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Study on Introduction of CO2Study on Introduction of CO2Free Energy to Japan with Liquid Free Energy to Japan with Liquid
HydrogenHydrogen
July, 8July, 8thth, 2014, 2014Shoji Shoji KamiyaKamiya, , MotohikoMotohiko Nishimura, Eiichi Harada , et al. Nishimura, Eiichi Harada , et al.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
ICEC25 & ICMC2014,7-11 July 2014 @ University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
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A Guide to Kawasaki GroupNet Sales Business Segment
¥1,288billion
Founded : 1875
3
ContentsContents
1.1. Concept of Hydrogen Energy Supply Concept of Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain (HESC)Chain (HESC)
2.2. Commercial scale Commercial scale -- chainchain3.3. Pilot scale Pilot scale -- chain chain 4.4. Cryogenic systems of hydrogen chain Cryogenic systems of hydrogen chain
(EX. LH2 carrier)(EX. LH2 carrier)5. Hydrogen safety5. Hydrogen safety6 Summary 6 Summary
Why Hydrogen?Why Hydrogen?
Need low cost energy with CO2 free
1. Nuclear energy2. Renewable energy3. Hydrogen energy from fossil fuels
in combination with CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage)
- Global warning issues-High fossil fuel costs
(due to increasing energy demand & carbon taxes)- Energy Security
(Not expand in Japan)(Not expand in Japan)(Limited in Japan)(Limited in Japan)
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5
Governmental Strategic Energy planGovernmental Strategic Energy planof Japan on April 2014of Japan on April 2014
Energy Security
Environment
Safety
Economy
Main viewpoints of Energy basic plan
Toward Hydrogen Economy
3E+S - To ensure stable energy (Energy
security)- To realize low cost energy supply by
high efficiency (Economy)- To pursue environment suitability
(Environment)- To ensure safety (Safety)
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JapanJapan’’s H2 Road Map toward its s H2 Road Map toward its EconomyEconomy
Oil refinery
Present Practical Stage Future Stage
Industrial process
Optical fiber
Space
Stationary Fuel Cell
Transport
Fuel Cell Vehicle
Power generationIndustrial process
H2 reduction ironmanufacture
PortableFC
Consumer use
Consumer use
Hydrogen Air craftFCV railroad car
FCV submarine
Hydrogen shipFCV bus & folk lift
H2 & FC power generation
Reference : Hydrogen & fuel cell strategic road map by METI Japan, June 24 ,2014
Oil refinery
Special application
Simulation of hydrogen demand by IAESimulation of hydrogen demand by IAE
・・Available supply cost of COAvailable supply cost of CO22--freefree--hydrogen hydrogen : 25: 25~~45 Yen /Nm45 Yen /Nm33((CIFCIF))
・・Reduction on COReduction on CO2 2 : : --1515%% by 2020 , by 2020 , --8080%% by 2050by 2050((as compared to 1990as compared to 1990))
・・Nuclear power :Nuclear power : Up to 50Up to 50%% (???)(???)・・Renewable energy (Solar & Wind) : Up to 15% Renewable energy (Solar & Wind) : Up to 15% ・・CCS : Difficult to implement CCS inside countryCCS : Difficult to implement CCS inside country
*IAE (Institute of Applied Energy) of Japan simulated the hydrogen demand, using ‘GRAPE’ code*CIF; Cost. Insurance and Fright
Tentative review conditions (Ex.)Tentative review conditions (Ex.)
Future Demand for HydrogenFuture Demand for Hydrogen
77
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
エネ
ルギ
ー供
給量
(Mto
e)
20202005 2035 20500
100
200
300
400
500
600
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2020 2035 20502025 2035 20500%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
・ In 2025, Hydrogen with ab. 9 M ton/ year ( 11 G Nm3/year)@ 35 yen/Nm3 will be introduced
・Switching to CO2-free fuels should be required by 2050
Prim
ary
ener
gy s
uppl
y P
rimar
y en
ergy
sup
ply
(MTO
E)
Prediction of primary energy and Hydrogen supplyPrediction of primary energy and Hydrogen supply))
HydrogenNuclear
LNG
Oil
Coal
BiomassWind
Hydrogen
Nuclear
Biomass
OIl
Coal
LNG
Wind
Water
Future Hydrogen Supply of JapanFuture Hydrogen Supply of Japan
8
21MT/y 34MT/y9MT/y
8%
20%
40%
Hydro
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Hydrogen Use
LH2 LH2 carrierscarriers
LH2LH2 truckstrucks
H2 tanksH2 tanks
LH2 storageLH2 storage
Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Transport and Storage
Use in processesSemiconductor
and solar cell production, oil refining and desulfurization,
etc.
Energy equipment
Low-cost H2 productionfrom unused resources (brown coal)
Hydrogen gas engines, gas turbines, boilers, fuel cells, etc.
Power plantsCombined cycle power plants, etc.
CCS Transportation equipmentHydrogen station, cars, etc.
GasificationGasification& &
PurificationPurification
Japan
C JAXA
H2
Australia
HHydrogen ydrogen EEnergy nergy SSupply upply CChain Concepthain Concept((HESCHESC))
Brown coalBrown coal
CO2
Use in processesSemiconductor and solar cell production,
oil refining and desulfurization, etc.
Power plantsCombined cycle power plants, etc.
Energy equipmentHydrogen gas engines, gas turbines,
boilers, fuel cells, etc.
Transportation equipmentHydrogen station, cars, etc.
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Hydrogen Transport and StorageHydrogen Transport and Storage Hydrogen UseHydrogen Use
Low-cost H2 productionfrom unused resources (brown coal)
Gasification
H2 purification
LH2 carriers Hydrogen lorries
Brown coal LH2storage tanks
KHIKHI’’ss Technology BackgroundsTechnology Backgrounds
Direct ApplicationsDirect Applications Improvement & DevelopmentImprovement & DevelopmentKawasaki TechnologiesKawasaki Technologies
Fertilizer plantFertilizer plantLH2 tankLH2 tank(Rocket launch system)(Rocket launch system)
LNG baseLNG base
LNG carrierLNG carrierHydrogen Hydrogen lorry & containerlorry & container
Gas engineGas engineGas turbineGas turbine
LNGLNGpowerpowerplantplantGasifierGasifier
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JapanAustralia
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Distribution of Australian Brown CoalDistribution of Australian Brown Coal
Latrobe Valley
Brown coal field to horizon line(one layer from surface to 250m depth
and underneath )
Power Station(Loy Yang B)500MW×2plants
Power Station(Loy Yang A)550MW×4plants
Open-cast brown coal mining site
CoalBrawn coal
11
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Grand schedule of the projectGrand schedule of the projectTokyo Olympic (2020)
13
Scheme of Feasibility Study (FS) Scheme of Feasibility Study (FS) ((JapanJapan--AustraliaAustralia International Joint StudyInternational Joint Study))
Victoria State Gov.
Australian Gov.
Australian Partner
NEDO*1
KHI
Japanese Gov.
MOU
*1: Feasibility Study (FS) was conducted under the support of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
13
Overview of Commercial ChainOverview of Commercial Chain
14
Pipe linePipe line80km80km
Production siteProduction site““Latrobe ValleyLatrobe Valley””
MelbourneMelbourne
Loading & export siteLoading & export site
CarbonCarbon--NET ProjectNET Project
80km80km
Liquid hydrogen Liquid hydrogen carriercarrier
14
15
Brown coal gasification plantBrown coal gasification plant
Hydrogenrefining plant
Hydrogenrefining plant
Brown coal:Hydrogen:CO2 :
14,200 t/day770 t/day
13,300 t/day
4,700,000 t/year (assumed 60% water content coal)246,000 t/year
4,400,000 t/year
F/S Result of Hydrogen Production PlantF/S Result of Hydrogen Production Plant
16
LH2 carrier ( 2 ships )Loading Hydrogen: 238,500 t/yearCargo tank : 40,000m3x 4 tanks
Hydrogen liquefactionCapacity:770 t/day
Hydrogen storage facility50,000 m3 x 5 tanks
Liquefaction plant
Liquefaction plantStorage facility
Storage facility
F/S Result of Hydrogen Loading BaseF/S Result of Hydrogen Loading Baseand LHand LH22 CarrierCarrier
LH2 Hydrogen CarrierLH2 Hydrogen Carrier
Tank type: Type B independent tank Numbers of ship: 2H2 carrier size: 160,000 m3/shipBoil off Rate (BOR): 0.2% / day
Length: 315 mWidth: 56 mDepth: 28 mRequired sea depth: 11 m
Annual delivery Qty: 238,500 ton/year-H2Service speed: 16 kts (30km/h)Voyage days: 12.6 days/one way
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Cost breakdown(%)Cost breakdown(%)@@CIFCIF 29.8 yen/Nm29.8 yen/Nm33
Production
Liquefaction
Loading base
Brown coal
Carrier
CO2 storage
9%9%
11%11%
33%33%
10%10%
8%8%
29%29%
Loading quantity: 238,500 t/yearLoading quantity: 238,500 t/year
Delivered hydrogen quantityDelivered hydrogen quantity225,400 t/year225,400 t/year
FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) : 3 millionFCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) : 3 million
Hydrogen power plant : 650 MWHydrogen power plant : 650 MW
F/S Result of Delivered Hydrogen CostF/S Result of Delivered Hydrogen Cost
Hydrogen pipeline 1%1%
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The cost is more competitive than wind and solar.
Evaluation of Power Generation in JapanEvaluation of Power Generation in Japan
FeedFeed--in Tariffin Tarifffrom July, 2012 from July, 2012
for 20 years for 20 years
NuclearNuclear LNGLNG CoalCoal OilOilHydrogen derived Hydrogen derived from Brown Coalfrom Brown Coal
WindWind SolarSolar
Power generation cost Power generation cost [ yen/kWh][ yen/kWh]
Features of COFeatures of CO22Free Hydrogen ChainFree Hydrogen Chain
• Production of hydrogen from unused fossil fuelPossible to produce large-mass hydrogen and to
ensure security • CO2 emitted is locally separated and stored.
Environmentally friendly• large scale hydrogen technologies are required
Strengthen international industrial competitiveness• Purchase of expensive natural resource are not required
Prevent outflow of natural wealth
2020
21
• The commercial-scale HESC is technically and economically feasible.
・ By its commercialization, technical demonstration, safety verification and demonstration of stable operation are necessary for potential investor , using pilot-scale HESC.
Then as a next step, conceptual design of pilot-scaleHESC has been conducted.
NextNext step step
Conceptual Design of Pilot Chain (10t/d)Conceptual Design of Pilot Chain (10t/d)
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Shipment baseShipment baseBrown coal gasified hydrogen production Brown coal gasified hydrogen production ・・ liquefied plantliquefied plant
2500m2500m3 3 Liquefied Liquefied Hydrogen carrier Hydrogen carrier Pilot chain is under front end Pilot chain is under front end engineering and designengineering and design
LH2 carrier was provided with the LH2 carrier was provided with the worldworld’’s first s first AiPAiP from Class NK. from Class NK.
AiP:Approval in Principle22
23
Other hydrogen carriers at large scale Other hydrogen carriers at large scale
LH2 Ammonia Methanol Chemical hydride
Chemical form. H2 NH3 CH3OH C7H14
Density kg/m3 70.8 680 800 770Boiling point ℃ - 253 - 33 65 101HydrogenationProcess
GH2
⇒ LH2
3H2+N2
⇒2NH3
2H2+CO⇒ CH3OH
C7H8 +3H2
⇒ C7H14
DehydrogenationProcess
LH2
⇒ GH2
2NH3
⇒ 3H2+N2CH3OH + H2
⇒ 3H2 + CO2C7H14
⇒ 3H2+C7H8
(Remark) Ex. of Chemical hydride : Toluene (TOL, C7H8) + Hydrogen = Methylcyclohexan (MCH, C7H14)
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LH2 (H2) LNG(CH4)Boiling point K 20.3(-253℃) 112(-162℃)
Saturated liquid density kg/m3 70.8 442.5Saturated gas density kg/m3 1.34 1.82
Critical temperature K 32.9 190Critical Pressure MPa 1.28 4.60
Latent heat kJ/L (kJ/kg) 31.4 (444) 226(510)
Surface tension mN/m 1.98 13.4Thermal cond. mW/(m K) 119 206Prandtl Number 1.0 1.7
Lower heating value MJ/L (MJ/kg) 8.5 (120) 22.1 (50 )
Comparison of LH2 and LNG( Methane )
-Two tanks, total carrying capacity of 2,500m3. -Cargo holds with double-hulls on the sides and bottom-Sturdy hold covers protecting tank system-Powered by Diesel Engine in initial stage-Test facilities for such as fuel cell batteries and hydrogen-driven turbines
Length : abt. 105 mWidth : abt. 22 mDepth : abt. 9 mRequired sea depth : abt. 5 m
AiP for LH2 Cargo Containment System(1/3)LH2 carrier was provided with the worldLH2 carrier was provided with the world’’s first s first AiPAiP from Class NKfrom Class NK. .
AiP:Approval in Principle25
-Horizontal cylindrical pressure vessels freely enable thermal shrinkage for transporting LH2-Pressure build-up (accumulation) system locking BOG into the cargo tank-Pressure discharging in addition to pumping-Double-skin structure using Vacuum Insulation System-Cargo Tank Supports made from a newly developed GFRP structure-Access to cargo tanks through the domes
AiP for LH2 Cargo Containment System(2/3)
26
AiP for LH2 Cargo Containment(3/3) System(2/3)
Granted based on:
•Rules and Guidance for the Survey and Construction of Steel Ships, “ Part N; Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk” (IGC Code)
•JG’s provisionally proposed Minimum Requirements for Carriage of Liquefied Hydrogen in Bulk
•HAZID (HAZAD identification)
27
• Concept design of CCS (Cargo Containment System) has been completed.
• AiP (Approval in Principle) for the CCS has been secured by ClassNK.
• Development and testing of bulk handling system such as LH2 pumps, H2 gas compressors are ongoing.
• Element testing for CCS construction is ongoing.
Current Status of the Engineering WorksCurrent Status of the Engineering Works for for Liquefied Hydrogen CarrierLiquefied Hydrogen Carrier
28
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Mini. Specific Work (Mini. Specific Work (ExergyExergy Work ) Work ) for Liquefying hydrogen for Liquefying hydrogen
Cooling gas(41%) Condensing (44%) Conversion (15%)
Reference : -Peschka 1992
-K Ohlig & L.Decker ;” The Latest Development and Outlook for hydrogen Liquefaction Technology”, Linde , June, WHEC 2014, Korea
Where Wth: minimum specific work 3.91 kWh/kg To: ambient temperature (K) , Te: boiling point (K), Cp: specific heat capacity (J/kg K)Ql : heat of vaporization (j/kg ) C: concentration of ortho hydrogen, Qop : conversion energy from orth to para hydrogen (j/kg)
The practical specific work ?Current technology 11kW/kg Future 6 kWh/kg(?)
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IDEALHY Advanced Liquefaction of Hydrogen Example
・Feed pressure : ~80Bar
・Wet turbine replacing J-T valve
・Expander : 4 units under 90K
・ Refrigerant under 90K
N2 above 90K
Mixed He,or H2, or Ne under 90K
・ Thermal insulation for cold box
Perilte above 90K
vacuum under 90K
・Compressor
Feed : Piston type
Recycle :Turbo type
Reference: Quack ( SINTEF、TUD) ;Search for the best processes to liquefy hydrogen in very large plants” 12th cryogenic -IIR Conference-Dresden –Sept.2012
Large scale H2 Safety System
31
International Safety StandardsInternational Safety Standards( Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier )( Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier )
Minimum/Special Requirementsof
IGC Code
Basic Designof
Liquid Hydrogen Carrier
Safety Evaluationof
Hydrogen Carrier
Incorporation of selective countermeasures
Hazard identificationand risk assessment, using HAZID and FMEA method
Amendment of minimum/special requirements in IGC Code
Proposal for IGC Code and International standard
Conclusion of bilateral agreementbetween Japan and Australia, Certification of IMO
*HAZID:HAZard Identification*FMEA:Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Minimum/Special Requirementsof
IGC Code
Basic Designof
Liquid Hydrogen Carrier
Safety Evaluationof
Hydrogen Carrier
Safety Evaluationof
Hydrogen Carrier
Incorporation of selective countermeasures
Hazard identificationand risk assessment, using HAZID and FMEA method
Amendment of minimum/special requirements in IGC Code
Proposal for IGC Code and International standard
Conclusion of bilateral agreementbetween Japan and Australia, Certification of IMO
*HAZID:HAZard Identification*FMEA:Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
3232
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Hydrogen Properties on SafetyAdvantage : - Light gas density -Large dispersion、
-Small thermal radiation
Disadvantage : - Large flammability limit -Small energy for ignition
- Leaky
Hydrogen MethaneSpecific gravity (Air=1) 0.084 0.65Diffusion conf. in NTP cm2/sec 0.614 0.016Flame temperature ℃ 約2,000 約1,900Flammability limit in Air % 4~75 5~15Ignition energy (minimum) mJ 0.02 0.30
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LH2 fluid behavior when spilling on the ground LH2Liquid hydrogen
LNG
Solid ground :
-Concrete , - Gravel,
- Steel plate
Liquid ground
- Water
LH2
褐炭ガス化水素製造・液化プラント
Issue: Flame temperature and velocity of hydrogen high ⇒ Protection from burnout and NOx emission suppression
H2Air
Air
Combustion gas
Fuel Nozzle
Combustor
NOx suppressed by water injection
Const. temp. condition
CAE with CFD
NG 100%H2 --- %
--- %100%
60%40%
20%80%
Pure H2
Flame Image
H2O
35
Developing Hydrogen Gas Turbine
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Brow
n coal H2
Wind H2
Oil & Gas H2
Solar H2
Wind, Hydro, Oil & Gas H2
Wind H2
Hydro H2Hydro H2
Hydrogen Potential from Overseas Hydrogen Potential from Overseas
3636
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Other hydrogen sources with CO2 freeOther hydrogen sources with CO2 freeProduction from excess Electric Power
Production from geothermal energy of remote islands
By combining hydroelectric power and water electrolysis, production of hydrogen can be free of CO2
(Magadan region of Russia)
Produce hydrogen from the geothermal energy of remote islands
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SummarySummary1. Large mass hydrogen will be introduced for reducing CO2 in the
near future.
2. KHI proposed CO2 Free Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain from Australia to Japan.
3. Japan’s government revealed the road map toward hydrogen economy.
4. LH2 is the promising energy carrier.
5. Large scale LH2 carrier and H2 liquefactions with high efficiency are key technologies.
6. KHI obtained AiP (approved independent approval ) for a small LH2 carrier from NK(Ship classification).
7. Safety technologies for handling large mass hydrogen will be indispensable .
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Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention!!
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