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ArmorLiner 40 & 45 vs. 60 mil HDPE Geomembranes

The purpose of this document is to compare the large scale performance properties of the woven coated double scrim Aquamaster® ArmorLiner 40 and ArmorLiner 45 manufactured by Intertape Polymer Group® to 60 mil HDPE Geomembranes.

Index properties are important for quality control but often cannot be used for direct comparison of different types of geomembranes. Performance properties are representative of actual field situations and give better design-oriented values.

ArmorLiner 40 and 45 woven coated double scrim geomembranes offer numerous advantages over a 60 mil HDPE:

• Materials are lightweight and flexible • Possibility to be factory prefabricated in large panels (>20,000 ft2) reducing the need for field seaming, thus reducing installation time, costs and risks associated with field seams • Lower expansion/contraction ratios and very little to no risk of wrinkling during installation, seaming and placement of cover materials

T E A R S T R E N G T H

Tear Resistance Properties are very important for geomembrane materials when handling on site, during installation and during placement of soil and rock over the geomembrane.

ArmorLiner 40 and 45 offer MUCH HIGHER tear resistance than a 60 mil HDPE, thus considerably lowering the risk of tear related damages during installation and allowing for more than double the allowable design-related tear stresses.

TEAR RESISTANCE – LBS

HDPE Aquamaster PE 40 Aquamaster PE 45

Method MD XD MD XD MD XD

ASTM D1004-3 50.6 48.6 NA NA NA NA

ASTM D5884-04a NA NA 214.7 189.9 166.3 146.5

Performance Properties of ArmorLiner 40 & ArmorLiner 45 as Compared to 60 mil HDPE Geomembranes

TA P E S & F I L M S • PA C K A G I N G P R O D U C T S & S Y S T E M S

B U I L D I N G M AT E R I A L S • E N G I N E E R E D C O AT E D P R O D U C T S2

T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H ( W I D E W I D T H )

Tensile properties are particularly important when the design assumes plane-strain conditions. Aquamaster PE40 and PE45 have MUCH HIGHER tensile behavior than HDPE.

PUNCTURE RESISTANCE – LBS LARGE SCALE HYDROSTATIC PUNCTURE

HDPE ArmorLiner 40 ArmorLiner 45

ASTM D4833 119.2 346.7 379.5

ASTM D5514 Leakage NO NO NO

ASTM D5514 Plastic Deformation NO NO NO

ASTM D5514 Pinholes NO NO NO

WIDE WIDTH STRIP TENSILE

HDPE ArmorLiner 40 ArmorLiner 45

Measurement Method MD XD MD XD MD XD

Strength at yield (lbs/in) ASTM D4885-01 (2011) 113.1 117.1 374 392 379.7 390

Elongation at yield (%) ASTM D4885-01 (2011) 19.9 16.9 27.9 18.4 28.7 18.8

P U N C T U R E R E S I S TA N C E

Puncture resistance is critical because once the geomembrane is placed on or backfilled with soil containing stones, sticks or hard debris, puncture can occur. If puncture occurs during the covering of the geomembrane and is only detected by leakage in the complete system, it can be extremely costly to fix.

Here again, ArmorLiner 40 and 45 shows extremely high puncture resistance (ASTM D4833 is an index test used for quality control). ArmorLiner 40 and 45 were subjected to large scale hydrostatic puncture testing (ASTM D5514) in conditions similar to field conditions:

• Large scale specimens : 2’ diameter • Test configuration: • ¾” sub angular washed gravel (4’’ height) • Geomembrane (PE40, PE45 and HDPE 60 mil) • Clay (Mix of sand 30% and kaolinite 70%) • Loaded to 100psi over 8 hours in increments and then held under load for 24 hours

None of the geomembranes tested showed leakage and no plastic deformations were observed after recovery. In addition, they were checked for pinholes by backlighting in a dark room and no pinholes were found.

The behavior of ArmorLiner 40 and 45 in large scale puncture was similar to HDPE while exhibiting much higher puncture resistance in standard test ASTM D4833.

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I N T E R F A C E S H E A R

Interface Shear is critical for designing where side slope failures are a risk. Here ArmorLiner 40 and 45 were tested as a free layer in the same configuration as the large scale hydrostatic puncture test:

• ¾” sub angular washed gravel (4’’ height) • Geomembrane (ArmorLiner 40, ArmorLiner 45 and HDPE 60 mil) • Clay (Mix of sand 30% and kaolinite 70%)

Tests were run per ASTM D5321 with a horizontal displacement rate of 0.78mil/min, the clay was submerged and consolidated for 16 hours prior to testing. The water content of the clay after consolidation was 25-30%.

The measured friction angles in this configuration are presented below:

S U M M A R Y

The Large Scale Performance tests run on the ArmorLiner 40 and 45 in addition to comparative index properties illustrate that these geomembrane materials are indeed a viable alternative to conventional 60 mil HDPE in many applications including the mining industry where tensile, tear, puncture and interface shear properties are vitally important considerations in the design process.

The shear properties of ArmorLiner 40 and 45 are superior to those of HDPE 60 mil in that particular condition. Due to the configuration of those tests with a free layer in the center, the soil was placed on top to avoid interference from the consolidation and failures for all tests appeared in the soil so it was not possible to detect which interface would fail first.

Those tests show that ArmorLiner 40 and 45 are a perfectly viable alternative to HDPE 60mil for large scale mining applications.

FRICTION ANGLE

HDPE Aquamaster PE 40 Aquamaster PE 45

ASTM D5321 15.6˚ 20.8˚ 19.3˚

4

A R M O R L I N E 4 0 S H E A R T E S T

TEST: ASTM D5321-12Shear stregth of soil-geosynthetic and geosynthetic-geosynthetic interfaces by direct shear

TEST MATERIALS• Soil (Mix of sand 30% and Kaolinite 70%) • Geomembrane Aquamaster PE40• 3/4’’ Sub Angular washed Gravel

TEST CONDITIONS• Shear Surface: 304mm *304mm• Data Acquisition Period: 15 seconds• Normal Load: Micro-Stepper Motor• Rate of Horizontal Displacement: 0.2mm/min• Tested in Machine Direction• Submergerd Interface• Thickness: per ASTM D5199

RESULTS

TEST

RES

ULT

SS

OIL

PR

OP

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S

Individual Data

Normal Compressive Stress (kPa) 52.1 102.3 152.5

Geomembrane Thickness (mils) 40 40 41

Water Content of Compaction (%) 24.1 23.7 24

Dry unit Weigth After Compaction (kg/m2) 1747 1709 1695

Duration of the Consolidation (hours) 16 16 16

Peak Shear Stress (kPa) 28.9 45.9 65.7

Shear Stress at Large Displacement (kPa) 27.1 45.9 65.3

REMARKS • Shear occurred within the clay, not at interface• The dry unit weight of the soil after compaction is approximate

5

APPENDICES

All testing results generated by the third party testing laboratory CTT Group.

p. 5 ARMORLINER 40 SHEAR TESTp. 6 ARMORLINER 45 SHEAR TESTp. 7 HDPE SHEAR TEST

p. 8 LARGE SCALE HYDROSTATIC PUNCTURE TESTING p. 9 WIDE WIDTH STRIP TENSILE

p. 10 PUNCTURE TESTINGp. 11 TEAR STRENGTH TESTING

A R M O R L I N E R 4 5 S H E A R T E S T

TEST: ASTM D5321-12Shear stregth of soil-geosynthetic and geosynthetic-geosynthetic interfaces by direct shear

TEST MATERIALS• Soil (Mix of sand 30% and Kaolinite 70%) • Geomembrane Aquamaster PE45• 3/4’’ Sub Angular washed Gravel

TEST CONDITIONS• Shear Surface: 304mm *304mm• Data Acquisition Period: 15 seconds• Normal Load: Micro-Stepper Motor• Rate of Horizontal Displacement: 0.2mm/min• Tested in Machine Direction• Submergerd Interface• Thickness: per ASTM D5199

RESULTS

TEST

RES

ULT

SS

OIL

PR

OP

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Individual Data

Normal Compressive Stress (kPa) 52.1 102.6 152.6

Geomembrane Thickness (mils) 44 44 44

Water Content of Compaction (%) 29 29.5 28.8

Dry unit Weigth After Compaction (kg/m2) 1697 1718 1702

Duration of the Consolidation (hours) 15.6 16.7 16.2

Peak Shear Stress (kPa) 21.8 42 56.3

Shear Stress at Large Displacement (kPa) 23.1 43.4 58.3

REMARKS • Shear occurred within the clay, not at interface• The dry unit weight of the soil after compaction is approximate

TA P E S & F I L M S • PA C K A G I N G P R O D U C T S & S Y S T E M S

B U I L D I N G M AT E R I A L S • E N G I N E E R E D C O AT E D P R O D U C T S6

H D P E S H E A R T E S T

TEST: ASTM D5321-12Shear stregth of soil-geosynthetic and geosynthetic-geosynthetic interfaces by direct shear

TEST MATERIALS• Soil (Mix of sand 30% and Kaolinite 70%) • Geomembrane 60 mil HDPE• 3/4’’ Sub Angular washed Gravel

TEST CONDITIONS• Shear Surface: 304mm *304mm• Data Acquisition Period: 15 seconds• Normal Load: Micro-Stepper Motor• Rate of Horizontal Displacement: 0.2mm/min• Tested in Machine Direction• Submergerd Interface• Thickness: per ASTM D5199

REMARKS • Shear occurred within the clay, not at interface• The dry unit weight of the soil after compaction is approximate

RESULTS

TEST

RES

ULT

SS

OIL

PR

OP

ER

TIE

S

Individual Data

Normal Compressive Stress (kPa) 51.4 101.6 151.8

Geomembrane Thickness (mils) 65 62 64

Water Content of Compaction (%) 28.3 28 25.7

Dry unit Weigth After Compaction (kg/m2) 1594 1664 1732

Duration of the Consolidation (hours) 15.5 15.2 17.4

Peak Shear Stress (kPa) 16.6 30.5 44.7

Shear Stress at Large Displacement (kPa) 17.5 31.2 46

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L A R G E S C A L E H Y D R O S TAT I C P U N C T U R E T E S T I N G

TEST: ASTM D5514-06 PROCEDURE CLarge Scale Hydrostatic Puncture testing of Geosynthetics TEST CONFIGURATION • 3/4’’ Sub Angular washed Gravel• Geomembrane ArmorLiner 40• Soil (Mix of sand 30% and Kaolinite 70%)

TEST CONDITIONS• Conditioned sample (21±2°C, 60±10% R.H.)• Testing area 0.283 m2; Test specimen diameter of 600mm• Loaded to 100 psi over 8 hours in increments and then held for 24 hours under load• Observation conducted after 24 hours of recovery

RESULTS• No plastic deformations• The geomebrane was checked for pinholes by backlghting in a dark room• No pinholes or light spots were observed

TEST: ASTM D5514-06 PROCEDURE CLarge Scale Hydrostatic Puncture testing of Geosynthetics TEST CONFIGURATION • 3/4’’ Sub Angular washed Gravel• Geomembrane ArmorLiner 45• Soil (Mix of sand 30% and Kaolinite 70%)

TEST CONDITIONS• Conditioned sample (21±2°C, 60±10% R.H.)• Testing area 0.283 m2; Test specimen diameter of 600mm• Loaded to 100 psi over 8 hours in increments and then held for 24 hours under load• Observation conducted after 24 hours of recovery

RESULTS• No plastic deformations• The geomebrane was checked for pinholes by backlghting in a dark room• No pinholes or light spots were observed

TEST: ASTM D5514-06 PROCEDURE CLarge Scale Hydrostatic Puncture testing of Geosynthetics TEST CONFIGURATION • 3/4’’ Sub Angular washed Gravel• Geomembrane 60 mil HDPE• Soil (Mix of sand 30% and Kaolinite 70%)

TEST CONDITIONS• Conditioned sample (21±2°C, 60±10% R.H.)• Testing area 0.283 m2; Test specimen diameter of 600mm• Loaded to 100 psi over 8 hours in increments and then held for 24 hours under load• Observation conducted after 24 hours of recovery

RESULTS• No plastic deformations• The geomebrane was checked for pinholes by backlghting in a dark room• No pinholes or light spots were observed

ARMORLINER 40 ARMORLINER 45

HDPE

8

W I D E W I D T H S T R I P T E N S I L E

TEST: ASTM D4885-01(2011)Performance strength of geomembranes by the wide width strip tensile method

TEST CONDITIONS• Conditioned Sample (21±2˚C, 5 to 70% R.H.) • Apparatus used: Dtnamometer with a Constant Rate of Extension (CRE) • Speed: 10 mm/min; Distance between grips: 100+- 3 mm • Width of the specimen: 200 mm • DEMGEN clamps • Clamping Pressure (bar): 200

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ARMORLINER 40 INDIVIDUAL DATA

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Avg. S.D. %CV

Thickness (mm) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0 4.0

Strength at break (kN/m) 62.5 64.6 66.9 65.2 67.6 66.4 65.5 1.8 2.8

Elongation at break (%) 26.5 23.6 27.9 31.4 30.0 27.9 27.9 2.7 9.8

Thickness (mm) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.1 5.0

Strength at break (kN/m) 69.4 67.2 71.0 70.5 64.3 69.6 68.7 2.5 3.7

Elongation at break (%) 19.2 17.4 20.3 18.6 15.9 18.8 18.4 1.5 8.3

ARMORLINER 45 INDIVIDUAL DATA

CR

OS

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CTI

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TIO

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Avg. S.D. %CV

Thickness (mm) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0

Strength at break (kN/m) 65.5 65.6 68.5 65.2 66.8 67.2 66.5 1.3 1.9

Elongation at break (%) 27.3 26.6 30.5 28.1 29.5 30.1 28.7 1.6 5.5

Thickness (mm) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0

Strength at break (kN/m) 68.3 66.4 69.5 70.2 64.5 70.9 68.3 2.4 3.6

Elongation at break (%) 19.5 16.6 19.2 20.0 16.5 20.7 18.8 1.8 9.5

HDPE INDIVIDUAL DATA

CR

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SD

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DIR

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N

Avg. S.D. %CV

Thickness (mm) 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0 2.6

Strength at yield (kN/m) 19.6 19.5 19.8 19.5 20.2 20 19.8 0.3 1.5

Elongation at yield (%) 19.7 19.9 19.3 19.9 20.8 19.8 19.9 0.5 2.5

Elongation at break (%) >600 >600 >600 >600 >600 >600

10% secant modulus (kN/m) 26.7 610.7 629.7 618.7 640.2 636 610.3 2.4 6.9

Thickness (mm) 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.1 4

Strength at yield (kN/m) 20.2 20.2 20.9 2.5 20.4 20.7 20.5 0.3 1.4

Elongation at yield (%) 18.3 16.4 16 17 15.7 18 16.9 1.1 6.3

Elongation at break (%) >600 >600 >600 >600 >600 >600

10% secant modulus (kN/m) 652.1 649.9 680.3 662.7 665.6 663.4 662.3 10.9 1.6

9

P U N C T U R E T E S T I N G

TEST CONDITIONS• Conditioned Sample(s) (21˚C, 65 % R.H.) • Apparatus used: Dynamometer with a Constat Rate of Extension (CRE) • Method of holding the specimen as described in the test method

ARMORLINER 40 INDIVIDUAL DATA

Avg. S.D. %CV

Puncture resistance (N):

1545.6 1489.8 1581.5 1502.3 1629.3 1542.4 53.4 3.5

1543.0 1479.0 1518.7 1624.9 1491.7

1522.2 1571.3 1459.1 1592.7 1584.4

Puncture resistance (lb): 347.4 334.9 355.5 337.7 366.3 346.7 12.0 3.5

346.9 332.5 341.4 365.3 335.3

342.2 353.2 328.0 358.0 356.2

Test

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TEST: ASTM D4833 -07

ARMORLINER 45 INDIVIDUAL DATA

Avg. S.D. %CV

Puncture resistance (N):

1744.3 1709.4 1698.0 1690.6 1612.1 1688.1 85.2 5.0

1655.0 1572.5 1622.8 1830.2 1602.0

1654.4 1706.1 1619.5 188.6 1720.1

Puncture resistance (lb): 392.1 38.3 381.7 380.0 362.4 379.5 19.2 5.0

372.0 353.5 364.8 411.4 360.1

371.9 383.5 364.1 423.7 386.7

Test

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TEST: ASTM D4833 -07

HDPE INDIVIDUAL DATA

Avg. S.D. %CV

Puncture resistance (N):

558.1 538.0 525.9 527.5 522.1 530.1 9.6 1.8

535.6 534.5 527.5 518.7 532.1

530.2 532.9 520.8 523.5 524.0

Puncture resistance (lb): 125.5 120.9 118.2 118.6 117.4 119.2 2.2 1.8

120.4 120.2 118.6 116.6 119.6

119.2 119.8 117.1 117.7 117.8 Test

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TEST: ASTM D4833/4833M - 07 (2013)E1

TA P E S & F I L M S • PA C K A G I N G P R O D U C T S & S Y S T E M S

B U I L D I N G M AT E R I A L S • E N G I N E E R E D C O AT E D P R O D U C T S10

T E A R S T R E N G T H T E S T I N G

TEST CONDITIONS (ARMORLINER 40 & 45)• Conditioned Sample(s) (21˚C, 65 % R.H.)• Apparatus used: Dynamometer with a Constat Rate of Extension (CRE)• Speed: 50 mm/min• 5 test specimines per direction

TEST CONDITIONS (SMOOTH HDPE 60MIL)• Conditioned sample(s) (23±2˚C,50±10% R.H.)• Apparatus used: Dynamometer with a Constat Rate of Extension (CRE)• 1 test specimens per direction

ARMORLINER 40 INDIVIDUAL DATA

Avg. S.D. %CV

Maximum Tearing Strength (N): 882.9 1144.3 914.3 856.8 976.8 955.0 114.0 12.0

Maximum Tearing Strength (lb): 198.5 257.2 205.5 192.6 219.6 214.7 25.8 12.0

Maximum Tearing Strength (N): 870.0 822.6 1013.9 880.5 636.2 844.6 136.5 16.2

Maximum Tearing Strength (lb): 195.6 184.9 227.9 197.9 143.0 189.9 20.7 16.2

Test

ed S

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013TEST: ASTM D588-04A (2010)

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ARMORLINER 45 INDIVIDUAL DATA

Avg. S.D. %CV

Maximum Tearing Strength (N): 753.6 849.6 668.1 867.9 559.4 739.7 128.8 17.4

Maximum Tearing Strength (lb): 169.4 191.0 150.2 195.1 12.8 166.3 28.9 17.4

Maximum Tearing Strength (N): 710.4 682.6 570.2 633.8 662.0 651.8 53.5 8.2

Maximum Tearing Strength (lb): 159.7 153.5 128.2 142.5 148.8 146.5 12.0 8.2

TEST: ASTM D588-04A (2010)

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TEST: ASTM D1004-13 HDPE INDIVIDUAL DATA

Avg. S.D. %CV

Tearing Strength (N): 224 235 232 234 227 226 212 214 224 22 225 8 3.4

Tearing Strength (lb): 50.4 52.9 52.1 52.6 50.9 50.8 47.7 48.1 50.3 50.4 50.6 1.7 3.4

Specimen Thickness (mm): 1.63 1.65 1.63 1.67 1.61 1.6 1.52 1.54 1.62 1.61 1.61 0.05 2.9

Specimen Thickness (inch): 0.064 0.065 0.064 0.066 0.064 0.063 0.06 0.06 0.064 0.063 0.063 0.002 3.1

Maximum Extension (mm): 24 24 24 24 24 22 23 22 23 24 23 1 3.6

Maximum Extension (inch): 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.96 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.03 3

Maximum Tearing Strength (N): 214 218 213 218 215 215 217 216 219 216 216 2 0.9

Maximum Tearing Strength (lb): 48.1 49.1 48 49 48.4 48.2 48.9 48.7 49.3 48.5 48.6 0.9

Specimen Thickness (mm): 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.56 1.56 1.59 1.59 1.64 1.65 1.59 0.03 1.9

Specimen Thickness (inch): 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.062 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.063 0.065 0.065 0.063 0.001 2

Maximum Extension (mm): 21 21 22 22 22 21 23 22 23 23 22 1 3.7

Maximum Extension (inch): 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.89 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.86 0.02 3.9

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CORPORATE PROFILEIntertape Polymer Group Inc. (IPG) is an acknowledged leader in the packaging industry. Leveraging its advanced manufacturing and technologies, extensive research and development capabilities and a comprehensive strategic acquisition program, the company believes it has assembled the broadest and deepest range of products in the industry. IPG is widely recognized for its development and manufacture of specialized polyolefin, plastic and paper-based packaging products, as well as complementary packaging systems for industrial and retail use. Additionally, IPG is a woven and flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC) manufacturer. Its performance products, including tapes and cloths, are designed for demanding aerospace, automotive and industrial applications and are sold to a broad range of industry/specialty distributors, retail stores and large end-users in diverse industries.

CORPORATE VISIONIPG’s vision is to become an indispensable supplier to our customers, exceeding expectations in quality, delivery and cost through continuous improvement, innovation and customer interaction.

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