methodologies

• Waste Generation in the Households, IDPs and Refugee camps

• Composition of waste in both districts

• Existing Waste Management Practices

• Participant willingness to separate waste materials in to two bins (Dry and Humid)

• The impact of Age, Education and income in households behaviour toward waste segregation

• Recommendations

Environmental global issues

Waste is become one of the main environmental issues globally

solid waste management challenges in developing countries

The main problems are:

• limitation of governance structures, the lack of legislation, financial, technical, knowledge of the decision makers, and public participation in the waste management plan are the other challenges which majority of developing countries face (eg. Kurdistan).

• In recent years, WM become one of the top priorities of KRG.

Background Information about Study location Duhok Location:

Kurdistan region- north of Iraq, on the border with Turkey and Syria.

Total area = 6,553 km2

Resident Population =1,602,624

Duhok Gov. consists of (seven districts)

Duhok ,Sumel, Zakho , Amedi, Shekhan, Akre and Bardarash

Note:

Semel district is hosting about 121, 487 IDPs and Refugees

The Current Flow chart of MSWM in Duhok and Semel districts

Residue So

rtin

g

Mat

eria

ls

Sell in the local or

international markets

10

0-1

50

t/d

550-600 t/d

Collection

Transfer Station

Mix

ed

was

te

700

-

75

0t/

d

Recyclable Materials

Metal

Plastic (PET,PE,PPE,PVC)

Glass

Textile

Aluminium

Paper and Cardboard

Receiving Halls

Sorting Plants

Composting

%10 (10-15t/d)

%18 (18-27)t/d

Rarely Sell to the local

Farmers

%72(72-108)

Open dump

site

Sanitary

Landfill

%0 658-672 t/d

Artush

company

Recovery from Waste in Duhok and Semel Districts • Dohuk was the first city in the region to invest in

recovery from waste

• It hired Eggersman to build a MRF (Materials Recovery Facility) in (2011 and 2014) with capacity (30 t/h) per plant.

• At the time of study the local municipalities still collect mix waste from door to door in the Duhok and Semel districts

Aim and objectives

Aim:

Identify the obstacles and drivers that affect public behaviour towards domestic waste separation at home

Objectives:

• Questionnaire survey were conducted to establish if age, education and economic status influence the housewives attitude towards waste separation and how each categorical variable impacts on householder’s behaviour.

• The dataset were analysed by SPSS statistic program

Methodologies

Quantitative data collection - Questionnaire

• Questionnaire survey contained 4 parts.

• The survey was conducted from June 27, 2020 to July 11, 2020.

• The research project identified 384 households across Duhok and Semel district

• The two teams consist of two members (male and female) to avoid potential social problems were made by researcher.

Waste Generation in the Households, IDPs and Refugee camps

Composition of waste Survey

Organic 48%

Paper and Cardboard

14%

Pet bottle 9%

Other Plastic 14%

Textile 3%

Glass 4%

Metal 3%

Clinical 1% WEEE

2%

Others 2%

Figure 4.1a: Composition of waste in Duhok district, 2020

Organic 57%

Paper and Cardboard

8%

Pet bottle 4%

Other Plastic 14%

Textile 7%

Glass 5%

Metal 2%

Clinical 1%

WEEE 1% Others

1%

Figure 4.1b: Composition of waste in Semel district, 2020

Existing Waste Management Practices

• Door-to-Door Collection

According to the contract between municipalities and company MSW need to be collected every day in both districts. However, the majority of participants 45.1% stated that waste is collected every one day and 29.2 % of participants stated that twice a week.

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• Separation Practice

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Participant willingness to separate waste materials in to two bins (Dry and Humid):

It was found that 74.2% of participants were ready to separate waste if the municipalities provide them different bins for (Dry

and Humid) fractions. The participants respond to the question ‘’if the municipalities ask you to buy yourself the different bins

to separate waste into (Dry and Humid)’’, 68% of the households were shown their agreement to implement waste segregation

at home.

The impact of waste separation at first source • Segregation of waste can save valuable resources in the form of saved hours required to deal with the

un-segregated waste.

• With the segregation of waste at the source point, the amount of waste going to the landfill is greatly reduced.

• Further, in the absence of the waste segregation, composting or recycling is not possible (Table 5.1 show Heavy Metal Content in MSW vs. Source-Separated Compost in Relation to Standards).

• Recyclables are not separated at source and are mixed with organic waste thus making it difficult to separate by Martial Recovery Facilities (MRF). Additionally, the moisture level of the mixed waste is high.

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The impact of Age, Education and income in households behaviour

toward waste segregation • The study found that there is no significant relationship between age and education to

participation in source segregation

• In order to raise public awareness, AD in Tvs and Radio was highly recommended. In addition, provide the guideline though providing leaflet

• MSWM is meant for the public, and, without the public’s cooperation, the system cannot be operated or maintained appropriately

• Since 2011, one could see the improvement in public behaviour towards MSW in both Duhok and Semel districts as the proportion of organic materials is decreased dramatically. Majority of households are hanging their remained bread on the main door to be collected later from shepherd daily.

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• Despite the economic crisis waste generation per capita has increased in Duhok and Semel districts. In 2011, the waste generation was 1 kg and 0.85 kg per capita per day in Duhok and Semel district respectively (Unicef, 2011). This rate is jumped to 1.18 kg and 1.03 kg in Duhok and Semel districts respectively in 2020.

Currently, all municipalities within Duhok Governorate are providing waste collection services to the household free of charge. Due to lack of finance the Kwashe sorting plant staffs are suffering.

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Recommendations Short term

• Implementing a waste collection separation scheme for recyclable materials (e.g. plastic, metal, glass, paper and cardboard)

and organic waste (food and green waste) in two separate bins.

• In order to manage the MSW in a better manner, the municipalities in both districts need to pay more attention to implement

waste management hierarchy

• Increasing public awareness to take more responsibility regarding the amount of waste generated and to improve

participation in the waste collection separation scheme

• Due to the high percentage of organic materials in the composition of waste in both districts, it is suggested to implement

composting to treat organic waste based on proximity principles

• There should be better coordination for effective implementation of waste management programmes including waste

recovery amongst the relevant public organisations as well as between private and public organisations

• Banning the hazardous waste (clinical and WEEE) waste fractions to send to Kwashe sorting plant, Landfill and open dump

• In order to support the Kwashe sorting plant financially and tackle most of waste management issues in both districts, it is

recommended to enforce the order No.(5428) in 2016 from the prime minister ‘’the households need to be charged from

(3000-5000)IQ per month’’.

• In order to divert waste materials from open dump into useful materials, it is highly recommended to implement (Textile

recycling) in some ( AID bins) under the authority of municipalities to collect second hand Textile as well as shows

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Dry

Wet

Tra

nsf

er

Sta

tion

Receiving Halls

Sorting Plants

Receiving Hall and

Open Area

Windrow

Composting

Man

ual

Sort

ing

Pla

stic

Bag

s

Composting

Process (up to

8weeks), T=70C

Terra Select

Residue

Recyclable

Materials Metal

Plastic

(PET,PE,PPE,PVC)

Glass

Textile

Aluminium

Paper and Cardboard Sort

ing

Mat

eria

ls Sell in the local or

international markets

High Quality

Compost Product Sell to the local

Farmer

Collection

The process of waste treatment after implementation waste

separation scheme in Duhok and Semel

Sanitary

Landfill

Medium and Long terms

• Issuing specific waste legislation in order to organise waste management and introducing taxation, landfill tax and gate fees for waste treatment technologies and landfill (it is suggested in the beginning to enforce the commercial and industrials organisations to pay waste services tax)

• Developing decision makers and operational waste treatment manager’s skills in order to improve waste treatment, recovery (recyclable and compost) and the environment performance in public organisations

• It is highly recommended to implement waste management principles

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Conclusion

• If the municipal authorities do not take suitable measures to organise waste sector now, the

waste issues (such as air, ground and surface water pollution) will be accumulated and it will

become increasing difficult to solve.

• In addition, the improvement of quality and quantity of by-products (recyclable and

compost) in Kwashe sorting plant will be impossible.

• Moreover, the efficiency of the Kwashe sorting plant will be reduced day by day as it deals

with low quality (high moisture contains) and mixed waste daily. This impact adversely on

the operation and efficiency of the Kwashe sorting plant as mixed waste causes frequent

break down of the plant.

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‘’One bin is the most

expensive method for WM’’

‘’Mix is waste, separation is

Resources’’

Thank you very much for your kind listening

Any Questions please?

'This presentation was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of VNG International and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.'