Pilot StudyPilot Study

““Effect of Sports Oxyshot on Selected Effect of Sports Oxyshot on Selected Indices of Endurance Performance in Indices of Endurance Performance in

Trained AthletesTrained Athletes””

Ian Gillam PhDIan Gillam PhDExercise Physiologist and NutritionistExercise Physiologist and Nutritionist

AFL Melbourne Demons FCAFL Melbourne Demons FC

Assoc Prof Steve Selig PhDAssoc Prof Steve Selig PhDExercise Physiologist, Victoria UniversityExercise Physiologist, Victoria University

Aims of Pilot StudyAims of Pilot Study

Effect of Sports Oxyshot on Indices of Aerobic PerformanceEffect of Sports Oxyshot on Indices of Aerobic Performance Maximal Performance indicesMaximal Performance indices

Peak VO2Peak VO2Peak PowerPeak Power

Sub-maximal Aerobic Performance indicesSub-maximal Aerobic Performance indices @ @ 4 mM 4 mM Lactate ThresholdLactate Threshold Oxygen UptakeOxygen Uptake PowerPower Heart RateHeart Rate

Study Design of TrialStudy Design of Trial Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over DesignDouble Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Design

Supplementation period of one week each treatmentSupplementation period of one week each treatment

Either 15 ml of Sports Oxyshot (OS) or Placebo (PL)* Either 15 ml of Sports Oxyshot (OS) or Placebo (PL)* Ingested each morning for 7 days prior to each exercise testIngested each morning for 7 days prior to each exercise testTreatment Compliance was 100% for all subjectsTreatment Compliance was 100% for all subjects

Subjects Paired based on age (but not gender) and training load and Subjects Paired based on age (but not gender) and training load and treatment randomly assignedtreatment randomly assigned

* Degassed tonic water* Degassed tonic water

Study Design of Trial 2Study Design of Trial 2

Identical training in 24 hours prior to each exercise test and no Identical training in 24 hours prior to each exercise test and no training 12 hours prior to testtraining 12 hours prior to test

Diet was controlled in 24 hours prior to each testDiet was controlled in 24 hours prior to each test

Each subject undertook each test at same time of dayEach subject undertook each test at same time of day

All tests conducted under standard Laboratory conditionsAll tests conducted under standard Laboratory conditions

SubjectsSubjects Four triathletesFour triathletes

2 Masters Ironman triathletes2 Masters Ironman triathletes DG (F, 40 years)DG (F, 40 years) MB (F, 33 years) MB (F, 33 years)

Due to Viral infection in the few week before testing data has not been included in Due to Viral infection in the few week before testing data has not been included in analysisanalysis

Training of 16-20 hours/week (Bike, Swim, Run)Training of 16-20 hours/week (Bike, Swim, Run)

2 Olympic Distance triathletes2 Olympic Distance triathletes CH (M, 23 years). Ranked in top 10 U23 triathletes in VictoriaCH (M, 23 years). Ranked in top 10 U23 triathletes in Victoria NW (F, 26 years). Ranked 5th as a road cyclist in VictoriaNW (F, 26 years). Ranked 5th as a road cyclist in Victoria

Training 14-18 hours/week (Bike, Swim, Run)Training 14-18 hours/week (Bike, Swim, Run)

Exercise TestingExercise Testing

Conducted on Electromagnetic Cycle ErgometerConducted on Electromagnetic Cycle ErgometerCycle set-up standardized for each subject according to their Cycle set-up standardized for each subject according to their

preferred seat and frame dimensionspreferred seat and frame dimensions

Protocol for Progressive Exercise testProtocol for Progressive Exercise test 3 min warm up at 50 watts3 min warm up at 50 watts Start test at 100 watts, with an increase of 25 watts each 2 minsStart test at 100 watts, with an increase of 25 watts each 2 mins Measurements made in the last 30 secs of each WorkloadMeasurements made in the last 30 secs of each Workload Crank rpm selected by each subject recorded at each minuteCrank rpm selected by each subject recorded at each minute Power outputs increased until volitional exhaustion or subject Power outputs increased until volitional exhaustion or subject

was unable to maintain a crank rpm @ 60 revs.was unable to maintain a crank rpm @ 60 revs.

Parameters MeasuredParameters Measured Cycle Power output and crank rpmCycle Power output and crank rpm Metabolic MeasurementsMetabolic Measurements

Oxygen uptake, VE, RER each 30 secs (Med Graphics)Oxygen uptake, VE, RER each 30 secs (Med Graphics) HR Via ECG telemetryHR Via ECG telemetry

Capillarized Whole blood LactateCapillarized Whole blood Lactate Via Finger prick during the last 15 secs of each power outputVia Finger prick during the last 15 secs of each power output Analysed by Lactate Pro Auto-analyserAnalysed by Lactate Pro Auto-analyser

Borg RPE (6-20 scale)Borg RPE (6-20 scale)

Data AnalysisData Analysis

Maximal DataMaximal Data VO2 max and Peak Power Compared for OS and PL trialsVO2 max and Peak Power Compared for OS and PL trials

Determination of 4 mM HLa ThresholdDetermination of 4 mM HLa Threshold “ “Best Fit” Graphs drawn for the followingBest Fit” Graphs drawn for the following::

Power Output VS HLaPower Output VS HLa VO2 Vs HLaVO2 Vs HLa HR Vs HLaHR Vs HLa

Exercise TestingExercise Testing

Conducted on Electromagnetic Cycle ErgometerConducted on Electromagnetic Cycle ErgometerCycle set-up standardized for each subject according to their Cycle set-up standardized for each subject according to their

preferred seat and frame dimensionspreferred seat and frame dimensions

Protocol for Progressive Exercise testProtocol for Progressive Exercise test 3 min warm up at 50 watts3 min warm up at 50 watts Start test at 100 watts, with an increase of 25 watts each 2 minsStart test at 100 watts, with an increase of 25 watts each 2 mins Measurements made in the last 30 secs of each WorkloadMeasurements made in the last 30 secs of each Workload Crank rpm selected by each subject recorded at each minuteCrank rpm selected by each subject recorded at each minute Power outputs increased until volitional exhaustion or subject Power outputs increased until volitional exhaustion or subject

was unable to maintain a crank rpm @ 60 revs.was unable to maintain a crank rpm @ 60 revs.

Maximal Power Outputs

SubjectSubject PLPL

(Watts)(Watts)

OSOS

(Watts)(Watts)

Diff Diff (%)(%)

CHCH 389389 394394 +1.2%+1.2%

DGDG 311311 303303 -2.6%-2.6%

NWNW 356356 368368 + 3.3%+ 3.3%

Maximal Oxygen Uptake

SubjectSubject PLPL(ml/kg/min)(ml/kg/min)

OSOS(ml/kg/min)(ml/kg/min)

Diff Diff (%)(%)

CHCH 76.276.2 77.277.2 + 1.3%+ 1.3%

DGDG 58.358.3 57.357.3 -2.3%-2.3%

NWNW 62.962.9 64.764.7 3.3%3.3%

Power Outputs @ 4 mM Threshold

SubjectSubject PLPL

(Watts)(Watts)

OSOS

(Watts)(Watts)

Diff Diff (%)(%)

CHCH 283283 293293 +3.5%+3.5%

DGDG 175175 179179 +2.2%+2.2%

NWNW 285285 305305 + 7.0%+ 7.0%

VO2BTPS @ 4 mM Threshold

SubjectSubject PLPL(ml/min)(ml/min)

OSOS(ml/min)(ml/min)

Diff Diff (%)(%)

CHCH 37003700 39253925 + 6.1%+ 6.1%

DGDG 34903490 36203620 + 3.7%+ 3.7%

NWNW 42504250 39803980 - 6.8%- 6.8%

Power Vs HLaPower Vs HLa

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 4000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

CH

HLa(mM)

Power (Watts)283 293

OS

PL

VO2 vs HLaVO2 vs HLa

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 50000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

VO2ATPS (ml/min)36003400

HLa(mM)

OS

PL

HR vs HLaHR vs HLa

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

HLa (mM)

170162 HR (bpm)

OS

PL

Power Vs HLaPower Vs HLa

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 4000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

DG

HLa(mM)

275260 Power (Watts)

OS

PL

VO2 Vs HLaVO2 Vs HLa

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

DG

VO2ATPS (L/min)

HLa(mM)

3.19 3.32

OS

PL

HR vs HLa HR vs HLa

HLa(mM)

HR (bpm)

DG

179175

OS

PL

Summary of ResultsSummary of Results While data are extremely limited due to small sample sizeWhile data are extremely limited due to small sample size

No effect of OS on maximal performance dataNo effect of OS on maximal performance dataPeak Power or VO2 maxPeak Power or VO2 max

OS increased the 4 mM HLa threshold by 2.2- 7.0% OS increased the 4 mM HLa threshold by 2.2- 7.0% based on VO2 and Peak Power databased on VO2 and Peak Power data

On an individual basis, this could result in a 2-3 On an individual basis, this could result in a 2-3 minute/hour performance improvement when completing minute/hour performance improvement when completing a prolonged endurance event such as a triathalona prolonged endurance event such as a triathalon

How might OS improve How might OS improve endurance performance 1?endurance performance 1?

OS contains 17% stabilized Oxygen in a strong OS contains 17% stabilized Oxygen in a strong hypochlorite solutionhypochlorite solution 15 ml dose contains only 2-3 ml, so the additional oxygen 15 ml dose contains only 2-3 ml, so the additional oxygen

supplied in OS cannot responsible!supplied in OS cannot responsible!

As a 5% OS solution has been shown to increase arterial As a 5% OS solution has been shown to increase arterial pO2 by pO2 by 5-10% in healthy human subjects for 30-120 5-10% in healthy human subjects for 30-120 mins after ingestionmins after ingestionThis clearly shows OS is not only bio-available This clearly shows OS is not only bio-available But also results in significant increases in blood PO2 changesBut also results in significant increases in blood PO2 changes

How might OS improve How might OS improve endurance performance 2?endurance performance 2?

Could the increase in pO2 mediate secondary changes? Could the increase in pO2 mediate secondary changes? Could this alter the regulation of respiratory or cardiac response Could this alter the regulation of respiratory or cardiac response by arterial chemoreceptors?by arterial chemoreceptors?

UNLIKELY- no evidence of difference in VE during exercise during this UNLIKELY- no evidence of difference in VE during exercise during this studystudy

Alterations in levels of red cell 2,3 DPG and increased Alterations in levels of red cell 2,3 DPG and increased oxygen delivery to the active tissues?oxygen delivery to the active tissues?

POSSIBLE. POSSIBLE. ChroniChronic changes in arterial PO2 regulate DPG Levelsc changes in arterial PO2 regulate DPG Levels Evidence of an “induction period” during chronic use of OSEvidence of an “induction period” during chronic use of OS

Future Research StudiesFuture Research Studies 1. Increase sample size of current study to determine significance of 1. Increase sample size of current study to determine significance of

the effect on parameters of endurance performance in athletes.the effect on parameters of endurance performance in athletes.

2. Examine effect of long term use of OS on arterial pO2, red cell 2,3 2. Examine effect of long term use of OS on arterial pO2, red cell 2,3 DPG, indices of oxidative damage and endurance performanceDPG, indices of oxidative damage and endurance performance

3. Determine the Oxygen species in OS by electron spin resonance 3. Determine the Oxygen species in OS by electron spin resonance studies and specifically assess if there is any evidence of transient studies and specifically assess if there is any evidence of transient reactive oxygen species present.reactive oxygen species present.

4. Examine the potential use of OS to increase oxygen delivery to the 4. Examine the potential use of OS to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues when on long haul flights and to assist recovery in athletestissues when on long haul flights and to assist recovery in athletes