Želim vedeti, kaj diham

i Want to knoW What i am Breathing

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Contents/vseBina

1 introduCtion / uvod 4

2 What are ultrafine PartiCles? / kaj so ultrafini delCi? 6

3 Why do We measure ultrafine PartiCles? / Zakaj merimo ultrafine delCe? 8

4 What is ufireg? / kaj je ufireg? 12

5 Where do We measure? / kje iZvajamo meritve? 14

6 hoW do We measure? / kako iZvajamo meritve? 16

7 imPrint, ContaCt / imPresum, Podatki Za stik 20

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“The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely large.“ Louis Pasteur

“Ultrafine particles (UFP) may also migrate via the lung to other locations, including the liver, spleen, brain, pla-centa and fetus.”World Health Organization, 2007

»V naravi je vloga neskončno majhnega neskončno velika.«Louis Pasteur

»Ultrafini delci lahko skozi pljuča preidejo v druge dele telesa, kot so jetra, vranica, možgani, posteljica in zarodek.«Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija, 2007

1 introduCtion uvod 1

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2 What are ultrafine PartiCles? kaj so ultrafini delCi? 2

With every breath, tiny particles smaller than 100 nanometers or so-called ultrafine particles are inhaled into our body. They are invisible to our eyes, however, if they remain in our lung; they may have an impact on our health.Ambient ultrafine particles are built from gases or originate from com-bustion processes. In urban areas, they are emitted mostly by anthro-pogenic sources like traffic, domestic heating, and industrial processes. Especially closed to traffic sites, soot particles dominate the size range of ultrafine particles. These soot particles can carry toxic material such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on their surface. Therefore, they are believed to be particularly harmful.

Ultrafine delce, manjše od 100 nanometrov, vsak dan vdihavamo skupaj z zrakom. Ti delci niso vidni s prostim očesom, vendar pa lahko njihova prisotnost v pljučih pomembno vpliva na naše zdravje.

Ultrafini delci v zraku se lahko tvorijo iz plinov ali nastajajo pri procesih izgorevanja. Na urbanih območjih se izločajo predvsem iz avtomobilskih izpušnih plinov, ogrevalnih sistemov in industrijskih izpušnih plinov. Na cestah od ultrafinih delcev najdemo predvsem sajaste delce. Površine teh sajastih delcev se lahko oprimejo strupeni policiklični aromatični ogljikovodiki (PAO) in težke kovine. Zato so ti delci označeni kot posebej nevarni za zdravje.

Ultrafini prašni delec je v primerjavi z nogometno žogo tako velik, kot je velika nogometna žoga v primerjavi z Zemljo.

An ultrafine particle and a football have the same size proportion as a football to the earth.

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3 Why do We measure ultrafine PartiCles? Zakaj merimo ultrafine delCe? 3

Are ultrafine particles a health hazard? Epidemiologi-cal and toxicological studies suggest that UFP may cause adverse human health effects greater than or indepen-dent of the effects compared to the larger particles. Ultrafi-ne particles may carry toxic trace compounds. These com-pounds may erode in the lung and are then transported through the lining of the lung into the circulation of blood.

Ali so ultrafini delci nevarni za zdravje? Epidemiološke in toksikološke študije kažejo, da imajo ultrafini delci dolgoročnejše posledice za zdravje kot večji delci. Strupene spojine, kot so PAO (policiklični aromatični ogljikovodiki), vezane na ultrafine delce, pri dihanju prehajajo v pljuča, zaradi majhne velikosti se odlagajo globoko v pljučih in lahko preidejo v krvni obtok. Although not all ultrafine

particles are per se toxic, there is evidence that they can still initiate oxidati-ve stress in the lung. Oxi-dative stress is a process, which alters lung cell che-mistry, causing inflammati-on and setting in motion a cascade of health problems.

Tudi če ultrafini delci sami po sebi ne veljajo za strupene, lahko v pljučih povzročijo oksidativni stres. Ta lahko povzroči staranje pljučnih celic in vnetne reakcije. To pa lahko povzročijo dodatne zdravstvene težave.

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3 Why do We measure ultrafine PartiCles? Zakaj merimo ultrafine delCe? 3

Ultrafini delci so dovolj majhni, da lahko preidejo skozi celično membrano in tako neposredno v kri, pri čemer v imunskem sistemu sprožijo odziv.

Posledica tega je zgoščevanje krvi ter s tem povezano večje tveganje za srčni infarkt in možgansko kap. Ko ultrafini delci vdrejo v kri, lahko preidejo tudi v druge organe, kot so jetra ali srce. Starejši ljudje in osebe z zdravstveno anamnezo, ki vključuje srčne bolezni ali diabetes, so še posebej dovzetni na vplive ultrafinih delcev.

Ultrafine particles are also small enough to penetrate the lung membranes and reach the bloodstream. They can cause there immune responses such as thickening of the blood, which leads to an increased chance of heart attacks and strokes. They can also be trans-ported to different organs such as liver or heart via the bloodstream. Elderly people and people with pre-existing diseases such as heart diseases and diabetes are considered to be at special risk.

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4 What is ufireg? kaj je ufireg? 4

Vpliv ultrafinih delcev v zraku na zdravje ljudi je bil doslej zgolj malo raziskan. Julija 2011 se je na to temo začel izvajati projekt UFIREG, ki ga financira Evropska unija, s ciljem raziskati kratkoročne vplive ultrafinih delcev različnih velikosti na stopnjo bolezenskih stanj in umrljivosti ter obveščati javnost in odgovorne v zdravstvu o tej problematiki. Do konca leta 2014 bodo strokovnjaki s področja onesnaževanja zraka in okolja ter zdravstvene ustanove s pomočjo sodelovanja in novimi spoznanji doprinesli k evropski okoljski politiki v okviru tako imenovanega programa Čist zrak za Evropo z namenom preprečevanja onesnaženja zraka.

Information on health effects of ultrafine particles are still limited. In July 2011, the EU-funded project UFIREG started which aims to investigate the short-term effects of size-fractioned ultrafine particles on mortality and morbidity in order to improve the overall sensitivity of the population as well as the environmental and health care authorities. Until the end of 2014, experts from the fields of environment / air pollution and human health will work together to make a contribution to the environmental policy in Europe (the Clean Air Plan for Europe) for combating the air pollution.

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5 Where do We measure? kje iZvajamo meritve? 5

The particle number size distribution of ultrafine particles in the ambient air are determined in five European cities:Germany > Dresden and AugsburgCzech Republic > PragueSlovenia > LjubljanaUkraine > ChernivtsiAll of the measurement stations are located at an urban background site. These areas are representative for a large part of the urban population and no roads with heavy traffic are situated in immediate vicinity.

Razporeditev ultrafinih delcev v zraku glede na količino in velikost se bo ugotavljala v petih evropskih mestih:

Nemčija > Dresden in AugsburgČeška republika > PragaSlovenija > LjubljanaUkrajina > Černivci

Vse merilne postaje so nameščene v urbanem okolju. Gre za kraje, ki niso v neposredni bližini močno obremenjenih cest, vendar so reprezentativne za velik del mestnega prebivalstva.

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6 hoW do We measure? kako iZvajamo meritve? 6

Meritve ultrafinih delcev doslej še niso temeljile na zakonskih predpisih. Predpisana določitev mase finega prahu (velikosti PM10 in PM2,5) ni primerna metoda za ultrafine delce zaradi njihovih majhne velikosti in nizke teže. Za delce v zraku s premerom, manjšim od 1 mikrometra, je boljši pokazatelj določitev števila delcev na enoto količine zraka. Z ustreznimi merilnimi napravami je mogoče določiti razporeditev števila delcev glede na velikost. To pomeni, da pokažejo, koliko delcev določene velikosti je ob določenem času v enem kubičnem centimetru zraka. Tako se v napravi v prvem koraku naelektrijo majhni delci velikosti od 10 do 800 nanometrov. Nato so ti delci razvrščeni na osnovi različnih naboja in premera.

So far, there exist no directives for regulation of ultrafine particle measurements in ambient air. The prescribed grave limits for the particulate matter (fine dust-PM10 or PM2.5) are not suitable for ultrafine particles because they are too small to have influence on the mass concentration. Determination of the particle number per air volume is therefore a better method to define the exposure to ultrafine particles in ambient air. Appropriate instruments show particle number size distributions, which means they indicate how many particles of a defined size are in one cubic centimeter air at a certain time. The function of the instrument is based on char-ging particles between 10 and 800 nm and following segregation of particles in an electrical field according to their diameter and charge. In a last step, the classified particles are counted by a particle counter.

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6 hoW do We measure? kako iZvajamo meritve? 6

The figure shows the results of particle measurements (10-100 nm) of an average week in Dresden, Augsburg and Prague.• High concentrations could be detected during the morning rush hour around 8 a.m.• The particle number concentrations vary from one location to another.

Diagram prikazuje povprečno tedensko gibanje koncentracije ultrafinih delcev v Dresdnu, Augsburgu in Pragi.• Višje koncentracije so bile izmerjene med jutranjo prometno konico okoli 8. ure.• Koncentracije delcev se razlikujejo glede na kraj merilne postaje.

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7 imPrint / ContaCt (imPresum / stik) Partners / Partnerji

ContaCt / stik

Technische Universität Dresden/ Tehnična univerza DresdenResearch Association Public Health Saxony and Saxony-AnhaltProf. Dr. Dr. Wilhelm Kirch, Anne Müller-Schuchardt, Anja ZscheppangPhone/ Telefon: +49351 4584490Email/ E-pošta: wilhelm.kirch@mailbox.tu-dresden.deWebsite/ Spletno mesto: www.ufireg-central.euaCknoWledgement / Zahvala

Supported by the European Regional Development Fund Financing Programme Central Europe / Podpora programa za financiranje Srednja Evropa Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvojimPrint / imPresum

Updated / Stanje: December 2011/ december 2011Design / Oblikovanje: Anne Müller-Schuchardt, Dr. Susanne BastianPiCture Credits / avtorji slik

p. 4+5: Tobias Meissner / p. 8+9: Patrick J. Lynch / p. 10+11: Eye of Science/ Science Photo Library (Vikto-razul91) / p. 14: BfUL, HS Augsburg, CHMI, Departement of Medical and Ecological Problems, Institute of Public Health Celje / p. 16+17: Dr. Gunter Löschau / p. 19: Dr. Susanne Bastian

Technische Universität Dresden/ Tehnična univerza DresdenResearch Association Public Health Saxony and Saxony-AnhaltProf. Dr. Dr. Wilhelm Kirchwww.tu-dresden.deSaxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and GeologyDr. Susanne Bastianwww.smul.sachsen.de/lfug

Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II University of Augsburg, Environment Science CenterDr. Josef Cyrys www.helmholtz-muenchen.de, www.wzu.uni-augsburg.de

Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, v.v.i.Dr. Miroslav Dostalwww.iem.cas.cz

Czech Hydrometeorological InstituteDr. Jiri Novakwww.chmi.cz

Institute of Public Health CeljeMs. Simona Ursicwww.zzv-ce.si

Departement of Medical and Ecological Problems, L.I. Medved´s Institute of of Ecohygiene and Toxicology, Ministry of health, Ukraine Prof. Dr. Dr. Leonid Vlasykwww.medved.kiev.ua