ICIS PROJECT #3 - CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND BIM · sources and software platforms. Much adaption of existing classification systems to BIM is going on. Though the classification

ICIS - Project #3 Classification, Identification, and BIM

ICIS–InternationalConstructionInformationSociety October20171

ICISPROJECT#3-CLASSIFICATION,IDENTIFICATION,ANDBIMIssueversion:V4.0 Date: 2017-10-18 Projectteam: Leader GunnarFriborg(Molio,formerbips) Temporaryleader JohnGelder(formerNBS) Taskteam BarboraPospísilová(URSPraha) NeilGreenstreet(NATSPEC) MichelleTheauvette(DDN/NMS) AlbertMüller(CRB) ForrestGrierson(GriersonsSpecifications) DavidWatson(DigiconInf.) SarahDelany(NBS)

SebastianGoitowsky(GAEB) BjørnBrundstad(StandardNorways) HetaTimonen(Rakennustieto)

PasiHulkkonen(Rakennustieto) Technicaleditor

LanguagereviewGunnarFriborg(Molio,formerbips)Editors(Arcom)

Executivesummary

ThisICISreportstatesthatanumberofexistingnationalclassificationsystemstodayareusefulinordertoorganizevarioustypesofinformationforcertainpartiesinsomeoftheprocessesintheconstructionlifecycle.ButitalsoquestionsifcurrentlyusedclassificationisoptimalforsupportingthecollaborativeprocesswithBIMandallpartiesinvolved.Withthe2012internationalsurveyoftheimplementationanduseofconstructionclassificationsystemsworldwide,therevisionoftheclassificationstandardISO12006-2,andtheexperiencesfromcurrentnationallybasedclassificationwork,severalissueswereaddressedandquestionsraisedabouttheuseofclassificationinconstructionasweknowittoday.WiththerevisionofISO12006-2,thefocuschangedfromnotonlyclassificationaccordingtopurposebutalsocreatingcommonlanguageandstructuringofinformationreferencingproject-specificobjectsworkingwithBIM.Inthisreport,theseissuesareexplainedanddiscussedinordertogenerateadebateofwhatwillbenecessarytosupportafast-developingBIMpracticethatcombinesinformationfromseveralsourcesandsoftwareplatforms.MuchadaptionofexistingclassificationsystemstoBIMisgoingon.ThoughtheclassificationforBIMpotentialoftherevisedISO12006-2:2015edition,incombinationwithotherrelevantinternationalstandards,hasstilltobereleased.Thisreportiswrittenforpersonsandindividualsintheconstructionsector.Onexpertlevel,itisoccupiedwithanddiscussestheuse,theimportance,andthenatureofclassificationandidentificationinandwithBIM.



Introduction-ThechallengeofBIMtoclassification1. BIM1.1 DefinitionsofBIM1.2 ObjectsandISO12006-21.3 Databases

2. Classification,definedlanguage,andstructuringofinformation2.1 TherevisionofISO12006-2(released2015)2.2 Theinternationalclassificationsurveyandend-usercomments2.3 Demandsforclassificationandstructuringofinformationsummarized2.4 Termsanddefinitionsforconceptsandclasses2.5 Objectclassesandclassificationtables2.6 Type-ofrelationsandthedesiredlevelofclassification2.7 Part-ofrelations,structure,andidentification2.8 Combiningclassificationandstructuring2.9 Objectoccurrences,types,instances,andidentifiers2.10 Properties

3. BIMandClassification-implementingISO12006-23.1 GeneralrequirementsforBIM-readyclassificationsystems

4. ApplyingclassificationinBIM4.1 Ingeneral4.2 Geometryandmodelling4.3 Structuringandsimulation4.4 Specification4.5 Costing,costestimation,quantitytake-off,andtendering4.6 Manufacturerinformation4.7 Timeline4.8 Mappingclassifications&buildingSMARTDataDictionary(bSDD)

5. Bibliographyandothersources5.1 Standardsreferredto5.2 Books,publications,papers,andpresentationsused5.3 Classificationssystemsandmaterialsviewedandused5.4 Organizations–websitesandreferencesused

AnnexA-Theinternationalclassificationsurveyandend-usercomments,indetail



Introduction-ThechallengeofBIMtoclassificationBuildingInformationModelling(BIM)ischangingthewaywedealwithinformationintheconstructionsector,transferringinformationcontainedintraditionaldocumentationtoICT-handleddataobjectswithattachedinformationrepresentingtheconstructioncomplexesandentities,thespaces,andtheelements.Thesamechangeisaffectingalloftheresourcesandprocessesusedtoprogram,design,produce,andmaintaintheseconstructionresultsandtheirrelatedinformationtobeusedinamorecollaborative,integrated,andsharingmannerthanever.Classifyingconstructioninformationistherebychallengedinordertosupportthesechangesandnewwaysofworkingandtoprovidecommonlanguage,structure,andwaysofhandlinginformationinamoreuniformwaythanbefore.Therefore,inthisreportclassification,definedlanguage,andstructuringofinformationwillbeseenasintegratedpartsofthesamecontextandcanbeseenasdealingwiththe"I"inBIM.Thescopeofthisreportisthusbroaderthantheuseofclassificationinitself.Forsomeyears,therehasbeenanongoingdiscussionwithinICISandotherinternationalforumsabouttheseissues.Thisreporttriestooutlinethemostessentialtopicsofthesediscussionsandrefertotheworkbeingdonenationallyandinternationallyaboutredefiningconstructionclassificationitself,andthewayofusingittosupportBIM.Also,globalizationsetsanagendaformoreinternationalstandardstobedevelopedwithintheseareas.Becauseweareinthemiddleofchange,thisreportwillreflectthemixedsituationofajourneyfromananaloguetoagraduallyincreasingdigitalpractice.However,inordertonotonlyrefertothecurrentstateoftheart,itisintendedalsotolistdebatabledemandsandpossiblesolutions/actionsforthefutureuseofclassificationinaBIMcontext.



1. BIM

1.1 DefinitionsofBIMTherearemanydefinitionsofBIM;forexample,thefollowingfourdefinitionsorexplanationsweretakenfromwebsitesofdifferentorganizations.

NIBS:"ABIMisadigitalrepresentationofphysicalandfunctionalcharacteristicsofafacility.Assuchitservesasasharedknowledgeresourceforinformationaboutafacilityformingareliablebasisfordecisionsduringitslifecyclefrominceptiononward."NBS:"…itissimplythemeansbywhicheveryonecanunderstandabuildingthroughtheuseofadigitalmodel.Modelinganassetindigitalformenablesthosewhointeractwiththebuildingtooptimizetheiractions,resultinginagreaterwholelifevaluefortheasset."Autodesk:BIMisanintelligentmodel-basedprocessthatprovidesinsighttohelpyouplan,design,construct,andmanagebuildingsandinfrastructure.

BuildingSMART:"BIMisanacronym,whichrepresentsthreeseparatebutlinkedfunctions:

BuildingInformationModelling:IsaBUSINESSPROCESSforgeneratingandleveragingbuildingdatatodesign,constructandoperatethebuildingduringitslifecycle.BIMallowsallstakeholderstohaveaccesstothesameinformationatthesametimethroughinteroperabilitybetweentechnologyplatforms.BuildingInformationModel:IstheDIGITALREPRESENTATIONofphysicalandfunctionalcharacteristicsofafacility.Assuchitservesasasharedknowledgeresourceforinformationaboutafacility,formingareliablebasisfordecisionsduringitslifecyclefrominceptiononwards.BuildingInformationManagement:IstheORGANIZATION&CONTROLofthebusinessprocessbyutilizingtheinformationinthedigitalprototypetoeffectthesharingofinformationovertheentirelifecycleofanasset.Thebenefitsincludecentralizedandvisualcommunication,earlyexplorationofoptions,sustainability,efficientdesign,integrationofdisciplines,sitecontrol,asbuiltdocumentation,etc.-effectivelydevelopinganassetlifecycleprocessandmodelfromconceptiontofinalretirement."

Insummary:BIMisaboutconstructingandmaintainingthebuildingtwice,firstdigitallythenphysically.BIMisthenadigitalrepresentationofabuildingmadeofobjectsthatarerelated:thebuildingitself,thespaces,andthesystems(constructionelements)thatmakeupthespaces.Butitisalsoabouttheprocessesofcapturingallofthestructuredinformation,bringingeverythingtogether,coordinatingdifferentsystemsandplatforms,supportingcollaborationandknowledgesharing,andbeingefficientandproductiveinastandardizedanddigitalizedmanner.Thisprocessiswhereclassification,definedlanguage,andstructuringofinformationcomeintoperspectiveofBIM.



1.2 ObjectsandISO12006-2BIMinvolvesthedefinitionofabuildingasacomposedsetofobjects(BIMHandbook).Avirtualmodelofabuilding,therefore,consistsofobjectsrepresentingthebuildinganditsconstituents,theConstructionresults.ButothertypesofconstructionobjectsarejustasrelevantaccordingtoISO12006-2:2015-BuildingConstruction-OrganizationofInformationaboutConstructionWorks-Part2:FrameworkforClassification.Thisframeworkdefinestheoverallconceptualmodeldividedintofourdomains(seefigure1).

Figure1-GroupingofobjectclassesareaccordingtoISO12006-2dividedintofoursuperiordomainsoftheconceptualmodelTheconstructionresourcesandtheconstructionprocessesareimportantobjectsforcollaboration,producing,andmanagingconstruction;theconstructionpropertiesarethedata-bearingconstituentsofthecollectedinformationaboutthebuildinganditsdesignandmaintenance.Thefocusondataobjectsforthelast20yearsissuccessivelyemphasizedbythemoreextendeduseandfunctionalityofthe3Dobject-orientedmodel.However,bothgeometricalandalphanumericaldatastillmakeupthecollectedvirtualrepresentationofabuilding-the"I"inBIM.ClassificationandstructuringofinformationhavethepotentialtobethegluethatbringsallthistogetherifitisdesignedtosupporttheBIMprocessesandhandlingofobjectsandalltheirinformation.1.3 DatabasesTheextendeduseofdatabaseshastechnologicallymadeitpossibletocreateandhandleobject-orientedinformation,andtoexchangeandremodelit.Itisamovementfromdataembeddedinanaloguedocumentsandofficepackagetoolstoaccessibleandreusabledataindatabases.Whathashappenedtothegeometricallybasedbuildingmodeltoolsinordertomakemoreintelligentmodelswillalsohavetohappentothehandlingofalphanumericaldataoutsidethegeometricalmodelsinordertorelateandconvergethetwoareasofdata.Thereisaneedtobringthesedatatogetheranduseandreusetherespectivesetsofdatainordertobeabletosimulatescenariosandextractusefulinformationinthedesign,theexecution,andthemaintenanceprocesses.Objectlibrarieswithsharedobjectsandcontaineddatasetswillbefutureplaceholdersforimportantinformationintheconstructionindustry.

Constructionresource

Constructionprocess Constructionresult

Constructionproperty

resultsinuses

has



2. Classification,definedlanguage,andstructuringofinformation2.1TherevisionofISO12006-2(released2015)Since2001,ISO12006-2-BuildingConstruction-OrganizationofInformationaboutConstructionWorks-Part2:FrameworkforClassificationhasbeenthestandardfornationalconstructionclassificationsystemstobebasedupon.Thestandarddefinesthescopeofconstructionclassification,definestheoverallconceptualmodel(seefigures1and5),andpointsoutrelevantclassificationtablesfortheconstructionindustrytouse(seechapter2.5,Objectclassesandclassificationtables).ISO-12006-2doesnotspecifyanyprinciplesonpreciselyhowtoclassifyorhowtodefineconceptsandclasses.Oneofthegeneralgoalsofrevisingthestandardwastomoveitfromtheareaofmerelyclassifyingdocument-orientedinformationtomakeitmoreBIM-andobject-focused,aligningitmorewiththeobject-orientedinformationstandardISO12006-3:2007-BuildingConstruction-OrganizationofInformationaboutConstructionWorks-Part3:FrameworkforObject-OrientedInformation,andthusbringitclosertotheuseofthebuildingSMARTstandardsforIndustryFoundationClasses(IFC)andbuildingSMARTDataDictionary(bSDD).OtherimprovementsofISO12006-2werealsotakeninasapartofthescopefortherevision,suchasfollows:

- Theneedforinclusionandacceptanceofsystemawarenessingeneraltobeappliedtosolveproblemsofunderstandingthecomplexityofconstructionandtosupportsystemsengineeringandsystemsdeliveryinanindustrializedmanner

- Toclearlydistinguishbetweenpart-ofrelations(system-of-systems)andtype-ofrelations(classification)

- Toclearlyspecifyhowpart-ofrelationsandtype-ofrelationscanbecombinedtoanunambiguousidentifierforsystemsandtheirconstituentstorespondtotheneedforstructuringofinformationandforsupportingthecoordinationofplatformshandlingthisinformation

2.2Theinternationalclassificationsurveyandend-usercommentsBeforethefinishedrevisionofthestandard,nowISO12006-2:2015,aninternationalclassificationsurveywasplannedandexecutedtoprovidetheworkgroupwithrelevantinformationabouttheactualstateanduseofclassificationinconstructionworldwideingeneralandrelatedtoISO12006-2asaframeworkstandardspecifically.Primaryparticipantswerefromthenationalclassificationbodies,thebuildingSMARTcommunity,theobservingandparticipatingmembercountriesfromISOTC/59/SC13,andmembersofICIS-inall,51participantsfrom19countries(Europe,NorthAmerica,Asia,andAustralia);27ofwhichfullycompletedthethoroughsurvey.Thesurveywasattendedbyagreatdealofwell-knownBIM-orientedparticipantsandspokespersons.ThedetailedQ&Aofthesurveyandotherend-usercommentsappearindetailinAnnexA-Theinternationalclassificationsurveyandend-usercomments.



2.3DemandsforclassificationandstructuringofinformationsummarizedReferringtoAnnexA,anextractofthesurveyandtheend-usercommentstosummarizedemandsforastandardizedconstructionclassificationandinformationstructuringsystemwithBIMcouldbeasfollows:1. Itisimportanttoengagethewholevaluechaininclassifyingandstructuringinformationin

ordertogetthecollaborativeBIMprocesstoworksmoothly-generalindustryimplementationisneeded.

2. Itisimportantthatclassificationsystemssupportthegenerationandexchangeofalltypesofinformationandforallpartiesinvolved-alsointheareasofexecutionandfacilitiesmanagement.

3. Thereisaneedforclassifyingtheobjectunambiguously(toknowwhatkindofobject,thetype-ofrelations).

4. Thereisaneedtobeabletostructuresystemsandtheirinformationandtogeneratereferencedesignationsinordertoidentifyproject-specificobjects(toknowwhichspecificobjectand/orinwhichcontext,thepart-ofrelations).

5. Thereis,inthenearfuture,stillaneedtosupportbothclassificationoftraditionaldocument-basedandBIMobject-basedinformation.

6. Theenduserwillpreferfewerandmorestableclassificationcodesthroughoutthelifecycleofanobject-mappingisoptionalifneeded,butitcanalsobecomplicatedanddifficult.Advantages,disadvantages,andconsequencesofmappingofconceptsandclassificationcodesremaintobediscussed.

7. Maybeamoresimplifiedclassificationofobjectsisneededsupplementedbytheuseofclassifiedproperties.

8. Machine-readablecodesbeingimplementedinsoftware-systemstosupporttheend-user’sneedswillbepreferred-alsoincludingtheclassificationnotationpartofIFCtobeimplementedinsoftwaretoensuretheexchangeofinformationbetweenplatforms.

9. Someimportantcriteriacouldbetobaseclassificationandstructuringonwell-knowninternationalstandardsinordertoachievehighercompatibilityandmorelikelysoftwareimplementation.

2.4TermsanddefinitionsforconceptsandclassesSomeproblemswithconstructionclassificationsystemstodaywillnowbementionedinrelationtotherevisionofISO12006-2,inrelationtoBIM,andforworkingwithclassificationingeneral.Itisoftenseeninconstructionclassificationthatthereinthesametablesisamixofconcepts,terms,andsynonymsmaybebecauseofalackof(proper)definitionsforconceptsandsometimesalsofortheclassestheybelongto.Thismixresultsinwhatistermedenumerativeclassification,unevenliststhatareevenplaceholdersfor"miscellaneous"and"others"classes.Thesecategorieswillmakeithardtoplaceorfindsomeobjects,whichinitselfisaproblembutalsoisextremelycriticaltoBIM.Enumerativeclassificationtablesoftenresultinunclearclassificationanddoubtfulplacingofobjectsintherightclasses.Atypicalexamplecouldbewalls-willtheybeputintheclassforloadbearingwallsorintheclassforspacedividingwalls?Andwhatifawallischangedfrombeing



loadbearingtojustbeingspacedividing?Willitthenhavetochangeclassandclassificationcode?Inthesesituations,theplacinginthetableistypicallyhandledbyindividualinterpretationthatfocusesonwhatshouldbethemostimportantcharacteristicaccordingtoagent,process,orpurpose.AnotherproblemoftenseeninmanyoftheseclassificationtablesisColumn,Pole,Post,andothersareputindifferentclassesalthoughtheyhavethesamecharacteristicfunction.Actually,theyaresynonyms,oftenmaterial-ordiscipline-specificoccurrences,thathavemanyofthesamecharacteristicproperties.Nevertheless,theyareoftenlistedindividuallywiththeriskofmisinterpretation.Enumerativelists,though,arebetterthannolistsatall.Somebasicprinciplesmustbefollowedinordertoachieveunambiguousandwell-definedclassificationtables.Asaconsequenceofasomewhatunclearandunevenclassificationpracticeintheconstructionindustryworldwide,threestandardswerebroughtintotheworkduringtherevisionofISO12006-2:2015.Thebasicandwidelyacceptedprinciplesofrelations(part-ofrelations,type-ofrelations,andassociativerelations)aredefinedinISO704:2009-TerminologyWork-PrinciplesandMethods,whichsubsequentlyhasbecomeanormativereferenceinISO12006-2.ISO704:2009isaboutusing:

– Apreferredtermtogetherwithothertermsassynonyms,alldesignatingthesameconcept,

– Intentionaldefinitionsofconceptsandclasses(anintentionaldefinitionisaconcisestatementofwhattheconceptis),

– Adistinguishingbetweenconceptrelationsasgeneric,partitive,andassociativerelations,– Terminologicalanalysisforcreatingclasses,– Adescriptionofthetheoreticalrelationsbetweenobjects,concepts,properties,and

characteristics.

ISO1087-1:2000-TerminologyWork-Vocabulary–Part1:TheoryandApplicationisaboutterminologyinordertoprovideasystemicdescriptionoftheconceptsinthefieldofterminologyandtoclarifytheuseoftermsinthisfield.ISO1087-1:2000hasbecomeanormativestandardinISO12006-2anddealswith:

– Conceptrelations-superiorandsubordinateconcepts,– Terminologicalontologiesandrelationstoclassification,– Intentionaldefinitionprinciples,– Characteristicsandcriteriafordivisionofclasses.

RulesforcreatingclassificationsystemsingeneralaredescribedinISO22274:2013-SystemstoManageTerminology,KnowledgeandContent-Concept-RelatedAspectsforDevelopingandInternationalizingClassificationSystems,whichwaspublishedduringtherevisionworkofISO12006-2andwasadaptedduringthefinalizationofthestandardasageneralruleofcreatingclasses(notpreviouslydescribedinthestandard).ISO22274:2013alsobecameanormativestandardinISO12006-2anddealswith:

– Fundamentaldevelopmentconsiderationsforclassificationsystems,– Terminologicalprinciplesrelatedtoclassificationsystems,



– Conceptsystemsandclassificationsystems,– Requirementsforaninternationalizedclassification,– Internationalizationaspects,– Localizationaspects.

ISO704:2009,ISO1087-1:2000,and22274:2013togetheraddsupplementaryprinciplestotheframeworkofISO12006-2:2015foruseofclassificationinconstruction.ThesestandardscouldalsogreatlybenefittheworkinbSDD.

Figure2-Illustrationofadefinitionofclasses[ISO/IEC81346-2underrevision,CDversion2016]Infigure2,accordingtoISO704:2009,isanexampleofhowadefinitionbeginswithapredicatenounstatingthebordergeneric(superordinate)conceptassociatedwiththeconceptbeingdefined,togetherwithdelimitersindicatingthecharacteristicsthatdelimittheconceptbeingdefinedfromcoordinateconcepts.Classificationtheoryisthuswelldefinedandcanbereadilyappliedforassessinghowsoundlyconstructedaclassificationsystemis,e.g.,subdivisionbyaconsistentlyappliedcharacteristicororderingprinciple,expressivenotation.Nofurtherdetaileddescriptionaboutthemethodsandprinciplesmentionedinthesestandardswillbediscussedinthisreport.Doingsowilltakethereporttoofarandintothestandardsaswell.Thestandardsmentionedmightinsteadbeseenasimportantreferencesfortheprofessionalizationofclassificationinconstructionandcouldbeusefulforimprovingmanyclassificationsystemsalreadyinuse.Inthisreportthough,someissuesfromthestandardswillbementionedaccordingtodifficultiesinmakingmorecommonandBIM-orientedclassificationsystemseasiertohandleforendusers.



2.5ObjectclassesandclassificationtablesISO12006-2recommendsthefollowingitemsfortablesgroupedbythefourdomains(seefigure1)andlistedbytablenameandwhattobeclassifiedby.CLASSESRELATEDTORESOURCE:A.1Constructioninformation-bycontentA.2Constructionproduct-byfunctionorformormaterialoranycombinationoftheseA.3Constructionagent-bydisciplineorroleoranycombinationoftheseA.4Constructionaid-byfunctionorformormaterialoranycombinationoftheseCLASSESRELATEDTOPROCESS:A.5Management-bymanagementactivityA.6Constructionprocess-byconstructionactivityorconstructionprocesslifecyclestageoranycombinationoftheseCLASSESRELATEDTORESULT:A.7Constructioncomplex-byformorfunctionoruseractivityoranycombinationoftheseA.8Constructionentity-byformorfunctionoruseractivityoranycombinationoftheseA.9Builtspace-byformorfunctionoruseractivityoranycombinationoftheseA.10Constructionelement-byfunctionorformorpositionoranycombinationoftheseA.11Workresult-byworkactivityandresourcesusedCLASSESRELATEDTOPROPERTY:A.12Constructionproperty-bypropertytypeInmanyclassificationsystems,therearetablesforElement(generic),Designedelement(fordrawingsandmodels),Worksection/Workresult/Productionresult(forcalculationandexecution),andMaintenanceresult(foroperationpurposes).Thesetablesareinahistoricalcontextalsofocusedonclassifyingthedocument-basedinformationandservethesepurposeswell.

Manycountrieshavingclassificationsystemsforconstructionhaveseveralofthelistedtables,andsomehaveonlyafew.Theclassificationtablestypicallydescribetype-ofrelationsofconceptsandclasses.2.6 Type-ofrelationsandthedesiredlevelofclassificationTheprinciplesfordefinedcriteriaforsuperiorandsubordinateclassesarethoroughlydescribedinthefourISOstandardsmentionedinchapter2.4.Infigure3,twoexamplesaregiven.Thefigureshowsthattypesofgenericelements,suchaswall,roof,floor,insulation,valve,slab,duct,etc.,arelistedintheConstructionelementstable.Itisalsopossibletomakethesubtypesoftheseaccordingtomaterialorlocationasshown.Thegenericclassinsulationisheredividedintosubclassesaswallbatts,ductinsulation,etc.



Thisactioncanbehandledastwoseparateclassificationtablesorcombinedintoone.Numerousconstructionclassificationsystemsmakethecombinationofthegenericandthesubtypeclasses.Differentparticipantsareinterestedindifferentpropertiesbecausetheyhaveaninterestininformationfordifferentpurposesandprocesses.Allclassificationisbasedoncharacteristicproperties.Thechoiceofcharacteristicpropertiesis,therefore,closelyconnectedtothepurposeoftheclassificationandthetargetgroupfortheuseofthisclassification.

Figure3-Illustrationofaclassificationhierarchyastype-ofrelations[ISO12006-2,partoffigure2]Thereisabuilt-inconflictinthatthemoretypespecificaclassificationwillbe,basedonacertaincombinationofproperties,themoreusefulitwillbeforaspecificpurposeofaspecificparticipantintheconstructionprocessandthelessusefulitwilltypicallybeforothers.Anobject,suchasawindow,caneasilyhaveover200properties;someofthemwillbeofinterestfor:

– Theclient(e.g.,functionality,lighttransparency,sustainability,color,andreflection),– Thearchitect(e.g.,hungtype,material,glassarea,color,transparency,solar

transmittance,dimension,andprofilingtype),– Theengineer(e.g.,glassarea,thermaltransmittance,insulationfactor,fireprotection,

securityrate,safety,andthermalstresscracking),– Themanufacturer(e.g.,numberofglasspanes,dimensions,material,type,production

cost,productiontime,andCE-marking),– Thecontractor(e.g.,windowtype,quantity,qualitymarking,mountinginformation,

mountingtime,andtenderingprice),– Themaintenanceorganization(e.g.,manufacturername,fabricationname,longevity,

serviceinterval,location,accessibility,andservicecost).Afewofthesepropertieswillbeofmutualinterestfornearlyallparties,andspecificpropertieswillfrequentlyonlyoccurinacertainstageofthelifecycle.Consequently,alotofpropertieswill

ClassificationhierarchySubclassaretypesofasuperordinateclass.

Class

Subclass

Element Insulation

wall roof floor wallbatts ductinsulation

CompositionhierarchySubordinatesarepartsofasuperordinatewhole.

Whole

Parts

Wallsystem Ventilationsystem

stud insulation plate fan insulation ventilator



onlybeofinterestforoneorafewpartiesthroughoutthelifecycleofawindow.Classifyingasubtypeofawindowbyusingtwo,threeorfourpropertiescanonlyserveafewpurposes;however,itcandothatspecificallyandverywell.ThisproblemwasaddressedbytheclassificationsurveymadeinrelationtotherevisionofISO12006-2:2015,initiatedin2013.Fromthesurvey,itwasclearthatloadsofactualclassifiedinformationinconstructionisrelatedtothepracticeofconsultantsandisusedmainlybythisgroupforspecificationandcalculationpurposes.Thesameinformationanditsclassificationisonlyusedbycontractorsandmaintenanceorganizationstosomeextentandisduetoaconsequenceofstateddemandsorpossibleinformationdeliveries,ifatallusable.Examplesweregiventhatcontractorsandmaintenanceorganizationshadtochangetheclassificationofinformationtoamoreusefulpurpose.Renamingandrecodingelementscanthusbeahugemaintenancetaskforthepartiesallthroughtheconstructionlifecycle.WithBIM,multiplelevelsofobjectdefinitionandspecificationareneeded-fromearlystagedesignusinggenericobjects,tofabricationleveldetailingtheimplementedobject.Butadoorwillstillbeadoor.Onlytheamountandprecisionofinformationwillincreasethroughouttheprocess,fromafewinitialandmaybetemporarydata(properties),tocountlessdetailedandfinallydecideddata(morepropertieswithspecifiedvalues).

Figure4–Illustrationoftwopossibletypesofclassificationsystems:Totheleft,atypicalor"traditional"classificationwithdifferentclassificationtablesfordifferentparticipantsandpurposesandspecializedsubtypeclassesincorporatingmoreandmoreproperties.Totheright,agenericandstableclassificationwithoneentryclassthatisusedallthroughthelifecyclecombinedwithanincreasingnumberofpropertiesthatmightbeselected,searched,orsortedaspropertysetsthroughdefinedinformationlevelsaccordingtospecificpurposes.ThefundamentalquestionsforanyconstructionclassificationinrelationtoBIMwillbe:

– Willwefindvalueingivingthesameobjectdifferentcodesof(sub)typeclassificationaccordingtotheamountofpropertiessuccessivelyspecifyingtheobjectfurther?

– Orwillwegenerallyclassifytheobjectasadoorandderivethesubtypesofitfromthepropertiesmostwantedbyanyparticipantsinanystageofthelifecycle?



– Willwenametheobjectdifferentlyaccordingtochangeofclassificationcodesoraccordingtochangeofproperties?

– Orwillwewanttousethepreferredgenerictermforclassifyingtheconstructionelementandaddatypenameasaproperty?

– And/orwillwedoorhavetodoallofthisincombinationforalotofgoodreasons,especiallyconsideringtheamountofalreadyclassifiedinformationavailable?

Typesofelementsandtherelatednamingandclassificationareduetochangecontinuouslyasaresultof:

– Developmentofnewmaterials– Newwaysofworking– Time-specificarchitecturaldesign– Andsoforth

Figure5-Illustrationofagenericandstableclassificationthatisusedallthroughthelifecyclecombinedwithanincreasingnumberofpropertiesthatmightbeselectedaspropertysetsthroughdefinedinformationlevelsaccordingtoaspecificpurpose,e.g.anIDM.Anotherdifficulttaskismappingonenationalclassification’scodesandclassnamesmadeupbydifferentcombinedpropertiestoanothernationalclassification’scodesandclassnames.Withoutproperconceptandclassdefinitions,andpreciseknowledgeofthecombinedpropertiesthatmakeupthecharacteristicoftheclass,mappingbetweentwoclassificationtableswithdetailedsubtypescanbeaverydifficulttask.ThismappingisalsoofconcernforthebSDD-work.Earlier-mentionedinternationalstandardssuchasISO704,ISO1087-1,andISO22274mightbeofvaluablehelphere.



Asalreadydiscussed,ISO12006-2doesnotprovideguidelinesforthedefinitionofconceptsandclasses.PrinciplesforgeneratingclassificationsystemswithclassesandlettercodestodeterminetheclassescanbefoundinISO/IEC81346-2.Thisstandardcouldbethebasisforamoreinternationalstandardizedwayofcreatingclassificationsystems,forconstructionasalreadyusedinothersectors.2.7 Part-ofrelations,structure,andidentificationBIMinvolvesthedefinitionofabuildingasacomposedsetofobjects(BIMHandbook).Asshowninfigure6,asectiontakenfromtheconceptualmodelinISO12006-2:2015,builtspacecanbepartsofotherspaces,andconstructionelementscanbecomposedofotherelementsthattogetherarepartsoftheconstructionentity.Again,twoormoreconstructionentitiescanbepartsoftheconstructioncomplex.

Figure6–Asectionoftheillustrationofclassesandthegeneralrelationshipbetweenthem[ISO12006-2,figure1]Intheconceptualmodel,thecompositionalaspectthushasalreadybeenintroducednotonlyintherevised2015editionbutalsointheearlier2001editionofISO12006-2.AnditisthereforeofinteresthowcompositionishandledthroughtheuseofbuildingmodelsandstructuringofinformationsupportingBIM.InISO12006-2:2015,itisstated:

"InthecontextofthisInternationalStandard,allobjectscanbeseenassystems."



"Theconceptofsystemisnotlinkedtoanyspecificdomain,butistobeusedinabroadsense.""Thesystemapproachallowsadesignertohandlewholes(asdistinctfromparts).Byidentifyingrelatedsystems,therelationshipsamongthesecanbedetermined,andmonitored,e.g.toensurethatallsystemsoperatecorrectly.Examplesofrelationshipsareinputtooroutputfromasystemtoitsenvironment."

Furtherexplanationsandexamplesaregiveninthestandard.Thecompositionalhierarchyresemblestheoneofthebuildingmodelandcanbesupportedby,butisnotlimitedto,software-specificfeaturesorcapacities.Compositioninvolvesstructureandorderandisoftenusefulto:

– Overviewifeverythingisatitsplace,– Identifyproject-specificoccurrencesofobjectsinabuildingoranyotherfacility,etc.– Groupobjectsinanoverlayingsystemsstructure,– Identifypossibleinterfacesbetweensystemsandtheirparts,– Beabletoconfigureacompositionofelementstoawhole.

Infigure7,twoexamplesaregiven.Thefigureshowsthatstud,insulation,andplatearepartsofawallsystem,andthatfan,insulation,andventilatorarepartsofaventilationsystem.

Figure7-Illustrationofacompositionalhierarchyaspart-ofrelations[ISO12006-2,partoffigure2]Thisisnotclassificationbecauseinsulationcanbefoundasaconstituentseveraltimesinthestructure.Buthandlingthesepart-wholerelationsisveryusefultosupportsystemsdelivery,executionplanning,markupandidentifyingpartsofsystems,maintenanceofcomplexsystems,linkingobjectsandtheirinformationtogether,etc.

ClassificationhierarchySubclassaretypesofasuperordinateclass.

Class

Subclass

Element Insulation

wall roof floor wallbatts ductinsulation

CompositionhierarchySubordinatesarepartsofasuperordinatewhole.

Whole

Parts

Wallsystem Ventilationsystem

stud insulation plate fan insulation ventilator



Thiscanalsobebasedoninternationalstandards:– Thebasicandwell-knownprinciplesofpart-ofrelationsaredefinedinISO704,– Rulesanddescriptionofdesignationofsystemsandtheirconstituentsaregiveninthe

ISO/IEC81346standardseriesaboutReferenceDesignationSystems(RDS).

WiththescopeofapplyingtheuseofRDS,ISO/IEC81346-1describesthebasicrulesofstructuring(system-of-systems)andthecreationofreferencedesignationsbasedonthreedefinedaspects:Thefunctionalaspect(prefix"="),theproductaspect(prefix"-")andthelocationaspect(prefix"+").Theseorfurtherneededaspectswillalwayshavetobedefined.Examplesoftheuseofcompositionalviewintheproductaspect(-)andinthefunctionalaspect(=)onsystemsofconstructionelementsforarchitecture,structuring,andbuildingservicescanbeseeninfigure8,applyingtotherulesgiveninISO/IEC81346-2.

Object(system) Referencedesignation

Stairwayconstructionno.1 -AF01

Doorno.5 -QQC5

Wallsystemno.1Wallconstructionno.1 -B1.AD1

Wallsystemno.1Wallconstructionno.3Doorno.2

-B1.AD3.QQC2

Ventilationsystemno.1Ventilationplantno.4 =J1.HF4

Ventilationsystemno.2Ventilationplantno.3Filtersystemno.1Pressureswitchno.21

=J2.HF3.KC1.BPB21

Electricalsystemno.2Powersupplysystemno.1Lightingsystemno.2Switchno.6

=K1.HG1.HH2.SFA6

Accesscontrolsystemno.4Cardreaderno.3 =KL4.BZC3

Figure8-Illustrationofvariousreferencedesignations[ISO81346-12,CDversion2015]basedonCCS.

2.8CombiningclassificationandstructuringAsshowninfigure8,aclassificationcodewithlettersandidentificationcodeofpartswithdigitsarecombinedtomakeupareferencedesignation.Figure9illustratestheprincipleforthis.Genericconstructionelementsmakeupamodellikepart-ofstructure,andtoeverygeneric



elementtherecouldbeaclassifiedsubtypewherethedividingcriteriaasshownarethematerialsused.

Figure9-Illustrationofacombinationofcompositionandclassification[ISO12006-2,figure3]Aidedbybasicsystemsengineeringmethods,thesystem-of-systemsapproachcombinedwithrulesforcreationofinternationallydefinedclassificationandunambiguousidentificationcouldcreatenewstandardsforstructuringofinformationforthebuildingconstructionarea.TheunambiguousidentificationRDSisusedtocreatelinksamongvariousmodelsofthesystemsthataredesignedandengineeredbyarangeofactors,therebycreatingbothacommonlanguageamonghumansandthevariouscomputersystemsbeingused.

Figure10-Illustrationofacomplexcurtainwallsystemcombinedwithheatingandsolarscreeningsystemswithallconstructionelementsclassified(greencolourusedforarchitectureandconstruction,blueforbuildingserviceselements)[CCS-examplewithThePanumtowerbyC.F.Mollerarchitects]Thiswayofcombiningclassificationwithreferencedesignationinordertohandleobjectsaspart-ofsystemswillbeextremelyusefulwithBIMandnewwaysofdesigningandexecutingbuildings.Thecomplexityofcompositionisincreasing.Installationsbecomeintegratedinstructuralandarchitecturalconstructionelements,andmanysystemsinteractwitheachother.Thecomplexity,

Wall construction Window

Glazing Frame

Wall system

Wood window

Steel window

Plastic window

Wood frame

Steel frame

Plastic frame

Insulation batt Stud



interfacechallenges,andqualitymanagementwillbedifficulttohandlewithoutusingthesetoolsderivedfromthestandardizedandindustrializedfabricationofadvancedproducts.Anexampleofcomplexityisshownbelow.Itisclearinfigure10thatitisusefultohaveclassification,toknowwhatkindofobjects(constructionelements)areputtogether.Butitisonlyasshowninfigure11thatonecanactuallyseehowthesameconstructionelementsareorganizedassystemsandinteractwitheachother,andhowitwillbepossibletodefineinterfacesbetweenthemandorganizethemforcalculationpurposes,etc.

Figure11-Illustrationofacomplexcurtainwallsystemcombinedwithheatingandsolarscreeningsystemsorganizedinsevensystemswithpart-ofstructuringandreferencedesignation(RDS)andwithpossibilitytoidentifyinterfacesandorganizingconstructionelementsforcalculation,bidding,andsummarizingonthetenderlist[CCS-examplewithThePanumtowerbyC.F.Mollerarchitects]2.9Objectoccurrences,types,instances,andidentifiersAccordingtotheOxfordAdvancedDictionary:

– Anoccurrenceissomethingbeingfoundinaplace.– Aninstanceisasingleoccurrenceofsomething.– Anindividualisasinglememberofaclass.– Atypeisacategoryofthingshavingcommoncharacteristicsand,therefore,typically

belongingtoaclass.

AccordingtoISO/IEC81346-1:– Atypeisaclassofobjectshavingthesamesetofcharacteristics.– Atypecanbefromverygenerictoveryspecificdependingonthenumberofcommon

characteristics.– Anindividualisonespecimenofatypeirrespectiveofwhereitisbeingused.– Anoccurrenceistheuseofatypeobjectforaspecificfunction,asaspecificcomponent,or

inaspecificlocationwithinabuildingorasystem.



Theidentifierofagenericobjecttypecanbedescribedbyaclassificationcodeexpressedbylettersordigits.

OccurrencescanbeidentifiedbyanRDS-code,relatedtothesystemcontextinwhichtheyoccur,asseeninfigure12.Theobjectsinastructureareoccurrencesofobjecttypes.Eachoccurrenceisrelatedtoanindividualthatmaybereplacedbyanotherindividual(e.g.,whenitisbrokenorthetypehasbeenchanged)withoutchangingtheoccurrencedesignation.

Figure12-Theillustrationshowshowobjectoccurrences,e.g.,adoor,canbeinstantiatedbydifferentobjectindividuals;e.g.,specificproducttypesofadoor

Itisnormalpracticetodaytoimposesomecodinglogictothetypesorsubtypes;often,acodinglogicthatiscompanyorprojectspecific.Consequently,thelogicchangeswithdifferentconstructionorganizations,companies,andprojectsandthusisnon-standardized.

Figure13givesexamplesofdifferentiatedtypesaccordingtoclassification,instance,andtypes.

Classificationcode Instancecode

Dimensiontype

Door,shutter,andhatchsystem

Door,shutter,andhatchtype

Instancevariants;e.g.,color

Ss-25-30-20-30-A-G01 DG01 A Frameanddoorleafsystem

A Blue

Ss-25-30-20-30-A-G02 DG02 B Frameanddoorleafsystem

A Green

Ss-25-30-20-30-B-G03 DG03 B Frameanddoorleafsystem

B Green

Ss-25-30-20-30-C-G04 DG04 C Frameanddoorleafsystem

C Pink

Ss-25-30-20-62-A-G05 DG05 D Pivotdoorsetsystem

A Blue



Ss-25-30-20-30-B-G06 DG06 A Frameanddoorleafsystem

B Cerise

Ss-25-30-20-93-A-G07 DG07 E Up-and-overdoorsetsystem

A Beige

Sourceofinformation:

Geometry Specification Schedule

Figure13-Illustrationofcombinedclasses,instances,andtypes[Uniclass2notationexample].

Itisgreatlyimportantthatallparticipantsinaproject,andevenbetteracrossprojectsandchangingcollaborationteams,haveagreeduponandusethesametypesofidentifiers,classificationcodes,andnumberingcodes.Thebestwayisthentousecommonagreedclassificationstandardsandreferencingstandards;e.g.,RDS.

Therearetwomainissuesfortheuseofidentifierstomakethematch:– Toclassifyobjectsuniquely-havingthesamecharacteristicproperties,– Toidentifyobjectsspecifically-recognizingtheinstanceoftheobject.

2.10PropertiesMembersofclasseshaveproperties.Thesepropertiescanbeusedtodefineandsubdividetheclassestofinerlevelsofdetail,foradetailedclassification,andenduserscanagreeuponthepurposeoftheclassificationandthecriteriafordividingtheclasses.

Ifhavingamoregenericclassification,propertieswillbeusefulforsearchingandorganizinginformationregardingspecificpurposes.ThebuildingSMARTpropertysetsareexamplesofgroupingagreedpropertiestoobjects;e.g.,awallorawindow.Thisclassificationcouldbeaselectionofpropertiesaccordingtoapurpose;e.g.,anIDM(InformationDeliveryManual,buildingSMART)-seefigure5.

Propertiesareobjectsintheirownright,andthusneedtobetreatedasaspecialclass,whichpervadesresults,processes,andresources.Propertieshavevalues.Someofthesevaluesareclassifiedvaluesaccordingtolegislationorstandards;otherswillhavetobedefinedaccordingtocommonpracticeorproject-specificpurposes.Seechapter2.6,Type-ofrelationsandthedesiredlevelofclassificationforpropertiesandclassifyingsubtypes.



3. BIMandClassification-implementingISO12006-2

3.1 GeneralrequirementsforBIM-readyclassificationsystemsLookingatotherindustries,itisobviousthatbeingabletocontrolprocessesandincreaseproductivity,tohandleinformationnotonlyinthedesignstagebutalsointhewholelifecycle,isvital.Theseindustriesusearangeofworkingmethodsspanningfrommodelingtosystemsengineering,andmanyofthesearebasedoninternationalstandards.Importanttoolsare3Dmodels,classificationandreferencedesignationtosupportcollaborationanddocumentprocesses,anddata-basedstructuredandstoredinformationaboutproductionresultsandthemaintenanceofthese.Theseindustriesfabricatecars,trains,airplanes,cruiseships,andothercomplexproductstypicallywithawholesupplychaininvolved.Everyoneinthatchainhastohavetherightinformationandneedstounderstandwhat,which,how,andwheretodeliver.Thereiseveryreasontobelievethattheconstructionindustrywillalsobeabletobenefitfromthispaletteoftools.Thechallengefortheindustryistomakethesetoolsworktogethersmoothlyandcoordinated.Gettingclassificationandreferencedesignationtofitthemodelingprocessisanimportantissueinordertomakethe"I"inBIMworkandsecuretheuseofintegratedandinteroperabledata.Asearliermentioned,BIMischangingonthebasisofdigitalizationofinformationthewaywehavebeenproducing,using,andsharinginformationintheConstructionIndustry.BIMisacollaborativeprocesswhereeveryparticipantintheconstructionprocessisgoingtoprovideinformationthatcanbesharedandusedbyothers.Itcausesnewwaysofworkingandtheneedforstandardizedworkingmethods,standardizedinformationstructures,andcommondataformatsinordertogainthebenefitsofBIM'struepotential.DemandsandbenefitsofusingBIMarealreadysettingnewstandardsfordesignprocesses,useofclassification,handlingofbuildingmodels,coordinatedspecification,searchingforproducts,digitaltendering,automatingcostestimation,andwaysofplanningproduction,operation,andmaintenance.Oneofthesignificantchangesisthechangeoffocusfrompaper-baseddocumenthandlingofinformationtoamoreobject-orientedapproachtoinformationasdata.Thefocusisondatathatcanbeexchanged,beuseddirectlyinthenextprocess,orbeautomatedtocreatenewprocessresults.InBIM,everyobjectisthebearerofinformationintheformofpropertydata.Untilnow,thebiggestchangeshavebeeninthedevelopmentofapplicationsandworkingmethodsforcreatingandhandlinggeometricalinformationthroughthe3Dmodelingandtheuseofthebuildingmodelasaninformationbearer.Also,toberecognizedinthisareaisthedevelopmentofcommondataformatsliketheIFCtosecureproperexchangeofdatabetweenapplications.Thenextbigchangewillbetomakedatainspecification,productspecification,calculation,andmaintenancesystemsmoreinteroperabletoallparticipantsandtocoordinatespecifiedobjectsseamlesslywiththegeometricalobjectsofthebuildingmodel.Thisdevelopmentinhandlingofwriteableandcountableinformationisanimportantsteptowardsanintegrateduseof



informationthathastobebasedoncommonlyacceptedstandardsandworkingmethodstobesuccessful.Someofthesestandardswillbeclassificationandidentificationmethodsthatsupportthisnewwayofworking.Thefocusofthisprojecthasbeentomakeanoutlineofhowsystemsforclassificationandidentificationcancontributetotheseefforts,creatingstandardsandtoolsforinformationstructureandhandlingofinformationbetweenparticipantsandapplicationsthroughouttheconstructionlifecycleprocesses.InordertodetermineifaclassificationandthewayofinformationstructuringisusefultoBIM,itwillbeappropriatetoexaminewhattheclassificationassuchcansupport.Willitbeableto:

Reduceorremove:

– Repeatedlaborwithcreating,handling,andexchangeofinformation– Inconsistencyindata,specificallyredundantdataanddatawithoutintegration– Dataseparationbyuseofproprietarysystemsandnotstandardizedinformationstructure

Optimize:

– Automatedhandlingofinformation-makingdatacomputingpossible– Themakingofobjectsindatabasesintelligentbyrulestorespondtochangesandrelations– Definingandhandlingofobjectsatanyaggregatedlevel– Collaborationsupportingallparticipantsintheirworkthroughallprocesses– Traceabilityofobjectsandtheirinformationthroughoutthelifecycle

TherevisionandeditionofISO12006-2:2015wasmadetosupportandpointoutingeneralprinciplesandmeansofstructuresandrulestomeetthesechallengesandrequirements.Also,therevisedstandardpointsoutotherstandardsthatwillsupportthistask.



4.ApplyingclassificationinBIM4.1 IngeneralInordertoapplyclassificationinBIM,itwillbeofabsolutenecessitythattheICTtoolsareabletohandlethecodesinastandardizedwayandwithappointedplaceholders.InrelationtoexchangeofinformationthroughIFC,itisalsovitalthatICTtoolshaveimplementedtheIFCClassificationNotation.Unfortunately,thisisseldomthesituationformanytools,whichcausesabundantlossofdataintheexchangesituations.TheendusersandtheirorganizationsandnationalconstructionauthoritieswillhavetoputpressureonICTvendorstomakethisimplementationofclassificationnotationhappen.Itisessentialforeaseofusethataclassificationsystembeconsistentthroughoutallphasesofthedocumentationdevelopmentprocess.Classificationneedstobegeneral,flexible,andadaptabletomanyareas:

– Classifyingdocumentswithmetadata– Classifyingandprovidingnamingconventionsfordrawingsandspecifications– Organizing,accessing,andextractingdatawithineveryinformationplatform– Crossreferencingbetweengraphicinformationandwrittendata– Specifications– Estimating,bills,andtender– Organizationofmaintenancemanuals– Andsoforth

Inthefollowing,importanttopicsandchallengesofapplyingclassificationinBIMwillbelistedandexamplesgiven.4.2 GeometryandmodelingCompositionalmodelingalsoappliestogeometries.ItisessentialtoBIMthattheclassificationandmappingofobjectgeometriesandnon-geometriesbeidentical,sotheycanbelinkedtoeachother.Itisimportantformodelingthatthesameobjecthasthesamecodeandnameinthegeometryandinthetextualpartsoftheinformationmodel,sothesetwopartscanintegrateandbelinkedtogether.Geometricalobjectsshallbecodedsotheymatchthespecificationsoftheconstructionelements,etc.Thisactioncanbedonebyclassificationcodes,typecodes,andRDScodes.Instanceschedulescanbethemeanswherebytheprojectgeometryandtheprojectspecificationaremappedtoeachother-eachinstanceofanobjectismappedtoitstype.Forexample,layeredelementssuchasexternalwallsaremodeledinRevitsuchthateachlayerisasystem,moreorless(dryliningisonesystembuttwolayers).Thisalignmentisnotperfect-Revittreatswindowsanddoorsasseparateelements,astheyarenotlayered.However,allthatmeanisthatRevitcannotdealwiththemassub-elements,asitdoesforthelayers.HowthisworksvariesdependingonthegeometricalBIMsoftwarebeingused.



Thechallengeforcompaniesthenisthatmodelingtoolsoftenhandleobjectswithpartofobjectsasoneobjectwithlayerpropertieswiththeirownproperties;e.g.,alayeredwallasoneobjectwithmaterialpropertyandotherpropertiesforeachlayer.Thespecification,calculation,andmaintenancetoolsveryoftenhandlethepartofobjectsaccordingtodisciplineandworkandthusdescribepropertiestotheseasindependentobjectsinthemselves.Thechallengehereistomapthesetogether;e.g.,whenquantitiesfromthesinglebuildingmodelobjectisusedforpricingmorespecifiedobjects.4.3 StructuringandsimulationForstructuringandsimulation,itisessentialtopointoutwhichobjectsaretobeincludedintheprocessbypurpose;e.g.,anIDMspecification.Classificationandtypecodeswillbebeneficialforthat.ButalsoofgreatvalueisbeingabletoseeandhandlethecompositionalstructureasshownbyusingRDSinfigure11.Thereisaneedforoverviewofwhichobjectsandrelatedpropertieswillbeincludedinastructuralcalculationorenergylosssimulation,etc.Everyobjecthaspropertiesofitsown.Withobjectscomposedtobecomeasystem,someofthepropertiesoftheobjectsareretained,somearechangedandnewpropertiesareadded.Handlingthisasawholefordoingacalculationorsimulationmakesitimportantalsotobeabletohandlepart-of-relationtechniquesbesidesclassification.4.4 SpecificationAnimportantissueforspecification,inrelationtoBIM,isthelinkbetweentheconstructionelementobjectsinthebuildingmodelandthespecificationsfortheconstructionelements.Inordertogettenderinglistwithstructuredprices,thechallengeisthatbothbuildingmodelsandspecificationsarestructuredinawaythatdatawillbeabletobeputonthelistsinacoordinatedmanner.Thisrequiresearlyanduniformstructuringinbothtoolsandparticipantshandlingthedesignprocesseswithalotofdatadiscipline.Animportantperspectiveforspecificationsystemsistomovefromprosaicallytextingtoplaceholdersforpropertydata.Datacanbeextracted,exchanged,andreusedfrombothofthetools,thebuildingmodel,andthespecificationsystem,forsimulation,calculation,andexecutionplanningpurposes.Theconditionswillbethateverypropertydataisattachedtotheclassifiedobjecttomaketheprocessworksmoothlyandcreatepossibilitiesforautomation.Managingincreasinglymorecomplexandintegratedconstructionelementsystemsofcontemporaryarchitecturechallengesthehandlingofobjectsinacompositionalaspectbeingabletoidentifyinterfacesandcheckingthateverythingisspecifiedinrelationtootherspecifiedandrelatedconstructionelements-thatallisthereandhavebeenspecified.Part-ofstructuring,withthecombinationofclassificationandthereferencedesignationssystemstechnique,willsupportthatqualitymanagement.



4.5 Costing,costestimation,quantitytake-off,andtendering

Thetwomainelementsofacostestimatearethequantitytake-offandthepricing.QuantitiesmeasuredandtakenfromabuildingmodelcanbeextractedtoacostdatabaseoranExcelfileaslongasthereisanobjectmodeled.However,pricingcannotbeattainedfromthemodel.Notallquantitiescanbetakenfromthemodelifconstructionelementsarenotmodeled;e.g.,asthefasteners,bearingsofcabletrays,andothersmallparts.Thesequantitiescanbederivedfromothersourcesliketheconstructionelementspecification.And,thereareservicesnotbeingconstructionelementsbutoperationsthataretobepriced.Model-basedestimatingcanbedoneby:

– BIMintegratingtools,– PathsfromBIMtocosting,– Configuredcompositionsofobjects(elementsandspaces)thatmakeupthebuilding.

Thereareavarietyofwaysofgettingquantitiesandmaterialdefinitionsoutofabuildingmodelintoacost-estimatingsystem.Broadcategoriesofintegrationapproachesinclude:

– ApplicationProgrammingInterface(API),– ODBCconnection,– OutputtoExcel.

Costestimationasa5DfunctionofBIMcanbedoneby:– Linkingthemodeltoanestimatingdatabase,– Developingdetailedcostplansthroughlinkinga"5DCostLibrary"toBIM,– Applyingvaryinglevelsofdetailtoestimates,dependingontheprojectstage.

Costestimatesduringparticularprojectstagescanbedoneby:– Visualizingoftheoptionsinpre-investmentphase,– Costcontrolduringconstruction,– Revisionsofcostplans,– Maintenancecosts.

AdvantagesandchallengesofusingBIMfromacostconsultant'sperspective:Costestimatingisyetanotheraspectofthebuildingprocessthatcanbenefitfromcomputablebuildinginformation.Identifyingtheadvantages,challenges,andusabilityofBIMforcostconsultants,anditslikelyimpactduringcostestimation,couldbe:

– Automaticquantification,– Higheraccuracy,– Betterqualityassurance.

ThebetterclassificationandidentificationcodingofobjectsandthebetterimplementationanduseofIFC,thebetterandmorepreciseautomatedprocesseswillbeabletotakeplaceandthebetterpossibilitiestherewillbeforsecuringthateverythingisincludedproperly.



Challenges to the roleof quantity surveyors, cost estimators, and cost consultants according tonewBIMpracticeare:

– Changesinexistingpractices,– Newwaysofworkingandthinking,– ChangetotheirrolewhenworkingwithBIMandunderstandingthepotentiallimitationsof

automaticmeasurement,– Howtoworkwithdetailedqualitativeinformationregardingcostconsultants'routine,and

challengesinadoptingBIM.

BIMisincreasing,andseeminglyhasthecapacitytoimpacteveryaspectofthesurveyingprofession;therefore,itmakesitessentialforcostconsultantstoadaptandembraceorriskthethreatoflosinggroundtoothers.Therearecertainreservationscostconsultantshaveinconnectionwiththechangetoanautomatedprocess.Forthedevelopmentofautomaticquantification,theseinclude:

– Tocomplywiththestandardmethodofmeasurementrules,– Alackofconfidenceinautomaticallyproducingsomethingthatwaspreviouslycontrolled

manuallyandthroughthis,– Thelossofmanualinterpretationduringmeasurement.

Opportunitiesforcostconsultantcompaniescouldbe:– ProvidingadditionalservicesincludedinBIM(e.g.,environmentaldata),– Securingallobjectsrepresentedinbuildingmodel,inspecifications,andonthetendering

list,– Toidentifypotentialareasforexpansionofcost-consultancyservices,throughBIM

implementation,andshowthatBIMhasthecapacitytoinfluencetheoperationsthroughouttheconstructionindustry.

Standardsarenowbeingputinplacetomanagethelevelofdetailincludedwithinmodelswhileensuringthateachteammemberisawareofthelevelofdetailtheyarerequiredtoproduceinformation.AnimportantissueisifitwillbenecessarytoalsostandardizeandgetimplementednewmeasurementrulesforcostestimatinginBIM.Measurementrulescouldeventuallyberelatedtoobjectsclassifiedandplacedinanobjectlibrary.ItisknownthatdifferentAECapplicationsmeasurequantitiesdifferently.Itissaidthatsomeconstructionelementsareupto15-20%different.Also,someapplicationsmeasureontheinside,someontheoutside,andsomeatthecentrelineoftheconstructionelements.Whatimplicationsdothishaveforquantitiestakenoutrightbythemoment?Aretherediscussionsaboutthisandeventuallytheneedforaninternationalstandardaboutmeasurementthatallapplicationsshouldapplyto?Isitpossibletocreateuniversalcostingstandards?4.6 ManufacturerinformationManufacturerstypicallyhavetheirowncodesforproduction,part,andtradeitems.



Tomanufacturers,twoBIMsituationswithsharingofinformationcouldbeofinterestregardingclassificationandreferencedesignation.Whenaproductasacomponentorasystemsdeliveryisthesameastheoneofaconstructionelement,theclassificationcodewillbeanentryforasearchoftheproduct.Ifthepropertiesarestandardized(e.g.,IFCpropertysets)andclassifiedaswell,theseandtheirvaluesalsowillbeofinterestfortheconsultants,etc.,inthedesignprocess.Whenamanufacturerorthecontractorhastheobligationtoalsodelivertheproductdocumentationasapartofthetotaldelivery,alltheproductdocumentationnormallywillhavetobeclassifiedanddesignatedtofitwiththerestoftheproject.Theissueofinstancesofitemsasopposedtotypesisreasonablywellunderstoodbymanufacturers,whohavemanyversionsofeachoftheirproducts;designersandinstallerswhoselectandinstallmanyversionsofaproduct,suchasdoorsorradiators;andassetmanagerswhohavecodesforeveryitemtheymanage.Itisvitalthatvendorsareencouragedtodeveloptheirproductstoaccommodatethevastamountofinformationthatneedstobestoredagainsteachobjectmodelled,specified,orcosted;butitisalsoimportantthatissuesofmachinelanguageareunderstoodsothattheclassificationcodescanbeusedunambiguouslywithinprograms.4.7 TimelineTimelineisrelatedtoprocessandtoBIM4D.Bothschedulingthetenderingtimelineandtheproductiontimelinewillbringimportantconstructionelementsassystemsandcomponentsintothetimetable;e.g.,beingputinline,beingcritical,etc.Thetenderingtimelinewilltellthecombinationoftime-relatedpropertiestogetherwithotherimportantinformation,suchassizeandlocationbeingofsignificancetotheprizing.Classificationandidentificationofobjectswillmakeitpossibletoconnectthisinformation.Fortheproductiontimeline,anotherfeaturewillbenumberingtheconstructionelementsforvisualizingtheprogressofactivitiesontheconstructionsite,informingsitestaffabouttheproductionschedule,analysingpotentialrisks,controllingchangeimpactsduringthecourseofconstruction,etc.4.8 Mappingclassifications&buildingSMARTDataDictionary(bSDD)Numerousoldclassificationsystemsexistinmanycountries.Somethathasnotbeenupdatedtofulfillacontemporarypurpose,someusedforverynarrowpurposes,andsomenotfitforusebythenewBIMprocesses.Becausetheseclassificationsystemshavebeenusedandbecausealotinformationexitsclassifiedbythese,therewillalwaysbeademandformappingtheoldclassificationconceptsandcodeswithnewclassificationsystems.Themappingreferstocorrelatingdifferentclassificationtables.Thesemaybelegacytables,ornewtables.



However,ifcurrentclassificationpracticeisoperatingmorethanoneclassification,suchasseparatetablesfordesignedelements,workresults,specification,etc.,mappingwillbeneeded.Ifitisoptional,thefinalsolutioninrelationtoBIMorjustatransitionforaperiodmighthavetobediscussedthoroughlyasalreadydiscussedinchapter2.6,Type-ofrelationsandthedesiredlevelofclassification.Mappingbetweenclassificationsystemsisinevitablymessy.Onemightexpectmostobjectswithinaclasstohavea1:1mapping,butmanywillnot.Somewillbe1:N,someN:1,someN:N,some0:1,some1:0,andsome0:0(i.e.,theobjectispickedupinotherclassifications,butnotthisone).Thisvariationmightarisefrommappedtableshavingdifferingdepths(e.g.,onetablestopsat"claybricks"andanotherdrilldownto"froggedclaybricks"),orusingdifferentpropertyclassesforclassification(e.g.,oneusesmaterial+formandtheotherusesfunction+form-"claybricks"vs."load-bearingbricks").Theseclassificationdifferencesarecompoundedbyterminologicaldifficulties;e.g.,whereconceptsdonotmeanthesamethingbetweentables(e.g.,does"laporte"="doorsetsystem,"ordoesitmean"doorway,""doorleaf,"orjust"door"withallitsambiguities?).Mappingisfuzzyandinaccurate.So,whilemappingmightbedonesemantically(i.e.,automatically),manualratificationandcorrectionwillinevitablybeneeded.Anexampleisshowninfigure14.Thistableillustratesanobjecttypeperclassthatiscommontothevariousclassificationtables-Uniclass2tendstobefinergrainthantheothers,andsoisthestartingpoint."Notclassified"indicatesthattheclassificationsystemclassifiessomeobjectsofthisclass,butnotthisparticularobject.Blanksindicatethatthesystemdoesnotdealwiththisclassatall.Expertsinthevarioustablesmightbeabletorefinethisillustrativemappingfurther.Objectclass

Uniclass22014

NBSCreate

Uniclass1997

NRM12012

NRM22012

CESMM42012

OmniClass2014

CI/SfB1976

Elements Ee-35-15Suspendedstairs

G23Stairs 2.4Stairsandramps

21-021080Stairs

(24)Stairs,ramps

Sub-element

Ee-35-15-45Suspendedstairs-treadandlandingfinishes

G23:G3311Stairs:Stairfinish-Top/G3311:G23Floorfinishes,direct:Tostairs

2.4.2.1Stairfinishes

21-032040Stairfinishes

(44)Stairfinishes

Systems Ss-30-30-72-90Rooflightsystems

WR-20-25-75/170Rooflightsystem

JL11Rooflights/Roofwindows

2.3.5.1Rooflights,skylightsandopenings

23Windows,screensandlights

Z-3-1-6Rooflights(Timber)

22-086200Unitskylights;22-086300Metal-framedskylights

(37.41)Rooflights,includingdomelights

System Ss-xx-xx-xx-xxAbc

WR-xx-xx-xx/1xx

22-xxxxxxAbc-

(D6)Placing:



execution systems-Execution

Abcsystem-Execution

Execution laying,applying

Figure14–TablewithExamplesofcommonalitybetweenclassificationtables,byobjectclass

ThesamemappingproblemswilloccurwheninternationallymappingbetweennationalconstructionconceptsandclassificationswillbedoneinthescopeofthebuildingSMARTDataDictionary.Thesameissuesasraisedinthechapters2.4,Termsanddefinitionsforconceptsandclasses,and2.6Type-ofrelationsandthedesiredlevelofclassification.AnalternativemappingwithfocusonBIM-object-orientedclassificationpracticecouldbeasshowninfigure15.Usingagenericclassification,suchasCCS,asentrycombinedwithproperties(someofthemIFCProperties)couldpossiblysecureabetterandmoreprecisemapping.Objectclass

CCSClassification2015

CCSdefinedproperties

Uniclass22014

NBSCreate

Uniclass1997

OmniClass2014

CI/SfB1976

Technicalsystems

-AFStairwayassembly

Constructiontype:Suspended,Stringstair,Elementstair

Ee-35-15Suspendedstairs

G23Stairs 21-021080Stairs

(24)Stairs,ramps

-AGRampassembly

(24)Stairs,ramps

Component

-NCCFlooring

Finishtype:Landingfinish,Treadfinish,Floorfinish

Ee-35-15-45Suspendedstairs-treadandlandingfinishes

G23:G3311Stairs:Stairfinish-Top/G3311:G23Floorfinishes,direct:Tostairs

21-032040Stairfinishes

(44)Stairfinishes

Component

-QQBWindowunit

Location:RoofType:Skylight,Rooflight,DomeFramematerial:Metal,Timber

Ss-30-30-72-90Rooflightsystems

WR-20-25-75/170Rooflightsystem

JL11Rooflights/Roofwindows

22-086200Unitskylights;22-086300Metal-framedskylights

(37.41)Rooflights,includingdomelights



5.Bibliographyandothersources5.1StandardsreferredtoISO704:2009-Terminologywork-Principlesandmethods

ISO1087-1:2000-Terminologywork-Vocabulary-Part1:Theoryandapplication

ISO12006-2:2015-Buildingconstruction-Organizationofinformationaboutconstructionworks-Part2:FrameworkforclassificationISO12006-3:2007-Buildingconstruction-Organizationofinformationaboutconstructionworks-Part3:Frameworkforobject-orientedinformationandbuildingSMARTDataDictionary(bSDD)ISO16739:2013-IndustryFoundationClasses(IFC)fordatasharingintheconstructionandfacilitymanagementindustriesISO22274:2013-Systemstomanageterminology,knowledgeandcontent-Concept-relatedaspectsfordevelopingandinternationalizingclassificationsystemsISO/IEC81346-1:2009-Industrialsystems,installationsandequipmentandindustrialproducts-structuringprinciplesandreferencedesignations-Part1:BasicrulesISO/IEC81346-2:-Industrialsystems,installationsandequipmentandindustrialproducts-Structuringprinciplesandreferencedesignations-Part2:Classificationsofobjectsandcodeforclasses(underrevision-expectedDIS-version2017)ISO81346-12-Industrialsystems,installationsandequipmentandindustrialproducts-Structuringprinciplesandreferencedesignations-Part12:Buildingsandbuildingservices(underdevelopment-DIS-version2017)5.2Books,publications,papers,andpresentationsusedBIMHandbook,ChuckEastman,PaulTeicholz,RafaelSacksandKathleenListon,publishedbyWiley,2007.InternationalClassificationSurvey2012inrelationwithrevisionofISO12006-2,bytheDanishassociationbips(nowMolio)onbehalfofDanishStandards(DS)andISOTC59/SC13/WG2.PaperonClassificationtopics,NeilGreenstreet,NATSPEC,Australia,2014.PaperonCostestimation,BarboraPospisilova,URS,CzechRepublicandAlbertMüller,CRB,Switzerland,2014.PaperonClassificationstrategiesovertheDifferentStagesoftheConstructionProcess,ForrestGrierson,GriersonSpecifications,Canada,2014.PaperonImplementingSystemsEngineeringinCivilEngineering&ConstructionSector,HenrikBalslev,SystemsEngineering,2014.Uniclass2Manual:Principles,rulesanduse,JohnGelder(NBS).5.3ClassificationsystemsandmaterialsviewedandusedBSAB/CoClass-SwedenCCS-DenmarkCRB-SwitzerlandJCCS-Japan



OmniClass-UnitedStates,NorthAmericaSfB-EarliereditionsfromdifferentcountriesUniClass2015-UnitedKingdom5.4Organizations-websitesandreferencesusedbipsandcuneco–nowMOLIO(DK)buildingSMART(INT)CRB(CH)NATSPEC(AU)NBS(UK)NIBS(US)



AnnexA-Theinternationalclassificationsurveyandend-usercomments,indetailReferringtotheintroductionandthepurposeofthesurveyinchapter2.2,andthesummarizingandconcludingremarksinchapter2.3,thefollowingquestionsandanswers(Q&A)appearedinthequestionnaire.

Themainquestionwas:IsexistingclassificationusefultoBIM?Someofthediscoverieswere:

– Ingeneral,whenconsideringtheagentsacrosstheconstructionindustry,theparticipantsnotedthatthenationallevelofimplementationoftablesaccordingtoISO12006-2ismedium,low,orverylow,

– Consultantarchitectsandconsultantengineersareconsideredastheconstructionagentswiththehighestlevelofimplementationandusewitharound40-45%-otheragentsofconstructionwithless(13-38%),

– Until2015,theuseofclassificationinconstructionisprimarilyfocusedondesign,calculation,andspecificationpurposes.

WhenconsideringBIMtobeacollaborativeprocesswithallpartiesthroughoutthelifecycle,fivequestionsthencouldbeofinterest:

– AretheeffortsofimplementingclassificationwithBIMandconstructioningeneraljusttoosmalltogainaneffectiveresultanduse?

– Isitbecausethereisnobodyinthevaluechainthatdemandsclassifiedinformationseenasvaluecreatingforeithertheirprocessesorthefinalproductionresult?

– IsitbecauseclassificationassuchisunnecessarywithBIM-e.g.,canthe3Dmodelhandleeverything?

– Orisitbecausetheexistingclassificationdoesnotfullysupporteitherananalogueoradigitalpractice,especiallyBIM?

– Insteadofclassifying/groupingtheapproximatelysametypeofobjects(spaces,elements,andsystems),isitthenmoreimportantforBIMpracticetoclassifyandidentifyspecificallythesingle/genericobjectasthebearerofallinformation?

Someoftheanswerstothesequestionscanbefoundinthemorespecificremarksinthesurvey.BelowaresomecommentsaboutwhatclassificationsupportsatthemomentandinrelationtoBIM:

…thestandard(ISO12006-2:2001)isfocusingonthedesignandproductionofabuilding.FacilityManagementisnotwellsupported.Notsureifprefabrication/unitsaresupportedwell…Westillneedmorethingstostandardizeespeciallyforinformationsharing.ISO12006-2isjustaframework.Ifimplementedwell,thentheimplementationwillsupportclassificationofobjectswithattachedinformation.Ifimplementedbadly,thentheimplementationwon't.Thereareweakspotsinthestructuringallowedinandsupportedbythesoftware,aswellasinthetablesthemselves.Additionalaspectsneedtobeaddressedprimarilyinordertosupport



relationsbetweenobjects.Alsotheclassificationofallpropertiesthatcanbeattachedtoobjectsisneeded(andahugeundertaking).Relationsbetweenobjectsarehandledbythetools.PropertiescanbedefinedaccordingtoISO12006-3.Classificationofpropertiescouldbeuseful.TablesbasedonISO12006-2mustbeusefultoidentifyvariousobjectsforBIM.

Anotherquestionwas:DoesISO12006-2supportandfulfilltheneedsforclassificationandstructuring?(e.g.,providingidentificationonwhichclassificationisoftenbeingusedfor)

– 62%agreeorstronglyagreetotheneedforacompositional(partof)structuringofconstructionentityparts(constructionelements,asnotdirectlysupportedbyISO12006-2:2001).

– 65%agreeorstronglyagreethereisstillaneedfor(typeof)classificationofconstructionentityparts(constructionelements,asalreadysupportedbyISO12006-2:2001).

CommentstothequestionaboutISO12006-2supportingstructuringaspartofwere:

IthinkthiswillbeneededforBIMinformation.Smallparts"grow"tobebiggerparts,needforcollectionswhereknowledgeisconnectedtobringinsightinrelationships.Relationshipsarethereforeneeded,independentofclassifications.ThiscanthenbesupportedbyISO12006-3.…Itisimportanttomaintainfocusonwhatyouareattemptingtoservewithanydiscussionofinformationordering,classificationincluded.Whatusesdoesitserve?Whatcanitdowell?Whatshoulditnottrytodo?Compositionisaprocessfordesigners,justasdecompositionisaprocessforcontractors....Theneedfor"part-of"relationshipstoenableBIMsupportiscritical.Thecompositionalnatureofconstructionandthelargenumberofentitypartsmakesitessentialtohaveameansofdefiningtheirrelationshipstoeachother.Compositionalstructuringwouldovercomethelimitationofthediscretetable/facetviewofentitiesimposedbyISO12006-2.

CommentstothequestionaboutISO12006-2supportingtypeofclassification:

Ithinkweneedsimplifiedclassificationforconstructionentityparts(Constructionelements).Classificationsasbeingworkingmethodsareneededtosupportstructureforhumanstoworkwith.Therearesometableswithinthe12006-2standardthatareinmoreusethanothers.Amongthemostusedandmostusefularethefollowing:Elements,includingDesignedElementsWorkResultsConstructionProducts….Itseemscleartomethat"constructionentityparts"



(Constructionelements)arewellrepresentedinthatlist.Removinganyofthesetablesfromthestandardwouldbeadisastrousdecision.ISO12006-2doesnotrefertothecontentsofthetableswhichshouldbeformalizedtosomeextent.

Aquestionaddressingthecomplexityofexistingclassificationsystemstodayandthefactthatconstructionelements,forexample,areclassifiedthroughmany/differenttableswas:Isthereaneedformappingofconceptsinclassificationtables?

– 67%agreeorstronglyagreethereisaneedformappingofconceptsinclassificationtables.– Therest,33%,areneutralordonotknow.

Commentstothemapping-issuewas:

Oneentityorobjecthasmanyaspects,somappingwouldbehelpful.Ifyoumeanadiagramindicatinghowtheconceptsrelatetoeachother,thenIthinkthisisneededintheISO.…notwithinclassificationtablesitself,butmappingisneeded.Useuniversalplatformstoconnectclassificationstoeachother(e.g.OmniClasstoUniClasstoSfB)Mappingbetweenrelatedtableswithinasystemtoexposethemany-to-manyrelationshipscontainedwithinthem…servestoenhancetheirusebyeasingthechoreofclassificationfortheendusers.Crossmappingcanonlybedonebetweenstronglydisciplinedtablesofthesame12006-part2basis.Iagreewiththisstatementforreasonssimilartothosegivensupportingcompositionalstructuringofconstructionentityparts-makingtherelationshipsofoneconcepttoothersmoreexplicitwouldenhancethevalueoftheclassificationsystem.Amappingsystemshouldbeneededtocopewithanobject-orientedBIMframework.

Duringtherevisionof12006-2,furtherend-usercommentswerereceivedabout:

– WedonotwanttochangeclassificationcodeseveraltimesandespeciallynotinanunrecognizablewaythroughtheBIMprocesses-thereisaneedforaclassificationcodethatcanbethesameallthroughthelifecycleandthateverybodycanattendto,

– Wewanttheclassificationcodestobetransferredbetweensoftware-platforms,– Wewanttobeabletoknowanddistinguish(classifyuniquely),andidentify(specifically),

everysingleobjectthatweuseinBIM-notawholeclassofobjects,– Wewanttouseclassificationandidentificationwithoutalwaysrelatingittoageometrical

buildingmodel(especiallymentionedinrelationtonon-geometricaltools,smallerprojects,andmaintenanceofexistingbuildingswithnomodelrepresentation),

– Wewantclassificationandidentificationtosupportlinkingobject-basedinformationtogether,



– Wewantclassificationandidentificationtosupportautomatedexchangeanduseofdata.

Abouttheclassificationandidentificationpurposes,enduserssaidtheywantedto:

Classifyobjectsinorderto:

– Sortandgroupbytype– Seekandfindspecificobjecttypes– Definegenericsetsofpropertiesfortheobjects

Identifyobjectsinorderto:

– Traceandidentifythespecificinstanceoftheobjectinitslifecycle– Distinguish,separate,andhandlethemindividually,beingabletoreferencethem

unambiguously– Groupthemaccordingtoasystemspointofview(assemblinginconstructions/systems)– Communicatethecontextoftheobject– Secureunambiguousexchangeofdata

Documents

ICIS PROJECT #3 - CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND BIM · sources and software platforms. Much adaption of existing classification systems to BIM is going on. Though the classification