İbrahim Anıl Çelikbaş Med 511 final

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İbrahim Anıl ÇELİKBAŞ- 116605017Med 511- Conducting the Content Analysis

Final Paper: Conduct a content analysis on a widely covered criminal act on at least 3 different

mainstream newspapers for a certain period of time and analyze the data in terms of

construction of crime news.

The aim of this study is a content analysis of three Turkish mainstream newspapers which are

Hürriyet, Vatan and Posta. Those newspapers have been chosen in terms of their selection of

news sources, use of pictures and use of language. Hence, Vatan and Posta are tabloids and

Hürriyet is the representative one among those. Regarding newspapers reported the 19 years old-

E.F.B.’s raping case since the beginning to the end. On January 26 is the first publication of the

case and on May 6, 2016 is the date of case result. By the way, the case occurred on January 24,

2016 at Bağdat Caddesi which is known as most secure and modern place all over Turkey. My

another reason to chose those newspapers due to each of them reported the case several times

during the process of trail, therefore those news will be examined in this study. In fact, three of

them as a newspaper are completely different than each other in terms of ideologically and it

leads me to compare different approaches and narrations by this way.

Firstly, once we evaluate Hürriyet Newspaper which has given place to raping issue on the

bottom right-hand corner of the first page on January 26, 2016.

The headline of the news is “The Terror of Rape at Bostancı” which was written red and capital

letters. “He Caught on Camera” was the second headline that was following after the main

headline. The details of the news are as following;

“On January 23, in Istanbul, a university student girl who is 19-year-old was raped by Cengiz A.

who threatened her with a knife on the street. The rapist was caught at his home in Pendik just

after examining the MOBESE cameras. The young girl's mobile phone came out of Cengiz A.

who was a service driver in a private company.”

In fact, the news was not in the main headline of the newspaper. The details of the news was

pressed on the 3rd page of the newspaper. There was a blurry photo of the rapist who has been

arrested on the newspaper. The resource of the news is the reporter. When we carry out in-depth

analysis, some details of the news are gory. When we look at the another sub-heading “which

belongs to IHA” within the same news as below,

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“He took her to rape step by step!” The footages have come in sight which is in the back garden

of an apartment in Bağdat Caddesi, university student E.F.B. was moving towards the back of the

apartment with him. In the horrific case, safety camera’s views also come in sight. The security

camera records of the apartment show that the criminal and the young girl are moving towards

the back of the building. (IHA)1

Obviously, there are some citations and a sort of fantasy manner of telling within the news. For

instance, “Usurped” and “raped victim” E.F.B. once she was identifying the criminal in the

Bureau of Extort, she explained the process as following;

"After I had a fun with my friends, I went out to back home. After I got off minibus, I walked on

the road then I heard some footsteps from my behind. I pulled out the earpiece on my ear then I

quicken my steps, the person behind me was talking on the phone with someone, he said 'around

15 -20 minutes later, I will be at home'. After a few minutes, he grabbed me and put a knife on my

back, he said that “If you shout, I will run you through with this knife” then he closed my mouth

and dragged me to the back garden of an apartment near my house. He began to forcibly kiss me

then he raped me and robbed my money (65 TL) and mobile phone, then he wanted to force me

into the minibus. I begged him. I cried. He kicked me and left me there. He was away.” After all

that’s happened, she went her home and told everything to her family then they went to the police

headquarters. After the rapist who is Cengiz Ay ran away from the venue, then E.F.B knocked

her home’s door distraughtly. She was immediately taken to the police station by her family, after

she was interrogated, she was transferred to Institution of Forensic Medicine. An extensive

investigation was launched by attorney generalship which gave the instructions to the

“Molecular Genetic Investigation” to get sperm samples from the young girl. Afterward,

according to E.F.B’s description, the police in Istanbul was alerting in order to capture of the

swarthy and black short-haired pervert. During the investigation which was carried out by the

Public Security Branch Office, the police examined the views of the security cameras and

identified the attacker's identity as a first. After the attacker was running away from the venue, he

got on the minibus. The attacker was followed up to Pendik by using the camera views of the

minibus. After he got off the minibus, he had been surveilled by the police via camera views to

the street where he lived in. The attacker Cengiz Ay was identified by her and he was taken into

1 http://www.iha.com.tr/video-genc-kizi-adim-adim-tecavuze-boyle-goturdu-78570/ (Last Accessed December 4, 2016), Translation is mine.

http://www.iha.com.tr/video-genc-kizi-adim-adim-tecavuze-boyle-goturdu-78570/

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custody on January 25, 2016. Previously, he has 8 criminal records in police because of some

sort of crimes such as bodily harm, drug addict, breach of confidence and also he is married and

he has two children. 2 (Ali Aksoyer, Cengiz Çoban/İstanbul - DHA)

It can be seen precisely that the resource of the news is known. There are some quotations which

belong to the victim within the news. In the news, both the case itself and the actors come into

prominence. To be obvious, there is a statement in the news that accuses the criminal, and there is

no statement that accuses the victim. In the content of the news, some of the following adjectives

were used in order to describe the E.F.B; Victim, usurped and so forth. In the content of the news,

one of the following adjectives is used to describe the defendant; Pervert, rapist etc. In the news

emphasized on the mostly speed of police and how fast solve the case.

Table 1. Total News Items with Picture(s)

PICTUR

ES

FREQUEN

CY

PERCE

NT

VALID

PERCE

NT

CUMULATI

VE

PERCENT

Hürriyet 5,0 21,7 21,7 21,7

Vatan 11,0 47,8 47,8 47,8

Posta 7,0 30,4 30,4 30,4

Total 23,0 100 100,0 100,0

Table 2. Distribution of the News Items in terms of Known and Unknown Sources

News Sources

Stated?

FREQUENC

Y

PERCEN

T

VALID

PERCENT

CUMULATIV

E PERCENT

Yes 8 66,7 66,7 66,7

No 4 33,3 33,3 33,3

Total 12 100,0 100,0 100,0

In Table 2, in fact, journalism emerges a guideline for society to direct them. Therefore,

journalists ought to deal in trustworthy facts, hence source of news is vital that show us the

credibility of the news.

2 Ali Aksoyer- Cengiz Çoban, “İstanbul'un Göbeğinde Tecavüz Dehşeti”, DHA (Last Accessed; December 4, 2016) http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/istanbulun-gobeginde-tecavuz-dehseti-40045189 Translation is mine.

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/istanbulun-gobeginde-tecavuz-dehseti-40045189

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/index/dha

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Furthermore, as it known that most important factor in order to provide confidence in journalism

is to remark source of the news. If a media organ does not remark the source of the news, the

context of the news cannot be accepted as trustworthy. As stated in Table 2, the source of 4 out of

12 news was unknown. Thirty three percent rate is very much high when the fundamental

elements of journalism are considered

When we look at the news of Hürriyet on January 26, 2016

The main heading of the news is “The rape suspect in Kadıköy could not sleep!” The sub-

heading of the news is “Tears of a mother…” During the trail, the defendant Cengiz A. who had

been determined the identification, stated that he broke up his wife and he had a child. While

reading the indictment the victim E.F.B.'s mother could not hold her tears during the trail.

Cengiz A. said that "I do not make any statement about blame. He used the right to remain

silence.3

As it can be seen, the main heading of the news makes a sense a kind of regretful manner of

Cengiz Ay. Even if he cannot speak at all and he cannot sleep which means he has a soul as well.

When we evaluate news of Vatan Newspaper on January 26, 2016,

In Vatan Newsaper, actually we don’t find anything new in terms of narration of the case from

Hürriyet. Both newspapers almost pressed the same context of the regarding issue. Merely, it

included the defendant’s discourse that he confessed his crime during the interrogation and he

said that “I gave in to temptation, I am very much regretful what I did!” 4

The news has been published by the news agency which is DHA. Both newspapers which are

Hürriyet and Vatan used the same blurry photo that was the rapist’s one Vatan is on the contrary

of Hürriyet, it pressed the news on the top right-hand corner. The letters are bigger and more

visible. It was given a name to rapist which is “Pervert of the Street.” In the headline of the news

was much more about details of the rapist e.g. “he has two children”, “he is a service driver” and

“he has 8 different criminal records” and so on. Some details of the issue have given on the first

page of the newspaper as well. His statement has been taken part in the news as above mentioned.

3 http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kadikoydeki-tecavuz-zanlisi-uyamiyormus-40086811 (Last Accessed December 4, 2016), Translation is mine.4 http://www.gazetevatan.com/bagdat-caddesi-nde-tecavuz-dehseti-908693-yasam/(Last Accessed December 4, 2016), Translation is mine.

http://www.gazetevatan.com/bagdat-caddesi-nde-tecavuz-dehseti-908693-yasam/

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kadikoydeki-tecavuz-zanlisi-uyamiyormus-40086811

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When we check any other news which published on January 29, 2016 in Vatan newspaper;

The title of the news “The father of the young girl who was raped had spoken” the news begins

with this sentence;

19-year-old university student E.F.B. began to get psychological support after the great trauma.

According to Sedef Şenkal Demir's report from Habertürk, the young girl and the girl's family

who suffered terrible trauma are thankful that their daughter is alive. Father of E.F.B. "We do

not want to talk anymore now, we have started to get necessary psychological support, we are

trying to be good, but we are not". It was learned that Cengiz Ay was broken up from his wife

and he had been lived with his parents in Pendik. Grandparents have been looking after Cengiz

Ay’s child. His father said to some of his neighbors “We cannot send anyone to coventry

anymore” and they moved out somewhere else. Cengiz Ay's father mentioned that "If he

committed such an offense, he must impose the heaviest penalty, and we are very aggrieved. He

had a criminal record but no one would expect anything like this from his son.”5

When we re-read the news one more time deeply, actually the language of the news is not

innocent at all. For instance, E.F.B defines and emphasizes as a “rape victim” on the headings of

the news all the time. The case is itself a criminal issue but the discourse of the newspapers

specify the case just as raping. The photo which was used within the news that belongs to

“mostly” Cengiz Ay. There are some citations within the news from E.F.B’s father and father of

Cengiz Ay. There are obvious accusatory statements toward Cengiz Ay in the news which

actually aims to reconstruct of society’s perception against this sort of issues.

Table 3. Total News Coverage in the Headlines

News

Covered on

the

Headline

FREQUEN

CY

PERCE

NT

VALID

PERCE

NT

CUMULATI

VE

PERCENT

Yes 5 41,7 41,7 41,7

No 7 58,3 58,3 58,3

5 http://www.gazetevatan.com/tecavuze-ugrayan-genc-kizin-babasi-konustu-909837-yasam/(Last Accessed December 4, 2016), Translation is mine.

http://www.gazetevatan.com/tecavuze-ugrayan-genc-kizin-babasi-konustu-909837-yasam/

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Total 12 100,0 100,0 100,0

Table 4. Total News Coverage on Inner Pages

INNER

PAGES

FREQUEN

CY

PERCEN

T

VALID

PERCEN

T

CUMULATI

VE

PERCENT

Yes 10 83,3 83,3 83,3

No 2 16,7 16,7 16,7

Total 12 100,0 100,0 100,0

As it can be seen on Tables 3 and 4, 41 percent of the total coverage of the case was stated in the

headlines and out of 2 news covered on the front page, 5 of them were o the headline. In fact, it

indicates how much importance was given to this case on different newspapers.

When we examine the news which was published on February 10, 2016, in Vatan

newspaper;

The headline of the news is “The young girl who was raped, told the horror of Bağdat Caddesi.”

The sub-heading of the news as below;

The young girl who could not get rid of the effect of the terrible trauma that she experienced and

she started to get psychological support. She told the moments of horror within the scope of the

investigation. Attorney generalship which has been waiting for the results of molecular genetic

testing will issue an indictment with a request for the imprisonment of up to 38 years. On the

24th of January, E.F.B., who had been having fun at Kadıköy with her friends and then while she

was returning to Bostancı at 02.40, she was aware of following herself on the street, someone

steals up on herself. E. F.B. also stated that the event had happened a very near distance to her

house that she would sound to her father and she continued as follows: He put a knife, “When I

understood that I followed, I reacted by saying, 'What's going on?' But he put a knife on my back

and said, “Keep your mouth shut!” and he took me behind a car. He said, 'Kiss me.' I continued

the reaction by saying 'What's going on?' He began to kiss me, and he was saying, “I will run

you through with this knife!” He was showing the knife that he held. He forced me to take to the

garden of the apartment near my house. He asked me “how old are you?” I said 16. He said,

"Tell me the truth, how old are you?" Then I said my real age. He asked me “Have you ever had

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sex with anyone?” I thought maybe he would not do anything if I say I am virgin. He continued

to kiss me and then he raped me! Then he robbed my money and mobile phone, I begged him. I

cried. He kicked me and left me there. He was away.” The prosecution expects the result of a

molecular genetic study to be conducted on the evidence obtained at the scene in the

investigation. After reaching the report, the prosecutor's office had been expected to submittal of

the indictment on charges of 'sexual assault, qualified robbery and threatening with a knife from

22.5 years to 38 years' imprisonment. 6 (Kaynak: Habertürk)

As it can be seen, the news is getting much more detailed about case bit by bit. In this context, it

feels like we are reading a pornographic article, not a criminal one. I think, it is quite

inconvenient news. To be honest, the context of the news disturbs me as a reader, I do not want to

learn such a details about the case. Beside, E.F.B’s detailed statement has pressed in the

newspaper wholly; “is it really necessary, in other words; ethical?” Some of the details make the

case more sensational. While reading the news, rather than the content, phraseology and some

details of the news actually draw more attention. The content of the news involved dialogues

which are actually harassing between the criminal and E.F.B. The end of the news mentioned

that the accusations to the criminal and penal sanction.

Table 5. Total Number of News Items with Relevant & Irrelevant Pictures

RelevantFREQUENC

Y

PERCEN

T

VALID

PERCENT

CUMULATI

VE

PERCENT

Hürriyet 8 27,6 27,6 27,6

Vatan 12 41,4 41,4 41,4

Posta 9 31,0 31,0 31,0

Total 29 100,0 100,0 100,0

IrrelevantFREQUEN

CY

PERCE

NT

VALID

PERCENT

CUMULATI

VE

PERCENT

6 http://www.gazetevatan.com/tecavuze-ugrayan-genc-kiz-bagdat-caddesi-dehsetini-anlatti-913549-gundem/(Last Accessed December 4, 2016), Translation is mine.

http://www.gazetevatan.com/tecavuze-ugrayan-genc-kiz-bagdat-caddesi-dehsetini-anlatti-913549-gundem/

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Hürriyet 2 22,2 22,2 22,2

Vatan 4 44,4 44,4 44,4

Posta 3 33,3 33,3 33,3

Total 9 100,0 100,0 100,0

As seen on table 5, mostly the news was published with relevant pictures by Vatan which was

gave the most coverage to the case. Furthermore, the pictures which used within the news play a

crucial role in order to manipulate the readers. The photos which are given with the news items

ought to be relevant to the context and the photos are anticipated to contribute an extra worth to

the news. As stated in Table 5, Hürriyet used relevant photos rate of %27,6 Vatan %41,4 and

Posta %31. When we evaluate the irrelevant photos’ rate, Hürriyet used %22,2, Vatan %44,4 and

Posta %33,3.

When we probe to any other news in Vatan Newspaper on April 12, 2016,

The sub-heading of the news “Sue to Ministry of Family and Social Policies!”

The Ministry of Family and Social Policies would like to intervene as a party to the case but

E.F.B's lawyers wanted to reject the request of the Ministry.

Attorney of E.F.B. who is Nuray Ünal stated that the Ministry of Family Affairs is not a victim of

this case but it is a criminal. The ministry did not say that “my citizen would be outside at night."

It did not show the necessary social educational efforts. The ruling party also has a neglect of

duty because it distinguishes women who wear mini-skirts, drink alcohol and go out at nights.

The ministry has not protected my client against humiliations such as “She was drunk, she was

out at 3 a.m. and she is not virgin top it all off.” For this reason, we certainly do not accept its

request to get involved in the case. We are planning to sue for damages to the Ministry. The

court chief asked the parties if they would use the right to remain silent, the victim's statement

taken and all the evidence gathered. The suspect who used the right to remain silence on this,

and he said "I cannot sleep at nights. I went to the doctor. They told me I am psychologically ill

and gave me some medicines. I receive a treatment. Then I will give a defense statement.” Upon

this sudden demand, the court did not take the defense statements, also the case was postponed

for giving additional time for the defense statements. Fidan Ataselim who is Istanbul

representative of Platform to Stop Women Murders delivered a speech in front of the courthouse

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and she said “We are behind of our sister, she was very much strong during the trial, there were

some discussions about “what was she doing outside at 3 a.m.?” We have been passing through

a period such attacks are legitimized by discourse.

Nuray Ünal who is the lawyer of E.F.B stated that she use the right to remain silent during the

trial and Ünal added, “She has not made any additional comment about what she told in the

police station. The defendant stated that he used some medicines in the prison, therefore, he

couldn’t plead right now then he wanted to give a defense statement later. This is why the trial

was postponed. Of course, he has a sort of mental disorder but it does not mean that you do not

know the legibility and nature of the crime you are committed to. If he did not have such as

deviant thoughts, he could not attack to my client. I think, he is trying to accept his normal life

was over. I hope, this will be setting a precedent to people who have tendency to attempt to

rape.”7(IHA)

When we look at the context of the news, actually we see precisely that there is a biased

perception of the society such as she has already deserved it, because she seems like “easy girl”

in accordance with conservatives. She is drinking, she can stay outside till 3 a.m. so what's the

deal? Unfortunately, it is constructed perception by the community itself. The video images that

he grabbed her and put a knife on her back used in the news. The resource of the news is known

which is IHA and there are some citations in the news that belong to the lawyer of E.F.B and

Cengiz Ay. In fact, there is a wide response to the Ministry due to its passive attitude, which is

not directly found in the case.

Table 6. Any accusation of defendant within the news and/or headline?

ACCUSAIT

ON

FREQUEN

CY

PERCE

NT

VALID

PERCENT

CUMULATI

VE

PERCENT

YES 63 84 84 84

NO 12 16 16 16

TOTAL 75 100 100 100

7 http://www.gazetevatan.com/bagdat-caddesi-nde-tecavuze-ugrayan-kiz-konustu-934188-yasam/ (Last accessed December 10, 2016) Translation is mine.

http://www.gazetevatan.com/bagdat-caddesi-nde-tecavuze-ugrayan-kiz-konustu-934188-yasam/

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When we evaluate the news in terms of language and word selection, we can find many

accusation expression within the news. In fact, it aims to build a sort of sense of criminal. He

raped her, he extorted her, he changed her life so it must be a cost. Press media actually triggers

the society and achieves it perfectly well. As you can see on table 6, 84 percent of words such as

pervert, hijacker and so on, has used for accusing him; “In my opinion, the words have been

chosen by the newspapers are also unjustified.”

At that stage, Posta newspaper published the news on the right-hand corner of the first

page on January 27, 2016, which is the first date of publication in Posta newspaper . The

headline of the news is “The terror of rape in Bağdat Caddesi”, sub- heading is “The police

caught the pervert within 36 hours”. As it can be seen, clear face photo of Cengiz Ay used within

the news which is a substantial difference than the rest of the newspapers due to the fact that

Vatan and Hürriyet preferred to use his blurry face photo within the news. It can be said that

regarding news place on the first page of the newspaper is much more visible and remarkable

comparing to the rest of the newspapers. However, the context of the news is almost same with

previous news. Some of the basic details about the case has been given in the news such as

E.F.B.’s age, where the case has occurred and of course he was found by using the security and

MOBESE cameras actually importance of surveillance emphasized on it. So to say, surveillance

provides the authority a very much space to follow up a criminal and get it as well. So, in the

present case is the evidential reasoning of the surveillance somehow. There are so many camera’s

views within the news. The content of the case is almost identical in three newspapers the first

date of publication. Posta also emphasized how he has been caught as below,

“After the attacker was running away from the venue, he got on the minibus. The attacker was

followed up to Pendik by using the camera views of the minibus. After he got off the minibus, he

had been surveilled by the police via camera views to the street where he lived in.8”

Table 7. Distribution of the camera images used within the news

Camera

Images

FREQUEN

CY

PERCE

NT

VALID

PERCENT

CUMULATI

VE

8 http://www.posta.com.tr/bagdat-caddesinde-tecavuz-dehsetinin-yeni-goruntuleri-haberi-324104(Last accessed December 11, 2016) Translation is mine.

http://www.posta.com.tr/bagdat-caddesinde-tecavuz-dehsetinin-yeni-goruntuleri-haberi-324104

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PERCENT

Yes 32 88,9 88,9 88,9

No 4 11,1 11,1 11,1

Total 36 100,0 100,0 100,0

When we evaluate the newspapers in terms of using the security camera images, a large amount

of newspapers used those images within the news. In fact, they are very much disturbing which

was about Cengiz Ay forced to her who was horrified to walk to the back garden of an apartment

and he was precisely erection in those images. In order to much more sensationalize the news, all

of the newspapers used them within the news. As far as I am concerned, it can be controversial as

to how ethical to use of camera images.

When we look at the day of judicial decision that Hürriyet and Vatan published the news on

May 6, 2016 briefly,

Cengiz Ay who raped and extorted to E.F.B was sentenced to 45 years imprisonment. There was

no remission.

“Intensive Participation to Trial!”

The defendant Cengiz Ay, who was arrested for the 2nd trial of the case in Anadolu 4th High

Criminal Court, and the attorneys of the parties attended. The attorney of the Ministry of Family

and Social Policies and parents of E. F.B. attended to the trial as well. Intensive security

measures are taken before the trial, friends of E.F.B. and members of Platform to Stop Women

Murders followed the proceeding. In the trial, after the public prosecutor's obiter dictum, the

court board passed sentence on. Cengiz Ay, 30 years for the "sexual assault" and for “extortion”

15 years, sentenced him totally 45 years. The court, considering the fact that the defendant had

not shown any regrets after the accusations this is why it did not make any discounts in the

penalty which was given.9

Table 8. Distribution of the headlines in terms of Descriptive & Interpretive

Headlines FREQUENCY

PERCENT

VALID PERCENT

CUMULATIVE

PERCENTDescriptive 3 25,0 25,0 25,0

9 Aziz Özen - Arzu Kaya http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/bagdat-caddesindeki-tecavuz-davasinda-45-yil-hapis-cezasi-40100166 & http://www.gazetevatan.com/kadikoy-deki-tecavuz-ve-gasp-iddiasi-davasinda-karar-942316-yasam/ (Last accessed December 11, 2016) Translation is mine.

http://www.gazetevatan.com/kadikoy-deki-tecavuz-ve-gasp-iddiasi-davasinda-karar-942316-yasam/

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/bagdat-caddesindeki-tecavuz-davasinda-45-yil-hapis-cezasi-40100166

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/bagdat-caddesindeki-tecavuz-davasinda-45-yil-hapis-cezasi-40100166

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Interpretive 9 75,0 75,0 75,0

Total 12 100,0 100,0 100,0

As it can be seen on Table 8, headlines are generally descriptive which shows us the detailed of

the news. In fact, traditionally interpretive headlines are the most preferred. As raping case

newspapers used much more interpretive headlines. In spite of only 3 headlines descriptive, 9

headlines are descriptive. Vatan had a one and Posta had two descriptive headlines; Hürriyet had

3 interpretive, Posta had two and Vatan had 3 interpretive headlines.

When we look at the news of Posta Newspaper on May 6, 2016;

The defendant Cengiz Ay who had right to speak during the trial but he stated that he had given

his defense statement and there was nothing to add to it. The defendant Cengiz Ay, in his defense

statement claiming that the intimacy began between the victim before the camera views: "As

indicated in the indictment that I started to follow her does not reflect the truth. E.F.B said to me

'Let's go to the nook.' and she took me to the garden of her apartment. While we were going to

the garden of the apartment, I carried a knife because I just met with her and I did not trust her,

also I was taken away that I did not know. I have never been involved in any attempt or action to

threaten her.”

I was cold-blooded during the incident due to I was in danger!

E.F.B stated that she does not agree with his defense statement and she said: "My life was in

danger this is why I was cold-blooded during the incident." Birsel Kurt who is the lawyer of the

Ministry of Family and Social Policies demanded that he must be punished for the act of sexual

assault and qualified robbery to E.F.B. Cengiz Ay did not accept the charges. Cengiz Ay, 30

years for the act of "sexual assault" and “extortion” 15 years, sentenced him totally 45 years

imprisonment.10

To conclude, this small-scale research shows us the press media’s strength over the society. In

this criminal case, printed media used some sort of words to the defendant such as pervert,

deviant etc. Inferential, it cause to defendant was punished aggravated 45 years imprisonment.

10 http://www.posta.com.tr/bagdat-caddesindeki-tecavuz-davasinda-45-yil-hapis-cezasi-haberi-341412(Last accessed December 11, 2016) Translation is mine.

http://www.posta.com.tr/bagdat-caddesindeki-tecavuz-davasinda-45-yil-hapis-cezasi-haberi-341412

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We cannot deny the role of media in this case. Media’s tool are able to aggrandize something or

raze something to the ground. It is setting agenda, though. This is why, it is called as the 4th

power of the democracy “it is a kind of check and balance system”, but of course who are the

media barons, the answer of this question is more importantly. If media serves to the current

ruling party, it leads to people biased. Media must be neutrality or treat equally to all parties.

Coding Sheet:

Newspapers: 1=Hürriyet 2=Vatan 3=Posta

Pictures relevant to case: 1=Yes 2=No

Pictures irrelevant to case: 1=Yes 2=No

Content of the picture: 1= Demonstration 2=Suspect 3= Other

Source of the news: 1=Reporter 2=Agency

Camera Images: 1=Yes 2=No

Any accusation of defendant within the news: 1=Yes 2=No

Total News Coverage on Inner Pages: 1=Yes 2=No

Total News Items with Picture(s) : 1=Yes 2=No

Type of the headline 1=Descriptive 2=Interpretive

Appendix:

On January 26, 2016 was the first publication of the case in the newspapers.

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On May 6, 2016 was the case result.

It is a sort of idiotic smear campaign on twitter which was started by a person who is devoid of

reasoning… How bad it is and what a shame who said or think such a thing…

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Documents

İbrahim Anıl Çelikbaş Med 511 final