IB Geography introducing Dependency Ratios Mrs. Leahy Horton
High School
Slide 2
What's to come Responses to high and low fertility- Populations
in Transition 1 What are dependency Ratios? 2 Impacts of youthful
and aging populations 3 Natalist Policies
Slide 3
Dependency Ratios 1
Slide 4
Dependency Ratio: is the relationship between the working or
economically active population and the non-working population.
Youth Dependency Ratio- the ration of the number of people 0-14 to
those of 15-64 years. Getting Started with dependency ratios
Slide 5
Elderly dependency ratio: the ratio of the number of people
aged 65 and over to those aged 15-64 years.
Slide 6
Slide 7
Importance of dependency ratios The dependency ratio is
important because the economically active population will
contribute more to the economy (taxes on income, goods and business
activity) The dependent population tends to be bigger recipients of
government funding (education, health care, pensions). The increase
in the dependency ratio can cause significant financial problems
for a government if it does not have the financial reserves to cope
with such change.
Slide 8
Limitations of the dependency ratio: In developed countries few
people leave education before the age of 18, many do not get a job
until 21 and even retire before the age of 65. A large number of
people in the economically active group are staying home, such as
parent to look after children and other reasons. In developing
countries many children are working full or part time before the
age of 15- some areas also have high unemployment.
Slide 9
Video time: Watch and Learn
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao3flYBgdRU
Slide 10
2 Impacts of a youthful or aging populations
Slide 11
Lets start with: YOUTHFUL POPULATION
Slide 12
Case Study- Malawi
Slide 13
Problems to Malawi's Youthful Population Problems Pressure on
providing adequate medical services and health care. This may lead
to widespread disease and infections Education system under stress
lack of education leads to under-paid, under-privileged jobs.
Insufficient food supply could lead to famine Increased rural-urban
migration as rural areas unable to sustain growing population. This
could lead to shanty towns Increased poverty and lower standards of
living.
Slide 14
Advantages and disadvantages AdvantagesDisadvantages -provides
a large and cheap future workforce -provides a growing market for
manufactured products -provides a large tax base for the country
-Source of new innovation and ideas -puts strain on education and
health services -puts strain on food supplies -puts strain on
available accommodation - lack of available jobs in the future
Slide 15
Aging Populations
Slide 16
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ukNFMe
Zvcc&list=FLjCw18Dzx8TViPFSvwRAInA&index
=2&feature=plpp_video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ukNFMe
Zvcc&list=FLjCw18Dzx8TViPFSvwRAInA&index
=2&feature=plpp_video Video Clip
Slide 17
Japan Case Study
Slide 18
Japan has an ageing population because the birth rates have
fallen and it has one of the world's highest life expectancy's. In
fact the islands of Okinawa off Japan's south coast have the
highest life expectancy and the greatest percentage of centenarians
in the world. Japan has the highest proportion of old dependents
(about 23%) and the lowest proportion of young dependents (about
13%) in the world. It has a total fertility rate of only 1.25. This
is well below the replacement rate of 2.1. Even though the Japanese
are working longer, it may have to look outside its borders to
prevent future population decline and economic decline. Japan is
traditionally a very insular country so allowing large scale
immigration would involve huge social and cultural changes.
Slide 19
Causes of an Aging Population High life expectancy caused by:
-Good medical care -Good diet and improved water supply -Good
sanitation and hygiene Low birth rates caused by: -Emancipation of
women -Cost of children -Emigration of economically active
Slide 20
Advantages and disadvantages AdvantagesDisadvantages -Elderly
people have a lot of experience and can be valuable in the
workplace -Less money spent on schooling and natal medical care
-Lower crime rates and less money needed to be spent on policing
-Shortage of economically active -Reduced taxation income for the
government -Cost of providing healthcare and care homes (elderly
tend to get sick more frequently) -Reduced spending on education,
policing, transport network, etc. -Cost of paying for pensions
-Service decline (schools, sports centres, etc. not used by older
residents)
Slide 21
Solutions to an Ageing Population -Pro-natalist policies
-Increased immigration of economically active -Increased retirement
age -Private pensions -Private healthcare -Increased taxes of
economically active
Population Policy Project: You may choose to work with a
partner, or a group of three. Each group must select a country and
research their population policy. No two groups can study the same
country. Please sign your group up with the country of your choice
to ensure that no two groups have chosen the same one. The
following should be covered in your project- Provide a brief
demographic profile of the country e.g. CBD, CDR, IMR, MMR, LE,
TFR, stage in DTM, contraceptive use etc. /5 Show population
pyramids for past, present and future. Describe and account for the
trends in the demographic situation that the population pyramids
show. /6 What is the government s policy towards population growth?
How does it implement its policy? Evaluate the success of the
policy. /6 What predictions do you have for the future
demographically, socially, economically, politically, and
environmentally? /5 You may use any of the following to present
your project: -PowerPoint, wiki page, webpage or have other ideas??
Just ask!
Slide 25
China Iran Egypt France Denmark Singapore Nigeria India The
Kerala Some Ideas: