IBiology I Lecture Outline Ecology

References (Textbook -pages 818 837-926)

Definitions

History

Levels of Study

1 Population Ecology

A Definition and Overview

B Examples of Population Ecology Studies

2 Community Ecology

A Definition and Overview

B Examples of Community Ecology Studies

3 Ecosystem Ecology

A Definition and Overview

B Examples of Ecosystem Studies

4 The Biosphere

A Definition and Overview

B Examples of Biosphere Studies

I Biology I Lecture Notes Ecology

References (Textbook -pages 818 837-926)

Definitions

1 Your textbook defmes ecology as the study ojthe interactions ojorganisms with other organisms and with the physical and chemical environment

2 The word ecology is derived from the Greek word oikos that means house or home

3 In a simplistic way one could say ecology is the study of the house or home of Life on earth

4 Ecology is a basic division of the Science of Biology much like Botany and Zoology

History

I Anton van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch shopkeeper studied jood chains and population regulation in the early 1700s

luuw~lfhoek JlSuaJJy rlrtfOftlN-d ID lire ~fa1er ofille microscope H~ built th~ first microscope and was probobly thefirst peTWIf to ~ee ceIb wing I microscope

2 Ernst Baeckel a German Biologistsjirst used the word ecology in 1866

3 Ecology did not mature into a distinctfudd ofstudy lUltil the early 1900s

4 During the 1960s ecology finally became part of the general public vocabulary and a distinct curriculum at universities in the US and elsewhere

Levels of Study (see handout ofTable 461 Ecological Terms from page 438 oflatbook)

bull One of the most common ways scientists approach the study of ecology is to hreak it down into what are called levels oforganization

bull We studied levels oforganizahon in a single animal and found the following progression

CELLS-TISSUES-ORGANS-ORGAN SYSTEMS- - - - ORGANISM

bull We can continue the progression and do something similar for the study of ecology

ORGAN1SM-POPULATlON-COMMUN1TY-ECOSYSTEM- - - BIOSPHERE

bull We will cover these levels using the titles

Population Ecology Community Ecology Ecosystem Ecology The Biosphere

1 PopulationEcology

A Definition and Overview

bull Population Ecology is defined as the study ofa group oforganisms of the same species occupying a certain geographic area and sharing a common gene pooL

bull Population is a word normally used to denote a group of people in a given area (ExImtpIn indutk lire population ofTTmlon tire populaJion ofGiMon County or

tire popuialion of TennLSUL)

bull In ecology the word is used in a similar way

B Examples of Population Ecology Studies

bull Population Densities

(1) Whitetail Deer population estimates for TWRAs Hom Bluff Wildlife Management Area

(2) Whitetail Deer population estimates for the State of Tennessee

bull Population Growth Rates

(1) Depends on birth rates death rates emigration and immigration

(2) Includes studies measuring increase or decrease in population densities over time in a particular area

(3) For hypothetical example - a study that found that the human population growth rate in Gibson County to be a 5 increase each year from 1990 to 2000

bull DispersaJ Patterns

( 1) Dispersal patterns represent how individuals of a species are distributed across a geographic area

(2) There are 3 basic dispersal patterns (DrawollblacAboard)

CLUMPED RANDOM UNIFORM

----~~a~~------7 ~

0middot bull ~o ~ _---- _

D( -U~ ( (P ~ 1 (laquo l-t r P i t- -1 - J fill f ~rq lttZt(f~ I ~ - leE fwr

f

I d

Tz r I _ J gt

bull Life History Studies

(I) Example would be a Life History Study of the Bald Eagle that answered such questions as

When do they mate How long do they live What do they eat How many eggs does a female lay Etc Etc

2 Community Ecology

A Definition and Overview

bull Community Ecology is defined as the studies ofan assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment

bull Assemblage ofpopulations is a fancy wt9 of saying a group of species

bull The community includes all populations in a given geographic area

B Examples of Community Ecology Stndies

bull Community Composition

(1) Checklist of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist of Salamanders of the Spruce-Fir Forests in Great Smoky Mountains

bull Community Species Diversity and Abundance

(l) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Salamanders of the Spruce Fir Forests in the Great Smoky Mountains

I Biology I Lecture Notes Ecology

References (Textbook -pages 818 837-926)

Definitions

1 Your textbook defmes ecology as the study ojthe interactions ojorganisms with other organisms and with the physical and chemical environment

2 The word ecology is derived from the Greek word oikos that means house or home

3 In a simplistic way one could say ecology is the study of the house or home of Life on earth

4 Ecology is a basic division of the Science of Biology much like Botany and Zoology

History

I Anton van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch shopkeeper studied jood chains and population regulation in the early 1700s

luuw~lfhoek JlSuaJJy rlrtfOftlN-d ID lire ~fa1er ofille microscope H~ built th~ first microscope and was probobly thefirst peTWIf to ~ee ceIb wing I microscope

2 Ernst Baeckel a German Biologistsjirst used the word ecology in 1866

3 Ecology did not mature into a distinctfudd ofstudy lUltil the early 1900s

4 During the 1960s ecology finally became part of the general public vocabulary and a distinct curriculum at universities in the US and elsewhere

Levels of Study (see handout ofTable 461 Ecological Terms from page 438 oflatbook)

bull One of the most common ways scientists approach the study of ecology is to hreak it down into what are called levels oforganization

bull We studied levels oforganizahon in a single animal and found the following progression

CELLS-TISSUES-ORGANS-ORGAN SYSTEMS- - - - ORGANISM

bull We can continue the progression and do something similar for the study of ecology

ORGAN1SM-POPULATlON-COMMUN1TY-ECOSYSTEM- - - BIOSPHERE

bull We will cover these levels using the titles

Population Ecology Community Ecology Ecosystem Ecology The Biosphere

1 PopulationEcology

A Definition and Overview

bull Population Ecology is defined as the study ofa group oforganisms of the same species occupying a certain geographic area and sharing a common gene pooL

bull Population is a word normally used to denote a group of people in a given area (ExImtpIn indutk lire population ofTTmlon tire populaJion ofGiMon County or

tire popuialion of TennLSUL)

bull In ecology the word is used in a similar way

B Examples of Population Ecology Studies

bull Population Densities

(1) Whitetail Deer population estimates for TWRAs Hom Bluff Wildlife Management Area

(2) Whitetail Deer population estimates for the State of Tennessee

bull Population Growth Rates

(1) Depends on birth rates death rates emigration and immigration

(2) Includes studies measuring increase or decrease in population densities over time in a particular area

(3) For hypothetical example - a study that found that the human population growth rate in Gibson County to be a 5 increase each year from 1990 to 2000

bull DispersaJ Patterns

( 1) Dispersal patterns represent how individuals of a species are distributed across a geographic area

(2) There are 3 basic dispersal patterns (DrawollblacAboard)

CLUMPED RANDOM UNIFORM

----~~a~~------7 ~

0middot bull ~o ~ _---- _

D( -U~ ( (P ~ 1 (laquo l-t r P i t- -1 - J fill f ~rq lttZt(f~ I ~ - leE fwr

f

I d

Tz r I _ J gt

bull Life History Studies

(I) Example would be a Life History Study of the Bald Eagle that answered such questions as

When do they mate How long do they live What do they eat How many eggs does a female lay Etc Etc

2 Community Ecology

A Definition and Overview

bull Community Ecology is defined as the studies ofan assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment

bull Assemblage ofpopulations is a fancy wt9 of saying a group of species

bull The community includes all populations in a given geographic area

B Examples of Community Ecology Stndies

bull Community Composition

(1) Checklist of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist of Salamanders of the Spruce-Fir Forests in Great Smoky Mountains

bull Community Species Diversity and Abundance

(l) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Salamanders of the Spruce Fir Forests in the Great Smoky Mountains

Levels of Study (see handout ofTable 461 Ecological Terms from page 438 oflatbook)

bull One of the most common ways scientists approach the study of ecology is to hreak it down into what are called levels oforganization

bull We studied levels oforganizahon in a single animal and found the following progression

CELLS-TISSUES-ORGANS-ORGAN SYSTEMS- - - - ORGANISM

bull We can continue the progression and do something similar for the study of ecology

ORGAN1SM-POPULATlON-COMMUN1TY-ECOSYSTEM- - - BIOSPHERE

bull We will cover these levels using the titles

Population Ecology Community Ecology Ecosystem Ecology The Biosphere

1 PopulationEcology

A Definition and Overview

bull Population Ecology is defined as the study ofa group oforganisms of the same species occupying a certain geographic area and sharing a common gene pooL

bull Population is a word normally used to denote a group of people in a given area (ExImtpIn indutk lire population ofTTmlon tire populaJion ofGiMon County or

tire popuialion of TennLSUL)

bull In ecology the word is used in a similar way

B Examples of Population Ecology Studies

bull Population Densities

(1) Whitetail Deer population estimates for TWRAs Hom Bluff Wildlife Management Area

(2) Whitetail Deer population estimates for the State of Tennessee

bull Population Growth Rates

(1) Depends on birth rates death rates emigration and immigration

(2) Includes studies measuring increase or decrease in population densities over time in a particular area

(3) For hypothetical example - a study that found that the human population growth rate in Gibson County to be a 5 increase each year from 1990 to 2000

bull DispersaJ Patterns

( 1) Dispersal patterns represent how individuals of a species are distributed across a geographic area

(2) There are 3 basic dispersal patterns (DrawollblacAboard)

CLUMPED RANDOM UNIFORM

----~~a~~------7 ~

0middot bull ~o ~ _---- _

D( -U~ ( (P ~ 1 (laquo l-t r P i t- -1 - J fill f ~rq lttZt(f~ I ~ - leE fwr

f

I d

Tz r I _ J gt

bull Life History Studies

(I) Example would be a Life History Study of the Bald Eagle that answered such questions as

When do they mate How long do they live What do they eat How many eggs does a female lay Etc Etc

2 Community Ecology

A Definition and Overview

bull Community Ecology is defined as the studies ofan assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment

bull Assemblage ofpopulations is a fancy wt9 of saying a group of species

bull The community includes all populations in a given geographic area

B Examples of Community Ecology Stndies

bull Community Composition

(1) Checklist of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist of Salamanders of the Spruce-Fir Forests in Great Smoky Mountains

bull Community Species Diversity and Abundance

(l) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Salamanders of the Spruce Fir Forests in the Great Smoky Mountains

B Examples of Population Ecology Studies

bull Population Densities

(1) Whitetail Deer population estimates for TWRAs Hom Bluff Wildlife Management Area

(2) Whitetail Deer population estimates for the State of Tennessee

bull Population Growth Rates

(1) Depends on birth rates death rates emigration and immigration

(2) Includes studies measuring increase or decrease in population densities over time in a particular area

(3) For hypothetical example - a study that found that the human population growth rate in Gibson County to be a 5 increase each year from 1990 to 2000

bull DispersaJ Patterns

( 1) Dispersal patterns represent how individuals of a species are distributed across a geographic area

(2) There are 3 basic dispersal patterns (DrawollblacAboard)

CLUMPED RANDOM UNIFORM

----~~a~~------7 ~

0middot bull ~o ~ _---- _

D( -U~ ( (P ~ 1 (laquo l-t r P i t- -1 - J fill f ~rq lttZt(f~ I ~ - leE fwr

f

I d

Tz r I _ J gt

bull Life History Studies

(I) Example would be a Life History Study of the Bald Eagle that answered such questions as

When do they mate How long do they live What do they eat How many eggs does a female lay Etc Etc

2 Community Ecology

A Definition and Overview

bull Community Ecology is defined as the studies ofan assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment

bull Assemblage ofpopulations is a fancy wt9 of saying a group of species

bull The community includes all populations in a given geographic area

B Examples of Community Ecology Stndies

bull Community Composition

(1) Checklist of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist of Salamanders of the Spruce-Fir Forests in Great Smoky Mountains

bull Community Species Diversity and Abundance

(l) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Salamanders of the Spruce Fir Forests in the Great Smoky Mountains

bull Life History Studies

(I) Example would be a Life History Study of the Bald Eagle that answered such questions as

When do they mate How long do they live What do they eat How many eggs does a female lay Etc Etc

2 Community Ecology

A Definition and Overview

bull Community Ecology is defined as the studies ofan assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment

bull Assemblage ofpopulations is a fancy wt9 of saying a group of species

bull The community includes all populations in a given geographic area

B Examples of Community Ecology Stndies

bull Community Composition

(1) Checklist of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist of Salamanders of the Spruce-Fir Forests in Great Smoky Mountains

bull Community Species Diversity and Abundance

(l) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Aquatic Plant Species of Reelfoot Lake

(2) Checklist and Relative Abundance of Salamanders of the Spruce Fir Forests in the Great Smoky Mountains

bull Competitive Relationships

(I) Displacement of Fox Squirrels by Gray Squirrels in Gibson County Tennessee

bull Predator - Prey Relationships

(I) impacts of Coyotes on Wild Turkey Population in Shelby Forest State Park

3 Ecosystem Ecology

A Definition and Overview

bull Ecosystem is defmed as - a community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

bull Therefore Ecosystem Ecology can be defined as - the study ofthe interrelationships ofa community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

bull By adding the physical environment this level is given a whole new dimension to study

bull The physical environment brings on new characteristics to study and measure These include phenomena such as energy flows and biochemical cycles (see handout ofFigure 483 NaJure ofan ecosystem from page amp85 ofUXtbool)

B Examples of Ecosystem Studies

bull Energy Food Web or Energy Web Studies

(I) (see handout ofFigure 485 Grazing and detritalfood web from page 8860 lextbool) Taken from studies ofaoust in New Hampshire

(2) As stated in the legend of the Figure this is a study of who eats whom

bull Ecological Pyramids

(I) (s~~ htlIIdout ofFigure 486Ecologica Pyramidfrom page 887 oftextbook)

(2) This represents a study were producers and consumers were divided into 4 trophic levels (trophic means feeding) These included

Autotrophs (producers)

Herbivores (consumers)

Carnivores (consumers)

Top Carnivores (consumers)

(3) Note the loss ofbiomtlSS from bottom to top

(610_ - is the rIIlIrtbn 0organisms nwllipied by th~ dry wdglft rgllJlic fNdJU

wiIIill olle orgattism)

bull Biochemical Cycles

(1) The Carbon Cycle - (su handout ofFiguN 489 The carbon cycl~from page 890 oftextbook) Note that the transfer ofcarbon into the atmosphere due to respiration approximately matches withdrawal ofcarbon from the atmosphere due to photosynthesis

(2) Other important cycles shown in your textbook include

bull Water Cycle (see handout ofFigure 488 The hydrgic(woler cycle) from page 889 oftextbook)

bull Nitrogen CycJe(see handout ofFigu~ 4811The nitrogen cyclefrom page 891 oftextbook)

bull Phosphorus Cycle(see handoul ofFigure 4814 The phosphorus cycle from page 894 oftextbook)

4 Tbe Biospbere

A Defmition and Overview

bull Biosphere is defined as - Zone ofair land and water aJ the surface ofthe earth in which all living organisms are found

bull Therefore Biosphere Ecology can be defined as - the study of interactions ofaU the earths organisms with the air land and water at the surface ofthe earth

bull In an imaginative way - you can think of the earths biosphere as a single very large organism with lots ofcomplicated parts and interactions Each individual part has afunction that may be important for the survival of the whole

B Examples of Biosphere Studies

bull Climate Studies

(1) Current studies ofglobal warming are examples of biosphere studies

bull Classification and Distribution ofBiomes

(1) (see hll1ldoul of Table 491 Selected biomnfrom page 905 oftextbook)

and

(see hll1ldout ofFigure 494 Pattern ofblome distribution from JHlge 904 oftextbook)

(2) Biome is defined as a major type of terrestrial ecosystem

l

TAB L E 46 1 ~ Ecological Terms Term De finition

Ecology

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment

All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area

All the populations round in a particular area

A community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

All the communities on Earth whose members exlu in air and water and on land

sofar energy

heal

heal lta-r~

+ energy

~nutrients

FIGURE J 83 Nature of an ecosystem C hemicals cycle bur energy flo ws through an ecosystem As energy

[ranformation repeatedly occur all the energy derived from the sun eventually diSSipates as heat

86

Autotroph HerbivoresOmnivores Carnivores

fungi and bacteria shreVlS

- Jetritus food web

FIGURE 185 Grazing and detrital food web =Jd webs are descriptions of who eats vIhcm a Tan rr os lI ustrt e pc ssibe g-um -)c c middotmiddot eos F) 2xaT ~ e J -di ~ I- C ~eci Or JS rT 2y be e Hen by a hawk

-= _o [rophs such as (he tree are producers dkst trophic or feedl rg e e tr~ fi rs t SE r es of iJrra S l-e lnrary ccnsu r- es iecor o r-c phc levell and t e next group of 11 als are secondary consumers third ( rcph lC ievel ) b G een ar r ovs u S~ ( 2 OS5 DIe d etr ~a t cd --ebs vr (1 egumiddot N - c cr - c s-re j Jcreria ar d fungi of decay 1-d - -fTlains of dead organisms A large poric n of rrese r~ rr an 5i are f orr ere g-UJrg feed middotbullmiddot eb dl _soed ir a Tre c -3r srO In ~re certi tal ood web are sometimes

~ nimals in [he grazing food eb as w hen roins feed en eJrn middotJO~fS 7hts c Le gl32ir- g foad Neb 3r e ~e de - lta l (0- middot~ ~b are connec ed to one another

bull Ecological Pyramids

(I) (s~~ htlIIdout ofFigure 486Ecologica Pyramidfrom page 887 oftextbook)

(2) This represents a study were producers and consumers were divided into 4 trophic levels (trophic means feeding) These included

Autotrophs (producers)

Herbivores (consumers)

Carnivores (consumers)

Top Carnivores (consumers)

(3) Note the loss ofbiomtlSS from bottom to top

(610_ - is the rIIlIrtbn 0organisms nwllipied by th~ dry wdglft rgllJlic fNdJU

wiIIill olle orgattism)

bull Biochemical Cycles

(1) The Carbon Cycle - (su handout ofFiguN 489 The carbon cycl~from page 890 oftextbook) Note that the transfer ofcarbon into the atmosphere due to respiration approximately matches withdrawal ofcarbon from the atmosphere due to photosynthesis

(2) Other important cycles shown in your textbook include

bull Water Cycle (see handout ofFigure 488 The hydrgic(woler cycle) from page 889 oftextbook)

bull Nitrogen CycJe(see handout ofFigu~ 4811The nitrogen cyclefrom page 891 oftextbook)

bull Phosphorus Cycle(see handoul ofFigure 4814 The phosphorus cycle from page 894 oftextbook)

4 Tbe Biospbere

A Defmition and Overview

bull Biosphere is defined as - Zone ofair land and water aJ the surface ofthe earth in which all living organisms are found

bull Therefore Biosphere Ecology can be defined as - the study of interactions ofaU the earths organisms with the air land and water at the surface ofthe earth

bull In an imaginative way - you can think of the earths biosphere as a single very large organism with lots ofcomplicated parts and interactions Each individual part has afunction that may be important for the survival of the whole

B Examples of Biosphere Studies

bull Climate Studies

(1) Current studies ofglobal warming are examples of biosphere studies

bull Classification and Distribution ofBiomes

(1) (see hll1ldoul of Table 491 Selected biomnfrom page 905 oftextbook)

and

(see hll1ldout ofFigure 494 Pattern ofblome distribution from JHlge 904 oftextbook)

(2) Biome is defined as a major type of terrestrial ecosystem

l

TAB L E 46 1 ~ Ecological Terms Term De finition

Ecology

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment

All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area

All the populations round in a particular area

A community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

All the communities on Earth whose members exlu in air and water and on land

sofar energy

heal

heal lta-r~

+ energy

~nutrients

FIGURE J 83 Nature of an ecosystem C hemicals cycle bur energy flo ws through an ecosystem As energy

[ranformation repeatedly occur all the energy derived from the sun eventually diSSipates as heat

86

Autotroph HerbivoresOmnivores Carnivores

fungi and bacteria shreVlS

- Jetritus food web

FIGURE 185 Grazing and detrital food web =Jd webs are descriptions of who eats vIhcm a Tan rr os lI ustrt e pc ssibe g-um -)c c middotmiddot eos F) 2xaT ~ e J -di ~ I- C ~eci Or JS rT 2y be e Hen by a hawk

-= _o [rophs such as (he tree are producers dkst trophic or feedl rg e e tr~ fi rs t SE r es of iJrra S l-e lnrary ccnsu r- es iecor o r-c phc levell and t e next group of 11 als are secondary consumers third ( rcph lC ievel ) b G een ar r ovs u S~ ( 2 OS5 DIe d etr ~a t cd --ebs vr (1 egumiddot N - c cr - c s-re j Jcreria ar d fungi of decay 1-d - -fTlains of dead organisms A large poric n of rrese r~ rr an 5i are f orr ere g-UJrg feed middotbullmiddot eb dl _soed ir a Tre c -3r srO In ~re certi tal ood web are sometimes

~ nimals in [he grazing food eb as w hen roins feed en eJrn middotJO~fS 7hts c Le gl32ir- g foad Neb 3r e ~e de - lta l (0- middot~ ~b are connec ed to one another

4 Tbe Biospbere

A Defmition and Overview

bull Biosphere is defined as - Zone ofair land and water aJ the surface ofthe earth in which all living organisms are found

bull Therefore Biosphere Ecology can be defined as - the study of interactions ofaU the earths organisms with the air land and water at the surface ofthe earth

bull In an imaginative way - you can think of the earths biosphere as a single very large organism with lots ofcomplicated parts and interactions Each individual part has afunction that may be important for the survival of the whole

B Examples of Biosphere Studies

bull Climate Studies

(1) Current studies ofglobal warming are examples of biosphere studies

bull Classification and Distribution ofBiomes

(1) (see hll1ldoul of Table 491 Selected biomnfrom page 905 oftextbook)

and

(see hll1ldout ofFigure 494 Pattern ofblome distribution from JHlge 904 oftextbook)

(2) Biome is defined as a major type of terrestrial ecosystem

l

TAB L E 46 1 ~ Ecological Terms Term De finition

Ecology

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment

All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area

All the populations round in a particular area

A community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

All the communities on Earth whose members exlu in air and water and on land

sofar energy

heal

heal lta-r~

+ energy

~nutrients

FIGURE J 83 Nature of an ecosystem C hemicals cycle bur energy flo ws through an ecosystem As energy

[ranformation repeatedly occur all the energy derived from the sun eventually diSSipates as heat

86

Autotroph HerbivoresOmnivores Carnivores

fungi and bacteria shreVlS

- Jetritus food web

FIGURE 185 Grazing and detrital food web =Jd webs are descriptions of who eats vIhcm a Tan rr os lI ustrt e pc ssibe g-um -)c c middotmiddot eos F) 2xaT ~ e J -di ~ I- C ~eci Or JS rT 2y be e Hen by a hawk

-= _o [rophs such as (he tree are producers dkst trophic or feedl rg e e tr~ fi rs t SE r es of iJrra S l-e lnrary ccnsu r- es iecor o r-c phc levell and t e next group of 11 als are secondary consumers third ( rcph lC ievel ) b G een ar r ovs u S~ ( 2 OS5 DIe d etr ~a t cd --ebs vr (1 egumiddot N - c cr - c s-re j Jcreria ar d fungi of decay 1-d - -fTlains of dead organisms A large poric n of rrese r~ rr an 5i are f orr ere g-UJrg feed middotbullmiddot eb dl _soed ir a Tre c -3r srO In ~re certi tal ood web are sometimes

~ nimals in [he grazing food eb as w hen roins feed en eJrn middotJO~fS 7hts c Le gl32ir- g foad Neb 3r e ~e de - lta l (0- middot~ ~b are connec ed to one another

l

TAB L E 46 1 ~ Ecological Terms Term De finition

Ecology

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment

All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area

All the populations round in a particular area

A community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

All the communities on Earth whose members exlu in air and water and on land

sofar energy

heal

heal lta-r~

+ energy

~nutrients

FIGURE J 83 Nature of an ecosystem C hemicals cycle bur energy flo ws through an ecosystem As energy

[ranformation repeatedly occur all the energy derived from the sun eventually diSSipates as heat

86

Autotroph HerbivoresOmnivores Carnivores

fungi and bacteria shreVlS

- Jetritus food web

FIGURE 185 Grazing and detrital food web =Jd webs are descriptions of who eats vIhcm a Tan rr os lI ustrt e pc ssibe g-um -)c c middotmiddot eos F) 2xaT ~ e J -di ~ I- C ~eci Or JS rT 2y be e Hen by a hawk

-= _o [rophs such as (he tree are producers dkst trophic or feedl rg e e tr~ fi rs t SE r es of iJrra S l-e lnrary ccnsu r- es iecor o r-c phc levell and t e next group of 11 als are secondary consumers third ( rcph lC ievel ) b G een ar r ovs u S~ ( 2 OS5 DIe d etr ~a t cd --ebs vr (1 egumiddot N - c cr - c s-re j Jcreria ar d fungi of decay 1-d - -fTlains of dead organisms A large poric n of rrese r~ rr an 5i are f orr ere g-UJrg feed middotbullmiddot eb dl _soed ir a Tre c -3r srO In ~re certi tal ood web are sometimes

~ nimals in [he grazing food eb as w hen roins feed en eJrn middotJO~fS 7hts c Le gl32ir- g foad Neb 3r e ~e de - lta l (0- middot~ ~b are connec ed to one another

TAB L E 46 1 ~ Ecological Terms Term De finition

Ecology

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment

All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area

All the populations round in a particular area

A community and its physical environment including both nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

All the communities on Earth whose members exlu in air and water and on land

sofar energy

heal

heal lta-r~

+ energy

~nutrients

FIGURE J 83 Nature of an ecosystem C hemicals cycle bur energy flo ws through an ecosystem As energy

[ranformation repeatedly occur all the energy derived from the sun eventually diSSipates as heat

86

Autotroph HerbivoresOmnivores Carnivores

fungi and bacteria shreVlS

- Jetritus food web

FIGURE 185 Grazing and detrital food web =Jd webs are descriptions of who eats vIhcm a Tan rr os lI ustrt e pc ssibe g-um -)c c middotmiddot eos F) 2xaT ~ e J -di ~ I- C ~eci Or JS rT 2y be e Hen by a hawk

-= _o [rophs such as (he tree are producers dkst trophic or feedl rg e e tr~ fi rs t SE r es of iJrra S l-e lnrary ccnsu r- es iecor o r-c phc levell and t e next group of 11 als are secondary consumers third ( rcph lC ievel ) b G een ar r ovs u S~ ( 2 OS5 DIe d etr ~a t cd --ebs vr (1 egumiddot N - c cr - c s-re j Jcreria ar d fungi of decay 1-d - -fTlains of dead organisms A large poric n of rrese r~ rr an 5i are f orr ere g-UJrg feed middotbullmiddot eb dl _soed ir a Tre c -3r srO In ~re certi tal ood web are sometimes

~ nimals in [he grazing food eb as w hen roins feed en eJrn middotJO~fS 7hts c Le gl32ir- g foad Neb 3r e ~e de - lta l (0- middot~ ~b are connec ed to one another

86

Autotroph HerbivoresOmnivores Carnivores

fungi and bacteria shreVlS

- Jetritus food web

FIGURE 185 Grazing and detrital food web =Jd webs are descriptions of who eats vIhcm a Tan rr os lI ustrt e pc ssibe g-um -)c c middotmiddot eos F) 2xaT ~ e J -di ~ I- C ~eci Or JS rT 2y be e Hen by a hawk

-= _o [rophs such as (he tree are producers dkst trophic or feedl rg e e tr~ fi rs t SE r es of iJrra S l-e lnrary ccnsu r- es iecor o r-c phc levell and t e next group of 11 als are secondary consumers third ( rcph lC ievel ) b G een ar r ovs u S~ ( 2 OS5 DIe d etr ~a t cd --ebs vr (1 egumiddot N - c cr - c s-re j Jcreria ar d fungi of decay 1-d - -fTlains of dead organisms A large poric n of rrese r~ rr an 5i are f orr ere g-UJrg feed middotbullmiddot eb dl _soed ir a Tre c -3r srO In ~re certi tal ood web are sometimes

~ nimals in [he grazing food eb as w hen roins feed en eJrn middotJO~fS 7hts c Le gl32ir- g foad Neb 3r e ~e de - lta l (0- middot~ ~b are connec ed to one another

FIGURE 486 EcoampogkaI pjramid The biomass or dry weight (gJm) for trophic levels in a grazing food web in a bog at Silver Spnngs Florida There is a shaqJ drop in bioousl between rhe producer 14IIeI and herlgtiYore Ievef which Is consistent with he common knowledge thai the dea-taI rood web plays a significant role in bogs

-is- I()

The Carbon Cycle Tn the carbon cycle organisms exchange carbon dioxide with the atmosphere (Fig -89) On land plants take up carbon

ioxide from the ltl ir and through photosynthesis they incorshy orate carbon in to organic nu trients that are food for other living th ings When organisms (eg plan ts animals and decomposers) respire a portion of this carbon is rehJmed to the a tmosphere as carbon dioxide In aquatic ecosystems carbon dioxide from the air combines with water to produce bicarbonate ion (HCO)- ) a source of carbon for photosynshythetic p rotists When aquatic organisms respire the carbon dioxide they give off becomes bicarbonate ion

shy

r -RT VIII BIH middotI ltl W t Cnl

Living and deCld oroanjsms contain organic carbon cl

serve as one of the reservoirs for the carbon cycle The warl( biotic components particularly trees contain 800 billion to of organic carbon cmd an additional 1()()(3(J()() billion n1L

ric tons are estimated to be held in the rcmains of plants an animals in the soil Before decomposition can occur some ( these remains are subjected to physical processes that tram fonn them into coal oil and natural gltls We call these mltl tcri dIs the fossil fuels_ Most of the fossil fuels were fanned durin~ the Carboni ferous period 299-360 mil lion years ltlgo when cl fl

exceptionaJly large amount of organic ma tter was buried beshyfore decomposing Another reservoir is the inorganic carbonate

-======~- combustion

5 CO2 in Atmosphere

720

Selected Biomes Name Charaereristics

Tundra

Taiga (coniferous forest)

Temperate deciduous forest

Grasslands

Tropical rain forests

Deserts

Around North Pole average annual temperature is - 12C to - 6C low annual precipitation (less than 25 cm) permafrost (permanent ice) year-roundI within a meter of surface

Large northern biome that circles just below the Arctic C ircle temperature is below freezing for half the year moderate annual precipitation (30-85 cm) long nights in winter and long days in summer

Eastern half of United States Canada Europe and parts of Russia four seasons of the year with hot summe rs and cold winters goodly annual precipitation (7S-150 em)

Called prairies in North America savannas in Africa II pampas in South America steppes In Europe hot in summer and cold in winter (United States) m~te annual precipitation good soil for agriculture

Located near the equator In Latin America Southeast Asia and West Africa wann (2~25Cj and wet (190 cmJyear) has wetdry season

Northern and Southern Hemispheres at 30 latirude hot (38Cj days and cold (7Cj nights low annual precipitation (less than 25 em)

o polar ice o tundra _ taiga o mountain zone bull temperate deciduous forest bull temperate rain larest bull tropical deciduous forest o tropical seasonal forest

tropical rain forest o shrubland o temperate grassland

- Ivanna idesert rt

-is- I()

The Carbon Cycle Tn the carbon cycle organisms exchange carbon dioxide with the atmosphere (Fig -89) On land plants take up carbon

ioxide from the ltl ir and through photosynthesis they incorshy orate carbon in to organic nu trients that are food for other living th ings When organisms (eg plan ts animals and decomposers) respire a portion of this carbon is rehJmed to the a tmosphere as carbon dioxide In aquatic ecosystems carbon dioxide from the air combines with water to produce bicarbonate ion (HCO)- ) a source of carbon for photosynshythetic p rotists When aquatic organisms respire the carbon dioxide they give off becomes bicarbonate ion

shy

r -RT VIII BIH middotI ltl W t Cnl

Living and deCld oroanjsms contain organic carbon cl

serve as one of the reservoirs for the carbon cycle The warl( biotic components particularly trees contain 800 billion to of organic carbon cmd an additional 1()()(3(J()() billion n1L

ric tons are estimated to be held in the rcmains of plants an animals in the soil Before decomposition can occur some ( these remains are subjected to physical processes that tram fonn them into coal oil and natural gltls We call these mltl tcri dIs the fossil fuels_ Most of the fossil fuels were fanned durin~ the Carboni ferous period 299-360 mil lion years ltlgo when cl fl

exceptionaJly large amount of organic ma tter was buried beshyfore decomposing Another reservoir is the inorganic carbonate

-======~- combustion

5 CO2 in Atmosphere

720

Selected Biomes Name Charaereristics

Tundra

Taiga (coniferous forest)

Temperate deciduous forest

Grasslands

Tropical rain forests

Deserts

Around North Pole average annual temperature is - 12C to - 6C low annual precipitation (less than 25 cm) permafrost (permanent ice) year-roundI within a meter of surface

Large northern biome that circles just below the Arctic C ircle temperature is below freezing for half the year moderate annual precipitation (30-85 cm) long nights in winter and long days in summer

Eastern half of United States Canada Europe and parts of Russia four seasons of the year with hot summe rs and cold winters goodly annual precipitation (7S-150 em)

Called prairies in North America savannas in Africa II pampas in South America steppes In Europe hot in summer and cold in winter (United States) m~te annual precipitation good soil for agriculture

Located near the equator In Latin America Southeast Asia and West Africa wann (2~25Cj and wet (190 cmJyear) has wetdry season

Northern and Southern Hemispheres at 30 latirude hot (38Cj days and cold (7Cj nights low annual precipitation (less than 25 em)

o polar ice o tundra _ taiga o mountain zone bull temperate deciduous forest bull temperate rain larest bull tropical deciduous forest o tropical seasonal forest

tropical rain forest o shrubland o temperate grassland

- Ivanna idesert rt

Selected Biomes Name Charaereristics

Tundra

Taiga (coniferous forest)

Temperate deciduous forest

Grasslands

Tropical rain forests

Deserts

Around North Pole average annual temperature is - 12C to - 6C low annual precipitation (less than 25 cm) permafrost (permanent ice) year-roundI within a meter of surface

Large northern biome that circles just below the Arctic C ircle temperature is below freezing for half the year moderate annual precipitation (30-85 cm) long nights in winter and long days in summer

Eastern half of United States Canada Europe and parts of Russia four seasons of the year with hot summe rs and cold winters goodly annual precipitation (7S-150 em)

Called prairies in North America savannas in Africa II pampas in South America steppes In Europe hot in summer and cold in winter (United States) m~te annual precipitation good soil for agriculture

Located near the equator In Latin America Southeast Asia and West Africa wann (2~25Cj and wet (190 cmJyear) has wetdry season

Northern and Southern Hemispheres at 30 latirude hot (38Cj days and cold (7Cj nights low annual precipitation (less than 25 em)

o polar ice o tundra _ taiga o mountain zone bull temperate deciduous forest bull temperate rain larest bull tropical deciduous forest o tropical seasonal forest

tropical rain forest o shrubland o temperate grassland

- Ivanna idesert rt