PROPOSED EXXONHELP ASSESS TtlE

I

RESEARCH PROGRAlvl TOGREENHOUSE EFFECT.

i+l'' I

tIr'i:

It

III

II

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EDl,lARD A, 6ARVEYHENRY SHAtll

I,IALLACE S, BROECKERTARO TAKAHASHI

PRESENTED TO:

DR. LESTER I{ACHTARESOURCES LABORATORY

IC AND AT}1 OSPHERIC ADIVI I

lI

STRATtJNATIONAL

AIROCEAN NI ION

IvlARCH 26, 1g7g

,d

PRO6RAI'I 6OAL

DETERIVIINE THE LIKELIIlOOD

USE EXXON EXPERTISE AND FACILITIES TO llELP

OF A GLOBAL GREEN-llOUSE EFFECT

v

\./

RATIOl'lALE FOR EXXON INVOLVE14ENT

I DEVELOP EXPERTISE TO ASSESS TtlE POSSIBLEIIVI PACT OF TllE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ON EXXONBUSINESS

O FORPI RESPONSIBLE TEAI'1 THAT CAN CREDIBLYCARRY BAD NEl^lS, IF ANY, TO THE CORPORATION

I PROVIDE THE GOVERNl'lENT l^lITH HIGrl OUALITYINFORIViATION TO REDUCE TllE BUSINESS RISK OFINADECIUATE GOVERNtvlENT POLICY

O GENERATE IrlPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INFORtvlATION THATl,{ILL ENHANCE THE EXXON IlvlACE AND PROVIDE PUBLICRELATIONS VALUE

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F

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NOITINIJ3[

The Carbon Cycl e

1 978

Fluxes in Gt/aPool sizes in Gt

/Photosynthes i s

56

t

FuelCombus t i on

5

Terrestrial Biosphere

,III{ri'liI,l

4:i;

Decompos i ti on25

Res pi ratlon31

Gas Exchange90 90

12,000(7,300 recoverabl e)

L{vi ng0rganl c

800

Dead0rganic(Humus )

I 000-3000

Surface l^later0issolved Carbon

580Thermocl lne

0issolved Carbon6 ,600 Aquat i c

Deep lrlaterDissolved Carbon

3l ,900Reacti veSediments

400

Fossil Fuels and Shale 0ceans

O{x

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PROPOSED PROGRAlvlS

OCEAf'l SAtvlPL I NG PROGRAIVI

TANKER SAt'lPLINC SYSTEtvl

DRILLINC SHIP STATION

LAND BIOTA SAfvlPLING PROGRAlvl

.P.ROGRAlvlS FUt'lDING

D O E / EX X O N

EXXON

EXXON

st

C-T3 AND C-1'I SAlvlPLING

J

l.III

;IdiI

II.lII

OBJECTIVES OF OCEAN SAIlPLING

0 DETER14 INE

FLUX =

COZ FLUX BET}lEEN AND OCEANAIR

ENT)(TRANSFER COEFFICI X (DRIVINC FORCE)

,-l DRIVIN€ FORCE DETERlvlINED FROII TANKERS AS A

FUNCTI0N 0F c0r ,LOCATIOI{, ETC.-ATM

COc 'tsw

STUDY AS A FUNCT

TEIqPERATURE,

TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DETERIVIIl'lEDSHIPS BY TRACERSEA-STATE, ETC I

FROf'l DRION OF

ILLINGl^lEATlJER,

t cR0sscllEcK RATE 0F C0z EXCHANGE ACR0SS TllE AIR-SEA INTERFACE USIN6 C-14 RELEASED DURING ATOIi ICBO14B TESTS AS TRACER

,.1

II

iil

I

tI

I

TANKER PROGRAivl

c TANKERS !\lILL SAl/lPLE CONTINUOUSLYATlvl 0SPtl ERIC C0Z T0 t 0,5 pprlv0 CEAN C0Z T0 t 0,5 ppMVSEA AND AIR TEI\lPERATURE TORELATIVE HUIVI IDITYBAROllETRIC PRESSURESALINITYSEAl^lATER pH

U,

t 0,1"c

0

c

TANKER l,lILL ALSO SAII PLE SURFACEC-1II ON A PERIODIC BASIS

SEAl^lATER FOR

",r'

DEPTH THERIVIOf'4ETERS t.lILL BE USED PERIODICALLYTO DETERf'IINE THE TElvlPERATURE PROFILE OF THEOCEAN ALONG THE TANKER ROUTE

I

I

I

i

TANKER PROGRA14 (CONTINUED)

3 TANKER l^lILL BE ABLEA PARTICULAR ROUTEPER YEAR DEPENDINCDEIl AND

TO REPEAT lvlEASUREIVIENTS ALONGANYl^lHERE FROf\l 1O TO qO TI14ESON ROUTE LENGTrl AND PETROLEUlv!,/

c

c

TANKER PROGRA[I l^l

DURING THE FIRSTLL BE EXPANDED FROlvlYEAR TO FIVE BY THE

ONE ROUTETHIRD YEAR

SOI'1E TANKER ROUTESCROSS AREAS hIII EREl^lORK HAS BEEN DONE

PROPOSED IRELATIVELY

N TllIS PROGRAIILITTLE OCEANOGRAPHIC

t.f.ir

,ttr'IIiL

)tttII

0 TllE DATA COLLECTED !^I ILL BE USED TO DETERlnlILEVELS ON A REGIONAL AND SEASONAL BASIS INTHE ATlvlOSP11ERE AND THE OCEANS

NE PC02BOTH

DEEP WATER I,IELLINGS ANO TANKER ROUTES

$\ 'oonn otut, Cfloo*"

A oooo

Tanker SamplingTracks

$bo /"ta: Wa

0O o.s .=

oo

-t'- a.

- .qr Equa tor

fr'-'=.. '.s, / I

I!!ItI

i

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I

I

i',

pcoz 'I 0 - atm. IN THE SURFACE WATER OF

JULY 1972 - MARCH '1973THE ATLAI''ITIC 0CEAN

1) 5: !) l, It

@t12

.?a

#,li*9l lJ

(

AlI Exxon Atlantic tanker routes.

(

pCOe l0-b atm. I}I THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE PACiFiC OCEAN

AUGUST 1973 . JUNE ]974

<3 Xtr

Exxon routes(

Pacific tanker rou tes .0ther tanker routes*-(:

I'lII.. III

i!

iI

II

II

iI

ll

it:i

iiIIII

lrIil.tIII!tIlt'IIi;titIIII

DRILLING SHIP PROGRAI'I

0 EXXON CONTRACTED DRILLING SHIPS ARE PRESENTLYEXPLORING lvlANY DEEP l4lATER AREAS AROUND THEI^IORLD

DRILL IN OCEAN DEPTHS l-lELL OVERlOOO FEET, SOlnlETIIVlES AS I'IUCH AS5OOO FEETRElvlAIN IN ONE LOCATION FOR ThlOTO THREE 14ONTHS

AT THESE DEPTHS, THE OCEAN IS USUALLY WELLSTRATIFIED, AND IS SUITABLE FOR TRACER GASSTUDY

g,

0

J

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DRILLINC SllIP PROGRAfVI (COl'lTII.|UED)

O t{EASURElvlENT OF SURFACE l^lATER RADON-222 PROFILESAND l,lEATHER DATA CAN BE USED TO DETERII INE THERATE OF GAS EXCI.IANGE AS A FUNCTION OF l^lIND SPEEDAND SEA STATE

O DEEP l,{ATER SAI'lPLINC CAN ALSO BE PERFOR14ED TOENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDINC OF DEEP OCEAN IXCHANGE0F c0z, RAD0N-222, AND 0THER cHEtl IcAL TRAcERs

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INFORIVlATION YIELDS (COllTINUED)

III

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ATII OS P HE R I C C I RCU LAT I ON+ Tl.lE VARIATIONS l,lILL HELP DETERfVI INE

CLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION PATTERNS ANDCOULD BE A USEFUL CONTRIBUTION TOTHE TRANSIENT TRACES PROGRAlvl NOl^lBEGINNING UNDER DOE FUNDINC

0CEAN I C PC0Z+ ltlILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL

SEAl^lATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS+ BY CROSSIlrlG UPl.lARD AND DOl,{Nl^lARD

ADVECTION ZONES THE SEASONAL ANDYEARLY EXCHANCE OF SURFACE ANDDEEP hlATER l,lILL BE 14ONITORED

0CEANIC AND ATPl0SPHERIc eC02+ 1,{ILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE

CONCENTRAT-ION GRADIENT ACROSSTHE INTERFACE

INFORI'IATION YIELDS (CONTINUED)

\dr'

+ THE CONCENTRATION VARIATIONSACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGIONhlILL BE USED TO CENERATE I,I OREACCURATE C0z EXCHANGE IvI0DELS

OCEAN TEIVIPERATURE PROFI LFS+ }lILL BE USED TO DETERlvlINE TtlETHICKNESS OF THE SURFACE l.lATERLAYER AND ITS VARIATION ACCORDINGTO SEASON AND REGION

+ TII IS l,lILL PROVIDE ADDITIONALINFORII ATION ON OCEAN CIRCULATIONPATTERNS AND l,lIND EFFECTS ONOCEAN II IXING

SALINITY+ t.lILL BE UsED TO DEFINE OcEAN

l^lATER IVIASSES+ IT IS ALsO USED TO cORREcT

THE RAl^l rC02 lvltASUREtt'lENTS

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PROGRA14 RESULTS AND BENEFITS

II EANS OF P

ON YEARLYAND OCEAN I

0

,

A RELATHIGHLYAND REG

SAlvlPLISCIENTOF THE

IVELY INEXPENSIVEUSEFUL INFORII ATIONIONAL ATl{OSPHERIC

INFORllATRCULATION

ON ON BOTHPATTERNS

ON THE FINDINGSAND OTHER PART

ROVIDIl\lG, SEASONALC PROCESSES

ATMOSPHERIC AND

ISSUED JOINTLYICIPATIN6 INSTI-

e

0

0

IlvlPROVED AIR-OCEAN CARBON EXCHANGE llODEL

t

t'{

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ADDITIONALOCEANIC CI

REPORTS FROI'I EXXONl^lITH LAf4ONT-DOHERTYTUTIONS

G VESSELS l^lILL BEFIC IVIEASURE14ENTSCARBON BUDGET OR

AVAILABLE FORTO ENHANCE OURRELATED AREAS

ADDITIONALUNDERSTANDING

THEORY OF LAND B I OTA SAlvlPLING

INCREASE INFOSSIL FUEL

ATI\1OSPI-IERICCOlvlBUSTION

coz t\lAY BE DUE ToOR FOREST CLEARINC

t,o S0URCE 0F

ISOTOPESc - I3AND P

c-1rl

coz t4AY BE IDENTIFIED BY CARB0NIN THE ATIVI OSPlJEREIS PRESENT IN FOSSIL FUELSLANTSIS PRESENT ONLY

III

It

III!

IIIiI

rC

IN PLANTS

O IVIEASURING RELATIVE CHANGE OF C-13 AND C-14IN STORED BIOlulASS CAN YIELD INFORlllATION ONTHE S0URcE 0F THE C0z THA'T lrlAS pREsENTDURING PLANT GROl^lTH

Global Carbon Isotope Di stri buti on

#=-on ffi=

Foss i 'l Fue lc-t3 _ffi - -c'tn

fJ$ = -rooz

'Terrestri al Bios phere

?# = -r.*

&l* - -0.,'

0ceans

c-l3ffia-l affi= -lo to

Atmospheric Carbon Isotope Ratios

Year

Biosphere 6nly

25'l FF

50r'FF

75t FF

- 75% Bio

- 50ts Bio

- ?51[ Bio

Fuel only

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o

PROPOSED PROGRA14 SCllEDULE (CONTINUED)

\./

PHASE II (FIVE-YEAR PROGRAlvl)

IlvlPLEfvlENT FULL-SCALEUP TO FIVE DIFFERENTIVlENT)

I4

0

f{EASUREI{ENT l^lIr$/n B0 EXX0N

TANKERROUTES

PRO6RA14(t ll $/n

NG

GOVERN-US1,

c CONTINUE DRILLINC Sl{IP PRO6RAlvl ATL0CATI0NS (r$/n 50 EXX0N)

CONTINUE LAND BIOTADI'FFTRENT SOURCES (

SUITABLE

GEOGRAPt{ICALLY0 TH)

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GREENHOUSE TFFECT

it.I

t.

J.

5.

6.

Develop background

Oevelop research program

Obtain ER&E management approval

Advise Exxon Corp. & affiliatesAdvise DOE of program

Plan program with affiliates( Exxon International, EUSA, etc.)Arrange universi ty partnersh.ip

0esignate program manager

0rder and assemb'le i nstrumentatl on

Begin Phase I- Tanker No. I- Drilling Ship

Land biota measurements

l. Prepare and submit proposals to DOE

2, Publ ish initiai results3. 0rder additionai equipment

1. Begin Phase II- 5 tankers- 9 drilling ships- 2 different land biota sources

5. Awareness anq corporatedissemination of i nformati onon overa lI prob lem

Fundi ng

$ Source

20 K ER&E

30 K ER&E

GBL Units

IP'l P

1PIP'I P

IP

1P7.

B.

9.

0.

5k

5k

50k

125 k

ER&E

ER&E

ER&E

ER&E

DOEER&EER&E

ER&E

iP1.3 P

IP

6P

275 k ER&E25 k ER&E75 k ER&E

30 k ER&E

30 K ER&E

425 k DoE

6.8225160

70

Mkk

k 0.1 P

I