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I. Introduction toI. Introduction toAcids & BasesAcids & Bases
(p. 453 - 473)(p. 453 - 473)Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids & Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids &
BasesBases
A. PropertiesA. Properties
electrolyteselectrolytes electrolyteselectrolytes
turn litmus redturn litmus red
sour tastesour taste
react with metals react with metals to form Hto form H22 gas gas
slippery feelslippery feel
turn litmus blueturn litmus blue
bitter tastebitter taste
ChemASAP
vinegar, milk, soda, vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruitsapples, citrus fruits
ammonia, lye, ammonia, lye, antacid, baking sodaantacid, baking soda
SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS
Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid Most commonly produced industrial Most commonly produced industrial
chemicalchemical Uses: petroleum refining, metallurgy, Uses: petroleum refining, metallurgy,
manufacturing fertilizer, production of manufacturing fertilizer, production of metals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents, metals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents, and used in automobile batteriesand used in automobile batteries
Effective dehydration agentEffective dehydration agent
SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS
Nitric acidNitric acid Pure nitric acid is a volatile, unstable Pure nitric acid is a volatile, unstable
liquid that is rarely used in industry liquid that is rarely used in industry or labs.or labs.
Strong odor, stains skin, and can Strong odor, stains skin, and can cause serious burnscause serious burns
Used in making explosives, rubber, Used in making explosives, rubber, plastics, dyes and pharmaceuticalsplastics, dyes and pharmaceuticals..
SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS
Phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid Essential element for plants and Essential element for plants and
animalsanimals Used for manufacturing fertilizers Used for manufacturing fertilizers
and animal feed, diluted - flavoring and animal feed, diluted - flavoring agent in beverages, cleaning agent agent in beverages, cleaning agent for dairy equipment, manufacture for dairy equipment, manufacture of detergents and ceramics.of detergents and ceramics.
SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS
Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid Produced by stomach and aids in digestion.Produced by stomach and aids in digestion. Used for pickling iron and steel, general Used for pickling iron and steel, general
cleaning agent, food processing, activation cleaning agent, food processing, activation of oil wells, recovery of magnesium from of oil wells, recovery of magnesium from sea water, production of other chemicals.sea water, production of other chemicals.
Dilute HCl, commonly known as muriatic Dilute HCl, commonly known as muriatic acid, found in hardware stores and used for acid, found in hardware stores and used for maintaining acidity in swimming pools and maintaining acidity in swimming pools and general cleaning of masonry.general cleaning of masonry.
SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS
Acetic acidAcetic acid Clear, colorless, strong smellClear, colorless, strong smell Concentrated form known as glacial Concentrated form known as glacial
acetic acidacetic acid Used in synthesizing chemicals used Used in synthesizing chemicals used
in the manufacture of plastics, raw in the manufacture of plastics, raw material in production of food material in production of food supplements, fungicide.supplements, fungicide.
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions ArrheniusArrhenius - In aqueous solution… - In aqueous solution…
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–
AcidsAcids form hydronium ions (Hform hydronium ions (H33OO++))
H
HH H H
H
ClClO O
–+
acid
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions ArrheniusArrhenius - In aqueous solution… - In aqueous solution…
BasesBases form hydroxide ions (OH form hydroxide ions (OH--))
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
H
H
HH H
H
N NO O–+
H
H
H H
base
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions Brønsted-LowryBrønsted-Lowry
HCl + H2O Cl– + H3O+
AcidsAcids are proton (Hare proton (H++) donors. ) donors. BasesBases are proton (H are proton (H++) acceptors.) acceptors.
conjugate acidconjugate base
baseacid
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions
H2O + HNO3 H3O+ + NO3–
CBCAAB
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions
AmphotericAmphoteric - can be an acid or a base. - can be an acid or a base.
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
CA CBB A
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions
F F --
HH22POPO44--
HH22OO
HFHF
HH33POPO44
HH33OO++
Give the conjugate base for each of the following:Give the conjugate base for each of the following:
PolyproticPolyprotic - an acid with more than one H - an acid with more than one H++
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions
Br Br --
HSOHSO44--
COCO332-2-
HBrHBr
HH22SOSO44
HCOHCO33--
Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:
B. DefinitionsB. Definitions LewisLewis
AcidsAcids are electron pair acceptors. are electron pair acceptors. BasesBases are electron pair donors. are electron pair donors.
Lewis base
Lewis acid
C. StrengthC. Strength Strong Acid/BaseStrong Acid/Base
100% ionized in water100% ionized in water strong electrolytestrong electrolyte
- +
HCl
HNO3
H2SO4
HBr
HI
HClO4
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
C. StrengthC. Strength Weak Acid/BaseWeak Acid/Base
does not ionize completelydoes not ionize completely weak electrolyteweak electrolyte
- +
HF
CH3COOH
H3PO4
H2CO3
HCN
NH3
NeutralizationNeutralization
An acid base reaction produces salt An acid base reaction produces salt and water.and water.
An antacid soothes an overly acidic An antacid soothes an overly acidic stomach by neutralizing the stomach stomach by neutralizing the stomach acid.acid.
Neutralization is the reaction of the Neutralization is the reaction of the hydronium ion and hydroxide ion to hydronium ion and hydroxide ion to produce water.produce water.
SaltsSalts
The salt from the neutralization reaction The salt from the neutralization reaction is composed of the cation from the base is composed of the cation from the base and the anion from the acid.and the anion from the acid.
Examples – Complete and balance:Examples – Complete and balance: Carbonic acid + strontium hydroxideCarbonic acid + strontium hydroxide Perchloric acid + sodium hydroxidePerchloric acid + sodium hydroxide Hydrobromic acid + barium hydroxideHydrobromic acid + barium hydroxide Nitric acid + magnesium hydroxideNitric acid + magnesium hydroxide
Acids and carbonatesAcids and carbonates
The products of the reaction between The products of the reaction between acids and carbonates are salt, water, acids and carbonates are salt, water, and carbon dioxide.and carbon dioxide.
Acid rain can contain nitrates and Acid rain can contain nitrates and sulfates and carbonates that destroy sulfates and carbonates that destroy marble structures.marble structures.
Write and balance the equations Write and balance the equations between calcium carbonate and acids between calcium carbonate and acids from the above polyatomic ions.from the above polyatomic ions.
HomeworkHomework
Page 478 # 26,28,37Page 478 # 26,28,37