Review of NYS Lab

I. Diffusion through a Membrane Big Picture Items:

The Cell Membrane & Selective Permeability: size of the molecule counts

Chemical Indicators: lab technique used to identify chemicals that are not

visible

Onion Cell: Parts of the Plant Cell & Osmosis

The Cell Membrane

3. Identify the cell membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm in the pictures below by drawing an

arrow from the term to the appropriate place on the onion cell.

4. How can we make the cells on the left look like the cells on the right? ___________________

5. How can we make the cells on the right look like the cells on the left? ___________________

6. What makes the cell appear to shrink? _________________________________________________

7. What makes the cell appear to swell? _________________________________________________

1. Major function:

2. Other responsibilities:

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

8. Circle the following terms if they CAN pass into or out of the cell. Place an X through the

terms that CANNOT pass into or out of the cell.

SALT PROTEINS GLUCOSE WATER

STARCH IODINE

9. When water __________________, the cell swells. When water __________________, the cell

shrinks.

10. Why? OSMOSIS

Define:

The Microscope

11. Describe how to make a wet mount slide?

12. Describe how to add a stain to a wet mount slide?

13. Were these cells observed under high or low power? ___________________ power

How can you tell?

14. Draw what these cells would look like under the other

power.

15. Some of the pain from a sore throat is caused by swelling of moist throat tissue. A

common remedy for a sore throat is to gargle (rinse the throat tissue) with salt water. Explain

why gargling with salt water would be expected to relieve the pain of a sore throat.

Using Chemical Indicators

16. How does a chemical indicator work?

17. Chemical Indicators you should know:

Indicator Original Color Color Change Substance it identifies

Benedict’s Solution Blue (Caribbean

blue)

Iodine (Lugol’s) Amber (burnt

orange/brown)

Bromothymol Blue Blue (traditional blue)

Enzyme M Indicator No color marker – no

fizz No marker – Fizz Enzyme M

18. Which indicator above requires HEAT to activate the color

change? ___________________

19. Look at the image below.

State one possible reason why molecule A could diffuse across

the membrane of the cell but molecule B could not.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Study the “initial” diagram below and predict what would happen after 20 minutes by

labeling the beaker on the right.

Initial Final

21. Explain what happened to glucose, starch, iodine and the color of the contents inside

and outside the model cell.

GLUCOSE: Size = __________________ Permeable/Impermeable? __________________

STARCH: Size = __________________ Permeable/Impermeable? __________________

IODINE: Size = __________________ Permeable/Impermeable? __________________

II. Relationships and Biodiversity Big Picture Items:

Laboratory Skills: chemical indicators, paper chromatography, gel

electrophoresis, determining amino acid sequences

Importance of Biodiversity: define term, conservation/preservation, tradeoffs

Determining Evolutionary Relationships: Using structural and molecular

evidence

Molecular Evidence Review A. Paper Chromatography

3. Use:

___________________________________________________

4. How does it differ from gel electrophoresis?

5. Describe the setup?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

B. Gel Electrophoresis

6. Use:

7. DNA cut with ________________________ and then

added to wells at the negative pole (because DNA is

negatively charged). Since opposites attract, DNA

will run to the _______ pole.

8. Large pieces of DNA will run ___________ than

smaller pieces.

1. Examples of structural evidence:

2. Examples of molecular evidence:

9. The more bands two specimens have in common, the more ______________ the two

specimens are to each other.

10. Circle the gel plate that contains a positive identification of the criminal?

11. Draw an arrow pointing to the band with the least amount of DNA nucleotides.

A change in hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells,

causes sickle-cell disease. Hemoglobin samples from different

individuals can be compared by using a specific technique. The

protein banding patterns of three samples are shown to the right.

12. Identify the technique that was used to produce these results.

_____________________________________________

13. Identify another substance that can be analyzed using this

technique.

___________________

The segments of DNA below were extracted from two different species of plants. The

segments represent the same region of DNA that codes for a particular pigment (color) in

these species.

Plant Species A: ACCGCAGGGATTCGC

Plant Species B: ACCGGAGCGATTCGC

14. A restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA from species A and B. The enzyme binds to

the sequence G G G A T T and cuts between G and A. State how many cuts will be made in

the DNA sequences of each species when this enzyme is used.

Plant species A cuts: ____________ Plant species B cuts: ____________

C. Determining an Amino Acid Sequence

Remember, DNA (in the eukaryotic nucleus) is a code for the production of a protein within

in the ribosome of the cell. _____________ is the architect, and the ______________ are the

construction workers

15. DNA transcribed into RNA.

Adenine bonds with ___________________ Cytosine bonds with ___________________

Thymine bonds with ___________________ Guanine bonds with ___________________

16. Practice!

DNA: TAG AAA GCG GAT

mRNA: _________________________________________

A.A. Seq. _________________________________________

17. Practice again!

Triplet _________________________________________

Codon: UAC GGA CAA ACU

A.A. Seq. _________________________________________ 18. The amino acid sequences of three species shown below were determined in an

investigation of evolutionary relationships.

Based on these data, which two species are most closely related? Support your answer.

D. Enzyme M Indicator

(See Diffusion through a Membrane review sheet for more info.)

III. Making Connections Big Picture Items:

Scientific Method: designing an experiment

Interpreting data: exercise & muscle fatigue, exercise & pulse rate

Every experiment needs:

How will you remember the difference between an independent and dependent variable?

Hypothesis

_________________________________________________________________________

Constants

_________________________________________________________________________

Control Group

_________________________________________________________________________

Experimental Group

_________________________________________________________________________

Independent Variable

_________________________________________________________________________

Dependent Variable

_________________________________________________________________________

Hypothesis: Spearmint taken before an exam will increase the amount of time a student will

focus.

Control Group: ______________________________________

Experimental Grp: ______________________________________

Indep. Variable: ______________________________________

Dep. Variable: ______________________________________

Constants: ______________________________________

Sample Regents Question:

A student carried out a lab activity where she was asked to squeeze a clothespin as many

times as she could in one minute and record that number. She immediately tried the same

activity again, thinking she could do better the second time, but the number was lower. She

immediately tried again, but the number was lower still.

State one reason why she continued to get lower numbers, even though she tried to

increase the number of squeezes several times.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Hypothesis: Rigorous exercise will increase pulse rates.

Control Group: ______________________________________

Experimental Grp: ______________________________________

Indep. Variable: ______________________________________

Dep. Variable: ______________________________________

Why should pulse rate increase with rigorous exercise?

Besides pulse rate, what other body function should increase with rigorous exercise? Explain.

IV. Beaks of Finches Big Picture Items

Concept of Natural selection: terms & application

Use of Circle o’ Finch Information

Natural Selection

What does the following mean?

“Survival of the fittest”

“Selecting agent”

Did increased competition improve or impede performance? Explain.

Know how to interpret this chart:

Sample Regents Question:

On an island populated by both warbler

finches and small tree finches, there is a

significant decrease in the amount of

animal food. Which finch population

would decrease more? Support your

answer.

Define in your own words: