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IdentifyingRhetoricalAppeals:Logos,Pathos,andEthos
Rhetoric:Theartofusinglanguagepersuasivelyandeffectively
Logos=LogicTheuseoflogic,rationality,andcriticalreasoningtopersuade.Logosappealstothemind.Logosseekstopersuadethereaderintellectually.
ExamplesofLogos:! Appealtothemind/intellect! Drawfromphilosophyandlogic! Facts! Statistics! If,then…statements! Definitionsofterms! Explanationofideas! Causeandeffect! Detailsthatcomefromobjectivereporting! Logicalreasonsandexplanations
Pathos=EmotionTheuseofemotionandaffecttopersuade.Pathosappealstotheheartandtoone’semotions.Pathosseekstopersuadethereaderemotionally.
ExamplesofPathos:! Appealtotheheart/emotion! Drawfromspiritualityorreligioustraditions! Storiesortestimonials! Personalanecdotesorstories! Personalconnections! Imageryandfigurativelanguagethat
provokesanemotionalresponse! Visualimagesorwordsthatinspireyouto
empathizeorhavecompassiontowardstheidea/topic
! Powerfulwords,phrases,orimagesthatstirupemotion
! Detailsthatcomefromsubjectivereporting
Ethos=EthicsandCredibilityTheongoingestablishmentofawriter’sorspeaker’sauthority,credibility,andbelievabilityashe/shespeaksorwrites.Ethosappealstoethicsandcharacter.Ethosseekstopersuadethereaderthatthewriter/speakercanbetrustedandbelievedduetohis/hernoblecharacterorethicalwaysinwhichhe/sheispresentingideas.
ExamplesofEthos:! Appealtothewriter’s/speaker’sbelievability,
qualifications,character;relevantbiographicalinformation
! Useofcrediblesources(experts,scholars)! Accuratecitationofsources:givescreditwhere
creditisdue! Experienceandauthority:personknowsthe
issuesandhasexperienceinthefield! Appropriatelanguage:useslanguageofthe
discipline! Appropriatetone:knowstheaudienceand
contextofsituation! Humility:isnotarrogant! Usestentativeyetauthoritativelanguage;avoids
sweepingstatementslike“everyoneisdoingthis,”“thisistheonlyway,”“thiswillalwayswork.”Insteadsays,“theresearchsuggeststhat,”“someexpertsbelieve,”“inmyexperience,”etc.
Chart,withminoredits,courtesyofMountainViewHighSchool(mvhs.clintweb.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=22229787)