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91.- A- 0348 ,. .• ' I
ENERGYMETALSENERGYMETALS METAlSENERGYMETALSENERGY EN ERG'/M F' METAL.SF~ ENEr<r" MEi~ ENERG'i METALSE
<tNERGYMETALS ·qAlSENERGY ~YMETALS
:I~NERGY I ERGYM ETALS :TAlSENERGY
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Deep Seabed Mining A Report to Congress
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fte ........ le -..t Oiap'1aIa . lpeOV of tile ...... of aIF •• ..tatl".. ..... lnttaa, D.C. aOlli .
Dear 1Il". lpeova
I _ p1 ..... to ..a.lt tile .. tiona1 oceanlc and Aao.pbedc AdIIlftl-uatlOD'. (IIQA&) DMp ....... 1IlDln9 1iepOft. fte npon: 1. III CCIIIP11anDe "ltll IectlOD ," of tile .,... Ieabed Bud lliMl'a1 ~ Act, '0 V.'.C •• 1401 .t ....
.... ue of tile 1_ 1.".1 of lncIutda1 and IIQA& activlty ~ tile Act, IIQA& palla ••• to lief .. fVtbeIo l ... uc •• of till. -.pen unt11 aucb tt... .. tile 1.".1 of actlYlty lncnuu. In tile ..... tt..., IIQA& ,,111 ItIep tile CGnp'_ lIlf .... of any bIportant devl1a,.anU tbat affect tile deft1apMnt of tile lnduaUy.
DEEP SEABED MINING
. Report to Coopess
Pnpuedby:
0fIIce of Oceaa IIId COIIIII ~ MIDqemeal Oceaa MiDenllIIId EDeqy DIviaioo 1305 EuI-W .. Hjpway Silver SfIriaI. NO 20910
Decaaber 1995
u. S. Depnszr 01 c-u ...... H.-.-......, N ...... 0ceIaIc ... ACIIIcIIphrk A ........ rllllaa D.,.. .... u........, .. ac.. .. ~
•
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARy .............................................................................................. .
CHAPTER) INTRODUCTION
P\IrpoIe • Scope............................................................................................................ I The a-.rce.................................................................................................................... I The ~ Iaterat........................................................................................................ 2 MiDiDa CoIIIoniL............................................................................................................ 2 Overview ofladuslrial Activity....................................................................................... S Tec:hnolOl)' ~ Coatemplllecl for MiniDa-............................................................ 7 Workshop. Extemal Review....................................................................................... •
CHAPTER D - IMPLEMENTATION OF TIlE DEEP SEABED HARD MINERAL RESOURCES ACT
Lic:cnIes • Pamits........................................................................................................ 9 Explormoa • Commacial a-ery Activities
ace. Mu.aIs ComJIIIIY (OMCO) • USA· I .t 4............................................. 10 ace. Mt.....,...n.IDc. (OMI). USA·2.......................................................... II ace. MiDiDa AIIoc~ (OMA) • USA·]........................................................ II
EIIvu-aal All I II"""". ImplCll........................................................................ 12 Civil. Crimilllll'mc-'inp ...................................................................................... 14 IntcrMIional Conflict 1taoIuIioD..................................................................................... 14 ~ofAmeadmeall................................................................................ 14
IXECUTIVE~
The NIIIoneI 0cMnIc end AImoIphIrIc "1I1II11I1.iIIIoo'I (NOM) 8CIIvIIiea ......... to the ~aIIon 01 the Deep s.bed twd ...... ReIcuceIItd ("the Id'). 30 U.S.C. S 1401 et .... In IIIC8I ,... ,. end ,_ .. cIIIcrIIecIln thII eIghIh bIInnIII NpCIIt to the eonar-. The 1td .......... 1neIrIm cIomIIIIo .............. under which U.S. Clll8l'll1II8y conduct expIo!.eIan far end ~ NCIMIY 01 ........ noduIIe pending rIIIIIraIIan by end eNry InID farce 01 ... c .... L-. 01 the S. T .. willi ...... to the UnIId ...... On 0c:I0ber 7. 1184. the PlWlldllII .... 1IIIIiIId to the lin*. far .. DIce end ~ the UnItM NetionI CoIMIIlian on the L-. 01 the S. 011812 (UNCLOS) end the ...... ReIeIIng to the ImpIemenIItion 01 Pert XI 01 the UnIId NetionI CoIMIIlian on the LIIW 01 the s..("the~.
The IUIhorIaIIon far 8ppI'CIpIiIIIIo under the ltd expINd on l ....... 30. 1184. end W8I not ,.,... WhIle the IUIhorIaIIon for 8PPfOII'I8IIaI- tiel ........ the ltd remeInIln farce. No fundI .... 1IPPI'CIPri*d for the pragrwn In FIIc8I V .. 1_.
Four exploration 1IcenMI .... iIIUed during 11184. On M8y 21. 1883. the KMnecaIt ConIortIum .u .... lld.,eeI .. 1IcInM for sa.~. On June 17. 1883. NOM,.... 8ft appIicItion from Ocun ........ Compeny (OMCO) for 11'1 exploration IIcInM for the .u .... lldileel 1IcenN ... The IIcInM W81111U1d on December 22. 1184.
On Februlry 1. 8ftd AprfI22. 1184. Ocun MIr*Ig AlIO ell'l I (OMA) end Ocun M8n8gement. Inc. (OMI). ~.1UbmIIted 1PPbII1H- to NOM to.,... the ICheduIe 01 expencIibnI c:ont.Ined In the expIcntIon pIII'II far Deep 8eIbed MInIng ExpIorItIon L.icII'IMI U8A-2 end USA-3. The NViIIon to 0MA·.1IcInM W811PPRMC1 on 0c:I0ber 17. 1184. end the NViIIon to OMI·.1IcInM W811PPRMC1 on NcMmbeI 2. 1184.
In two ...... deled 8epeInIbII 21. 1_. OMCO Inronned NOM thIt Cyprua MInerIIII Compeny W8I wIIhdI .... 1I from the CGnIOrIIum. thIt the deep ...... "**'118CIIvIIiea 01 the ~ pertnerI W8I being canlaUIIed In L.oc:IctIMd M8rt1n ........ & 8pece (LMMS) .... OMCO W8I being eboIIIhed end thltlt ..... to .... the ~ 01 upendibnI far ~ USA-1 end~. NOM tiel ~ InformeIIon from LMMS to COIIIpIIa .... IPt*ItiIln to.,... ........
n.r. .... no oller IIcInIIng or permltli1l8Cllvlliea.
DurIng the two ,... CCMIM by thII NpCIIt. IIcInM.- ... conIInued to monitor 1egII. tKhnIc8I. ICIenIIIIc, ."... end econcmlc t.ctora IIfM:IIng the fMIIbily 0I1f'IIII8Ing In CCIIIIIMrCIeI deep tubed mining. Deta 8MIyIee 8ftd equipment _llapment ......... eIIo perfonned.
............. ' zw"'''';'' 7* TheN ..... no Iic:enMe ...... ecIIviIIII during the period CCMt.cI by IhII ~ NOM', eIfortI during .... yeIrS CICIIII!rUd eo be ctnct.d u..d ~ In IUIIPOft d Iubn reguI8Iory deciIIaI •• focwIIng on ineImeIIoneI cooper.av. .... envlrOllmen18ll1ud1e1; however. ectivIIIeI ..... vIrtuIIIy termilll8d when no funcII ..... lPPlopr!IIH for the provr-n In Filcel V .. 1885.
NOM', prIncIpeI etW'.0I1I'IWII8I rHNrCh effort "- bien the Benthic Impect Exper'.ment (SlE). dHigned to ..... the rKOVerY d the bInIhic (bottom ctw.IIng) ec:oayatem from expGI&n to the nMr bottom plume which will be 1III ... 118d by the caIIec:tor lINd to rKOVer IMIIPI_ . noduIeI from the ... 1Ioor. PrwiouI NOM rHNrCh "-Dquat.ly eddr .. ,ed other poI8nhI emf,rOllme"... .... untiIlerger ...... mining Iyatem ....... performed. The liE "- been I cooper.av. effort wIIh the VuzhmorgIoIogIya AIIOCIaIion d the R...- MIniItry d Geology. During 1 .... I RUIIian rHNrChlhip. wIIh boIh U.S. and R...-1Cienlllla. ~ the PKiIIc Ocean ....... I plume .. gat ..... during 1883 UIing NOM', DNp 8M Sediment RMuIpInIion Syatem (DSSRS) from the R...-lhip. Ilk I ~ aurvey. box c:cnr and mullic:cnr umpIea ..... randomly coIIec:IM In the canIroI ... and the ... d heavielt Hdiment dapoIition. MeiofaunII and IpecieI anaIyMI_ upecI8d to be completed during April 1898. A ItatiItic:aI evaIuaIion d the MdIment ~ impact will be conducted to two taxonomic IeveII (to the func:IionaI group .ncs 1pecieI1rIeI) for boIh maio- and macrofauna.
NOM hal continued to conault and cooperate with other mining NIIionI on ...... environmental rHNrCh and to 8II8bIiIh I network for exchange of information on ,...ardI elfortl and reguI"ory rnHIUrft to protect the erwIronrnttnt. During 1 .... the Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) conducted • BIE In ita.....", mining cIIim ... UIing NOM', DSSRS. InterOc:unMetII (10M). 1ft UII8rn European mining conaortium. performed llimillr BIE Itudy UIing NOM', DSSRS and ancIIIry equipment during 1 ... and 1885. NOM. MMAJ and 10M will ...... informItion from .... 1'eIeIr'Ch eIfortI. A compariIon of ,.... wi. further pNdictive capebiIiIiM In evaIuIIing the benIhIc impactI d deep IHbed mining.
Clyll II1II CrImIY Pm drw
No civil nor criminal proceedillg' ..... inItituted under proviIionI of the At;t.
No intemItionII conIIct NIOIuIion eIfortI ..... I'IIqIIiNd during 1894 and 1885. During 1894. the Republic of Kcne ~ minelltel with the United NIIionI' PNpamory Commiuion for UNCl08. but ... "'milled !hit u.. ..... no conIIIcta with the U.S. IicenMd 1ItM.
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multi ........ priVIIIIICfar ClCIIIICIIIia with U.S. __ (Fipre 2). 11Iey ..... with die rc:1DDICCIU CoaIorti_ (KCON) ....... expIantioa ~ by NOAA iD·I914. KCON IIII'NIIIIIred iD Iicellle(USA-4) tID NOAA OIl May 21. 1993.1Dd die .. WIIIppIied far by IIIOIber ofdle 1 .... 11111.
Occaa MiDcraII CampIIay (OMCO). OIl JuDe 17. 1993. neliclale tID USA-4 WII .... tID OMCO OIl
December 22. 1994. AI ca be _Iiam Fipre 2. foIeip piIticipIIiaa iD die ClCIIIICIIIia DOW CCIIIIiIIs of entities iD c..da. BcIaium. Oermmy IIId JapID.
Flpn2 ......... f1fU.s. ................ ~u.-, ............ f1f-* ................... _ ............... '.'1III ............ NOM .. rlllnuJ Ita ... ·, • ....., ........ ';,
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UIIiIId Cyprus MiMnII Co. ScIIhaIIorpr r.........., E.a ........ Co. - (Cyprus ..... Co.). 50" CGop. • 24.67 " (lISX CGop.). 33.333 "
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n. .... ___ ...... __ ---..... .. •• ' ................... & 5paoI; ... OMCOiI ...........
ne United ICiqdom IDd CIIImIDy ada bave Il10 .... ~ far.sditiollll_ UDder dJeir 0_
respective cIomaIic ..... 1DiDiDI Jeai+tiClll neliclale .... by die Uaited rc:..,.... tID die IC:amecotl CoaIorti_ WllIIIo IIIIIIIJIIINcI iD 1993. ne c:JII.-.licIaIe it beId by Arbei1IpmeiDIcb _ ... "ni_ ......... RabIfIDfIt (AMR). • .., ..... 1DiDiDI CCIIlICIIIi_ of two Oerma firms. wbicb iI ...... iD die U.S.""" Occaa "...........1Dc. (OMl). CCIIlICIIIi1lllL
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CllAPDRD IMPLEMENTADON or THE
DEEP SEABED lIARD MINERAL RESOURCES Act
'.,.77'· .. • ... _ In 1984 the U.S. Depctweut of Comnwc:e'1 NIIioaII 0....;,.1Dd A1mospberic AdmiDistndioa (NOM) issued cxplondioa licaIaa to four U.S ....... deep seabed mjnina COIIIOItia punuIIIt to povisioIII oftbe Deep S'" HIId MiDInl R--=a Act rtbe Act-), 30 U.S.C. f 1401 II. "9. IDd NOM'I implm+'li"lICl',letiona, 15 CFR PIn 970 :
USA·l • to 0ceID MiDInla ~ (OMCO) USA·2 • to 0ceID ""'S ' .... Inc. (OMl) USA·3 • to 0ceID MiDiDa AIIociMa (OMA) USA-4· to K .... necou c-ti1DD (KCON)
The four liceDSees ...... autbarizIecI to coaduI:I cxpIondaa ICtiWiea ill tbeir rapecliw lIeU for the 100yardunlioGoftbe lieenrrr .... i ...... bytbe Act. In 1991.NOM .... oved five-yar exteIIIioas (UDIiII999), u pnMded for in tbe Act, oftbe Iicealli ofOMA, OMl, IDd OMCO IDd revisiona oftbeir cxpIondaa""" OMA, OMJ IIIIl OMCO .. citId Idwne ....... condiliona u tbe reuoD to delay lpplyiDa for • pcnait for «"'IftM+c:ill1'lCCMl)' aDd for reduciDa expeaditurel. OIl FebnJIry IIDd April 22, 19M. OMA IIIIl OMi n~ I cti....ay.1Ubmitted ippliaMaa to NOM to fiIItber IW¥iIe, dowawll'd, tbe IC'-W_ of cxr-fflurw ill tbe cxplora1ioo pa.. for tbeir lie.Her 1be I'CYiIioD ofOMA·Ilic:a.- _ ippiOved OIl Octoba' 17. 19M.1Dd tbe l'CYiIioDofOMl·Ilic:a.- _ .... ovedOIlNovtmbtr2, 19M. W'atb tbe recaJt disc:overy oftbe ..... JUab-Ir8dt aickel dtpoait in Cms", tbe pc*n'i'1 for dIiI ctiIcovery leadiq to odJen IDd tbe NIII1tIIit .... OIl-ua, it is 1ibIy dill tbe lielDlII may bavt to be revised Ipin to show. filrtberdelay iIlP .... 1IiGas forcm,nil':cW I'ICCMI)'.
On May 21. 1993, KCON DDliSed NOM ..... it ... 1UIIIIidIriDa cxpIondaa licaiIt USA-4 (5. FR 33933. J_ 22, 1993) IIIIl OIl Juae 17. 1993, OMCO ... ni ...... apIoclli.:la I""" ipplicalion fortbe .. to NOM (51 FR 34712, Juae 29.1993). Ora Dec:emIw 22, 19M. NOM iaIued tbe apIonIiaD lic:a.- for USA-4 to OMCO (59 FR 66942, December 21. 19M).
In two Jeaaa ... SqA .. 29. 1995. OMCO iDfGIIIIId NOM Ibst Cypua MiDInIa Compay ... wididr ............. CIOIIIDIti .... dill .... deep ..... mini"llCtiWiea ofdie mnainiDa .............. c .. tHe? .inLa 1* •• MlldDM' ..... as,..(LMMS), ..... OMCO ......... i •• lIIIldilllt_to ............ t_of'lF fI ..... '1OIII iDfonDIIioa I'ICIived .... fir, NOAA....". dill ........ fIcM, but DDt mt,jor dvzsa to the lie n 5 aDd _ be In C 1111' U IW¥iIiaaI to lictorrr USA·ll111l USA .... NOM .. nquated iIIformIIioa iom LMMS to eDiDJI ... sppIic8don to NViIe its lien 5
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diIturbImce ad _II DIitioa of .. floor _oneall to detamiDe cbeir aipificence CDmJM'red to tile plume which will be poeaated by tile coUector. M pIrt of oomrnm:ill re-eYlllIItioa, OMCO his coatinuecl to moaitor &ctors tft'ecti ... metal DIIrkeII, pmicuIIrI)' die IIIIIket Cor DicIrd.
USA-a· Or:cep ",uP ,." Ig; IOMJ)
OM!'sliccaselCtivities cIuriDa die two IepOItiDa periods betv; liD Aupst 30, 1993 II1II Aupst 29, 1995 consisted of coatimrinl to moaitor developmenll in die 1ep1, vi-mftc,ad ICClIIOIIIic lIaS Cor iDlJl'C'on die JInIIJI[ ell CorClQlllm [rNJ mini ... Tbae _no at ........ nor at ... data coUecIion efforII duriIIa tile IepOItiDa paioda. TIle ICIivitia _ consi ..... with OMl'I approved exploIlIIioD pImI, whose nMIion _ .... oved on November 2, 1994.
OM! his COIIIinucd to monitor onaoina lecbnicll deveIcIpn .1 rdm ... to deep ..... mini ... by ltte!M!inl confe ....... es IDd meeIinp willi expeall iom induIIry ad ........ mi. OMi his abo foUowed developmentl perteininl to die Uniled NIIionI Convention on die Law ofdle Sea (UNCLOS) ad die .".,.......... reIatina to die im ........ "·'ioon of ill PIn XI by pll"iciptlinl in consuIllliODlIDlODilepa [lCnllliva of NOM, Depu1menI ofSIaIe IDd IqIIII enlativa of 0Iber COUDIries.
OMi abo lDliouaincd ill close WIIch on die wor1d nic:bl1IIIrkd, both .. to cfcmmcIlDd price. INCO, 1 1*1DCt in OMl, specifically monitored die dfecI on die price ofnic:bl of Russian-orilin expcHII. INCO abo povidecl valuable infonnalion to NOAA ad die DqwaIWelll ofSIaIe c:oacemiaIIl ~or, hilh-lnde Dietel depoIit diIcowry which -1IIIde, on IIDd, in Voisey Bay, LabnIdor, e.ned•
USA.l - Or:cep Minia' APOSieta (QMA)
OMA'I JK:en.lCtivities cIuriDa die two IepOItiDa paiodl between Scptea,ber I, 19931Dd Aupsl31, 1995 involved coatinued anaI)'IiI ofdle owndI OMA ocean minial efforIad die monitorina ofwor1d minerlllllllketlad envjmo1!11fi ... llCtivitiel. Tbae _no at ... ..... nor ..... data coUeclion efforII cIuriDa die nportiDa paioda. Aclivitiel_ consi ..... with OMA's approved exploraIion plan, whosenMlion -1IPPIOved on October 17, 1994.
OMA c+JIIlJllbd die ......... '1Iion of. owndI OMA Prc.pan ConIoIidaIion Report 10 provide doC'nna"'Iion Cordle total OMA Ocean Minina R&D .... 11riIefforI incIudeI: 1)1 .""""')' ofdle __ ...... ofdle OMA .......... 2) aecuIivc ." ........ ofdle ....... jcIatIm aepoiill pmiouIIy iIIUId by each OMA DepaIliNill (MIriDe ScitUII, Minina 8)'11'[11, PnI ml Sy-. V ..... AnaI)'IiI, II1II Lepl); II1II 3) 1 "IOId....,' to all ...... II1II III llaaic SIIIIIPCIItinI "ocePDC!1ll CIVIl aefealllCld 10 ncarda IIiIII' • _i .... 11111 100 "M ..
OMA coati· .. to IIDIikii lepIlIIII poIiIical..- inYoIviaIi .... lepI riaI* acquired by,ad die obIipliont inipC'IICI upaa, Ihan UDder inlllnedilllll law, die NOAA IicenIe, VIrioIII iDterplJeU'''M 0'" liI'N'Mntl. _die priYlte ovaiIp lett"""" ,,11m I. eo which OMA.ila
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from tile """. III eb WIllI tile IN YUZMORGEOLOGIYA. A by ... oa tile wiDCb beiDa .... brob IDd tile opIIIIioa bid to be termi .... .., 0lIl tow. Duriaa April 1992. tile DSSRS WlttpiD1DMd hill tile """.Ibip, but...,.. of ... i ....... trip IDd IDIIIIicoIw .,,,111 iMkn$l~ dllttlleDSSRS "'DOI""", ·.ti .. ..,. .... "'imeat DuriDaDei ( Ii" 1992. NOAA ODDdIKeed. dIIIp review willa U. S.IDd,.,. I -win UJ IDd it WIt decided tbIt • _DIId .... 1Iioa DSSRS • tile DSSRS-D ·1bouId be built.
From _ to September 1993. tile BIE 1""' ...... with ....... r I r I eb c:ruiIe oa tile YUZHMORGEOLOGIYA towiDa tile DSSRS-D. Prior to irIitIIIiDa tile apeaiuwul, boaom pbotoja;pbl.lIide r - _1Dd box exnawere .... to collect b 'i ... cilia oa noch''e cova.e.IDd ........ ~aadlDlior...a •• ' m AcIdjt\oMIly. two ~ ....... deployed iD 1992 wereleCO'aecllDd recllploJecl ..... with 11",i .... tnpL FOIt)'-niDc lUec I rrfl.d towIwere tIleD IIIIde with tile DSSRS-II ........ tile IIIICIy ... with ..... MlIIt em calli, ... inMlllt trIpIlDd ndio IIlClide IIIIIyIiI Of""i - , .. were .... to map tile extent of tile &r-fielcl -1MIt -II Dlitiaa. !!eoti1Mlt trip dIIa in- ·iceteI tbIt IIIfficient ""ilMlt WIS cIiIpenecl dIia lime iDto tile IIIICIy ... to ........ &r-&IId irnpI&:t IimiIar to wbat is expected to occur cIurina awn .... d.II mini .. POIt-clilludJree box exnawere taIrar to _ short .... impeMI oa tile meio-lDd IIIKIOfIuna. Four 'CktiaionaI .... rcul ..... moariDp were Il1o deployed to obIaiD IdditionaI Joaa .... boaoi. ~ ....
In July 1994. tile BIE lite WIt rm.ited. After c:arnaa IUIW)'. box cora IDd .... Jticorer waples were rn"omly collected iD tile COIIIIOI_1Dd iD tile cIIIIUItIecl_ of MavirIl"'ilMlt depositioa. 11re IUoIIaIrI)' of tile IIIKIOfauna ........ to firnIIy IcveI lave jllll beeD completed. Meio __ 1Dd lI*ies raIyIa_ eN .. 1ed to be '""'lIlted durirIa April 1996. 11re "";sricaI M· ..... of tile wdirnent -II DIitian i ....... will be con+ ..... to two 'IIXOnCIIIIic levels (to tile fimctioaal poup IDd rpe cies 1cYcIa) far beida meio- aad IIIKIO .... NOAA i ....... to 1111 aim .. bale IIIOURleI to CCIIIIJI&ete dIIa.al)'lfl aad to col",I ... orderly coacIUIioa of tile resetreb JIIOIIIIIL
OQ AUIIIIII O. 1994. iD S I ale, W A, NOAA rumbled. review JIIIIII of six diaIiDpiIbecl IDIriae ec:jcntj ..... .....".. am _ .p'i'.jew.... I -.iva with ec:jcntjfic bIckpouDds to pabm. ec:jcntjf!c: review of tile BIE. AI ..... iD tlleluvilllioa Ieaa. "TIle JIIIIIIOIf of tile review is to oIIIIia e' " .wI £i ",Iftc: • .plli DIi oa tllelCO,lI'" dliM:tivr?SS of tile CUIIcul BIE aad to ~; tIIe .. OJI- .... r II da direcl_· 11re prellIIIde II¥Ual JeCOiE' PHD If"., ... iBcIudiDa: cridcIIIy _ ...... iafom .... ..., 001 ..... bcfare pabmina ... rtiet I &lid walk; -pina .... apeainwall to rmre ...... rapcIIIIfI u. fimrIioa of wI' r .......... beIMr IDllblMllIO IrICt IDd map tile ",i .... plume; aad baviaa'" • .,".,.....a ... CIMII .... .,.de Wlllir:la.vilCM F .'
AI JMCViouIIy noIId, NOAA ... mrS d iD WCIjiiNIi .. BIE ...... willa MMAJ IDd 10M. NOAA jM'OVided advice 1Dd ..... 'qI" I sri, lUCIa. tile DSSRS-D IDd .............. to Ibem iD '"""'" far -iDa tile cilia IDd lab. rt'OD acq.drecl cIurina tile , III da. CMnr-iIoaI of tile rauIII of tile BIEa will fIIItber prldicliw apIbiliIiIIlDd tile data provideI
13
illfOl'lllldiOll for U.S.Iic_d _1IIIIOte fiom die NOAA BIE lite. MMAJ c:oaduc:Iied bneline IQldieslllll pmll'''''' mini,. iIDpKt with d!e NOAA'. DSSRS-D ill 1994II1II .m.ited tbe diIIurbed _II1II collected .... pln _ yc.r after d!e diaIurbIDce ill 0ct0II. 1995. Similmy. afterd!e b •• ·j- cruiIe, 10M cOlldllCted BIE IIUdia ill July 1995II1II pi-. to rniIit tbe diItUIbed ... duriI!t 1996.
The ICoreID Ocea Rilid II1II Dnelopi,..a1Dllitufe (KOROl) ofd!e Republic ofICona II1II d!e ChiDa Ocea Mu..J Raoun:e II1II DevelopmIIIt AlIOCillioo (COMRA) ofd!e People'. Republic of Cbiaa haw IIao expa III ~ iIIIIreIt ill CCIIIduc:riaa IimiIIr BIE ,,!dies ill d!eir .... Replil ''''iva ofKORDI IIIIl COMRA haw viIited IIIIl coafared willi NOAA 011 fiIIure BIE sbidieslllll potenli.1 coopa.... KOROl pIaDs to !lilt BIE IIUdia willi d!e aeIec:Iioa of d!e BIE pte II1II b.IIiM ,,!dies ill 1996.
Cwpeaative lIlViJon""u'll .. ldi. with d!eae COIIIIIrieI provide d!e minin, natioaa with d!e opportunity to collect IIIIpIrIlleled eDViIoameDIaI illfOl'lllldioa 011 d!e efIicta of deep OCCID mini,. fiom divene locatioa. wiIhiIl d!e CCFZ. 11IoM,. d!e mini,. natioaa to efIic:iently utilize d!eir limited fi"lllrill reaourcea wbiIe IIIcIIeuiDa d!e key envira m 'IMI uncerIIintia &cilia deep OCCID mini,.
CMI'" Cd'"'' PI 'h. No civil nor c:rimiDII pro cwinp were instituted UDder proviaioos of d!e Act.
In ICCCIIdInce with d!e Act, ill pcerioua )'em d!e United S ... bed coacluded four III'" ...,.,,1, with • lOIII of thirteen ocber COIIII1riea, raolviDa mine pte overlIps II1II IIIIIrina tpi"" ftduIe contJicts.
DuriI!a this reportina period, no iIIIInIIIioaII conflict raolutioa eft"onI were requiNd. Durina 1994. the Republic ofICona reai-..I mineaitea ill d!e CCFZ ... with d!e United N ... •• PlepailOly Ovnmi'lioa. It wu determiaed thai d!ere were no confljc:ts willi d!e U.s. licenIed Pta.
, .. • .. ··#s75
14
