IBDAA 2011

The International Biodiversity Day At AUB

May 20, 2011

Organized byIbsar, Nature Conservation Center for Sustainable Futures

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 4

IBDAA ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ..................................................................................................... 4

IBDAA ADVISORY BOARD ...................................................................................................................... 4

PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ............................................................................... 5IBSAR, NATURE CONSERVATION CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURES ................................... 5IBDAA, THE INTERNATIONAL BIODIVERSITY DAY AT AUB ............................................................ 5THE IBSAR BOUTIQUE ............................................................................................................................... 6

CONTRIBUTING DEPARTMENTS .......................................................................................................... 6

LIST OF PARTICIPATING FACULTY, INSTRUCTORS AND ASSISTANTS .................................... 6

PARTICIPATING COURSES ...................................................................................................................... 7

CHEM 219 – Analytical and Instrumental Chemistry for Chemical Engineers ............................... 8 CHEM 206: Quantitative Analysis ..................................................................................................... 14

Water-saving greenhouse ............................................................................................................. 8Saving rain water in reservoirs for use in the dry seasons .......................................................... 8Rain water collection and irrigation satellites ............................................................................. 9Using sea water and rain water for irrigation purposes ............................................................... 9Solar air heater ............................................................................................................................. 9Water in a box ............................................................................................................................ 10Report on Survey and Control of Thaumetopoea Wilkinsoni in Lebanese forests ..................... 10Atmospheric water generator ..................................................................................................... 10Smoke detectors ......................................................................................................................... 11Eco-friendly Tree Shelter ........................................................................................................... 11Energize, Detect and Extinguish ................................................................................................ 12Bad news for goats ..................................................................................................................... 12Converting humid air into irrigation water ................................................................................ 12Forest fertilizer ........................................................................................................................... 13Severe weather protection .......................................................................................................... 13

Chemical Analysis of AUB Vermicompost ................................................................................ 14The Pine Processionary Moth .................................................................................................... 14Domestic planting first aid tool kit ............................................................................................. 15Biodegradable Wet Wipes .......................................................................................................... 15Umbrella Cage ........................................................................................................................... 15Plant watering condenser ........................................................................................................... 16Facilitating Grubbing ................................................................................................................. 16Worm composting ...................................................................................................................... 16Effect of coffee compost on AUB soil ....................................................................................... 17The biodegradable capsule ......................................................................................................... 17Advanced Underground Fire Extinguishing System ................................................................. 17

Simulation of lung conditions for pea plant growth ................................................................... 18

Reforest-Action ......................................................................................................................... 18

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ENHL 243 – Global Environmental Seminar ..................................................................................... 28 AGSC 229 – Entrepreneurship in agriculture ................................................................................... 37

Child campaign for the conservation of forests .......................................................................... 28The consequences of locating nuclear repositories in forests .................................................... 28Impacts of forest degradation on human security: a tree for a life ............................................. 29Forest mission: an ethical rescue ............................................................................................... 29Effects of Landmines on the Cedars Reserve in Tannourine, Lebanon – Destruction of the National Emblem ....................................................................................................................... 30Towards a healthy city: green fencing ........................................................................................ 30Murder of trees at large: the paper industry ................................................................................ 31Food security: a threat to natural forests? .................................................................................. 31Tobacco plantation and deforestation ........................................................................................ 32What are the impacts of ecotourism on Natural Reserves in Lebanon? ..................................... 32Pesticides runoffs: effects on trees ............................................................................................. 33The Impact of Deforestation on Water Bodies ........................................................................... 33Climate change and forestry: impacts and adaptation ................................................................ 34Forests in natural disasters ......................................................................................................... 34Biodiversity and Sustainable development ................................................................................ 35The Effect of Soil Erosion on the Mediterranean Sea ................................................................ 35Are genetically Modified Trees beneficial or Harmful to both Public Health and nature? ......... 36Is organic farming protecting the nature? ................................................................................... 36

Manufacturing artificial logs from the fruits of an Oak tree ...................................................... 18VERTICAL GREEN VILLAGE (VGV) ................................................................................... 19Calcium Alginate beads as water retainers/fertilizers ............................................................... 19Testing Antibacterial Properties of Ficus carica Leaves Extract ............................................... 20Biodegradable Root Protection .................................................................................................. 20Limestone rocks ......................................................................................................................... 21Planting Seedlings using Biodegradable Pots with No Trace .................................................... 21The perfect mix .......................................................................................................................... 22Rocks and Soil: A Promising Combination ................................................................................ 22Carob trees ................................................................................................................................. 23Deterring Goats: Plant Extraction .............................................................................................. 23Plant to ski! ................................................................................................................................ 24Solar sterilization of soil is an emerging alternative to Methyl Bromide ................................... 24The Effects of Adhesive Composition on Combustible Organic Material ................................. 24Closed Aeroponic System .......................................................................................................... 25Employing fire-retardants to help hinder forest fires: a preventative measure ........................... 25The effect of Calcium on the binding efficiency of Hydrocolloid in Opuntia Ficus Indica ........ 26Goat Repellent ........................................................................................................................... 26BURNED...BUT NOT DEAD ................................................................................................... 27

Smileco ...................................................................................................................................... 37Cedar’s Aroma ........................................................................................................................... 37“Scentsation” Air Freshener ....................................................................................................... 38LebAroma .................................................................................................................................. 38

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NFSC 299: Special Topics in Nutrition and Food Science ................................................................ 42

LDEM 211: Landscape Horticulture I ................................................................................................ 43

LIST OF CONTRIBUTING STUDENTS ................................................................................................ 44

Squeaky Clean Hand Sanitizer ................................................................................................... 39The Golden Peanut ..................................................................................................................... 39Green Pot ................................................................................................................................... 40BioPot ........................................................................................................................................ 40Chewak ...................................................................................................................................... 41

Do you really know everybody at AUB? ................................................................................... 43Nature Captured ......................................................................................................................... 43Art and Nature ............................................................................................................................ 43

Aerial Reforestation Containers from Recycled Agricultural and Food Wastes ....................... 42

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AcknowledgementsFor the fifth consecutive year, Ibsar holds the International Biodiversity Day at AUB, which has become a tradition throughout the years. It is with great pleasure that we observe yearly the increasing enthusiasm and excitement among students, professors, and staff to get more involved with nature conservation. We would therefore first like to thank all students and faculty members participating this year. A great appreciation goes as well to the members of the Advisory Board who volunteered in support of IBDAA 2011 and dedicated valuable moments of their time to discuss all the projects and to pick out the winning ones. We also thank the generous grant of the UNDP and the support of our sponsor ARAMEX, both of which allowed us to have an optimal organization of IBDAA and, for the first year, the launching of Ibsar Boutique.

Finally the backstage organization relies on a team eager to make a success out of this event. Special thanks go to all Ibsar staff for ensuring a smooth running of all the preparations and mostly for their full expected dedication during the event.

IBDAA organizing committeeNajat A. Saliba (Ibsar director) Rana Abdel-Samad (IBDAA coordinator) Layal Jradi (Ibsar designer) Ziad Jureidini Ziad Abi Chaker Tony Feghali

IBDAA advisory boardRicardo Karam Fadi Rayess Neville Assad Salha Fadia Homeidan Maureen Ali Riad Dimechkie Nabil Fahed

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Preface

The Convention on Biological Diversity

IBDAA, the International Biodiversity Day at AUB

In 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy for “sustainable development” -- meeting our needs while ensuring that we leave a healthy and viable world for future generations. One of the key agreements adopted at Rio was the Convention on Biological Diversity (or biodiversity; the variety of living things; the different plants, animals, and microorganisms, the genetic information they contain and the ecosystems they form). The Convention established three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. This pact among governments sets out commitments for maintaining the world’s ecological underpinnings as we go about the business of economic development.

The United Nations proclaimed May 22 the international Day for Biological Diversity (IBD) to increase understanding and awareness of biodiversity issues. In response to this call, since 2007, Ibsar has decided to hold a yearly event, International Biodiversity Day at AUB (IBDAA), which constitutes an opportunity for students to present and share their works highlighting the innovative, creative, and leading role of the University community in addressing biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization. Preparations for this event start in January, in preparation for the spring semester. Faculty members are invited to participate in the event by planning a class project that gives participating students the opportunity to address biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization from various angles to develop a new understanding of the subject as they enroll in a problem solving, critical thinking, and decision making process. Contributions are invited from all disciplines and on May 20th 2011, students display and explain their projects to their peers, to faculty, and to visitors. The event constitutes an opportunity to raise awareness, promote biodiversity conservation, and to advocate for the sustainable and equitable use of biological resources in Lebanon and the region.

Ibsar, Nature conservation center for sustainable futures

Ibsar, the Nature Conservation Center for Sustainable Futures, is an interfaculty center at AUB created in 2002 to promote nature conservation. Ibsar was created when a group of academics at AUB decided to combine their knowledge and intellectual capabilities to explore and develop biodiversity-related economic opportunities through research, biotechnology, and multidisciplinary approaches. AUB recognized the pioneering efforts of Ibsar faculty members and established the Interfaculty Center Ibsar under the Officer of the Provost. Ibsar’s mission is to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity for the purpose of enhancing wellbeing of people and nature by providing an open innovative and collaborative platform. The mission is achieved through research, education, community outreach, and knowledge dissemination. The center’s vision aims to establish Ibsar as a recognized center for the study and sustainable use of dry land biodiversity.

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The Ibsar Boutique

Contributing departments

List of participating faculty, instructors and assistants

This year, for the first time, Ibsar Boutique will be launched during the event. Ibsar Boutique is a concept developed by Ibsar and constitutes a marketing platform for products made by AUB students, where one can buy environment-friendly products designed by AUB students during previous IBDAA events. For this year, besides Ibsar mugs and notebooks, five natural products are being sold in Ibsar Boutique: natural detergent, air freshener, insect repellent, cactus hand sanitizer and natural perfume.

Special thanks: Alaa Shaddad, from Doriane- Copar, Technology for plastic molds

Alaa Franci, from Citco, Cosmetics Industry Trade Corporation Maya Kfoury, Biology student, American University of Beirut

Department of agricultural sciences Department of biology Department of chemical engineering Department of chemistry Department of environmental health Department of landscape design and ecosystem management Department of nutrition and food sciences

Najat A. Saliba Salma Talhouk Monika Fabian Makram Bou Nassar Rima Habib Mohammad Abiad May Massoud Rabih Kamleh Antoine Ghauch Lara Abramian Hazar El Batlouni Elias Nakouzi Leen Kalash

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CHEM 219: Analytical and Instrumental Chemistry for Chemical Engineers

CHEM 206: Quantitative Analysis

ENHL243: Global environmental issues

AGSC229: Entrepreneurship in agriculture

LDEM 211: Landscape Horticulture I

NFSC 299: Special Topics in Nutrition and Food Science

An introduction to chemical measurements and modern instrumental methods of chemical analysis: sample preparation; error analysis; chemical separations; chromatographic; spectroscopic; electrochemical; and surface analysis techniques.

The course covers gravimetric and volumetric techniques; acid/base, complex formation, and redox titrations; electrochemistry and an introduction to chromatography and spectrophotometric analysis. This course is designed for biology majors.

The course reviews a specific global environmental issue in which students are required to write a paper and present a seminar on the selected topic. Emphasis is placed on stating the problem clearly and presenting control strategies and recommendations for action plans.

Integration of production, marketing, accounting, finance, agricultural policy, human behavior, and business environment concepts in management of agricultural businesses using the compilation by students of agribusiness plans.

This course explores the science, the technique and the art of landscape horticulture. Students will identify plants, learn how to represent and produce them through practical sessions, and understand the theory behind successful plant management practices. They will become familiar with the landscape horticulture literature through written exercises, and will be introduced to concepts of environmental horticulture and its role in promoting nature conservation.

Directed study. Tutorial.

Participating courses

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Chem219 – Analytical and Instrumental Chemistry for Chemical Engineers

Water-saving greenhouseNour Awad, Salameh Haddad and N. A. Saliba

Saving rain water in reservoirs for use in the dry seasonsIngrid El Helou, Wael Assi and N. A. Saliba

Dr. Najat A. Saliba

American University of Beirut, FEA, chemical engineering

Growing plants in a greenhouse is very useful for the Lebanese farmer of the Bekaa Valley, as it allows customizing and controlling the environment for optimal growing conditions. During the hot and dry summer months, a problem regarding the availability of irrigation water arises. The goal of the project is to find a procedure that allows the farmer to reduce water consumption considerably. Greenhouses are usually humid due to a phenomenon known as plant transpiration. Our idea is to design and create a simple tool that allows us to re-condense moisture from the air, and return the water back to the soil for the plants to use again. Aluminum insulates heat extremely well. We can exploit this property by constructing pots made of aluminum. Connected to these pots are aluminum rods that have engraved canals on them. Aluminum remains cool even in warm and moist conditions. This unique property of the material allows the pot to act as a condenser, and capture water molecules from air moisture. The tiny droplets of condensed water are collected in the pot and are then re-used. We expect a considerable reduction of water use.

Even though Lebanon is considered as a water rich country, we as Lebanese citizens have seen firsthand the growing problem that is the need for a water source during the dry seasons. Therefore we decided that our project will tackle this problem; thus the idea arose for us to pick a region that is quite distant from any natural source of water, plant a small amount of vegetation and irrigate them. The water used for irrigation will be that which was saved from the rainy seasons and stored in biodegradable reservoirs. So our aim will be to figure out the most efficient, least costly way to save rain water that ultimately reduces the amount of water purchased. We will also be connecting it to a sprinkler system that functions on alternative energy, which leads to a decrease in electricity bills. The final outcome will be a model and simulation of the system showing the benefits that include: decreasing costs as well as the waste of Lebanon limited water resources.

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Rain water collection and irrigation satellitesFatima Mansour, Evita Moawad and N. A. Saliba

Using sea water and rain water for irrigation purposesGeorges Kobrossieh, Philippe Saliba, Tamim Najjar and N. A. Saliba

Solar air heaterWeam Dalal, Anas Abu Hatab and N. A. Saliba

With the many problems facing reforestation, we are asked to find a way to promote reforestation in Lebanon. We decided to work on a process that will supply a reforestation site with collected rainwater during times of soil moisture deficiency and drought. During the winter, our country experiences heavy rains with an average annual rainfall of 860 milliliters, so why not take advantage of it? Our suggestion is a system, applicable to sloped reforestation sites, that consists of a series of rainwater collecting units distributed throughout the site. Each rainwater collection unit consists of a reservoir tank above which there is a water-collecting roof such that raindrops hit the roof and drain into the tank beneath it. The units are interconnected with a pipe network that forms an irrigation system, which can later water the trees. Our aim is to provide a simple eco-friendly system that operates on the natural force of gravity and provides an alternative supply-side solution to the problem of times where there is water shortage.

There are several problems related to reforestation. One of these is the lack of water. In the early stages of their growth, trees need a continuous and suitable amount of water. Seawater is available in great amounts, but its use for irrigation poses problems. Seawater is very salty, and having too much salt in the soil will cause the tree to lose water in order to dissolve the salt. Our main objective is to find an efficient way to use seawater for irrigation purposes. One way is to dilute the seawater using rainwater, water from the rivers, and excess water drained from the soil. When the amount of salt in the soil increases too much, leaching can be done, using fresh water. The water will be drained and will take with it the excess of salt.

According to AFDC, forests covered 35 percent of the country in 1965 - against 13 percent in 2007. The real causes for this momentous drop are urban sprawl, pollution and the dependence of villagers and people living in mountains on lumber as a vital source for heating in winter especially after the global raise in fuel prices. Lebanon’s cold winter and the residence of most of its population 500 m above sea level or in Bekaa valley and inner regions, increase this dependence. What if we developed a homemade device in order to warm our houses without using lumber and for free? In this project, we will build a solar air heater and see how much energy it will give and how much trees we will save. Make use of the sun, it’s always shining. Knowing that the sunny hours in winter are between 8-9 hours a day, we are going to measure how much energy the solar heater will generate and how much lumber will generate. In conclusion, we will be able to determine the quantity of wood we will be able to save if the device were to function half a day, and consequently how many trees each house can save on the long run.

Water in a boxReem Hassoun, Natasha Kargodorian and N. A. Saliba

Atmospheric water generatorRawand Madi, Wassim Ayass and N. A. Saliba

Report on Survey and Control of Thaumetopoea Wilkinsoni in Lebanese forests

Reem Hassoun, Natasha Kargodorian and N. A. Saliba

Our project is about a device that enables plants to establish themselves and survive even in the most arid regions of the world. The device is 20-inch-wide crafted from polypropylene that is placed over a two small seedlings with a tubular opening in the middle, through which one or two saplings or seeds can be planted or sown directly into the soil. Users then add 15 liters of water to the box’s internal reservoir. The outside top surface of the box is designed to collect rainwater and deliver it to the reservoir, while the inside is designed to collect condensation from the air at night. The box itself shields the ground from evaporative effects of sun, wind, and maintains a fairly even soil temperature. The water that the box disperses seeps down into the soil creating a capillary water column that roots will follow as it grows. Once the roots reach the natural water table the saplings will experience a growth spurt, which is an indication that the box can be removed.

During drought periods, agricultural fields, gardens, forests... become threatened by the dry weather and the high humidity, especially in Lebanon, a country lacking water treatment and experiencing water crisis during summer. Therefore, we are willing to develop a device using moisture in the air to irrigate plants and offer them the needed amount of pesticides facilitating human work. The device consists of an air filter that will remove solid particles from the entering air and will then pass by a brine solution absorbing its moisture molecules. After being heated and evaporated, it will be condensed. The stored water will be simultaneously used for direct irrigation and will be mixed with pesticide powder in order to be sprinkled to the plant. Finally, we are expecting to get a reasonable amount of water enough to create the necessary condition for the plant’s survival along with the right protection offered by the needed pesticide.

The pine processionary moth is the number-two cause for deforestation in Lebanon. We attempt to study the effects of temperature and humidity on the moth’s reproduction. Based on that, we will design a “solar incinerating” system to eradicate such an environmental issue. It is expected that humidity and rain increase the pine moth’s activity, which endangers pine forests in Lebanon. The design of a solar energy incinerator which attracts male pine moths through pheromones, being specific to Thaumetopoea Wilkinsoni, will enable us to kill the moth through the incinerator which functions on solar energy.

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Smoke detectorsAmir Assi, Hani Zayat and N.A Saliba

Eco-friendly Tree ShelterRawand Madi, Wassim Ayass and N. A. Saliba

The availability of trees and natural forests is a luxury that not every region has. While the decline of trees in the forests in Lebanon have occurred as a result of many different aspects, we have decided to focus on one of the deadliest causes for the elimination of forests, and that is forest fires. While sometimes fires are put out prematurely, we must make sure that we maximize the percentage of potential fires that can be prevented. We have considered to develop a system of sensitive smoke detectors powered by solar cells distributed throughout the forest and would send a signal of the location of the fire to the responsible authorities and hence averting what could be catastrophic events. Throughout this project, our main concern will be the heat source. We will be working on a technique whereby we can provide an early alarming sign that will help cut short massive chances for a forest fire to occur. Firefighters fight wildfires by depriving them of one or more of the fire triangle fundamentals. Traditional methods include water dousing and spraying fire retardants to extinguish existing fires. Nowadays, technology has driven loads of newly invented materials that can aid the formation of tiny sensors in a huge variety. Meaning that, in order to use the aid of these sensors, some modifications will have to be taken into consideration, modifications that will enable a matter of resistance and support outdoors in nature. Various lab experiments will take place where we will try to build an exact same atmosphere as if it was a real forest condition. This will provide an immediate serious feedback to test if our modifications were in place or not, leading to a final prototype that will hopefully lead to the end of forest fires in Lebanon.

Due to the many problems encountered by growing trees, the rate of reforestation has been significantly decreasing. In order to protect these trees, solutions to such problems are required. These problems include severe weather, animal browsing and chemicals applications to plants. Tuley tubes are special types of tubes that exist to protect plants from these problems in particular. However, due to the non-biodegradability of their base-material, using them on a large scale tree planting procedure and excessively, is time-consuming and environmentally disastrous. Therefore, producing such effective shelters but instead made of biodegradable material is of extreme importance. For our project, we will be using starch-base bio-plastic as a base material for the tube, as after thorough research, it was found to be the optimum choice, in terms of desired protection qualities as well as efficiency and effectiveness. Also, due the fact that manufacturing it is not a difficult procedure, the total cost should be relatively low, with the purpose justifying the cost. Our main goal here is to come up with the material in an efficient and non-time consuming method, while also producing a material that possesses the desired qualities for the purposes of our project, which in fact requires practicality on a large-scale area as well.

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Energize, Detect and ExtinguishRawad Atallah, Mira Toukan and N. A. Saliba

Bad news for goatsSaid Rahal, Dina Ibrahim and N. A Saliba

Converting humid air into irrigation waterBassel Malaeb, Oliver Alam, Ayoub Abi-Rafeh and N. A. Saliba

Reforestation is the process of restoring and recreating areas of trees and forests, but this practice is faced with several types of problems and obstacles. One of which is the complication caused by forest fires. Fires initiated and set in the forests damage and destroy most, if not all, the trees and plants in that region. So in order to prevent the flames from eating the trees, detectors along with an efficient fire extinguishing techniques can be used. They play an essential key role in limiting the onset of fire and stopping it from spreading. Throughout this project, we will be creating a special system that senses forest fires and recharges from the energy drawn from the tree along with an efficient extinguishing compartment. In order to verify our experiment, we are going to limit our project to the “ground floor” fires and we will be experimenting on a specific type of tree to prove the feasibility of this system. The detector, a typical fire sensor, will be recharged using Zinc and Copper strips connected to the tree to generate power directly from it. After detection, this will send a signal to the extinguisher triggering it to release the inside dry chemicals and hence put off the fire.

Different methods were suggested to repel goats and keep them away from eating shrubs and bushes. Nontoxic deer repellents, electric fences, water repellent blazers and even pepper spray on plants as well as Tabasco sauce were conducted as solutions. However, our project will deal with a new idea to keep goats away without harming them or the environment. It is constituted of an acoustic system that is based on sound manipulation at the source core. We will be using a piezoelectric substance that will be connected to lab view program in order to detect it and control the sounds that will be run by this program in order to repel the goats and keep them at a distance.

Many people have no idea that the extracting “water from air” technology exists, and most people have no idea how much water is readily available in Earth’s atmosphere – there is over 3,100 cubic miles of water, or more than 3.4 quadrillion gallons at any one time in our atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle ensures that billions of gallons of water are evaporating into or raining out of the atmosphere every day. This creates a never-ending continuous supply of fresh water that is available and accessible almost anywhere in the world. In Lebanon, forests are facing major threats today – going up in smoke, eaten by sheep and goats, replaced by buildings and numerous other threats. Yet, the most shocking threat amongst all is that trees in many forests across Lebanon actually lack water during summer. This fact is shocking simply because Lebanon is considered to be one of the richest countries in the Middle East with water – over 15 rivers and a relatively high percentage of precipitation. This being said, we decided to take advantage of the climate in Lebanon and hopefully use it in order to develop a solution for the stated problem.

Forest fertilizerRana El Halabi, Bechara Samneh and N. A. Saliba

Severe weather protectionReem Korban, Christal Greige and N.A Saliba

As much as the lack of water could cause a problem to reforestation, the same would be true for the excess of it. Inundations, or excess rainfall, play a major role in hindering the growth of trees. The reason behind that is that the soil has a certain absorption rate and once that rate is trespassed, it would turn into slurry that drifts away along with the rain taking away the essential nutrients from the land. The aim of our project is to find a solution to save up the water and compensate for the loss of nutrients in a certain reforestation area. This will be done by constructing canals around the land, in order to collect the water. These canals would lead the water to a separation unit, which consists of two main components. Unit 1, the decantation process, will basically consist of a filter/screen that would prevent any bulk material (branches, twigs, slurry) from passing through. What passes through will enter the second unit, which is a batch reactor that will mix with it the needed amount of nutrients and fertilizers. Finally they will be stored in reservoirs that can pump them back to the land when the soil is dry enough to absorb it. Not only does this project save water but it also helps keeping the land fresh with nutrients in order to sustain good plantation growth.

Severe weather in Lebanon causes small plants to die by tearing them out from their roots. Our aim is to prevent this problem without negatively affecting the environment. We came up with a method of putting a barrier such as a curtain, which covers the plant from the sides but is open from the top so that the sun can reach the plant and it can still grow. First we should know the maximum speed of air in Lebanon to make sure the curtain can sustain such conditions. Next we need to start making the curtain, which should be biodegradable so it will not affect the environment and may also have some nutrients that will help boost the plant’s growth. Then we test the curtain to make sure it can withstand the wind conditions in Lebanon by experimentally inducing the same speed of wind. When we are done with this we need to experimentally test and check if our experiment will make a difference by comparing it with a control and seeing if our plant gives a better result. We expect our plant to reach optimum growth compared to the control in the time span we are conducting this research, since it achieves nutrients from the barrier producing stronger roots to withstand extreme conditions. Also, the difference in height of both plants should be clear from the ideal exposure provided by our barrier.

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CHEM 206: Quantitative Analysis

Chemical Analysis of AUB VermicompostSandra Joy Atweh, Nada El-Zmeter and N. A. Saliba

The Pine Processionary MothNohad Masri, Laure Yammine, Elie Finianos and N. A. Saliba

Dr. Najat A. Saliba

American University of Beirut, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Chemistry Department

In the light of IBDAA Science Fair Experiment, the purpose of our experiment is to determine the amount of some essential nutrients in the vermicompost prepared in the AUB greenhouse. Our main focus is to test for the presence of phosphate PO4

-3 , nitrate NO3- and divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. We are going

to study the effect of the continuity of feeding the worms, on the amount of these essential nutrients in the soil. We will collect three samples of black soil from the greenhouse, three samples of vermicompost upon one feeding, and three samples of vermicompost upon two feedings. Phosphate PO4

3- will be determined by spectrophotometer, upon reaction of the soil sample with vanadate/molybdate reagent under acidic conditions. Nitrate NO3

- will be determined by using Greiss reagent after converting it to NO2-. Divalent

cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) will be determined upon titrating the samples with EDTA solution. By definition, compost is anticipated to enhance the quality of the soil, and therefore our expectations are that the compost soil will be richer in these substances that are beneficial for fertility and plant growth. This vermicompost can then be used as an efficient fertilizer at homes.

The Pine Processionary Moth feeds on wild type pine tree needles, constituting a threat to pine trees. It has a five-stage life cycle during which it goes from being a larva to a moth. Using a double-sided tape around the top of the trunk of a pine tree, we will be taking part in preventing the moth’s uncontrolled expansion and proliferation thus preventing it from completing its life cycle. This will not stop or prevent the infection and thus the destruction of the pine tree itself. However, this process will limit the damage to only few wild pine trees (the ones that the moth nests in). In order to do so, we will remove a pine processionary nest from the pine tree and experiment on it. (High precautions will be taken). On a minimum of three different branches, we will: apply double sided tape all around the top of one branch, apply double sided tape sprayed with insecticide on the top a second branch, and apply double sided tape on the top and below it put plastic bags filled with insecticide on a third branch. And then, we will put several caterpillars on the top of each branch. We expect the caterpillar to stick on the paste, which will prevent it from completing its trajectory. If the caterpillar doesn’t stick to the tape it will fall into the bag containing the insecticide killing it.

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Domestic planting first aid tool kitHala Rachidi, Zainab Olleik, Hussein Rimmani and N. A. Saliba

Biodegradable Wet WipesJane Atallah, Rayan Sibai and N. A. Saliba

Umbrella CageOmar Shehab, Wafic Itani, Mohammad Meneem and N. A. Saliba

This tool kit will help in overcoming the frequent problems that face domestic planting by providing all the tools and instructions needed to avoid the common mistakes of gardening that often lead to the death and the damage of the plants. This is done by guiding gardeners to the most adequate irrigation policies needed to prevent defoliation and providing tools to fight pests and supply proper planting soil and proper environment for the plants to prosper. Thus this Kit will deal with the different factors that hinder the domestic plant growth and that lead to yellowing and loss of leaves, tilting, inability to flower etc… We will apply Spectrophotometry and soil analysis to study how the concentrations of soil minerals vary with watering. We have not reached any tangible results. However, we expect to find the optimum amount of water needed for the most adequate plant cultivation and the optimum soil nutrition and pH that is most favorable for plant growth. Our kit will be easy to handle and will supply all the necessary tools to enhance plant growth, help gardeners detect the factors contributing to the damaging of plants and eliminate these difficulties.

Civilization has deleteriously affected our world’s forests through deforestation for the use of lumber, growth of cities, and agricultural purposes. In an effort to restore our world’s beauty and ecosystem, reforestation is a must. However, one of the major problems with reforestation, especially in arid areas, is the desiccation and hence the decrease of survival rate of the seedling during the first seasons after plantation. We would like to compare several different means of preserving water for plants in arid regions. By incorporating the right materials into the seedling’s soil, the seedling has a better chance of survival. We will measure the amount of water retained in soil over time through the process of evaporation by measuring the difference in mass. We expect that the combination of volcanic rock and gel also known as biodegradable wet wipes will have less water evaporating over time thus enhancing the survival of our seedling.

Young plants are prone to animal attacks like predation, which significantly hinders the reforestation process. The effect of the burning sunlight can also decrease the growth of plants. The purpose of this experiment is to design a biodegradable cage made from reed, to protect young plants from animal attacks and to shade it. This cage will be used after planting for the first crucial stage of the plant’s life, which means that this cage will be left around the young plant for only a limited time of about at least 1 year. Later, this cage will be removed and reused for protecting other young plants facing the same problem. However, if this cage were forgotten in the wild and not reused, it will not harm environment since it is a biodegradable cage.

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Plant watering condenserMohamad Raad, Roula Saksouk and N. A. Saliba

Facilitating GrubbingDalal Kojok, Fatima Kesserwan, Lamiaa Hamie and N. A. Saliba

Worm compostingAhmad Hamad, Maan Al Halabi and N. A. Saliba

Several drawbacks are associated with reforestation in Lebanon, the most obvious being the drastic increase in temperature and aridity during the dry summer season. This drawback is most apparent when it comes to the tending of newly sprouting trees (that need a large amount of water during their primary growth). In attempt to diminish this problem, we have designed a device that will aid the growth of small plants during hot seasons by providing the required water needed for development. This device will exploit the temperature difference between the cooler underground soil and the hotter earth’s surface. This will create a cold current flowing towards a plate on the earth’s surface. The plate will then condense the humid air to water the plant. This devise is unique in its reliance on all natural means, as well as being relatively cheap and durable. Moreover, it is small in size and light in weight, which makes it practical for all projects.

After forest fires, dead trees are chopped and stumps are left behind. The residual roots hinder reforestation as they absorb the nutrients and prevent proper attachment of new roots. Grubbing those roots is both laborious and expensive. On the other hand, the duration over which decomposers process the plant remnants exceeds the human lifespan. Chemical decomposition of the roots not only proved to be a close imitation of what occurs naturally but it also fitted the time frame set to prepare the area for reforestation. Our experiment solely depended on the breakdown of cellulose, knowing that it is the hardest component to be broken down. The sample palm tree roots were treated with oxalic acid, malonic acid, and diesel separately. Efficiency of the chemical was assessed by comparing the calculated percentage solubility in 5M NaOH at 25°C after treatment with the specific reagent. Malonic acid was selected based on its high efficiency (highest percentage solubility) and low toxicity to soil (it only chelates unessential metal ions). On field, 1.25L of 5M Malonic acid can be poured into the exposed vessels of the stumps. This can be applied once every morning over 14 days.

Worm composting is a mechanism that uses worms to recycle food scraps and other organic material into a valuable soil amendment called vermicompost, or worm compost. Food scraps eaten by worms become compost as they pass through the worm’s body. When compost exits the worm through its back end, it can be used to grow plants. Luckily enough, the greenhouse department at AUB has offered us a place in their field to do our experiment. Plastic bins will be bought in order to place AUB soil with the worms first and then wastes (that aren’t of animal product), shredded leaves, and cardboard will be added to them. The worms may be obtained from areas near any river in Lebanon. In this experiment, we are going to measure changes in two factors: moist and time. The wastes added will be used in two states: chopped and rough. We will also check for presence of veggies either alone or mixed with other kinds of wastes such as tea bags. The way to account for the effectiveness of the compost produced for the plants is to check the concentration of nitrates, phosphates, and ammonium in it.

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Effect of coffee compost on AUB soilTara Bardawil, Tala El Tal and N. A. Saliba

The biodegradable capsuleMickael Khouzami, Jacques Halbi and N. A. Saliba

Advanced Underground Fire Extinguishing SystemHassan Awada, Hussein Ayoub, Ibrahim Mortada and N. A. Saliba

The aim of the project is to study the effect of prepared coffee compost on increasing the nutritional value of AUB soil by measuring the change in the amount of Phosphate and Nitrate. Good coffee compost acts as a soil conditioner and also makes use of coffee; green and brown debris waste human beings produce. The people of the city can store the compost in a unique globe-designed bin that has pest resistant and anti-smell qualities, and can be placed on balconies. The experimental procedure, which needs a four-week-period, involves four soil samples coming from a homogenous collected pile of soil. The prepared green/brown compost and collected coffee waste are added to three of the four samples, and only the fourth will include worms, to study the comparable effect. To measure the amount of phosphate and nitrate, ion chromatography will be utilized depending on availability. An alternative method includes ammonium molybdate for phosphate, and nitrate/nitrile assay for nitrate. One might expect an increased amount of phosphate and nitrate in the soil upon the addition of coffee waste. Worms act as enhancers of the coffee compost improving its effect. Ultimately, using coffee compost can be beneficial to plant growth.

In this project, we want to increase the efficiency of seed growth when thrown by dispersion from a plane to reforest a burnt or deserted area using what we call a biodegradable capsule. This idea consists of a capsule in which we would surround the seed with the necessary hormones and nutrients, along with the protective capsule that is made of biodegradable material that would dissolve with time and water when the seed’s roots are firmly consolidated in the ground. This capsule should be made of nutrient-rich and highly available/not expensive biodegradable material so that it would be easier and less expensive to proceed with this experiment rather than just throw more seeds. We expect that this method would highly increase the chances of seed growth, and especially the endangered trees of Lebanon like the Cedar trees, or those exposed to constant fire incidents like the Pine Tree. We can thus conclude that we want our project to be cheap, made of highly available biodegradable material (anything would help like starch), and efficient so that we would be able to witness, once again, a green Lebanon.

Forest fires are very common problems that damage the environment. It is very expensive and difficult to effectively turn off the forest fires with current systems. The aim of this project is to search for an effective, practical, and fast way to extinguish such fires before spreading. It is an environmentally friendly underground system to extinguish forest fires. This biodegradable system is similar to the artificial irrigation system but using specific chemical gases (that could initially exist in the powder form) instead of water.

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Simulation of lung conditions for pea plant growthFatima Ezzedine, Yassemine Khawajkie, Carole Baraké and N. A. Saliba

Manufacturing artificial logs from the fruits of an Oak treeIbrahim El Halabi, Carla Malaeb and N. A. Saliba

Reforest-ActionAlexandra Eid, Maya Eid, Jana Ghulmiyyah and N. A. Saliba

Ron Sveden is an emphysema patient that had a pea plant grow in his lung. We will test the effects of pH and temperature on the growth of pea seeds to allow comparison of optimal versus lung conditions. We will create a medium that imitates the conditions of Sveden’s lungs. We expect that these conditions will allow the pea seed to germinate and grow. Upon preparing samples of varying conditions, we will be able to compare the effects of the two factors (pH and temperature) on plant growth. This will allow us to come up with a new combination of values for pH and temperature that allow pea seed growth.

Plenty of trees are cut yearly for a variety of purposes, which include logs to burn in chimneys. By using the fruit of an Oak tree, we propose to create an artificial log for this exact purpose and thereby we would be promoting tree growth. First, we collect acorns from oak trees then we extract oil from Acorn using chloroform as an appropriate solvent. Then, we crush acorn nuts, which are an alternative to sawdust and mix the extracted oil with the crushed nuts to get the required mixture. Pour the mixture into a cylindrical hollow mold to give it the appropriate shape. Wrap it with a paraffin binder in order to coat the mixture. This coated mixture is then compressed to form a compacted mass, which is removed from the compressor once it solidifies. Finally, we have our artificial log ready to be used. We were able to produce an artificial log that is cheap and easy to use in chimneys thus cutting down less number of trees thereby encouraging reforestation as an alternative energy source instead of deforestation.

It can be observed that children in Lebanon are not very involved in environmental matters, especially problems related to reforestation. Considering Lebanon’s rich population of trees and plants, this game would help raise awareness in children aged around 8 to 12 years in a fun and interactive method. “Reforest-Action” will be assembled according to a set of statistics that we will collect in the form of a survey given to 100 school students of different socioeconomic backgrounds. We will design and manufacture the game, question cards, material and pawns (all material used are going to be environmental-friendly). Players will have to collect leaves from their surroundings to represent the number of “lives” they have. A player who runs out of leaves will have to forfeit the game. Extra material such as litmus paper, “fire” and water will also be used. For the players to progress in the game, they will have to answer the question assigned to them or perform the actions they select (which will all revolve around reforestation). This makes it a competitive yet fun game. We expect our survey to evaluate the amount of knowledge the students have on this certain topic and how many of them would play this game. These numbers will help to determine the success of our experiment.

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VERTICAL GREEN VILLAGE (VGV)Jawad Fares, Abed Hout and N. A. Saliba

Calcium Alginate beads as water retainers/fertilizersSteve Balian, Majd Hemam, Hratch Kestenian and N. A. Saliba

By 2050, Earth’s population is going to increase to reach 9 billion people. Feeding that huge number of people, especially if they demand protein and vitamin rich diets, will require doubling and tripling of global food supplies. However, already more than a third of Earth’s surface is devoted to agriculture; there’s not much arable land left. Droughts, floods, desertification and soil depletion will only grow more devastating as climate change intensifies. After all, we are eating what our grandfathers have planted, and we must plant for our grandchildren to eat. In 20-30 years, urban areas are going to dominate rural ones, and we may reach the position that there would be no more rural areas to plant in. Knowing that with urbanization come fewer spaces for planting and more spaces for concrete and buildings, this urgent upcoming problem is going to need a solution. Lebanon is not far away from these upcoming agricultural ordeals, and in order for our country to stay agriculturally strong and productive, it is going to have to adopt a new approach to the way agriculture expands on its lands. In our project, we are proposing, through a model, how you can create a new ecosystem for plantations and vegetations that is self dependant, eco-friendly, technologically advanced and has a small surface area with the ground. It is based on the idea of building a complete farm in a vertical upward manner, instead of the usual horizontal outward one. Time has come to expand upwards… The Vertical Green Village (VGV) is the solution for the upcoming generations.

Calcium Alginate is a widely used commercial gel that has seen a variety of applications ranging from food processing to drug delivery. The present study aims at applying the gel as a soil conditioner that would serve as a water retainer and a fertilizer concurrently. The calcium alginate obtained by dropping a sodium alginate solution into a calcium chloride solution yields spherical beads that are subsequently tested for water retention and possible use as nitrate and/or phosphate delivery capsules in soil. The incorporation of nitrate (NO3

-) and phosphate (PO43-) into the polymer gel beads is achieved via diffusion from prepared nitrate/

phosphate media. Subsequent diffusion of the inorganic chemicals from the beads to the soil is tested for by establishing soil control environments in which the gels are applied, and to which rainfall and irrigation is simulated to induce leaching of the compounds from the gel to the soil. Relative soil humidity to a gel-free control is tested for. The presence of nitrate and phosphorous is tested for.

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Testing Antibacterial Properties of Ficus carica Leaves ExtractSara Fawaz, Ratiba Kassem and N. A. Saliba

Biodegradable Root ProtectionZeyad Sahli, Nader Makarem, Ryan Rachwan and N. A. Saliba

The Ficus carica tree is well known for its fleshy fruit, but less known for the benefits of its leaves and its roots’ role in prevention of erosion. Over the years, many have reported improved health after drinking a liquid prepared from boiling the leaves of Ficus carica. To further investigate, our project aims to test the antibacterial properties of the leaves of Ficus carica. We will perform an extraction of the Ficus carica leaves. Then, we will test the effectiveness of the extract on three different bacterial strains: oral bacteria, E-coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We predict that the extract will be effective against oral bacteria and to a certain degree also effective against E-coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We will test this by preparing two different kinds of agar plates; one that is normal nutrient medium agar and the other is the extract-treated nutrient agar. Then we compare visually the extent of each bacterial growth on each plate. The plate with the least bacterial growth implies the specificity of the Ficus carica extract to that strain of bacterium. If our results are positive, it paves the way for possible new antibacterial medicines and commercial products made from the extract of Ficus carica leaves.

Many areas designated for reforestation are difficult to reach or too big to plant manually from the ground. For this reason, we may opt to plant by throwing small trees from an airplane. However, the problem with this is that the root cap in which the tree is placed must be durable, in order to withstand the impact, capable of penetrating the soil in an upright position, and biodegradable, so as not to cause pollution. In order to test for these three characteristics, a series of tests will be conducted on root caps of different shapes and composition. In order to test for biodegradability we will place the different shaped materials in a controlled environment of different types of soil of uniform composition. Any changes to the material can be seen through a transparent container in which the soils were placed. To test for durability and penetrance, the plants with the different shaped root caps of the selected materials will be thrown from a height in order to simulate the actual process done during reforestation. The most commonly used material is made of carob. However, problems are being faced with its durability and for this reason we will be testing for an alternative material such as wood remains from lumber mills and olive groves or any other cheap accessible material. We also predict that the pyramid shaped end will provide the most durability and penetration for the selected soils.

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Limestone rocksIhab Hassanieh, Ghassan Daher and N. A. Saliba

Planting Seedlings using Biodegradable Pots with No Trace!Sana Chams, Skye El Sayegh and N. A. Saliba

The purpose of our experiment is to determine whether limestone soil would provide the essential macronutrients needed for proper growth of plants in its early stages of life. We are going to test for the presence of the essential macronutrients found in soil free from limestone rocks and then determine their percentage. This will be our standard setup, which will be used to compare the percentages of these nutrients in the other setup, which will be composed of a mixture of soil, and limestone rocks. This will allow us to assess whether limestone rocks would provide a sufficient and appropriate amount of nutrients essential for growth. The essential nutrients that we want to test for are nitrogen and phosphate. Based on the results we can predict how the effect of limestone would be on the soil and the plants growing in it. Through our observation, we have seen that a huge amount of trees have been able to cultivate in such conditions and thus we expect that limestone rocks might indeed posses the essential nutrients. The ongoing work of the crushers have resulted in the loss of good soil ground, therefore we want to find the true effect of such an act on the environment. We hope that our results would support any campaign against the random spreading of stone quarries.

Essential nutrients, specific spacing and the least amount of pressure on soil are very important for an efficient growth of the plant. For essential nutrients to be supplied we can place them inside biodegradable pots with the seedling. For specific spacing and precise depth we came up with a machine that inserts the biodegradable pots, which we consider is better than seed dispersal from airplanes and seed drill machines. Airplanes spreading seeds has disadvantages mainly because at high altitudes seeds get dispersed inefficiently and would not get immersed precisely. Likewise, seed drill machines exert pressure on the soil while planting and sometimes with inaccurate spacing will affect the optimal growth of the plant. In order to deduce the correct amount of nutrients that should be added with the seedlings, we will measure the initial concentration of phosphorous, potassium and nitrate in the soil. Then a machine will be designed to immerse the biodegradable pots without exerting pressure on the soil. Regarding the results we expect to find a better and faster growth of the plant. Also, we will conclude that this machine is less time consuming, and more efficient for the growth of the plant.

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The perfect mixStephanie Saaybi, Laetitia Daou and N. A. Saliba

Rocks and Soil: A Promising CombinationNour Chams, Rita Saroufim and N. A. Saliba

The residues of quarries, on their own, cannot provide soil suitable for plant growth since they are mainly composed of calcium carbonate. In our project, we will incorporate the otherwise harmful powder of the quarries into a mixture of soil and organic compost in an attempt to economize on soil and to make use of both, the site of the quarry and the organic waste. Toward realizing our goal of creating a fertile medium, we plan to make 4 different mixes, each containing CaCO3, organic compost, and AUB soil sample in different ratios. We will then measure the pH as well as the amounts of 3 major essential nutrients (Ca, NO3, and PO4) in each of the 4 mixes to determine which constitutes the “perfect mix”. For this purpose, we will use a pH meter to test for each mixture’s pH. We will also perform several titrations to determine the amount of Ca by complexing it with EGTA, as well as the amount of NO3 in the mixtures. And we will use spectrophotometry as a means to identify the amount of PO4 in these mixtures. Our final judgment will be based upon literature values that specify the adequate pH and the ideal amounts of these nutrients that are required for plant growth.

Water in Lebanon is a scarce resource used for growing plants. Furthermore, due to the increase of temperature, the rapid evaporation of water after watering the plants is becoming a serious issue. This experiment aims to find a way to preserve water for a longer time, and maintain the optimal temperature. From the literature overview it is known that putting any materials with soil affects its temperature change and moisture conservation. The experiment demonstrates this effect by using rocks in eight different samples to test which model is most efficient. After watering the eight different models, we measure the soil temperature at different depths, the soil humidity, and the evaporation rate. We also plant any fast growing plant in the most efficient model and in the control model for comparison, thereby measuring their effect on growth (length differences) and to see how it can be applied to plants. Finally, we expect that the eight different models will have different effects on the soil temperature, soil humidity, evaporation rate, and plant growth. We hope to find the best way for the rocks to be present in the soil, and hence creating the best condition for growing plants.

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Carob treesSoumayah Kawtharani, Mohamad fathalah and N. A. Saliba

Deterring Goats: Plant ExtractionMahmoud El Dirani, Adham Farroukh and N. A. Saliba

There are lots of native trees in Lebanon that people feel free to cut in exchange for wood and timber since they are not getting any other benefit from them. In order to encourage their planting and prohibit their extermination, we tried in this experiment to provide other additional benefits of a native tree, the carob tree. There are 2 parts, which we can benefit from in the carob plant that are the endosperms (galactomannan) and the pods. The experimental setup we are going to use for the first part of the experiment to extract the galactomannan is made of peeling with dilute sulfuric acid or thermal mechanical treatment, cracking and crushing the germ part, filtration followed by precipitation with isopropanol or ethanol. As for the second part of the experiment, we are going to remove the seeds from the pods, then pressure cook them, followed by grinding them by a meat grinder and finally dehydrating by food dehydrator. As for the results of our experiments, in the first experiment we should obtain a powder that resembles the endosperm which contains the low calories fiber galactomannan.While in the second experiment we should obtain a chocolate-like flour with no caffeine and low theobromine that can be used instead of cacao. Carob trees have significant commercial and industrial benefits, thus those two experiments shed light on some of its benefits so as to support its planting and convince those who are responsible to set laws to ban its cutting.

Goats are a major problem that people face during reforestation. It is a priority to deter goats from newly planted small trees. Since until now there isn’t any chemical that succeeded totally in preventing goat’s invasion, we decided to find a plant that goats don’t approach and extract the responsible chemicals from it. Conium maculatum is a plant that is found in Bekaa valley in Lebanon. This plant contains a variety of compounds that are responsible for its deterring role, such as coniine, N-methylconiine, pseudoconhydrine and conhydrine. Those compounds make the goat dizzy so it will avoid approaching the maculatum plant. We extracted all those chemicals and made from them a detergent that is sprayed on newly planted small trees to protect it. We dipped pieces of the plant in methanol for 16 hours. After filtration, we evaporated methanol by retrovaporization apparatus. We added 100ml of ethanol to dissolve the extracted compounds, and then we added 50ml of oil to thicken the product. This compound will be sprayed on plants to see goats’ response toward it.

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Plant to ski!Jane Khalife, Elie Gholam, Hisham Mansour and N. A. Saliba

Solar sterilization of soil is an emerging alternative to Methyl BromideAli Fakih, Fahed Hassan and N. A. Saliba

The Effects of Adhesive Composition on Combustible Organic MaterialDina Khammash, Eliana Al-Haddad and N. A. Saliba

The global struggle against desertification is primarily through reforestation and revegetation. Revegetation is the field we will be working in throughout this project, and it includes many techniques such as tubestock planting; direct seeding, natural or assisted regeneration, and hydro seeding. We will be adopting hydroseeding as a means for revegetation, which consists of a truck or a helicopter spraying the land with a condensed mixture that contains seeds, colloids, water and hay. This technique promotes quick germination and inhibits soil erosion. On mountains, vegetation provides a root system that reduces erosion, makes up an attractive site for tourism outside winter season and lately proved to increase snow cover days by 8 to 12 in the winter. Our ecological challenge will be using available and native seeds and planting them through hydro seeding, thus making them available in their depleted environment. Touristic and snow cover purposes can help this project get sponsored and appeal to land owners. Our experiment aims at recognizing available plants in Lebanese ski slopes, testing whether they do increase snow cover days, and by how much, and providing a list of the plants and the one that fits the profile best (cost, availability and time).

The aim of the project is to study the effect of sterilization of soil through solar radiations rather than using Methyl Bromide. The hypothesis of this experiment is: solar radiations improve the sterilization of soil by increasing the abundance of nutritive ions. The process of sterilization requires soil to be saturated with water (to help conduct the heat deeper) and covered with plastic (polyethylene plastic) to collect and trap heat from the sun. Three samples of soil –a natural soil sample as a control, soil sterilized with Methyl Bromide sample, and soil sterilized with solar radiations sample- are analyzed to determine the percentage of ions (nitrate, ammonium ion, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium). Solar radiations don’t have any effect on the percentage of calcium ion in soil sample. However, solar radiations increase the abundance of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorous, and magnesium. In addition, methyl bromide has a slight effect on the sterilization of soil compared to solar radiations. A solar radiation is an effective method in the natural sterilization of soil, which can be used to prevent depletion of soil and to provoke reforestation.

In an effort to combat the use of wood in generating heat energy, the general aim of this experiment is to prove that the utilization of organic waste materials provides a more effective energy source than wood, thereby eliminating the predominant cause of deforestation. More specifically, the experimental method involves synthesizing logs out of organic material such as fallen leaves and shrubbery and testing their energy yield by measuring and comparing their burning times and thermal energy production while altering the composition of the adhesive used in the log in order to maximize efficiency. The length of time required for combustion as well as the thermal energy production for the organic logs surpass those of the conventional wooden log, thereby deeming deforestation for energy a harmful redundancy.

Closed Aeroponic SystemTarek Mouhieddine, Jad Ayash and N. A. Saliba

We will make aeroponics more efficient and test if it can survive as a closed system. In aeroponics, plant roots remain hanging in air and sprayed with water at regular intervals. This is a reforestation solution because we needed a process to speed up tree growth in a safe environment and wanted to make the perfect model for city reforestation. There will be plants on 2 pyramids; each pyramid will be placed over an aquarium containing 5 fish. For each system, a pump will take water from the aquarium and spray the roots for 1 sec/min (standard spraying of aeroponics) and in the other system; the spraying is at double the rate. Here, we are testing if the system is more effective at double the spraying rate. When the water is sprayed, the roots absorb fish wastes (nutrients) and bacteria will get rid of toxic wastes and pure water droplets (mixed with oxygen due to spraying) will fall back into the aquarium. We feed the fish since in lakes there are plants and tiny organisms for fish to feed on. We wait for 14 days to study the system effectiveness (increase in plant length and how many fish have died).

Employing fire-retardants to help hinder forest fires:a preventative measure

Teddy Akiki and N. A. Saliba

According to the Ministry of Environment, wildfires account for a reduction of green spaces in Lebanon at a rate of approximately 1500 Hectares per year during the last decade. Forest fuel consists mainly of three groups of chemical components: cellulose, lignin, and extractives. We aim to tackle this problem by creating a mixture of compounds with known fire-retardant properties that can be applied as a prevention measure to forests in high-risk areas during the dry season. The first part of the process consists of identifying the compounds. Higher importance will be given to chemicals that are efficient, eco-friendly, economical, and easily obtained in Lebanon. Testing will be conducted on samples of pine needles collected from forests in order to evaluate the efficacy of the fire retardant candidates. Some of these compounds act by changing pathway of pyrolysis so that cellulose produces water, CO2 (dilutes the air containing oxygen), and char (produces a non-flammable insulation layer), others release water upon heating, while others still enhance the water retention of the soil causing the surroundings to become less prone for fires.

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The effect of Calcium on the binding efficiency of Hydrocolloid in Opuntia Ficus Indica

Joanna Salameh, Gihan Nakhleh and N. A. Saliba

The cactus pear, Opuntia ficus indica, mucilage is a useful ingredient because of its ability to withhold water. This mucilage is composed of a very strong water binding polysaccharide named hydrocolloid. Our project is to study the effect of calcium on the water-binding property of the mucilage as a way to optimize previous experiments performed to extract more efficiently and economically this gel. This beneficial use of cactus increases its plantation. Opentia ficus indica is a low maintenance plant that has many agronomic advantages and withstands the harsh conditions found in the desert. In order to improve the binding capacity of the wet wipes, we study the influence of calcium while extracting the mucilage of a young Opentia ficus indica. Therefore, we prepare 3 mediums to insert the crushed pads in; a medium containing Tannourine water, a second medium containing Tannourine water having removed the calcium, and a third medium containing Tannourine water having doubled the amount of calcium in it. We will extract this plant mucilage under the following conditions pad/water ratios 1:7 in each medium, we macerate the solution under a temperature of 40± 2 oC for 4 hours. For the precipitation 95% ethanol/water ratios (1:4) were used. We finally prepare wipes using the mucilage extracted from the different mediums prepared and determine which one holds water best. We expect that the factors, which increase the water holding capacity of the hydrocolloid, are a young Opentia ficus indica with little concentrations of Ca2+.

Goat RepellentFarah El Sayed, Saeed El Zein, Nadim Ghanem and N. A. Saliba

Goats are one of the major threats to trees in Lebanon. Several researches worldwide over the years have been conducted to create an efficient goat repellent with minimal side effects, but locally this issue hasn’t been tackled yet. Our project is to create a goat repellent that is not toxic to plants or animals, but only repels goats and prevents them from damaging the trees. We will be testing the effectiveness of three repellents on three different groups of goats each made up of one female and one male. Each group will be presented with two alternatives- a control: the food lacking repellent, and an experimental: food with one of the repellents sprayed on. By simple observation and quantification of the amount eaten of each pile of food, followed by comparison we can assess the efficacy of each repellent. The goats are expected to eat from the pile lacking the repellent and should avoid the pile with repellent. If our results came out as expected, then this repellent could be used by Lebanese farmers to minimize the damage caused by goats to their trees and young crops.

BURNED...BUT NOT DEADRebecca Andraos, Ahmad Hachem and N. A. Saliba

One of the most frequent problems that face and threaten forests survival in Lebanon is severe fire. We will be testing the effect of that on essential nutrients in the soil. We will be measuring the amounts of magnesium Mg2+, nitrate NO3

-, ammonium NH4+ and phosphorus P in the burnt soil, concluding what is missing (by

comparing to a healthy soil) and preparing a fertilizer that covers the need. In order to do that, we are going, first, to prepare composite samples of burnt and healthy soils. Then, we quantify in both soils: magnesium by EDTA titration, nitrogen by nitrate and ammonium specific ion electrode (total nitrogen is measured by the Kjdahel method and calculations are made), phosphorus by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. We expect to have lower values in the burnt soil, since severe fires deplete the soil from essential nutrients. We will account for the need in phosphorus and magnesium by simply adding them as a fertilizer. As for the nitrogen, fertilizer will contain N2 fixing bacteria to provide the needed amount. This fertilizer will also contain dead leaves to replace the lost organic biomass.

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ENHL 243 – Global Environmental Seminar

Child campaign for the conservation of forestsAlice Baghdadi and R. Habib

The consequences of locating nuclear repositories in forestsAnthony Harb and R. Habib

Dr. Rima Habib Dr. May Massoud Dr. Rabih Kamleh

American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences, Environmental Health Department

Forests are currently under the spotlight due to the large-scale deforestation globally. There is a growing concern about the future of trees that has been taken up several international environmental programs. The support and involvement of many stakeholders including communities, government agencies, NGOs and businesses has been instrumental in saving forests. Recently, child programs have been initiative to protect trees. Forests sustainably have been the focus of these programs. Engaging children in these activities had dual benefits: at the individual and the environmental level. Children involved in forests sustainability camps would build up their knowledge about the significance of preserving forests. On the other level, the protection of forests conserves environmental sustainability and biodiversity. Forests have a positive role in slowing climate change, storing millions of tons of carbon annually and reducing the greenhouse gases. Saving trees requires involving the new generation in creative and innovative approaches. Children can play an important role in preserving trees, if they were integrated into a climate of environmental awareness and action.

The 21st century has been plagued by a problem; the world we know is threatened to collapse due to global warming. Cutting down the consumption of fossil fuel has obligated us to find a temporary solution, Nuclear Energy. However, this “clean energy” is demonstrating new obstacles, the temporary cooling basin of the power plants are being filled by the used fuel rods. No permanent and efficient disposal strategies have been issued. Shooting those fuel rods out in space seems to be too utopian since it requires a huge budget. Therefore, now, they are searching for the appropriate land to dispose the used fuel rods by burying them into the earth. However, what will happen if the chosen land is covered by a forest? I will start by researching the criteria of a land suitable to be a Nuclear Repository. Then I will search for a land covered by a forest and use it as an example. I will study the work that must be done on the hypothetical so that it will be adequate to receive the used and cooled probes. Afterwards, I will study the effect of these nuclear probes on the ecosystem and the remaining forests. My poster will depict each of these three stages.

Impacts of forest degradation on human security: a tree for a lifeDina Yunis and R. Habib

Forest mission: an ethical rescueHanin Osman and R. Habib

This project attempts to explore the impacts of deforestation on human security. The incidence of deforestation has occurred throughout the years unabated with the principle aid of increased urbanization. Masses of forests have been cleared out only to be replaced by agricultural fields or industrial mining. The act of deforestation is also an interference that undermines the ecosystem’s equilibrium. As a result, ecosystems such as those of the forests are forced to search for a new equilibrium by attempting to manipulate and adapt to its surrounding conditions. There are both negative and positive impacts of deforestation however the negative impacts tend to trump the positive ones and affect societies and humanity as a whole hence posing a threat to their wellbeing, existence, and security. The impact of environmental changes induced by deforestation on human security has only recently emerged as a topic of international concern. This project however attempts to shed light on the impacts of deforestation and to what degree it may pose a threat to human security. This will be done by briefly exploring the causes that contribute to the occurrence of deforestation and the effects and impacts of deforestation on human security.

Globally, forests are continuing to decline despite of the international efforts made to rescue them. According to the World Resource Institution, the world is losing 15 million hectares every year. The causes of the forest degradation are categorized into natural factors (Physical environmental, climate and biological factors), anthropogenic factors (deforestation, overgrazing and unsustainable utilization), socio economic and policy related factors (poverty, population growth and absence of forest policies). Environmentalists took the mission of saving forests because deforestation has adverse effects on the environment, society, economy and other life aspects. In an attempt to rescue forests, actions including policies, institutional frameworks and agents were established in countries to conserve forests such as United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), International Forest Policy, forestry action program, Montreal and Helsinki process and Lacey Act. A number of action plans have been initiated such as: increasing productivity, restoring species, eco tourism, carbon credits, corporate sponsorship, protect forests, build research centers for training guides and scientists, economic and trade policy and institutional policy. In the poster, a correlation between Leopold’s land ethics and forestry ethics will be presented and how environmental ethics will be applied in the action plans which involve people to rescue forests.

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Effects of Landmines on the Cedars Reserve in Tannourine, Lebanon – Destruction of the National Emblem

Samantha Abi Saab and R. Habib

Cedar trees are Lebanon’s most important natural assets, standing tall as Lebanon’s national emblem. They are universally powerful symbols – a physical expression of life, growth and vigor – not only representing their material use, but also a symbolic value. There are about eight major cedar reserves located across Lebanon. One of the largest cedar reserves is located in Tannourine, just north of Lebanon’s capital of Beirut. Climate change, forest fires, recreational activities, and pests are not the only factors which are currently threatening the longevity of these cedars, many of which are aged at more than hundreds of years old, but also the presence of landmines. As a result of the Lebanese civil war, which spanned between 1975 and 1990, Landmines have been a major threat to the Cedars reserve in Tannourine. Many of these landmines still remain within unknown isolated areas of the reserve, posing threats to the trees, biodiversity in the reserve, and the individuals visiting the reserve. The various economic, environmental, and humanitarian effects of these landmines on the Tannourine reserve will be explored, as well as measures that can be taken to mitigate these effects.

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Towards a healthy city: green fencingTala Kardas and R. Habib

As urbanization continues haphazardly, due to the ever expanding population, little consideration is given to the importance of trees. In fact, these resources are being chopped down in order to make more way for living spaces and industrial zones. Currently, there is an emerging trend of establishing healthy cities, mostly in Europe and Latin America, thereby focusing on urban development, cooperation and policies, and public health at the same time. One of the key characteristics of a healthy city is ensuring a safe and clean physical environment for its inhabitants, whereby greenery is considered as a major component. Green fencing, which surrounds the city with trees, in accordance with urban development standards, contributes to bettering the health of the inhabitants. It insures that as much green spaces as possible remain within the city. The implications of having green fencing within the city include, but are not limited to, being a sound barrier, a sink for carbon dioxide, provision of oxygen, limiting airborne particles, and acting as windbreakers. These factors directly and indirectly affect the burden of disease and positively impact public health. A healthy city cannot be fully established without trees; hence green fencing should be of prime concern in the planning phase of a city.

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Murder of trees at large: the paper industrySara Hteit and R. Habib

Food security: a threat to natural forests?Noura Zaim and R. Habib

The paper industry has negative environmental impacts which occur during three different stages of paper processing. The environmental impacts first start during harvesting of trees to get the fiber, followed by the processing of wood fiber into pulp, and finally during the disposal of paper products after being used by the consumers. The impacts of this hazardous industry vary from soil, air, and water pollution, on the one hand, and deforestation, on the other. A lot of forests have been felled for the production of the paper which degraded the ecosystem and released millions of tons of stored carbon into the atmosphere. This provoked many environmental NGOs worldwide to run environmental campaigns requesting to recycle the consumed paper, use less virgin fiber by the manufacturing industry, and use wood fiber only from sustainably managed forests. As a result, some industries tried to solve this problem by planting new trees instead. However, this resulted in monoculture plantations which do not support the growth of plants and animals that used to live in the forest. In addition, such plantations rely heavily on herbicides and chemical fertilizers. Alternative fibers that could be used by the paper industry include barley, rice straws, sugarcane bagasse, wheat, oat, bamboo, kenaf, flax, heparaloe, and cotton. Policies that encourage the paper industries to use such alternative fibers and consequently reduce the clearing of forests are urgently needed.

Approximately 15 million hectares of forests worldwide are being cleared each year and it is claimed that at least some 40 million hectares of closed forests in the tropics are needed for conversion to cropland in order to meet food demands in the coming decade. As a result, the amount of carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems have increased drastically in the past decades due to clearing of forests worldwide and will keep on increasing if the agricultural trends do not change knowing that more than 2 billion humans are currently malnourished. The availability of forest resources, coupled with the food needs of people, is reaching a critical state. When forests are cut down to provide land for higher food production yields, food security becomes one of the contributors to forest degradation. To a certain degree, and due to the great ecological value that forests have, this makes food security dependent on environmentally responsible and sustainable use of the world’s forests. That is to say, transforming forests to croplands can contribute adversely to different environmental crisis at many levels that can be cumulative and irreversible. As it appears, protecting forests from threatening changes in land use is a necessity to prevent the possible different environmental impacts.

Tobacco plantation and deforestationLara Haidar and R. Habib

What are the impacts of ecotourism on Natural Reserves in Lebanon?Dalia Ismail and R. Habib

“There were once forests around the farm…”. Nowadays there is still a farm, but unfortunately the forest is gone. Tobacco plantation areas that require vast spaces for ample production, have replaced some forests. Cigarettes production takes a heavy toll on the environment; it does not only weight on vast forest areas, but also requires using chopped wood and other forest resources for curing and packaging tobacco leaves to make cigarettes. Tobacco production puts an additional strain on tropical forests especially in poor regions that rely on tobacco plantation as a major income. Deforestation mainly occurs in the developing world amounting to 1.7% of global net losses of forest cover or 4.6% of total national deforestation. Moreover, environmental criticality exists or is emerging in 35 countries with an estimated serious, high, and medium degree of tobacco-related deforestation. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly obvious that tobacco cultivation is contributing to an environmental crisis with unforeseen outcomes in an increasing number of countries. An estimated 200,000 hectares of forests and woodlands worldwide are cut down each year because of tobacco farming. It takes one tree to make 300 cigarettes which is the amount the average smoker consumes in two weeks, so just think of how much trees would be cut down to produce the millions of cigarettes that are sold worldwide. Hence, raising awareness on the issue of deforestation and tobacco plantation to protect our environment and provide a healthy place where future generations can survive, is of critical importance.

Being rich in its biodiversity and having a unique Mediterranean weather, Lebanon is considered one of the most beautiful and touristic countries in the Middle East. Tourism is an important economic sector in Lebanon; and recently ecotourism which depends on nature, where tourists enjoy the beauty and harmony of nature has prospered. Natural reserves are considered as touristic places and have been established to protect endangered species that are being threatened by anthropocentric activities. The diversity of wildlife, the beauty and peace in these reserves, make them a perfect destination for touristic recreational and educational activities. On the other hand, even though ecotourism was developed to conserve nature and prevent its deterioration, some negative impacts arise from this industry. These include harming natural reserves by disturbing its resources and natural habitats, having false label about the implementation of principles of ecotourism in order to increase financial purposes, disturbing wild life, disturbing mating and breeding of animals, and environmental pollution due to improper behavior of some tourists. Actions should be taken to reduce or prevent these impacts where strict rules and regulations should be applied in this industry.

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Pesticides runoffs: effects on treesJamal Hamzeh and R. Habib

The Impact of Deforestation on Water BodiesSamer Alameddine and M. Massoud

Each year, 2.5 million tons of pesticides are being used worldwide in agriculture. Regardless of their importance in increasing food production, concerns about their environmental and public health impacts have been raised. This paper will focus on the impacts of pesticides on trees. These impacts are mainly impairment of seed germination, delay of fruit ripening, and reduced vegetative and plant growth, in addition to physiological changes in some trees, such as reduction in photosynthesis and increase in respiration. Moreover, pesticides have adverse effects on the sexual reproduction of fruit trees, as flower bud initiation is reduced, and in case of pesticides application during fruit setting, pollen viability and stigma receptivity will decline. Furthermore, the development and growth of fruits is adversely affected as interferences with pollination and fertilization processes occur. Concerning the chemical composition, pesticides affect minimally proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins content. As for the flavor, appearance, color, size, shape, and texture, they are diversely affected. So, it’s obvious that pesticides have adverse effects on trees. Thus, a global pesticide program similar to the EPA Pesticide Program could be part of the solution, by which only safe registered pesticides are allowed to be imported, sold, and used.

Understanding that an important link exists between deforestation and water quality is essential in order to minimize the extent of deforestation occurring at a global level. Therefore this poster focuses on the impacts of deforestation on water bodies. Comparison graphs and a figure clearly represent how deforestation can lead to a change in stream flow and at times being the reason behind flood and drought, thus showing the importance of forests in regulating the flood and drought cycles. The poster also stresses the importance of transpiration in rainfall and thus links deforestation to drought conditions. These conditions would lead to a smaller amount of water reaching cities and agricultural lands. The poster also highlights suggested laws and regulations to be followed in order to protect forests. These laws can be integrated with those of shared water resource management in order to avoid having one country’s acts of deforestation affect another country’s water quantity and quality. A transboundary watershed management program can serve as a conservation model especially for countries in the region.

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Climate change and forestry: impacts and adaptation Karim Shaar and M. Massoud

Forests in natural disastersLama Al Aridi and M. Massoud

During the past century the pace of climate change has been fairly rapid due to manmade activities that emitted significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere each year. This change that will cause an increase in the average temperature of the earth, will also amplify the intensity and frequency of natural disasters, and increase the stress on the global food supply water resources, and biodiversity mainly forestry. The impact of climate change on forests can alter their growth and regeneration rate, as well as their habitats. In the socio-economical context, forests have an important role in providing goods and services to humans; on the other hand, they are a vital component for preserving the ecosystem and biodiversity. Hence, formulating mitigation measures to climate change that go hand in hand with integrated adaptation strategies to preserve forests from the impacts of climate change is crucial. Moreover, these strategies, in order to be efficiently implemented, should consider the socio-economical, technological, institutional, and ecological limitations of the nations, especially the developing ones which face more drastic limitations that will prohibit them from successfully managing their forests to adapt to climate change.

Natural disasters are considered as a global issue since they can occur in all regions around the world. Moreover, impacts of natural disasters can affect many countries and not only the country where the natural disaster took place. The increasing effects of natural disasters on the different environmental health entities have become a major issue in countries that are greatly subjected to the different categories of natural disasters. These effects are continually increasing causing more damage on the different environmental entities that include: water, wastewater, food safety, indoor and outdoor air quality, and solid waste management. Effects of natural disasters are differentiated according to countries and the specific type of the disaster (tsunami, earthquake, volcano, ...). In some countries, according to the type and location of natural disasters, forests and trees are the major entities affected by the natural crisis. Many of the natural disaster that have previously occurred throughout history have affected the presence of forests especially tornadoes and volcanoes, in addition to minimal effects caused by other natural disasters. This poster shows a natural disaster and discusses its effects on forests and its impacts on trees. A specific natural crisis is chosen to discuss its effects on the forests leading to suggestions and recommendations that aim at preventing or reducing the effects on forests.

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Biodiversity and Sustainable developmentJinane Abi Ramia and M. Massoud

The Effect of Soil Erosion on the Mediterranean SeaKinda Constantine and M. Massoud

Biodiversity is the variability of living organisms including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic species as well as the ecosystems they belong to. This diversity plays an ultimate role in preserving human survival, whether by providing habitat, or medicinal cues, or most importantly for being a source of energy and primary products, and thus the basis of international commercial exchange. Biodiversity should therefore be preserved for the benefit of humanity besides considering the ethical duty to preserve Mother Nature. However, for too long, anthropological activities performed for the sake of human profit and development, have been widely threatening environmental ecosystems. Many species are reported to be at risk of extinction, forests, raw materials, and natural resources are being depleted at alarming rates. This urged the United Nations to take action by organizing The Convention on Biological Diversity, an international treaty (quasi universal), which seeks to protect and preserve biodiversity, and addresses all potential threats on it, develops tools, incentives and approaches to reduce the problem. Yet, despite the initiatives taken, a noticeable discrepancy exists between developed and developing countries regarding the contributions of biodiversity conservation. This report focuses on the main reasons of ineffectiveness of solutions applicable, and how these solutions could be made effective.

Trees are considered to be a vital element for the Earth and the overall protection of the environment. They mainly aid in the conservation of rainwater, the reduction of water runoff, and sediment deposit after storms. Due to the increase in deforestation, soil erosion is now more prominent than ever, it is threatening the Mediterranean Sea by polluting the water and affecting marine species. Agricultural practices in developing Mediterranean countries are still preliminary, requiring the uncontrolled use of pesticides and fertilizers to grow plants and trees. In addition, mass tourism in the Mediterranean Sea has lead to enormous transformation, which in turn has paved the way for soil erosion and increasing discharges into the sea. Therefore, after the trees have been uprooted, the water will not be preserved in the soil; it will however percolate until it reaches the groundwater aquifer and eventually becomes surface water, and ends up in the sea. As such, this study focuses on the ability of trees to retain the soil through their roots, and the effects of contaminated runoff, which is reaching the sea, and increasing the level of pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Are genetically Modified Trees beneficial or Harmful to both Public Health and nature?

L’Emira Sara Chehab and R. Kamleh

Genetically Modified Organisms are very widespread in many countries including the USA, European countries, China and Japan. It all started in the 1960s, and is expected to grow greatly in the future. Genetically modified trees are genetically altered in order to change or improve a certain unwanted characteristic in that tree. Many scientists did not consider genetically modified trees safe neither for the ecosystem, nor for the human health. Ecological and human health impacts caused by genetically modified trees will be discussed in this poster. Salt, cold, wet, drought tolerance and decrease in the water needed by the crop were observed in Africa. However, the entire ecology of the area it was planted in, was affected. On the other hand, resistance to insects, herbicides, and diseases in the genetically modified trees have shown both positive and negative effects on the ecology of that area. In addition, long distance dispersal of both seeds and pollen contaminate non-genetically modified tree plantations, with genetically modified seeds. Moreover, they have also shown effects on the human health. Inhaled pollen of trees that produce Bt toxin may result in harmful effects such as puncturing a hole in the circulatory system organs. Thus, although genetically modified trees have few positive effects on the ecology it has shown to have many negative impacts on nature and human health.

Is organic farming protecting the nature?Lana El-Hariri and R. Kamleh

Organic farming is known as a form of agriculture that prevents the use of chemicals and genetically modified organisms. Implemented in different countries in the world, organic farming has shown several positive impacts on the nature and public health. A high decrease in soil erosion, a high increase in soil fertility and a high reduction of water evaporation were shown in Australia where organic farming was introduced to a large dry land prone to wind erosion. In addition, an impressive increase of crop yields and quality was noticed. The plantation of 14 000 trees and 70 000 fodder shrubs has increased animals, birds, plants and insects. On the other hand, organic agriculture practices have also raised the bird’s population in Turkey of about 50 individuals that were endangered due to the extensive use of pesticides that mainly affected their natural habitat. This conversion from conventional to organic farming will certainly protect the environmental and public health.

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AGSC 229 – Entrepreneurship in agriculture

SmilecoSerge Haddad, Ziad Fawaz and M. Bou Nassar

Cedar’s AromaBilal Moghrabi, Nader Safadi, Georgia Stauffer and M. Bou Nassar

Dr. Makram Bou Nassar

American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Agribusiness.

Smileco is a newly introduced product plan consisting of a toothbrush that has not yet embarked on the market, as its use disregards the appliance of both water and toothpaste. This revolutionary specimen is composed of starch, water, fibers and primarily the indigenous plant found in Arab regions, “miswak”. The latter is a pre-Islamic custom adopted by Prophet Muhammad around 543 AD to which the ancient Arabs conformed in order to get their teeth white and shiny. Accordingly, tooth decay is the most common disease affecting families worldwide. This state-of-the-art commodity launches a more developed pattern in maintaining dental hygiene. In point of fact, Smileco is an easily accessible portable device that conserves mouth and teeth cleanliness, whiteness and freshness discounting water and toothpaste. Smileco is highly affordable for the entire population, as its retail price is estimated at an average of one dollar. Furthermore, on the E-commerce scale, online business-to-consumer companies are putting the “miswak” stick up for sale at a price of $0.90. Additionally, in order to shed light upon the product to the mind’s eye, a marketing campaign is to be initiated through miscellaneous audiovisual, sonar and electronic advertising means such as social networking, the television and the radio. Tourists visiting Lebanon can benefit from carrying Smileco while backpacking across the country to preserve their smiles far and wide. Smileco is to be utilized two to three times daily so as to maintain oral purity. Consequently, in order to facilitate implementation, interchangeable heads are found within the package and bought in pharmacies after being worn out. In a nutshell, Smileco is a modern invention that revives indigenous and traditional ways of using “miswak” plants. This green prospective commodity undertakes post-technological generations to conceive a pioneering organizational approach: simplify, clarify and economize.

You know how a smell can make you dream? Well Cedar’s Aroma can take you anywhere you’d like. Jasmine can take you to the beaches of Jbeil in summer, Lavender will make you want to picnic in your garden, Pine will take you skiing under the snow in Arz, Rose will put you in a romantic mood while Amber will make you think about backpacking through the mountains of Chouf. Our products are innovative and long lasting air freshener extracted from different native Lebanese plants; their composition (Water, Agar, Essential Oil and Color) is 100% Green, nontoxic and not harmful to you or your family! They are found all around the world at a reasonable prices of 5$ in Super- and Mini- markets, Local Lebanese Shops and House Shops to all who desire the Lebanese way to fresh air! Cedar’s Aroma can not only provide you with pleasant smell associations but also disguise bad odors for up to 2 months! Use it for your bedroom for some spice; aerate your closets, bring some freshness in your bathroom and create an ambience in your living room.

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“Scentsation” Air FreshenerYasmine El Kara, Mohammad Karim El Lakkis, Elie Daoud and M. Bou Nassar

LebAromaJeffrey Mourad, Jawad Mahfouz, L’Emir Mohamad Chehab and M. Bou Nassar

Our product is an air freshener named “Scentsation”. It is known for its purely natural components (water, agar, essential oils, and natural color additives extracted from native Lebanese plants). It comes in the form of a box; the strength of the scent can be adjusted by settling the box’s opening according to your preferences. It could be used around children and toddlers since it doesn’t contain any chemical additives. “Scentsation” has a variety of scents and colors, suiting different tastes; Jasmine (Yellow), lavender (purple), pine (green), amber (orange), and rose (pink). It is constituted of a gel-like texture, which can last up to 2 months. Some of our targeted customers are people interested in organic and green products, since going green and organic is one of the hippest trends in today’s markets. We will also target offices and shops in malls since smell gives a very big impact on the buyer’s impression. We will set a mission, which will help us build our goals and strategy. Our mission will be “setting the right mood” or “indulging in the moment” or perhaps “creating for every memory an unforgettable scent”. Based on our mission we will be building our campaign, advertisements and brand image. The expected outcomes will be creating awareness regarding social responsibility and environmental friendly habits. Our customers can start adopting these habits by purchasing “Scentsation”.

LebAroma air freshener, a simple, yet essential product for creating, a harmonious heaven, in the palm of your hands. Environmentally friendly hygiene loyal to Lebanon’s greatest scents has become a vital necessity for Lebanese consumers. What better way to keep those nourishing smells at the reach of every person who seeks nature’s greatest fragrance! LebAroma made from natural products can provide such an experience with native Lebanese plants such as Jasmine, Lavender, Pine, Rose or even Amber. The long lasting fragrance will keep your surroundings fresh for up to two months. With its various designs and suitable looks, LebAroma will fit into any décor you desire, whether it is your Living Room, Bathroom, Saloon or even your Car, LebAroma will always revitalize your entourage with energetic aroma. The aim of this product is to mobilize Lebanese Consumers to buy high quality Lebanese Products for an affordable price and a great outcome. Thanks to its simple yet beautiful design LebAroma will adapt to your designing needs, giving you the choice between discrete or plain site adaptations thanks to its perfectly engineered “Stick-It” function.

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Squeaky Clean Hand SanitizerMazen Makarem, Bilal Ibrahim, Ahmad Tuffaha and M. Bou Nassar

The Golden PeanutAnwar Bizri, Mohammad Ali Malass and M. Bou Nassar

Squeaky Clean is a 100% natural hand sanitizer composed of water, cactus extract, ethanol, carbomer 940, and fragrance. Squeaky Clean allows you to stay clean in a world full of germs 24/7, as it comes in a pocket-sized bottle that you can take wherever you go be it university, work or the great outdoors. Squeaky Clean can be used without water or soap and you don’t have to fear the sticky feeling most hand sanitizers leave because of the use of cactus extracts, which are known for their moisturizing effects, which causes the sticky sensation to evaporate after a couple of rubs, leaving your hands squeaky clean. Most people would agree that having a hand sanitizer with them at all times today is essential. But what makes Squeaky Clean different from others is that it is 100% natural. People who might be interested in our product are teenagers as well as university students mostly because of their growing demand of products that are composed of natural components. We will also raise awareness to the importance of using natural products that are environmentally friendly for people who tend to disregard the impact of synthetic material on our environment. We expect that people who seek 100% natural products will purchase Squeaky Clean. But that is not the end of our journey, we hope to raise awareness for consumers who disregard how they impact their environment by what they purchase and encourage them to seek out natural products.

Our product is essentially a gift box composed mainly of peanut shell and all natural ingredients. The main competitive advantage of our product is its 100% biodegradable nature. Added value is found in the product’s “natural” ingredients and in the integration of those ingredients with the product’s shape: the gift box is shaped like a peanut and made of peanut. The strategy to be utilized in the launching of the marketing of the product will be based on the fact that global warming concerns are increasing exponentially in the commercial and non-commercial world. The product will satisfy demands generated by those growing concerns. It will be launched in conferences and seminars on global warming and any environmental activism. The product image will become “green-friendly” after which it will be released into the market through gift shops and environmental-friendly approach. The product will establish its initial image with environmental activists and gain their lifetime consumer value seeing as it is a new concept that acts as a tool of change in the world of “accessories”. Environmentally active individuals usually demonize products such as gift boxes due to their non-biodegradability; the product will consequently target a much wider market after having been deemed trendy and harmless and eventually become a main competitor in the gift box market.

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Green PotJanah Aridi, Marwa Moughrabi, Elham Tarabayand and M. Bou Nassar

BioPotElsa Azar, Wael Darwish, Tony Semaan and M. Bou Nassar

Through centuries, using flowerpots started to spread facilitating the plant’s movement from one place to another. In the past, gardeners relied on planters to grow their seeds without considering its negative environmental effects, that when not recycled or reused plastics contribute to 25% of the pollution. But today more solutions are arising to keep our world green. Our product “The Green Pot” is a biodegradable pot which is ideal for growing seedlings that are sensitive to root disturbance when transplanted, as you can simply transplant the seedling without removing it from the pot which breaks down within few months. The benefits are significant; as it is made up of renewable resources. Carob pots can contain all kinds of plants. They are very rich in carbohydrates and contain appreciable amounts of fibers that contribute to the rigidity of the pot, using glycerol as plasticizer along with water, Arabic gum and CaCO3. These plastic-free pots promote the cultivation of native carob plants and the use of food by-products. Our aim is to convince gardeners and all people who are used to the plastic pots to shift to our Green Pot Product, as it is environmental-friendly. So we prepared it to be affordable to everyone, easily used and applicable in and out-doors with varying sizes that can fit different kinds of plants. If you intend to transplant seedlings directly into your garden, the “Green Pot” is much more cost effective and convenient as it is planted along with the plant. Live green, enrich your plant, use the “Green Pot” product and be more than satisfied.

Flowerpots have traditionally been used to hold soil within which plants are to be grown. Flowerpots are made from a wide variety of materials including ceramics, glasses, clays, plastics, metals, and a variety of other suitable materials. The flowerpot adequately performs the function of containing the soil and water within which the plant is growing, but does not care for the environment that is very important nowadays to businesses and private consumers, particularly when thinking of future generations. Today, environmental-friendly products are becoming a very necessary part of people’s demands and services because their use shows the social responsibility of the community using it and improves the overall environment as well as peoples’ workplace and home environment since our region is the most affected by the climate changes (desertification). The “biodegradable” pot has the ability to break down and decompose, safely and relatively quickly, by biological agents, namely bacteria. This means that this pot will not leave any trace. Therefore, this innovation is great when compared to the huge number of years needed to break down a plastic pot. Using carob pods that are very rich in carbohydrates and contain appreciable amounts of fibers that contribute to the rigidity of the pot, we will be manufacturing a non-polluting, fully biodegradable pot in different shapes and colors and that can be used inside and outside. It will be cheaper than the normally used pots targeting the new generation that cares for a sustainable environment within the Middle East. This product is a viable environmental alternative to the earth-damaging plastic pots. Therefore it will have a remarkable success noting that it also promotes the cultivation of native carob plants that grow successfully in our country and the use of food byproducts.

ChewakPaul-Marc Massabni, Fadi Mughrabi and M. Bou Nassar

Miswak was used by the Babylonians 7000 years ago. It was later used throughout the Greek and Roman empires and has been used by Egyptians, and in the Islamic Empires. Miswak is made from a twig of the Salvadora Persica tree. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended and encouraged the use of these sticks as an effective tool for oral hygiene. Miswak has a lot of benefits: it strengthens the gums, prevents tooth decay and eliminates toothaches. Miswak is proved to halt further increase in decay that has already set in. Furthermore, it creates fragrance in the mouth, eliminates bad breath, improves the sense of taste and causes the teeth to glow and shine. It strengthens a person’s memory, cures headaches, gets rid of plague, keeps the life healthy, helps digest food, and strengthens the stomach. Because people are looking for healthy, organic, and environmental food products we have decided to create “Chewak“. Our product is a chewing gum mainly made of Miswak. The purpose of “Chewak” is to replace the benefits of toothpaste by a special chewing gum and add healthier value to it. Our aim is to target all ages and classes of the society since “Chewak” price will not be very high. Its cost is estimated to be 1 $ per 6 pieces. It can be found in all retail markets and pharmacies.

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NFSC 299: Special Topics in Nutrition and Food ScienceDr. Mohammad Abiad

American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of nutrition and food sciences

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Aerial Reforestation Containers from Recycled Agricultural and Food Wastes

Imad Kastoun, Karim Batlouni and M. Abiad

Deforestation, caused by various human activities including fires, is a growing ecological problem in Lebanon. Deforested regions typically incur adverse soil erosion and often degrade to become wasteland, not to mention the consequences on climate change and global warming. As a result, inadequate reforestation may damage or even eliminate the existing natural habitats, reducing biodiversity and increasing aridity. Due to the difficulty of the terrain in many areas in Lebanon, aerial planting is one of the major solutions that can help target this growing crisis. Aerial reforestation is usually done by throwing or dropping compressed clods of soil in plastic containers or other types of pouches containing a seed or a seedling along with soil and nutrients. Most inventions and designs of such containers are made of biodegradable material that contains soil and nutrients. However, none has attempted to incorporate agricultural and food wastes into the design providing the nutrients from recycled organic material. This project suggests the use of agricultural and food wastes in the development of a biodegradable pouch that can be used in aerial reforestation. The proposed pouch will contain the seedlings while it provides various nutrients that support the growth of the contained vegetation.

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LDEM 211: Landscape Horticulture IDr. Salma Talhouk Ms. Monika Fabian

American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management

Do you really know everybody at AUB?Raseel Abdo, Dana Ali, Nader Daou, Sarah Kishawi, Tatiana Merheb, Sara Nahouli,

M. Fabian and S. N. Talhouk

Nature capturedFarah Ali, Balsam Aoun, Rima El Assi, Kristelle Boulos, Yassmine Esteitie,

Yara Falakha, M. Fabian and S. N. Talhouk

Art and NatureNajat Chehab, Arwa Al Jalahma, Nour Khouri , Ranim Koleilat, Sarah Meouche,

Tala Tabbakh, M. Fabian and S. N. Talhouk

Everybody enjoys the greenery of the AUB campus but how many realize that it has become one of the last refuges for wild animals (not cats)? In order to encourage AUB community and visitors to see this added dimension we have decided to produce a booklet that makes visitors appreciate the ecological value of the campus and learn more about the other campus ‘residents’.

With young people spending most of their time away from forests, woodlands, and open green spaces nature has become irrelevant to day-to-day life. This is the assumption but what do people of our generation think and feel about nature? In this project we asked our friends to use photographs to explain what nature means to them. If a picture is worth a thousand words then we hope that this photo exhibition will reveal much the relation between today’s youth and nature.

There are so many kinds of trees and shrubs on campus; many are native to Lebanon but a sizable number was imported by AUB faculty and alumni. We have chosen to use a temporary public art intervention to raise awareness about the diversity of trees and shrubs that exist at AUB.

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List of contributing studentsRaseel Abdo Ayoub Abi-Rafeh Jinane Abi Ramia Samantha Abi Saab Mazen Abi Samra Anas Abu Hatab Teddy Akiki Lama Al Aridi Eliana Al-Haddad Maan Al Halabi Marwa Al Jalahma Oliver Alam Samer Alameddine Dana Ali Farah Ali Rebecca Andraos Balsam Aoun Janah Aridi Amir Assi Wael Assi Jane Atallah Rawad Atallah Sandra Joy Atweh Nour Awad Hassan Awada Jad Ayash Wassim Ayass Hussein Ayoub Elsa Azar Alice Baghdadi Steve Balian Carole Baraké Tara Bardawil Karim Batlouni Anwar Bizri Kristelle Boulos Nour Chams Sana Chams L’Emir Mohamad Chehab Najat Chehab L’Emira Sara Chehab Kinda Constantine Ghassan Daher Weam Dalal Laetitia Daou

Nader Daou Elie Daoud Wael Darwish Alexandra Eid Maya Eid Rima El Assi Mahmoud El Dirani Ibrahim El Halabi Rana El Halabi Lana El-Hariri Ingrid El Helou Yasmine El Kara Mohammad El Lakkis Farah El Sayed Skye El Sayegh Tala El Tal Said El Zein Nada El-Zmeter Yassmine Esteitie Fatima Ezzedine Ali Fakih Ferial Fakih Yara Falakha Jawad Fares Adham Farroukh Mohamad Fathalah Mariam Fawaz Sara Fawaz Ziad Fawaz Elie Finianos Nadim Ghanem Elie Gholam Jana Ghulmiyyah Christal Greige Ahmad Hachem Salameh Haddad Serge Haddad Lara Haidar Jacques Halbi Ahmad Hamad Lamiaa Hamieh Jamal Hamzeh Anthony Harb Fahed Hassan Ihab Hassanieh

Reem Hassoun Majd Hemam Abed Hout Sara Hteit Bilal Ibrahim Dina Ibrahim Dalia Ismail Wafic Itani Tala Kardas Natasha Kargodorian Ratiba Kassem Imad Kastoun Soumayah Kawtharani Fatima Kesserwan Hratch Kestenian Jane Khalife Dima Khammash Yassemine Khawajkie Nour Khouri Mickael Khouzami Sarah Kishawi Georges Kobrossieh Dalal Kojok Ranim Koleilat Reem Korban Rawand Madi Jawad Mahfouz Mazen Makarem Nader Makarem Bassel Malaeb Carla Malaeb Mohammad Ali Mallas Fatima Mansour Hisham Mansour Nohad Masri Paul-Marc Massabni Mohammad Meneem Sarah Meouche Tatiana Merheb Evita Moawad Bilal Moghrabi Ibrahim Mortada Marwa Moughrabi Tarek Mouhieddine Jeffrey Mourad

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Fadi Mughrabi Sara Nahouli Tamim Najjar Gihan Nakhleh Zainab Olleik Hanin Osman Mohamad Raad Hala Rachidi Ryan Rachwan Said Rahal Hussein Rimmani

Stephanie Saaybi Nader Safadi Zeyad Sahli Roula Saksouk Joanna Salameh Philippe Saliba Bechara Samneh Rita Saroufim Samar Semaan Tony Semaan Karim Shaar

Omar Shehab Rayan Sibai Georgia Stauffer Tala Tabbakh Elham Tarabayand Mira Toukan Ahmad Tuffaha Laure Yammine Dina Yunis Noura Zaim Hani Zayat