I. Anthophyte

II. Angiosperms as a Separate Group

Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are

monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97: 4092-4097.

Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).

Bootstrap Value = 92

Bootstrap Value = 83

Qiu et al.’s Tree

(Nature, 25 November 1999)

Based on 5 - genes

2-mitochondrial

2-plastid

1-nuclear

IllicialesNymphaealesAmborella

Basal Angiosperms

Magnoliids

Bootstrap Value = 100

Barkman et al. 6-gene tree (PNAS 2000).

9-gene tree

Barkman et al. 2000

Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A (Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone). Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.

Amborella and Nymphaeales share the basal clade

Amborella alone is in the basal clade

Support Leans Towards a Shared Clade

Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups

These 3 groups are unresolved

3. Monocots

2. Magnoliids

1. Basal Angiosperms

4. Eudicots- the largest group

4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree

The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.

Amborella is native to New Caledonia

+ =Illiciales

(Trimeniaceae, Amborella)

Amborellales

Amborellaceae

Amborella

Amborella Flowering BranchAmborella branch- evergreen, simple, alternate leaves with wavy edges

www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg

www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg

Amborella male flower-note “leaf-like” stamens with a thick filament that are spirally arranged. Amborella is dioecious.

Amborella

Female Flowers

Carpels

The “stamen”-like structures are staminodes.

www.botany.org/newsite/publications/ajb/2004coverStories.php

Nymphaeales

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea

Nymphaeaceae the “N” of the ANITA groups.Note: Radial symmetry, aquatic habit, palmate venation. We have two local species of Nymphaea

Victoria amazonica, Amazon Water Lily, Nymphaeaceae

http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/foto/Nymphaea.jpg

Note many flower parts, radial symmetry

Stamens with wide- “leaf-like” filament.

fused carpels, stigmas radiate from a circular disk

Stamens

Stigmas

Ovary

Note several locules (chambers) in the ovary

Nymphaeales

Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar

Nuphar the other main genus of the Nymphaeaceae found in the NE- note radial symmetry, blade like filaments, fused carpels. We have 1-3 local species of Nuphar.

Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots. These would grow in the substrate under water.

Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen

Monosulcate Pollen

http://www.kv.geo.uu.se/pollen/N/Nuphar.html

Nuphar Embryo Sac

Recall that Nuphar female gametophytes have only one nucleus in their central cell and lack the antipodal cells entirely-- making their embryo sac only 4-celled!!

sy = synergids

cc = central cell nucleus

e = egg (behind synergids)

Illiciales

Illiciaceae

Illicium

phylogeny.arizona.edu

http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1761_021.jpg

http://www.fleischlos.de/assets/images/sternanis.gif

Illiciaceae - “I” of ANITA

Illicium sp.

Star Anise

Note: radial symmetry, woody, mostly unfused flower parts

Illicium religiosumhttp://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~goostake/SIKIMIX.JPG

Star anise developing fruit and mature fruits