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IAS MAINS ANSWER

WRITING WORKBOOK

प्रयास

ONLY THE ONE WHO MAKES THE EFFORTS WINS

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PREFACE – THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORKBOOK

You may read 100s of books, revise your current affairs notes 5 times and attend all classes possible. But, if you can't write your answers properly, all the effort that you put goes in vein. To help you with the same, CivilsTap is here with the most quality oriented answer writing program which is absolutely Free and the delivery of the same is regular.

As the name suggests, "Prayaas", we are putting efforts to provide you with daily video lectures containing the model hints and a basic knowledge of the concept needed to write an effective answer. Besides this, by watching our videos on our youtube channel, the aspirants will learn how to write a good answer even if they have a limited knowledge regarding the theme of the question.

In our model hints we provide several important information needed to add value to the answer. We believe that the aspirants will use the information and condense it as per their own discretion to write a brilliant answer within the constraints of word limit.

We believe that with our guidance you will put the same amount of efforts to develop the right skill of writing brilliant answers in your UPSC Mains Examination.

We will be covering previous year questions, questions based on current affairs, questions based on static concepts and everything that can appear in the mains exam.

For a better understanding as to how to use the model hints to write the answer, you can watch our DAILY VIDEOS ON MAINS ANSWER WRITING on our YOUTUBE CHANNEL – CIVILSTAP wherein we come up with questions daily and teach our dear aspirants how to write a crisp, holistic and an effective answer.

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Do not forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.

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Preface – The objective of this workbook .............................................................................. 1

How to use the directives ............................................................................................................... 4

Q. "The echo of words written on social media is greater than spoken in public and therefore needs greater

regulation". In light of the above statement EXAMINE the need of such regulations.

[Answer in 200 words] .............................................................................................................................. 4

Q. "The echo of words written on social media is greater than spoken in public and therefore needs greater regulation". In light of the above statement discuss the need of such regulations. ................................... 6

[Answer in 200 words] .................................................................. 6

Q. "The echo of words written on social media is greater than spoken in public and therefore needs greater regulation". Comment. .............................................................................................................................. 8

[Answer in 200 words] .............................................................................................................................. 8

Q. "The echo of words written on social media is greater than spoken in public and therefore needs greater regulation". Explain. ................................................................................................................................ 10

[Answer in 200 words] ............................................................................................................................ 10

General Studies – I History, Society, Art and Culture ...................................................... 12

Q. Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss [Answer in 150 words] .......................................................................................................................................... 12

Q. To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain [Answer in 200 words] ............................................................................................................................ 14

Q. During the 'home rule movement' emphasis on participation in freedom movement shifted from educated elite to masses, which gave it a new dimension. Do you agree? Discuss the impact of the Home Rule League on freedom struggle. [Answer in 250 words] ........................................................ 16

Q. What was the significance of the pillars during Mauryan period and how Mauryan pillars are different from other part of the world such as Achaemenian pillars? [Answer in 200 words] ............. 18

Q. What was the significance of the pillars during Mauryan period and how Mauryan pillars are different from other part of the world such as Achaemenian pillars? [Answer in 200 words] ................................ 20

General Studies – I Geography ................................................................................................... 22

Q. Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region? [Answer in 150 words] ............................................................................................................................................................... 22

Q. Tropical Deciduous Forests are most widely distributed in India. Explain the different types of tropical deciduous forest in India and their characteristics. [Answer in 250 words] ............ 24

Q. 'Climate change' is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? [Answer in 250 words] ........ 27

Q. Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation? [Answer in 150 Words] ............................................................................................................................ 29

General Studies – II – Indian Polity and Intrnational Relations.................................. 31




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Q. How is Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss

[Answer in 250 words] 31

Q. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? Discuss [Answer in 250 words] ......................................................................... 33

Q. Discuss the problems in the working of political parties in India. Do you think that we need a special law to regulate their functioning? [Answer in 250 words] ..... 35

Q. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? [Answer in 150 Words] ............................................................................................................................ 37

Q. In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? [Answer in 250 Words] ............. 39

General Studies – III – Economy, Environment & Ecology, Security and Disaster

Management ...................................................................................................................................... 41

Q. While discussing the significance of the ‘national income accounting’, explain the three main methods of computing it. [Answer in 250 words] ............................................................................... 41

Q. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. ............................................................................................................................... 43

[Answer in 150 Words] ............................................................................................................................ 43

Q. Explain the characteristics of ecological succession. ........................................................................... 45

[Answer in 150 words] ............................................................................................................................ 45

Q. Discuss the major threats faced by biodiversity around the world. [Answer in 250 words] ................. 47

Do it yourself........................................................................................................................................... 48

Q. Discuss the potential threats of Cyber-attack and the security framework to prevent it? [Answer in 150 words] ............................................................................................................................ 49




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HOW TO USE THE DIRECTIVES When it comes to UPSC, having knowledge is one thing, but using it effectively to address the DIRECTIVE in the question is an uphill task.

In order to help the aspirants with this dilemma we have come up with a strategy to help our candidates understand the importance of directive and how to mould the answers to address them effectively.

In this strategy we will answer just one question multiple times, but each time the directive to be addrerssed will be different. We highly recommend the candidates to watch the detailed explanation video of this strategy on our youtube channel CivilsTap under the playlist – “MAINS SPECIAL – HOW TO USE THE DIRECTIVES”.

So here is the question that we will be using to understand the technique to address the directive.

Q. "The echo of words written on social media is greater than spoken in public and therefore needs greater regulation". In light of the above statement

EXAMINE the need of such regulations. [Answer

in 200 words]

MODEL HINTS




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INTRODUCTION

SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA In the age of information the social media technology has revolutionized the way human beings interact.

It has speeded up the process of exchange of information which has on one hand brought certain benefits to the society ( example: speedy economic transactions and business activities) while on the other hand the echo of words written on social media by the keyboard warriors has serious repercussions for the society.

CONNECTING LINE Amidst various apprehensions pertaining to the misuse of social media, there is a need for a greater regulations. The need for these regulations can be examined in terms of the following factors:

BODY

TURNING DEMOCRACY INTO MOBOCRACY It has been observed that the social media apps like whatsapp, facebook etc. are becoming a tool in the

hands of rumor mongers which has led to unfortunate incidents of ‘mob lynching’.

The recent lynching of two 30 year old youth in Assam depicts the seriousness of this issue, thereby indicating an urgent need to regulate the social media.

RADICALIZATION OF YOUTH A further examination reveals that social media is also responsible for the increasing incident of the

radicalization of the youth.

Various anti-social elements and terrorist outfits misuse the social media platforms to brainwash the innocent youth and radicalize them for their vested interest.

Although, this issue is much more grave globally, but is gathering pace in India as well.

According to recent trends the radicalization of Kashmiri youth has been on a rise (evident from increasing incidents of stone pelters) which is a threat to the national security and integrity of the country.

COMMUNAL DISHARMONY The spread of rumors is like a wild fire due to social media apps. This has resulted in instigating the

communities against each other.

It has been examined that the unfortunate incidents of lynching a person in the name of ‘cow vigilantism’ is an outcome of unregulated social media.

There are a number of radical groups active on social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram that keep feeding the minds of the people with disturbing content.

If this is not regulated in time, it may lead to wide spread communal-riots in the country.

CYBER BULLYING Prevalence of social media among youngsters has led to an emerging threat of cyber bullying (sharing

embarrassing pictures, harsh comments etc.).

This issue has been examined by psychological experts who believe that due to perennial nature of the data shared on social media, the depression caused due to cyber bullying is extremely harmful.

According to certain reports there has been an increase in the number of suicides due to depression caused by cyber bullying.

CONCLUSION




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Amidst these grave threats posed by the social media, it is imperative to regulate it in the interest of the nation and the society.

The factors examined above depict that the present regulations are rid with certain lacunae.

The government of India has acknowledged this threat. The Ministry of Information and technology has drafted the “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines Rules) 2018” to replace the rules notified in 2011, hopefully the new rules (presently under consultation process) will seek to plug in the loopholes.

Directive – Discuss

Q. "The echo of words written on social media is greater than spoken in public

and therefore needs greater regulation". In light of the above statement discuss

the need of such regulations.

[Answer in 200 words]

MODEL HINTS

KEYWORDS FOR ADDRESSING – DISCUSS __________ “can be DISCUSSED in terms of following factors”

__________ “from sociological POINT OF VIEW”

__________ “from political POINT OF VIEW”

__________ “from the PERSPECTIVE OF teenage psychology”

INTRODUCTION

SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA In the age of information the social media technology has revolutionized the way human beings interact.

While the benefits brought about by the use of social media cannot be ignored, yet the echo of words written on social media by the keyboard warriors has serious repercussions for the society.

CONNECTING LINE Amidst various concerns associated with the misuse of social media, there is a need for a greater regulations. The need for these regulations can be discussed in terms of the following aspects:

BODY




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SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT From a sociological perspective the need for greater regulation of the social media can be

discussed in light of the fact that it is being misused by mischievous elements (Rumor Mongers) to spread baseless rumors.

These rumors have far reaching impact and can lead to disharmony in the society.

The recent lynching of two 30 year old youth in Assam and instigation of two different social communities against each other (Cow Vigilantism and Mob Lynching) depict an urgent need regulations from the sociological point of view.

POLITICAL ASPECT Politically, the social media is being actively used by various political groups to propagate their ideology

and gather support of the people.

However, there are a few groups that resort to spreading fake news (photo shopped messages etc.) thereby manipulating the people to redirect the public wave in their favour .

As a result from political point of view as well, there needs to be an effective regulation of social media.

ECONOMIC ASPECT Digital marketing has become an important platform for publicizing various products.

However, due to unregulated social media, certain brands are selling substandard / duplicate products to the consumers thereby threatening their interest.

Thus, from the economic / consumer point of view a well regulated social media can safeguard the consumer Interest and save them from being drained of money on useless commodities.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT The psychological aspect of the need for greater regulations in social media cannot be ignored.

Social Media is primarily being used by the youngsters to interact among themselves. However, an unregulated social media can lead to various psychological issues.

Mobile screen addiction, depression due to cyber bullying, exposure to explicit material etc. are some of the psychological harms caused due to an unregulated social media.

CONCLUSION In the light of the aspects discussed, it is evident that the present regulations are rid with certain

lacunae/loopholes and there is a need for greater regulations of Social Media.

The government of India has acknowledged this need. The Ministry of Information and technology has drafted the “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines Rules) 2018” to replace the rules notified in 2011, hopefully the new rules (presently under consultation process) will seek to plug in these loopholes.




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Directive – Comment


and therefore needs greater regulation". Comment.


MODEL HINTS

KEYWORDS FOR ADDRESSING - COMMENT

USING ADVERBS __________ is “HIGHLY” needed

__________ is “EXTREMELY” necessary

__________ cannot be afforded “AT ANY COST”

__________ it is “HIGH TIME” that the action be taken

__________ it is “FIRMLY” believed

INTRODUCTION

SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA Social media technology has completely revolutionized the way human beings interact. But at the same

time, a poorly regulated social media can be very dangerous for the peace and harmony of the society.

High speed internet, cheaper mobile etc. has easily allowed the social media to make deep inroads into our lives as a result of which the information (even if its harmful) spreads extremely fast via social media.

CONNECTING LINE There are high repercussions of lacunae in the regulations of the social media.

BODY

SOCIALLY Due to anonymity of the uploader, social Media is being highly misused by mischievous elements (Rumor

Mongers) to spread baseless rumors.




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These rumors can have very dangerous outcomes which is also evident from some recent incidents (lynching of two 30 year old youth in Assam).

Moreover, the incidents of instigating two different social communities against each other (Cow Vigilantism and Mob Lynching) depicts that greater regulations are highly needed to maintain social peace in the society.

POLITICALLY There is no doubt that social media platforms (like twitter) have opened up an avenue for the people to

directly interact with their elected representatives.

However, certain political groups spread fake news (photo shopped images, false historical facts etc.) to emotionally manipulate the public for vote bank.

Such a misuse is rising exponentially and is extremely dangerous for our democracy. Only a well regulated socially media can tackle such a situation.

PSYCHOLOGICALLY The serious psychological dangers of social media makes its greater regulations even more important.

A poorly regulated social media is responsible for a number of psychological disorders among the youngsters like - mobile screen addiction, depression due to cyber bullying, exposure to explicit material etc.

Youngsters are the future of the country and any issue that adversely affects them must be taken very seriously.

CONCLUSION In the light of these arguments, it is very evident that the present regulations are rid with certain

lacunae/loopholes. Hence it is high time that greater regulations for Social Media are introduced.

Fortunately, the government of India has taken this matter seriously.

The introduction of draft “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines Rules) 2018” introduced by the Ministry of Information and technology to replace the rules notified in 2011 is a highly appreciative step.

How far these new rules (presently under consultation process) will be able to tackle this issue is yet to be seen.




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Directive – Explain


and therefore needs greater regulation". Explain.


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

WHY IS ECHO OF WORDS MORE ON SOCIAL MEDIA Social media technology has revolutionized the way human beings interact.

The echo of words written on social media is greater than those spoken in public because social media allows these words to reach millions of people in a fraction of seconds.

Due to technological developments like broader spectrums (3G, 4G, 5G etc.), a high speed internet, cheaper computers and mobile phones etc. people are now able to afford the gadgets needed to interact on the social media platforms.

As a result of this with just a click of a button, a piece of information on social media can go viral.

Moreover, due to the audio visual aids and the creative arts used on social media is able to capture the imagination of a much wider audience.

CONNECTING LINE As a result of these advantages, the social media definitely has various benefits (digital marketing, public awareness campaigns etc.). However, an weakly regulated social media can be dangerous for the society and needs greater regulations which can be understood in terms of the following factors.

FACTORS

BODY

SOCIALLY Rumor Spreading




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Greater regulations of the social media are needed because in absence of it, this platform is likely to be misused by various anti-social and mischievous elements.

The greater reach of social media and the anonymity of the uploader, allows it to be a potential weapon which gets misused by Rumor Mongers to spread baseless rumors.

These rumors can have undesirable consequences which is evident from the recent unfortunate incident of lynching of two 30 year old youth in Assam.

Communal Disharmony

Such a misuse can also lead to communal disharmony between two different communities. This is because the instigating and disturbing messages and pictures spread like a wild fire on the social media and cause tensions between the communities.

This is evident from various riots that took place in recent past (Muzzaffarnagar riots of 2013) wherein social media added fuel to the fire.

The rise in the incidents of ‘Cow Vigilantism’ and consequent mob lynching also explains as to why greater regulations are needed for social.

POLITICALLY Fake News for Vote bank

The need for greater regulations of social media can also be explained in the light of incidents wherein certain political groups spread fake news (photo shopped images, false historical facts etc.) to emotionally manipulate the public for vote bank.

Such a misuse is undermines the ideals of democracy.

PSYCHOLOGICALLY Psychological Issues among Youngsters

In addition to this, since the social media is found to be a cause for various psychological problems among the youth as shown in the figure, therefore the need for greater regulations becomes important.

Since the youngsters are the future of the country, therefore, any issue that adversely affects them has to be tackled effectively.

CONCLUSION In the light of the explanation discussed, it is very evident that the present regulations are rid with

certain lacunae/loopholes.

The government of India has acknowledged this matter and is therefore taking some steps to resolve it.

For example, the introduction of draft “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines Rules) 2018” introduced by the Ministry of Information and technology to replace the rules notified in 2011 is one such measure.

It is hoped that after these draft rules go through the consultation process, they will be able to better regulate the social media in National Interest.




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GENERAL STUDIES – I HISTORY, SOCIETY, ART AND CULTURE

Q. Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT INDIAN ART HERITAGE A country as diverse as India is blessed with unmatchable tangible and intangible art heritage which is

as old as the Indian civilization.

India is a cradle of finest cultural symbols of the world which includes architecture, performing arts, classical dance, sculptures, paintings etc.

The recognition of Indian art can be gauged from the fact that 29 cultural sites (Ajanta Caves, Shivaji Terminus etc.) are on the Tangible Cultural World Heritage list of the UNESCO and more than a dozen elements (KumbMela, Yoga, Nawrouz etc.) on the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ART HERITAGE National - Identity

The values, beliefs and aspirations of a nation is reflected in its culture and heritage, thereby defining a people’s national identity.

It is important to preserve our cultural heritage, because it keeps our integrity as a people. Our national leaders used cultural symbols to instill sense of oneness.

Historical

The immediate expression of Indian Civilization is evident in the Indian art. It is an expression of who we are and where we have come from, thereby narrating to us our own history.

Economical




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Tourism Industry is an important instrument for generating a livelihood for many people while simultaneously adding to the national income of the country.

BODY

SIGNIFICANCE OF ART HERITAGE The art heritage of India has immense value in terms of its historical, national, economical and political significance, but with the passage of time many of the art forms and monument building are dissipating from the Indian map rapidly.

CHALLENGES TO THE PRESERVATION OF ART HERITAGE In the wake of certain challenges (monumental deterioration, stolen artefacts, declining importance of

traditional art vis-à-vis modern forms of art etc.) brought about by industrialization, globalization, modernization, environmental degradation and automation, the traditional art and craft are in need of safeguards.

WHAT’S BEING DONE? The issues pertaining to the preservation of Indian art heritage is well acknowledged by the government

of India and several steps have been taken to address these issues.

Statutory Acts like: “Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972”.

Campaigns like “Swachh Barat Abhiyaan”; “Incredible India Campaign” etc.

These are some of the important initiatives of the government which aim at preserving as well as generating an awareness about the importance of the incredible heritage that has been bestowed upon Indians from several generations.

CONCLUSION However, these initiatives will be more fruitful if it incorporates the participation of the people. As a result, people need to be made more aware and sensible enough to make them care for their heritage.

For this initiatives in the form of public-private partnership models for heritage preservation can be tapped.

Recent initiatives like Monument Mitras under Adopt a Heritage Scheme (Ministry of Tourism) are laudable but a lot more needs to be done.




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Q. To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural

diversity in India? Explain [Answer in 200 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

EXPLAINING WHAT THE GLOBALIZATION IS? The process of ‘globalisation’ refers to the free flow of ideas, goods and people over vast distances surpassing the national borders. Influence of Globalisation on India is not very recent but can be traced back to centuries ago (trade contacts with Mesopotamians, Greeks etc in ancient India).

CONNECTING LINE The recent trends in the process of Globalisation has influenced the core cultural diversity in India to a great extent which can be explained as follows.

BODY

LANGUAGE Hundreds

of languages and

thousands of dialects bestow India with the repository of literary arts. The linguistic diversity of India has been influenced significantly due to Globalization (both positively and negatively).

On one hand as a result of Globalisation, Indians are being exposed to more languages thereby contributing to the linguistic diversity of India.

On the other hand, increasing popularity of non-native languages like ‘English’; French’ and nowadays even ‘Spanish’ poses a threat to the vernaculars of India.

Peoples Linguistic Survey of India has identified 780 languages popularly spoken in India, of which 50 are extinct in past five decades.

10 per cent of world’s endangered languages are spoken in India.

FOOD Globalization has influenced the choice of cuisine to a great extent.

Youngsters nowadays are rarely interested in eating ‘Dal’ and ‘Roti’ and are crazy for pizzas and burgers.




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On the other hand, India’s tourism is thriving on the diverse choice of local food and dishes offered to the tourists.

The technological exposure due to globalization enabled Indians to monetise on their diversity of cuisine by devising androids apps like ‘Zomato’ (co-founded by Pankaj Chaddah).

DRESSING The comfort of traditional attires has been combined with the style of western designs to germinate a

new fashion line.

As a result Dhotis and Kurtas that used to be a very casual wear have now been mixed with the style (Designer Dhoti and Kurta) and started to become the attire for a formal and rare occasion.

FAMILY STRUCTURE Exposure to the western thoughts coupled with the glocalised jobs have greatly influenced the choice

of family and the family values.

Family structure used to be the least diverse element earlier, but now it is witnessing a significant diversity.

Joint families first into nuclear families and are now shrinking even more into live in relations.

Acceptance (although very less) with LGBT culture is another testimony to the extent to which the globalisation has influenced the core of cultural diversity of India.

CONCLUSION Amidst the arguments explained, there is no denying the fact that by significantly influencing the culture, globalization to a great extent has influenced the core of cultural diversity (India) as well. However, simultaneously, there have been certain exclusive values of India as well which has made a significant influence on the core of cultural values of the world (yoga etc.)




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Q. During the 'home rule movement' emphasis on participation in freedom movement shifted from educated elite to masses, which gave it a new dimension.

Do you agree? Discuss the impact of the Home Rule League on freedom struggle.


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

CONTEXT OF HOME RULE LEAGUE The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War. It was launched in the hope that their support to the British empire in their war efforts would be rewarded. It aimed to get self government for India within the British Empire.

CONNECTING LINE

“WE AGREE” During the movement a change could be witnessed in the freedom struggle. Under this movement, the emphasis on participation in the freedom movement shifted from the educated elite to masses, thereby giving it a new dimension.

BODY

ARGUMENTS – WHY DO WE AGREE? Home Rule Movement provided a platform for the people (who were being burdened by war miseries)

and leaders (who were disillusioned by Morley-Minto reforms) to channelize their energy into a more vocal agitation.

Strategies like promoting political education and discussion through public meetings, organizing libraries and reading rooms containing books on national politics, holding conferences, organizing classes for students on politics, etc. gave a new dimension to the freedom movement wherein the people were being prepared for a mass struggle in upcoming future.

ARGUMENTS – WHY DO WE AGREE? The Home Rule Leagues also created organizational links between town and country which were to

prove invaluable in later years.

And further, by popularizing the idea of Home Rule or self-government, and making it a commonplace thing, it generated a widespread pro-nationalist atmosphere in the country.




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CONNECTING LINE Apart from the emphasis on the mass participation in the freedom struggle, there were other wide ranging impact of Home Rule Movement as well. These can be discussed as below.

BODY

PLUGGING THE GAP OF MODERATES AND EXTREMISTS The gap between the moderates and extremists that reached a climax in the Surat Session of 1907 began to be bridged. Both the groups finally united after the Lucknow pact of 1916.

SWARAJ Emphasis on ‘swaraj’ became popular which was gradually adopted by the Congress as well. It clearly indicated the British government that redundant and illusionary reforms are no longer going to satisfy the Indians.

CONCLUSION The most commendable achievement of the Home Rule Movement and its legacy was that it created a generation of ardent nationalists who formed the backbone of the national movement in the coming years, when under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the movement would enter a truly mass phase.




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Q. What was the significance of the pillars during Mauryan period and how Mauryan pillars are different from other part of the world such as

Achaemenian pillars? [Answer in 200 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PILLARS Mauryan art and architecture has a great significance of India (National Emblem from Lion capitol). Pillars were one of the salient features of the Mauryan Architecture.

CONNECTING LINE Various pillars (mostly erected by Samrat Ashoka) served various objectives – from marking an important site associated with life of Buddha to commemorating a great event. The significance of these pillars can be explained as follows.

BODY

ARCHITECTURAL WONDER The erection of such monumental pillars was not only a remarkable aesthetic achievement but a demonstration of great technological and engineering skill, involving the transportation and installation of heavy materials at remote sites.

PROPAGATING DHAMMA & IMPERIAL SERMONS Many of the pillars inscribed the edicts of Ashoka that aimed at propagating the philosophy behind Dhamma and also the imperial sermons of the king to his people.

TERRITORIAL BOUNDARY Apart from the rocks as well as the cave walls the Mauryan edicts were carved into the face of pillars as

well that also served to mark the territory of the great Mauryan empire.

It stretched across northern India and south to below the central Deccan plateau and in areas now known as Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

REPOSITORY OF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT




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Some pillars were also inscribed with dedicatory inscriptions (Prayag Prashasti), which firmly date them and name Ashoka as the patron. The script was Brahmi, the language from which all Indic

language developed.

Various facts about the society during the Mauryan Period can be deduced from these pillars and hence they are a repository if Historical account (ex mention of Kalinga War etc).

CONNECTING LINE Use of pillars was not exclusive to Mauryan kingdom and was popular in other parts of the world as well such as Achaemenian Pillars. However, there are certain exclusive features of the Mauryan pillars that make them stand apart.

BODY

DIFFERENT FROM OTHER PARTS The Mauryan pillars are rock-cut monolith pillars thus displaying the carver’s skills, whereas the

Achaemenid pillars are constructed in pieces by a mason.

In addition to this Achaemenian pillars were generally part of some larger architectural scheme, while the Ashokan columns were freestanding monoliths. The pillars and polish were supposedly derived from Persian (Achaemenid) imperial influence.

CONCLUSION Mauryan pillars thus attested to India’s power, while at the same time spreading the royal message of nonviolence and good conduct. They were significant in the past and are significant even today which is evident from the fact that the National Emblem of India has been derived from the Lion Capital of Mauryas (Ashoka) in Sarnath.




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Q. What was the significance of the pillars during Mauryan period and how Mauryan pillars are different from other part of the world such as

Achaemenian pillars? [Answer in 200 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PILLARS Mauryan art and architecture has a great significance of India (National Emblem from Lion capitol). Pillars were one of the salient features of the Mauryan Architecture.

CONNECTING LINE Various pillars (mostly erected by Samrat Ashoka) served various objectives – from marking an important site associated with life of Buddha to commemorating a great event. The significance of these pillars can be explained as follows.

BODY

ARCHITECTURAL WONDER The erection of such monumental pillars was not only a remarkable aesthetic achievement but a demonstration of great technological and engineering skill, involving the transportation and installation of heavy materials at remote sites.

PROPAGATING DHAMMA & IMPERIAL SERMONS Many of the pillars inscribed the edicts of Ashoka that aimed at propagating the philosophy behind Dhamma and also the imperial sermons of the king to his people.

TERRITORIAL BOUNDARY Apart from the rocks as well as the cave walls the Mauryan edicts were carved into the face of pillars as

well that also served to mark the territory of the great Mauryan empire.

It stretched across northern India and south to below the central Deccan plateau and in areas now known as Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

REPOSITORY OF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT Some pillars were also inscribed with dedicatory inscriptions (Prayag Prashasti), which firmly date them

and name Ashoka as the patron. The script was Brahmi, the language from which all Indic language developed.




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Various facts about the society during the Mauryan Period can be deduced from these pillars and hence they are a repository if Historical account (ex mention of Kalinga War etc).

CONNECTING LINE Use of pillars was not exclusive to Mauryan kingdom and was popular in other parts of the world as well such as Achaemenian Pillars. However, there are certain exclusive features of the Mauryan pillars that make them stand apart.

BODY

DIFFERENT FROM OTHER PARTS The Mauryan pillars are rock-cut monolith pillars thus displaying the carver’s skills, whereas the

Achaemenid pillars are constructed in pieces by a mason.

In addition to this Achaemenian pillars were generally part of some larger architectural scheme, while the Ashokan columns were freestanding monoliths. The pillars and polish were supposedly derived from Persian (Achaemenid) imperial influence.

CONCLUSION Mauryan pillars thus attested to India’s power, while at the same time spreading the royal message of nonviolence and good conduct. They were significant in the past and are significant even today which is evident from the fact that the National Emblem of India has been derived from the Lion Capital of Mauryas (Ashoka) in Sarnath.




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GENERAL STUDIES – I GEOGRAPHY

Q. Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region?


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCTIC REGION There has been a surge of global interest in the Arctic because of its vast reserves of oil, gas and minerals, commercial fishing opportunities, and shortened shipping routes that are now accessible because of global warming.

CONNECTING LINE As a result of steady melt of permanent and thick ice fields in the Arctic Ocean a deep water sea route has now opened up bringing certain benefits to the global community including India, due to which India is taking keen interest in the Arctic resources.

BODY




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ENERGY SECURITY India is a country that is dependent on imports of large volumes of crude oil (228.6 MT) to

meet its energy demands. As a result the resources of the Arctic region become an important for India.

Arctic Region may hold over 40% of the current global reserves of oil and gas along wit the significant reserves of coal, zinc and silver.

COMMERCE AND TRADE The hitherto frozen sea routes are now becoming accessible (ex: Northern Sea Route) because of global warming. These are much shorter to the contemporary routes (Suez Canal Routes) from which most of the trade in Asia (including India’s) is carried out. Hence India’s keen interest in commercial resources of the Arctic Region is justified.

STRATEGIC Since the Artic sea routes will gradually gain more importance, therefore cordial strategic ties with the

countries around the Arctic Rim (Canada, Denmark, Russia, USA, Norway) will be a key for India’s multifaceted interests.

IN the wake of investments by China, the strategic significance of the region becomes even more important.

ENVIRONMENTAL On a flipside these evolving developments in Arctic could lead to an intensification of global warming, exacerbating all the adverse effects (including adverse Monsoons) already being witnessed and anticipated on virtually every aspect of our livelihoods. Thus from environmental point of view as well, India’s interest in Arctic Region is crucial.

CONCLUSION India cannot remain immune from the significant developments in the region even though the area is remote and far away. And therefore, keen interest of India in the resources of Arctic Region is well justified.




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Q. Tropical Deciduous Forests are most widely distributed in India. Explain the different types of tropical deciduous forest in India and their

characteristics. [Answer in 250 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS The monsoon climate of India creates a fertile grounds for the development of tropical deciduous forests – also known as ‘monsoon forests’. These forests are distributed in as much as 65 per cent of the total geographical area of India.

CONNECTING LINE 963+M,20There are mainly two types of tropical deciduous forests in India, the characteristics of which can be explained as below.




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Figure Source - mapsofindia.com

BODY

TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS FOREST Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests are found in areas receiving annual rainfall between 100-200cm and a

mean annual temperature of 27oC. As a result it is widely distributed along the eastern slope of Western Ghats surrounding the belt of evergreen forests.

Apart from a strip of these forests is also evident along the Shivalik range (including Terai and Bhabar). Manipur, Mizoram, eastern Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh, parts of West Bengal and Odisha are some other prominent locations which are characterized by tropical moist deciduous type of natural vegetation.

The vegetation of these forests has certain unique characteristics which can be explained as follows:

These forests provide valuable timer like Teak. The main species found in these forests are teak, sal, sheesham, etc. In absence of sufficient moisture the trees shed their leaves. They represent an irregular canopy ranging between 25-55m. It is comparatively easy to exploit these forests due to their high degree of gregariousness (more pure

stands). In recent times large tracts under these forests have been cleared for cultivation.




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TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests are found in areas receiving a little less annual rainfall as

compared to the wet deciduous forests i.e. between 70-100cm. As a result they are even more widely distributed as compared to the wet deciduous forests. They are

distributed in an irregular wide strip running from the foot of the Himalayas to Kanyakumari except in Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, Western Ghats, and West Bengal.

The vegetation of these forests has characteristics some of which are similar, yet others are a little different from the tropical moist deciduous forest which can be explained as follows:

These forests shed their leaves in dry season and represent a closed irregular canopy with trees that can grow up to 20 m in height.

However, the major difference is that they can grow in areas of comparatively less rainfall. ▪ As a result the species which can thrive on relatively less rainfall are prominent in these forests such as – Tendus, Palas, Ber, Khair etc.

In recent times large tracts of these forests are under a threat from the forest fires and over grazing.

CONCLUSION India is a natural home to tropical deciduous forests and is important not only for the ecological balance but also for the livelihood of various native communities (tribals). Therefore, conservation of these forests must be priority to protect them from various threats that they are facing these days.




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Q. 'Climate change ' is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by

climate change? [Answer in 250 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

CLIMATE CHANGE A GLOBAL PHENOMENON Climate change is an inevitable and urgent global challenge with long-term implications for the

sustainable development of all countries.

From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production, to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale.

CONNECTING LINE India is an integral part of the global community and therefore is bound to be affected by the climate change in the following ways.

BODY

AGRICULTURE The problem of climate change has a direct bearing on the

monsoon patterns which are likely to become erratic.

This will adversely affect the agriculture of India as nearly 60 per cent the net sown area (as shown in dig 1.1-a) comes under rainfed lands.

The adverse impact on agriculture is likely to spill over to the over economic health of India as well as the agriculture is a dominant component of the Indian economy.

FOOD SECURITY The food security of India will be threatened amidst the adverse impact of climate change. On one hand

the monsoon dependent cropping pattern will get disturbed that might lead to the shortage of staple crops.

On the other hand, certain resultant phenomena of climate change like – Ocean Acidification will have adverse impact on the marine ecosystem and will threaten the food security of communities dependent on sea-food.




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PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOOD In India more than 55 per cent of the population is dependent on the agriculture and allied

activities. As a result the adverse impact on agriculture due to climate change will also spill over to the livelihood of the people which depends on it.

Farmers, fishermen, etc. could suffer in such a scenario, thereby increasing the incidents of ‘Climate Refugees’.

NATURAL DISASTERS The intensity and frequency of Natural Disasters is likely to

increase due to the climate change.

Changes in the course of rivers could cause widespread flood and spread of vector borne diseases like (malaria, chikungunya, etc.)

On the other hand, there could be certain regions that might witness droughts (due to failure of rainfalls). (Example: Vidarbha region in Maharashtra).

SAFETY AND SECURITY The adverse terrain conditions created by the climate change is likely to come in the way of para-military

forces to tackle the security threats to country.

Hazards like avalanches (in Kashmir) etc. will make it difficult for the Indian armed forces to defend the critical locations (ex: Siachen).

CONNECTING LINE The adversaries caused by the climate change will be varied at different places. Some of the more sensitive hotspots like the Himalayan Region and the Coastal States of India are likely to be impacted more by the climate change.

CONCLUSION The threats of adversaries due to climate change are well acknowledged; not just by India but the entire international community. Significant steps have been taken in this regard (Paris Climate agreement, Sustainable Development Goals, etc.). It is hoped that with collective efforts, the world will be able to effectively tackle this issue.

We encourage our aspirants to practice diagrams especially for writing geography questions




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Q. Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation?

[Answer in 150 Words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF IRNSS The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an independent satellite based regional

navigation system developed indigenously by India.

It is built on lines similar to those of US' GPS, Russia's GLONASS and Europe's Galileo.

BODY

WHY IS IT NEEDED BY INDIA? The satellite has strategic importance that goes a long way in aiding the paramilitary forces at the time of distress / war.

HOSTILE NEIGHBORHOOD The hostile neighborhood of India makes it important for our country to be self reliant in terms of

navigation during an emergency situation.

Dependence on a foreign country for strategic needs like navigation during war / natural calamity is not desirable.

An indigenous satellite-based navigation system under one’s control and command is considered a deep strategic asset. This becomes especially important in the light of hostile neighborhood of India.

DEPICTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWHOW With the development of IRNSS, India has entered into the league of nations who have developed their

own navigation system.

Such a development depicts and establishes the technological credentials of India at the global stage.

This could attract investments or agreements with other countries who can outsource their technical work in this field to India.




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DEPICTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWHOW India needs to sustain its status of a soft power which is important for maintaining strategic

ties with its neighboring countries.

Development of IRNSS and using it for strategic purposes can augment this.

For example, aiding Nepal/Bangladesh or Sri Lanka in navigational services at a time of distress such as a disaster can add to India’s soft power.

HOW DOES IT HELP IN NAVIGATION? The IRNSS is well laid with the state of the art technology that adds to make it useful in navigation.

Equipped with extremely accurate rubidium atomic clocks, star sensors etc. allows the system of seven satellites to provide location tracking with an accuracy of 20 metres.

CONCLUSION Dependence on the navigation system of a foreign power is unreliable (ex: USA denied its services during

Kargil War) and in this context the indigenous development of IRNSS was much needed by India.

It is hoped that with time, the range and accuracy of the IRNSS will be further improved for better utilization and benefits of its people.




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GENERAL STUDIES – II – INDIAN POLITY AND INTRNATIONAL RELATIONS

Q. How is Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about

the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

SIGNIFICANCE OF FINANCE COMMISSION Finance Commission is an important Constitutional body (Article 280) is often referred to as the

balancing wheel of the fiscal federalism.

BODY

CONSTITUTION OF FINANCE COMMISSION It is constituted by the President every fifth year or at such earlier time as he considers necessary. It

consists of a chairman and four other members (permanent). Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1951 and the Finance Commission (salaries and

allowances rules), 1951 provide for the qualifications of the members of the commission (shown in chart).




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CONNECTING LINE The fifteenth Finance Commission of India has been constituted under the chairmanship of N.K. Singh. Its terms of reference (ToR) largely aim at augmenting and strengthening the fiscal federalism and fiscal prudence of the governments (Union and States both). However some of ToR have sparked controversy as well.

BODY

FOR FISCAL PRUDENCE For encouraging fiscal prudence it seeks to review the current status of:

Finance Deficit Debt levels Cash balances and fiscal discipline efforts of the Union and the States and recommend a fiscal

consolidation roadmap for sound fiscal management.

While devising its strategies and principles guiding the tax sharing, t will take into account the responsibility of the Central Government and State Governments to adhere to appropriate levels of general and consolidated government debt and deficit levels.

Further it will also examine whether revenue deficit grants needs to be provided at all.

OTHERS Foster higher inclusive growth in the country, guided by the principles of equity, efficiency and

transparency. Review the present arrangements on financing Disaster Management initiatives. Besides this it will also look into the impact of GST

CONNECTING LINE There are certain apprehensions are also associated with the ToR.

BODY

APPREHENSIONS AND CONTROVERSIES The directive to use the population data from the 2011 census instead of 1971 census has sparked a

controversy. A strong opposition has been witnessed from southern states to its terms of reference (ToR) that

allegedly militate against those that have performed well on population control. Moreover, the (ToR) which asks to examine whether revenue deficit grants be provided at all, questions

the very objective of Article 275 which enables the Commission to give grants to the needy states. Reducing the role of Article 275, while leaving more fiscal space to expand grants under Article 282 is

highly questionable.

CONCLUSION Finance Commission is an important pillar of the federal polity in India. Any apprehension pertaining to its ToR or the recommendations must be resolved to maintain the balance of fiscal federalism in India. The Union Government has taken these concerns into account, however it is yet to be soon as to what course of action will be taken by it.




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Q. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms

and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? Discuss


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

APPRECIATING THE DEMOCRACY IN INDIA India's democratic setup is a paradigm for many countries in the world due to its remarkable success over the past six decades.

However, a truly democratic electoral system must reflect the political and socioeconomic aspirations of its people.

CONNECTING LINE In pursuance of this objective, the election commission of India has come up with a document titled – “Proposed Electoral Reforms”. It is a comprehensive document on the electoral reforms in India. Some of the important ones can be discussed as follows:

BODY

TRANSPARENCY IN PARTY FUNDING Cap anonymous cash contributions at Rs2,000.

Ban income tax exemption for political parties that do not contest elections.

Keep receipts/coupons for even small donations such as Rs10 and Rs20.

DECRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS Persons charged with cognizable offences shall be de-barred from contesting in the elections

Disqualification of a candidate if he is a defaulter on public money

Making bribery and using religious sentiments a cognizable offence with punishment of at least 2 years

MORE TEETH TO ECI Giving equal status i.e. equal constitutional protection to all the members of ECI as given to its head.

Making the budget to be charged rather than voted by Parliament.

A permanent secretariat for ECI.




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Etc.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REFORMS

CONTEMPORARY LACUNAE IN THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM

Contemporarily, the widespread use of illegal money is a big dent in the Indian electoral system as well as the democratic setup of our polity.

Currently, there is no constitutional or statutory prohibition on receipt of anonymous donations by political parties but just a partial cap.

Use of muscle and money power (freebies, alcohol, etc) to influence the voters and buy their votes leave the democracy a redundant concept.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REFORMS

The proposed electoral reforms by the EC can go a long way to curb the use of illegal money being used in polls and bring in more transparency in the functioning of political parties.

Making the process of poll funding transparent and accountable will ensure that the votes are not bought and the elections are contested fairly.

Additionally, by providing more teeth for the Election Commission would enable the Constitutional body to take stringent action against the violators.

CONCLUSION There would be no democracy, if only the rich and powerful were to have the right to contest and win elections. It is necessary that a level playing field is provided for contesting the elections to make democracy successful.

The proposed reforms are drafted in democratic spirit, but to what extent will they be implemented is yet to be seen.




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Q. Discuss the problems in the working of political parties in India. Do you think that we need a special law to regulate their functioning?


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

POLITICAL PARTIES AND DEMOCRACY Political parties are indispensable to any democratic system and play the most crucial role in the electoral process in setting up candidates and conducting election campaigns. Many a times they are considered as the fifth pillar of democracy (legislature, executive, judiciary and media being the other four.

CONNECTING LINE In recent years, issues like political corruption, decline in morality in public life and a succession of unstable governments, are being witnessed. The reason for such a recurring phenomenon is believed to be the archaic and chaotic functioning of political parties – the problems of which can be discussed as follows.

BODY

ABSENCE OF INNER PARTY DEMOCRACY Unfortunately, nepotism runs high in the party dynamics in India.

Even after several years of independence, no political party has been able to observe the basic norms of inner party democracy. Generally, the organizational matters have been decided upon by the top leadership.

Moreover, the leaders of many political parties in India have not always emerged through a process of democratic elections or through a process of promotion from the lower levels to the higher and top.

DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION Generally, the political parties in India face the problem of disproportionate representation both in

terms of gender as well as caste.

Although almost all parties have attempted to build women organizations to secure their support and make their organization more broad - based, but in practice they have fielded much less proportion of women candidates in the elections giving them proportionately much less representation in the legislative bodies than their actual population strength. (Merely 11.6 per cent as per the latest Human Development Report)

Similarly, there are many lower castes that do not get adequate representation in the political parties.




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LACK OF IDEOLOGY AND VALUES IN POLITICS Theoretically an ideology should form the backbone of the party politics in India. An

ideological orientation of a party imparts it a distinguished characteristic.

However, there has been a very sharp erosion in the ideological orientation of political parties. The greed / lust for vote bank is paramount and the ideology usually takes a backburner.

Moreover it is well known that “power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely”. As a result there has been a deterioration of the ethics and values of the political leaders once they get a taste of power (of an elected representative).

CRIMINALISATION AND GROWING VIOLENCE Sadly, the use of muscle power in Indian politics has been in prevalence since the first general elections

of 1952. Using the outlaws by the politicians to further their electoral prospects has become a common norm in

the contemporary political scenario. Unfortunately, there have been certain instances wherein the politicians openly boast of their criminal

connections. For vested interests, certain politically affiliated mobs often create a chaos. Incidents like mob lynching,

honour killing, all Bandhs\ strikes etc by these groups upsets the peace in society.

CONNECTING LINE The apprehension pertaining to these issues and the threat that they pose to the democracy is well acknowledged by the intellectual circles. Amidst these apprehensions and threats, a law to regulate the functioning of political parties in India is imperative.

POLITICAL PARTIES (REGISTRATION AND REGULATION OF AFFAIRS, ETC) BILL, 2011 The draft bill prepared by “Centre for Standards in Public Life (CSPL)” under the guidance of former

Chief Justice of India M N Venkatachaliah.

Implementing this bill can go a long way in addressing the issues pertaining to the working of political parties.

It addresses a wide spectrum of issues ranging from formation of political parties to registration, governance, accountability, regulation of political parties, functions of parties and their discipline.

Moreover, it lays down strict norms for maintaining internal democracy as well. It also lays down the provision for deregistration of dummy parties, or the parties not adhering to the regulations.

CONCLUSION For effectively safeguarding the democracy from the evils that have entered the party politics in India a new law for the regulation is necessary.

However, this new law can be made a part of the existing Representation of People’s Act (as also recommended by the Election Commission of India’s report on electoral reforms 2004).

Moreover, it would be the implementation of the law that would decide its relevance.




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Q. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of

India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

CONTROVERSY AROUND EVM The Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) have been in use at a wide scale since the year 2000.

However, in recent elections (assembly elections of Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Uttarakhand etc.) many political parties have raised voice against the credibility of the EVMs.

They have alleged its tampering and manipulation to hijack the votes in the favor of a single candidate. Even if the popular verdict is against that candidate.

CONNECTING LINE

HOW / WHY IS IT CHALLENGE? In the light of this controversy, the Election Commission of India is facing some challenges which can be described as below.

BODY

CHALLENGES BEFORE THE ELECTION COMMISSION

SUSTAINING POPULAR TRUST Since faith of the people in the electoral process is fundamental to conducting meaningful elections.

Hence the esteemed Election Commission of India must do everything it can to establish and sustain the trust of the people in the electoral system.

Sustaining the faith of the people becomes a challenge when most of the population is less educated and is likely to get swayed if the allegations against the credibility of EVMs are merely rumours.

TRAINING ECI WORKFORCE Even a minor technical glitch in an EVM can deter people’s faith in the democratic processes. Therefore maintaining a well trained workforce which is capable of taking proactive steps to detect and rectify any technical issue will be a challenge (especially when it has limited financial autonomy).




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FOOLPROOF EQUIPMENT Amidst limited resources (not charged on consolidated fund of India), procurement of fool

proof equipment for the purpose of elections at a wide scale is also challenge.

ECI needs sufficient financial autonomy for imposing required number of quality checks, having sufficient backup equipment etc.

CONCLUSION If democracy is a body, then, ‘conducting free and fair elections’ is its soul. If elections are not

conducted fairly, the Democracy will be dead.

Although, ECI has denied these allegations, yet it becomes important that it takes all the stakeholders into confidence to prove that elections are being conducted fairly.

Amidst this, conducting orientation workshops for capacity building, mandatory use of VVPAT, EVM challenge etc. are some of the steps taken in the right direction and are likely to re-establish the credibility of the electoral system in India.




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Q. In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation?


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF US-IRAN NUCLEAR PACT US administration has recently withdrawn from the Iran nuclear deal (commonly known as Joint

Comprehensive Plan of Action) calling it “disaster” and “one-sided.”

The deal sought to eliminate stockpiles of enriched uranium in return of lifting nuclear-related economic sanctions.

Sudden exit of the USA from this pact comes as a big jolt with wide ranging ramifications for different countries including India.

BODY

IMPACT ON INDIA

ENERGY TRADE Being the third largest supplier of crude oil to India, Iran holds a key significance for India’s energy trade.

Therefore, imposition of sanctions on Iran could lead to rise in the oil prices in India. This is likely to cause inflation and weakening of rupee in the international market.

GLOBAL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Such an act by the US administration of walking out of a consensus (first Paris Deal and now Iran Nuclear

Deal) is seen as a breach of trust by many diplomacy experts in India.

Hence a pressure is mounting on the government to consider new understanding of its bilateral relations with USA to safeguard the national interests.

IMPACT ON INDIAN DIASPORA The unilateral move by the USA to target Iran and side with its regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Israel,

could destabilize Middle East (west Asia) region where over 8 million Indian migrants live and work.

Any harm or injury to any Indian residing anywhere in the world does have an impact on the domestic soil as well.

IMPACT ON STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE




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The controversial exit of USA from the Iran Nuclear pact is likely to impact India’s interest in its strategically important Shahid Beheshti Port in Chabahar.

India is aiming to develop this port to circumvent Pakistan’s blocks on trade with landlocked Afghanistan.

India has already committed about $85 million with plans for total of $500 million for the port.

INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIVITY India’s interests in International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC - starts from Iran and aims to

cut right across Central Asia to Russia over a 7,200-km multi-mode network) would be impacted by the controversial gesture of USA.

The developmental plans for INSTC had gained momentum after 2015 when the JCOPA was signed. However, the new US sanctions threatens strictures on countries doing military trade with US’s “adversaries: Russia, North Korea and Iran.

CONNECTING LINE In the wake of multidimensional impact on the national interests of India, it is important that India responds to the international development in a diplomatic way.

REINFORCE NON-ALIGNMENT PHILOSOPHY The contemporary gulf between the US and Iran is nothing compared to that between USA and USSR

during the cold war. However, by committing to the philosophy of Non-alignment, India immuned itself from the conflict of the two countries.

For example – India should maintain its economic and strategic relations with USA but at the same time, she has the right to have cordial relations with Iran as well for its oil imports (energy security)

DIPLOMATIC COMMUNICATIONS India should engage in private discussion with the U.S. counterparts and other stakeholders to resolve the issue peacefully through dialogue and diplomacy by respecting Iran’s right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

CONCLUSION The sudden drastic step of US administration is being seen as violation of trust by the entire international

community.

India too does not support this move as it is dangerous for the stability of the global order.

However, since India believes in the philosophy of “Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinaa” (May all live in peace), therefore it is important that India take the lead to handle this issue and sail through it.




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GENERAL STUDIES – III – ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY, SECURITY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Q. While discussing the significance of the ‘national income accounting’, explain

the three main methods of computing it. [Answer in 250 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING National income is the total value of all the goods and services produced in the country in a given financial year. The national income accounting is a method or a technique used to measure the economic activity in the national economy as a whole.

CONNECTING LINE The idea and concept of national income accounting aids in analysing the trends of economic activities that depict the progress achieved by the country. Its significance can further be analysed in terms of the following factors.

BODY

SIGNIFICANCE IN POLICY FORMULATION National income accounting helps in comparing the estimates of the past from the future and also

forecasts the growth rates in the future.

It aids in devising and implementing policies which are in synergy with sound economic health of the country.

For example in case of low national income government can formulate expansionary fiscal policy.

SIGNIFICANCE IN SECTORAL BALANCE OF ECONOMY The sectoral analysis (industrial, agricultural, services etc) of the national income aids in estimating the contribution of each of the sectors of the economy. Such an analysis helps the government to take effective decisions in terms of devising policies for reinvigorating and augmenting various sectors.




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SIGNIFICANCE IN GLOBAL COMPARISON The national income accounting becomes a crucial and a significant factor for inviting foreign investments as well. By the international comparison of the national income, the entire world gets to see the progressive trend of the economy, thereby encouraging various stakeholders to invest in the economy (FDI, FII, etc).

CONNECTING LINE The national income of a country can be accounted for by using three mains methods which can be explained as follows.

BODY

OUTPUT METHOD The output method is also referred to as ‘product method’ or ‘value addition method’.

Under this method, the national income is accounted for by calculating GDP at market prices in a particular period of time (generally one year) i.e. the final values of outputs produced at different stages of production.

INCOME METHOD Under this method, the national income is accounted for by compiling the income of factors of

production i.e. land, labour, capital and entrepreneur.

This implies national income = total wages + total rent + total interest + total profit

EXPENDITURE METHOD It measures all spending on currently-produced final goods and services only in an economy. In context

of India household, businesses (firms) and the government are the three main firms that spend money to buy goods and services.

The final expenditure comprises of the sum of four expenditure –

Consumption (1): Personal consumption made by households.

Investment Expenditure(2): It consists of investments by firms as well as governments in the capital stock of an economy in a given time period.

Government Expenditure (3): It includes the value of goods and services purchased by the government. However, it must be noted that the expenditure on pension schemes, scholarships, unemployment allowances etc. is not included under it.

Net Exports (4): It comprises of income from exports minus the expenditure on imports.

CONCLUSION The significance of national income accounting to assess the changing structure of Indian economy is well acclaimed by Indian government which has recently changed its method. It now follows the method of calculating the national income using the product method wherein the market price paid by consumers is taken into account.




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Q. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC

and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OBOR One Belt One Road (OBOR) is an ambitious

development strategy and framework of China that aims to boost its connectivity and trade with Asia, Africa, Middle East and Europe.

It seeks to deepen economic connections between China and rest of the world.

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is an important part of this initiative.

BODY

CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

connects China’s Xingjiang province to Pakistan’s Gwadar port via road, rail and waterways.

It is being seen as China’s ambitious plan to reach European and Middle east countries by the shortest possible route for its trade and transport requirements.

However, there are apprehensions by India and some other countries as well that in the grab of creating economic route, China is trying to develop a strategic presence that could choke the trade connections of other Countries such as India.

Although India is in favor of global peace and prosperity yet, India has distanced itself from the CPEC. This is because of many reasons which are enumerated below.

We Encourage the Aspirants to practice drawing maps that can come really handy while writing mains answers




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STRATEGIC REASONS The Gwadar port of Pakistan would be handled by China thereby allowing China to exploit it

with dual use (import-export and service of military vessels).

As a result of this the trade route of India via Chabahar port through which India imports majority of crude from Iran and Iraq is under a potential risk.

SOVEREIGN REASONS Pakistan occupied Kashmir is an integral part of India therefore acknowledging CPEC – which passes

through PoK – could mean a surrender of the sovereignty of India.

CPEC has become a symbol of strengthened bilateral relations between China and Pakistan, which might lead to Chinese intervention into the matters of Bilateral disputes of India and Pakistan which not desirable by India at all.

SECURITY REASONS It has been observed that China has stepped up its military activities in the Pok (on pretext of

safeguarding its economic interest), therefore India’s apprehensions are justified in the light of its border security as well.

In addition to this the road infrastructure being developed in PoK by China could allow easy mobilisation of Pakistani troops and none state terrorist groups that can jeopardise the security of India.

CONCLUSION India has always welcomed any initiative that is meant for securing and ensuring global peace and harmony. India believes in the philosophy of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”. However, under no circumstances can a peace loving country be expected to compromise its national and strategic interests.




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Q. Explain the characteristics of ecological succession.


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Biotic communities are dynamic in nature and change over a period of time. The process by which communities of plant and animal species in an area are replaced or changed into another over a period of time is known as ecological succession.

CONNECTING LINE It has certain characteristics associated with it which can be explained as below.

A very common example is succession of open freshwater habitats into woodlands.




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UNIDIRECTIONAL The process of ecological succession entails development of a relatively stable ‘Climax Community’ from the initial communities (‘pioneer’ community in case of a Primary Succession). This development is unidirectional as it entails succession from a relatively less stable community to a much more stable community. Example, the succession of freshwater habitats into woodlands is unidirectional.

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY During the process of ecological succession. A single celled pioneer community like an algae colonize an

area and gradually alter the habitat conditions over a few generations. As a result of these new (habitat) conditions, the rate of generation of biomass increases in an ecosystem thereby increasing the productivity.

Example, In the succession from freshwater habitats into woodland during each successive seres the rate of generation of biomass increases thereby increasing the productivity of the ecosystem

INCREASE IN DIVERSITY During the ecological succession the community of organisms continue to develop wherein the invasion of new species is witnessed. As a result the diversity as well as the competitions (among the species) tends to increase.

INCREASE COMPLEXITY OF FOOD WEB With increase in diversity of the ecosystem, multiple food chains tend to merge in the ecosystem which results into increasing complexity of the food web and a much more stability in the ecosystem.

CONCLUSION Ecological Succession is one of the important functions of ecosystem. By virtue of its characteristics discussed above, it aids in creating a stability in the environment which is necessary for the sustenance of life.




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Q. Discuss the major threats faced by biodiversity around the world.


MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODIVERISTY A rich biodiversity is not only essential for ecosystem’s health but is also an essential condition for the very survival of human race on this planet.

CONNECTING LINE However, due to various anthropogenic factors (especially after the Industrial revolution), certain threats to the biodiversity have started to appear. Some of the major ones are referred to as the ‘evil quartet’ can be discussed as follows.

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HABITAT LOSS & FRAGMENTATION Various factors like clearing the forests for human settlements and setting up industries has resulted in

habitat loss and fragmentation. Fragmentation of habitat has deprived several species of animals and birds from their natural

environment. It has resulted in extinction of various species and disappearance of natural vegetation, thereby

disturbing the ecological balance of various regions all around the world. For example, a declining trend of rain forests all around the world is being witnessed. What once covered

nearly 15 per cent of earth’s land surface is now covering merely 5 per cent (approx) of it.




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OVER EXPLOITATION Over exploitation of natural resources has

endangered several floral and faunal species and has caused extinction of many others (Passenger Pigeon, Dodo etc.).

Practices like over exploitation of important marine species is causing a threat to the global ecological balance.

INVASIVE SPECIES While global means of transportation have aided the economic

growth of the world, yet, it has caused certain adverse impact on the environment.

The ballast water from ships introduces alien species into the marine environment, which turn invasive and tend to destroy the biodiversity.

For example Amazon sailfin catfish is held responsible for destroying fish populations in the wet lands of Kolkata.

CO-EXTINCTION Certain species (keystone species) decide the overall stability of the ecosystem. Extinction of these

keystone species leads to extinction of several other species as well – a condition referred to as Co-extinction.

For example: extinction of ‘Passenger Pegion’ has also led to the co-extinction of its parasitic bird lice – Columbicola extinctus.

CONCLUSION The international community has acknowledged the threats to the biodiversity and has taken them seriously. Global developments like ‘Paris Climate Deal’, ‘Sustainable Development Goals’, ‘International Convention on Ballast Water Management’ etc. reiterate that world community is sensitive towards the biodiversity issues. And to a great extent they are achieving the necessary objectives for biodiversity Conservation.

Do it yourself

Q. How far have the international treaties on biodiversity conservation been able to achieve their objectives? [Discuss 250 words]




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Q. Discuss the potential threats of Cyber-attack and the security

framework to prevent it? [Answer in 150 words]

MODEL HINTS

INTRODUCTION

WHY HAS CYBER SECURITY SUDDENLY BECOME IMPORTANT? Rapid developments in cyber technology (cashless economy, defence communication etc.) in India has

made us dependent on the information systems.

As a result the cyber security has become very important these days to protect our sensitive data from potential cyber attack.

CONNECTING LINE The potential threats of the cyber attack can be discussed in terms of their impact on ‘economy’; ‘national security’; ‘privacy and cyber crime’ etc.

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ECONOMY India is a fast growing economy which is moving rapidly towards the cashless transactions. Amidst this

their exists a risk of ‘digital intrusions’; ‘Denial of Service (DoS)’ and ‘ransomware’ attacks that can prove to be detrimental to the economy.

The ‘wannacry attack of 2017’ caused a sharp fall in the New York Stock Exchange, a similar attack in India can lead cause a havoc at the Bombay Stock Exchange.

NATIONAL SECURITY India witnessed more than 27, 000 cyber security threat incidents in the first half of 2017. Amidst this there exists a formidable threat to key government departments and defense information systems.

PRIVACY THREAT The privacy of citizens will be under threat from the phishing attacks. This becomes more important at a time when the national narrative is centered around issues like ‘Aadhar vs Privacy’.

CONNECTING LINE The need to tackle this challenge is acknowledged by Government of India and it has put in place various measure as a security framework to prevent the potential threats of the cyber attack. This can be discussed in terms of Internal and External security framework as follows.




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SECURITY FRAMEWORK - INTERNAL The Government of India took the first formalized step towards cyber security in 2013 with National

Cyber Security Policy, 2013.

CERT-In an emergency response team set up under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology for dealing with a range of cyber-attacks.

Additionally, India has four Sectoral Computer Emergency Response Teams to address Cyber Security Threats in Power Systems: Transmission, Thermal, Hydro and Distribution.

SECURITY FRAMEWORK - EXTERNAL

Indian government has entered into cyber security collaborations with countries such as the USA, European Union and Malaysia.

The U.K. has agreed to assist in developing the proposed National Cyber Crime Coordination Centre in India.

CONCLUSION Amidst these measures, it can be said that Indian government is taking sufficient measures to tackle the

issues associated with cyber attacks.

Certain additional measures like (Cyber) capacity building programs, state cyber police; increased budgetary allocation for cyber safeguards (Cyber Security Labs) etc. can go a long way in making India more secure.


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