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Identifying Cockroaches
Chapter 9
Section II – General Pest Control Basics
of the
Pest Bear & AffiliatesService Personnel Development Program
2005
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
Cockroaches - General Information
• There are over 3500 species of cockroaches, 55 species are known to live in the United States.
• Cockroaches produce odorous secretions which can contaminate food and when infestations are high impart an odor into the air.
• Cockroaches have a gradual metamorphosis: egg, nymph & adult.
• Eggs are produced in a purse shaped case -the Ootheca.
• Most cockroaches are nocturnal - active at night.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
Cockroaches - General Information
• Seeing cockroaches during daylight hours usually indicates a heavy infestation.
• Temperature is the most important factor effecting the development of cockroaches.
• Cockroaches develop more rapidly at higher temperatures.
• Cockroaches are good hitchhikers , commonly being introduced in cartons, bags and boxes from infested locations.
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• Cockroaches are second only to termites in importance to homes and other buildings.
• Flies and mosquitoes may be more important as household pests, but they generally breed elsewhere and then invade the dwelling.
• Cockroaches can transmit diseases to man by carrying disease organisms on their body or in the feces.
• Cockroaches are most commonly implicated in the transmission of Salmonella, which causes food poisoning.
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Cockroaches - General Information
• Parasitic Toxoplasma can also be transmitted by cockroaches.
• Cockroaches have been known to bite man, but they generally restrict their biting to consumption of hair and lose skin from humans.
• Some people are allergic to cockroach secretions or fragments.
• Contamination of food by cockroaches is usually caused by fragmented body parts, fecal material, or topical alteration due to chewing or gnawing by the cockroaches.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
Cockroaches - General Information
Cockroaches - General Control Information
• IPM - Integrated Pest Management - the utilization of control methods and procedures other than or in addition to chemical control is of utmost importance in cockroach control.
• Good sanitation is as important to cockroach control as chemical control.
• Prior to attempting to use insecticides, you should be completely familiar with the Environmental Protective Agency rules and regulations.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
Cockroaches - General Control Information
• Since cockroaches are nocturnal, insecticide applications in or near nesting areas will increase the effectiveness of the treatment.
• When selecting an insecticide for cockroach control, refer to the label for any restrictions, recommendations or limitations.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
German cockroach, Blatella germanica• The German cockroach is the most
important species in the United States.
• The adult is about 1/2” to 5/8” long.
• Nymphs and adults of both sexes have two dark stripes behind the head.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
German cockroach, Blatella germanica• They prefer to live in kitchens and
bathrooms of homes and apartments, restaurants, supermarkets, and hospitals.
• The Asian cockroach, Blatella asahinai, is identical to the German cockroach in appearance and lives outdoors in lawns and leaf litter.
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German cockroach - Adult Male• The adult male is 5/8” long and is pale
brown to tan in color with two stripes on the pronotum.
• The male’s abdomen is slimmer, yellower and more tapered to the tip than the female’s.
• The wings of the male extend almost to the tip of the abdomen.
• Males court females by raising their wings above their abdomen, exposing a dorsal gland; females eat the secretion from the gland.
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German cockroach - Adult Female
• The adult female is also 5/8” long and is darker than the adult male.
• The female’s abdomen is broader at the tip than the male’s and the wings extend just beyond the tip.
• Adult German cockroaches live about half a year.
• Males and females are usually found in equal numbers.
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German cockroach - Female with ootheca
• The adult female develops an ootheca (egg capsule) about 11 to 12 days after becoming an adult.
• The female carries the ootheca for about three weeks, until it is ready to hatch.
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German cockroach - Female with ootheca
• Eggs in ootheca removed from females dry out and do not develop.
• The female provides moisture to the developing embryos through a porous area of the ootheca where it is attached. A female can develop five to eight oothecae during her life.
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German cockroach - Ootheca (egg capsule) • The German cockroach ootheca is
3mm wide and 8mm long and has segments.
• Each segment of the ootheca contains two eggs.
• Each ootheca usually has 30 to 40 eggs.
• Mature embryos in the egg capsule are almost ready to hatch when a blue-green line is seen through the ootheca.
• German cockroach egg capsules usually will not hatch if they are removed from the female.
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German cockroach - Ootheca hatching
• When mature, the first instar nymphs in the ootheca force the ootheca to rupture and crack open at the keel.
• About 30 to 40 white first instar nymphs emerge form the cracked ootheca.
• At first, they remain with the ootheca and wait for their cuticle to harden and become dark.
• Then they move into small cracks and crevices. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
German cockroach - First instar nymph
• The first instar nymphs are 3mm long and dark gray to black in color.
• They have a pale brown band on the second and third thoracic segment.
• In later instars, the pale band becomes narrower.
• They strongly aggregate and are usually found in large numbers.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
German cockroach - Third instar nymph
• The third instar nymphs are about 6mm long and dark brown to black in color.
• They have a light band extending from the pronotum behind the head to the abdomen.
• The light band separates the two long, dark streaks which are characteristic of German cockroaches.
• The edges of their thorax are almost clear. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
German cockroach - Sixth instar nymph• The sixth instar nymphs are about
10mm long and almost black in color.
• The median light stripe is very narrow and the edges of the thorax are clear.
• The abdomen is almost completely black.
• They are large nymphs and are considered to be the dispersal stage that emigrates to new habitats and begins new infestations.
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German cockroach - Newly molted adults
• Completely white nymphs or adults are often seen in heavily infested locations.
• These are newly molted individuals whose cuticle has not had time to harden.
• Normally the darkening process requires about two to four hours.
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German cockroach - Infestations
• German cockroaches aggregate in places where food, water and harborage are abundant.
• They prefer cracks that are 3/16” wide.
• They usually are found in kitchens or bathrooms of houses and apartments, restaurants, hospitals and hotels.
• Surveys of low income apartments have found more than 10,000 cockroaches per apartment.
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Brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa
• The Brown-banded cockroach is 5/8” long as an adult.
• They are dark brown, and their wings range from reddish-brown to brown.
• They have two pale bands on the wings and the edge of their pronotum is clear.
• They prefer to live in bedrooms, furniture, and closets, particularly high on shelves.
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Brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa
• They prefer temperatures which would not normally be considered comfortable.
• Control procedures definitely require a thorough inspection and direct insecticide applications are difficult.
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Brown-banded cockroach - Life Cycle
• Brown-banded cockroaches have a longer development period than German cockroaches.
• They develop best at higher temperatures.
• Temperatures of 80 degrees and higher are optimal for Brown-banded cockroach development.
• The female carries the ootheca for 24-36 hours before attaching it to an object.
• Ootheca are usually attached in clusters.
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Brown-banded cockroach - Life Cycle
• The ootheca is 4x2.5mm and yellowish to reddish brown.
• Fertile eggs show “greenish” through the walls of the ootheca.
• Incubation of the eggs averages 49 days
• Females will produce an average of 14 ootheca, averaging 18 eggs with an average hatch of 13.
• The development cycle may be 276 days, with the adults stage lasting an average of 206 days.
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American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
• The American cockroach is about 1 1/2” long as an adult.
• They are reddish-brown with light markings behind the head.
• Their cerci at the tip of the abdomen are long and thin.
• They re commonly found in sewers and basements.
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American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
• They are the predominant species in commercial buildings, greenhouses and ships.
• They are capable of flight, but rarely fly.
• They will sometimes migrate in large numbers.
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American cockroach - Life Cycle
• The development period is dependent on temperature.
• At ordinary room temperature, the development cycle is 600 days.
• After reaching sexual maturity, the female average life may be another 400 days.
• The ootheca is 8x5mm, in brown until deposited and then turns black.
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American cockroach - Life Cycle
• The ootheca has “teeth” across the top.
• The ootheca is deposited on or near the food source, usually within a day of developing.
• The female may glue the ootheca to a surface of drop it in the food source.
• A female may average as many as 21 ootheca; produced at a rate of 1 per week; and each containing 14 to 16 eggs.
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Australian cockroach, Periplaneta australasiae
• The Australian cockroach is about 1 1/4” to 1 1/2” long as an adult.
• They are reddish brown with a characteristic markings on their head.
• On the front edge of the base of the forewing, there is a light yellow band.
• The nymphs have light yellow spots on the top of the abdomen.
• They are abundant outdoors and in greenhouses where they can damage plants.
• They can enter homes .
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Smoky-brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa
• The Smoky-brown cockroach is about 1 1/4” long as an adult.
• They are mahogany brown to black with no patterns behind the head.
• They are abundant outdoors and are found in tree holes, wood piles, and attics of houses in Florida.
• They readily enter homes.
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Brown cockroach, Periplaneta brunnea• The Brown cockroach is almost
identical to the American cockroach in appearance.
• They are about 1 1/4” long as adults.
• They are reddish-brown.
• The cerci at the tip of the abdomen are stubby; whereas the American cockroach has long, thin cerci.
• They are found outdoors.
• They readily enter homes.Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved
Florida woods cockroach, Eurycotis floridana
• The Florida woods cockroach is about 1 1/2” to 1 3/4” long as an adult.
• They are often called stinking cockroaches; they produce a foul-smelling fluid to protect themselves from predation.
• They are reddish-brown to black.• The nymphs have broad yellow
bands on the top of the thorax.• They are commonly found in leaf
mulch, wood piles, and under rotting logs.
• They are often called Palmetto Bugs.
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Surinam cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis
• The Surinam cockroach is about 3/4” to 1” long as an adult.
• They are shiny brown to black with golden markings on the abdomen.
• The pronotum behind the head has a yellow margin along the front edge.
• They are a burrowing species that lives outdoors and often infests potted plants.
• They infest homes when potted plants are brought inside.
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Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis
• The Oriental cockroach is about 1” long as an adult.
• They are shiny black and have no distinctive markings.
• The male has wings that cover only 3/4 of the abdomen; the female has only wing pads or lobes.
• They are not commonly found in Florida.
• They are usually found in damp basements, sewers, and crawl spaces beneath homes.
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Cuban cockroach, Panchlora nivea
• The Cuban cockroach is about 3/4” long as an adult.
• Males and females are light green, whereas the nymphs are dark brown.
• They are an outdoor, topical species that usually are not found north of Florida.
• The adults are attracted to light and are adept fliers.
Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved