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aIVo Wo& do g§d¡Ym{ZH$ gr_m ‘| àmW©Zm VWm {dZVr Ûmam AnZr ‘m±Jmo§ H$mo gaH$ma Ho$ g‘j aIVo Wo& Z‘©Xb Ho$ bmoJm| Zo OZVm ‘| amOZ¡{VH$ OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m&

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AaqdXmo Kmof ~mbJ§JmYa {VbH$ bmbm bmOnV am¶ {d{nZM§Ð nmb

~§Jmb {d^mOZ : ~§Jmb Vrd« ê$n go A§Jo«O {damoYr ^mdZm Ed± H$m¶© H$bmnm| H$m H|$Ð Wm& Bgo X~mZo Ho$ {bE dm¶gam¶ bmS>© H$O©Z Zo àemgH$s¶ ~hmZo go ~§Jmb {d^mOZ H$s ¶moOZm ~ZmB©& dmñVd ‘| ~§Jmb àm§V qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ g‘wXm¶ go nyU© Wm& nydu^mJ ‘| ‘wgb‘mZ Am¡a n{íM‘ ‘| {hÝXÿ A{YH$ Wo& OZg§»¶m H$s JUZm Ho$ [anmoQ>© Ûmam Bg A§e H$s OmZH$mar hmoZo na A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo Bgàm§V H$s m¡Jmo{bH$ {dembVm H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a ~§Jmb H$mo gZ² 1905 ‘| {d^m{OV H$a {X¶m& Bgr àH$ma g‘wXm¶ Ho$ ~rM ’y$Q> S>mb H$a ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ H$s Vrd«Vm H$mo H$‘ H$aZo H$s ¶moOZm ^r ~ZmB©&

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"‘wpñb‘ brJ' àma§^ hþ¶r& {VbH$ Zo ‘amR>r $AmnH$mo kmV aho -{VbH$ Zo JUoe nd© Am¡a {edmOr CËgd Ûmam bmoJm| H$mo amï´>r¶Vm Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$¶m Wm&

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1. ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og H$s ñWmnZm ________ ‘| hþ¶r&

2. YZ H$m [agmd- Bg {gÕm§V Ho$ à{VnmXH$ _______ Wo&

3. ñdamÁ¶ ‘o§am OÝ‘ {gÕ A{YH$ma h¡& ¶h ________ Zo Kmo{fV {H$¶m&

4. ~mb J§JmKa {VbH$ Zo ‘amR>r ^mfm ‘| ________ n{ÌH$m H$m g§nmXZ {H$¶m&

5. A{^Zd ^maV Zm‘H$ ahñ¶ g§KQ>Z _________ go ¶wº$ Wm&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV dm³¶m| ‘o§ Imbr ñWmZ na C{MV {dH$ën MwZH$a {b{IE :-

1. ^maVrV amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ _____________ Wo& E) ‘hmË‘m Jm±YrOr ~r) E.Amo. h²¶y‘ {g) ~mb Jm§JmYa {VbH$ S>r) Jmonmb H¥$îU JmoIbo

2. ‘amR>m n{ÌH$m Ho$ g§nmXH$ _____________ Wo& E) Odmhabmb Zohê$ ~r) amg {~hmar ~mog {g) ~mb Jm§JmYa {VbH$ S>r) dr. S>r. gmdaH$a

3. ‘wpñb‘ brJ gZ² _____________ ‘| àma§^ hþAm &

E) 1924 ~r) 1922 {g) 1929 S>r) 1906

4. ~§Jmb {d^mOZ Ho$ dm¶gam¶ Wo _____________ E) bmS>© H$mZ©dm{bg ~r) S>bhm¡Or {g) bmS>© H$O©Z S>r) am~Q>© ³bmBd

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III. {ZåZm§{H$V àíZm| Ho$ CÎma g‘yh MMm© Ûmam Xr{OE :-

1. ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og H$s ñWmnZm go nyd© H$m¡ZH$m¡Z go g§KQ>Z Wo?

2. A§J«oO gaH$ma Ho$ gå‘wI ‘§XJm‘r (Z_©Xb) Ûmam aIr J¶r ‘m±Jo ³¶m Wr?

3. YZ Ho$ [agmd Ho$ {gÕm§V H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

4. ^maVr¶ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ ‘| ^mJ boZo dmbo H«$m§{VH$m[a¶m| H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&

5. ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ ‘| ~mbJm§JmYa {VbH$ H$s ^y{‘H$m H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

6. ~§Jmb {d^mOZ àñÎmmd H$s dmngr H$m H$maU ³¶m Wm?

IV. {H«$¶m H$bmn :-

1. ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m{‘¶m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$a Aë~‘ ~ZmBE &

2. Z‘©Xb g§J«m{‘¶m| Ho$ {MÌ g§J«h H$a CZHo$ OrdZ M[aÌ g§~§Yr nwñVH|$ n{T>¶o&

V. n[a¶moOZm :-

1. {dÚmb¶ ‘| Xoe ào‘ ‘| ghm¶H$ ZmQ>H$ H$m Am¶moOZ H$s{OE &

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 8Jm±Yr¶wJ Am¡a amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf©

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr &· Jm±YrOr H$m OrdZ · ^maV ‘| Jm±YrOr H$m Ama§{^H$ g§Kf©· Jm±YrOr H$s A§V…gËd CnbpãY¶m± · O{b¶m±dmbm~mJ hË¶mH$m±S>· {Ibm’$V Am§XmobZ · Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ· H$mZyZ {damoY Am§XmobZ · ^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ· Jmob ‘o§O gå‘o§bZ · gw^mfM§Ð ~mog Am¡a ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶

’$m¡O· S>m°.~r.Ama A§~oS>H$a Am¡a · O¶àH$me Zmam¶U

CZHo$ gwYma· ‘mohå‘X Abr {OÞm · Odmha bmb Zohé

^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf© (g§J«m_) ‘| ‘hmË‘m Jm±YrOr H$s ~S>r ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ahr h¡& BÝhm|Zo amîQ´>r¶ g§J«m‘ ‘| "Jm±Yr AmXe©' ¶m Jm±Yr VarHo$ H$s aMZm H$s& gZ² 1920-47 H$s Ad{Y ‘| Jm±YrOr Ho$ {dMma CZHo$ g§Kf© H$m g¡Õm§{VH$ AmYma ~ZZo Ho$ H$maU Wo& VWm CZHo$ g§Kf© H$m VarH$m ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ g§J«m‘ H$s {Xem H$mo JUZr¶ ê$n Xo MwH$m Wm Bg{bE Bg g‘¶ H$mo Jm±Yr ¶wJ H$hm J¶m&

Ama§{^H$ OrdZ Am¡a {dH$mg :"~mny' Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZo OmZo dmbo ‘mohZXmg H$a‘M§X Jm±YrOr

H$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1869. A³Qy>~a 2 H$mo JwOamV Ho$ H$m{R>¶mdmS> {Obo Ho$ nmoa~§Xa ‘| hþAm& BZHo$ {nVm H$a‘M§X Jm±Yr amOH$moQ> g§ñWmZ ‘| XrdmZ aho& ‘mVm nw§Vbr~mB© Wr& BZH$m Jham Z¡{VH$ à^md Jm±YrOr Ho$ OrdZ na nS>m& Jm±Yr Or H$s Ama§{^H$ {ejm nmoa~§Xa ‘| hr hþ¶r& gZ² 1888 ‘| ¶o B§½b¡ÊS> ‘| H$mZ²Z H$m AÜ¶`Z H$aZo JE Am¡a "~ma EQ> bm' H$s nT>mB© nyar H$aHo$ ^maV dmng bm¡Q>o& gZ² 1893 ‘| XmXm AãXþëbm Am¡a H§$nZr H$s dH$mbV H$aZo Ho$ {bE X{jU A’«$sH$m Ho$ "ZQ>mb' ñWmZ JE& ¶hm± Jm±YrOr Ho$db VrZ ‘hrZo ahZo dmbo Wo qH$Vw bJ^J AJbo 20 df© CÝhm|Zo dhr§ {~VmE& ¶hm± ‘w»¶ én go dhm§ Ho$

XpjU A’«$sH$m ‘| Jm±YrOr

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H$mbo bmoJm| VWm ^maVr¶m| Ho$ à{V dhm± H$s A§Jo«O gaH$ma Ûmam àX{e©V AghZr¶ dU©ôX Zr{V Am¡a OZm§Jr¶ Ag‘mZ Vm H$s Zr{V H$m {damoY {H$¶m& Bg g§Kf© Ho$ Ûmam Jm±YrOrZo "gË¶mJ«h' Zm‘H$ ZdrZ gm‘m{OH$ ImoO H$s Am¡a CgH$s Zr{V H$m {ZénU {H$¶m& AZoH$ A\«$s{H$¶m| Ho$ {bE ~S>o Jd© H$m {df¶ ¶h h¡ {H$ AmnZo {~Zm Hw$N> ~Zo Jm±Yr H$mo ôOm, h‘Zo AmnH$mo ¶h Jm±Yr {X¶m&

AmnH$mo kmV aho :

A’«$sH$m ‘| Jm±YrOr Zo gd©àW‘ gË¶mJ«h, Aqhgm Ho$ VËdm| Ho$ AmYmana g§Kf© àma§^ {H$¶m& ZQ>mb ^maVr¶ H$m§J«og Zm‘H$ g§ñWm ~ZmB©& Jm±YrOr Zo gd©àW‘ B§{S>¶Z Amonr{Z¶Z (^maVr¶ ‘V) Zm‘H$ n{ÌH$m H$m gånmXZ {H$¶m {Og‘| AnZo {dMma ì¶³V H$aZo VWm bmoJm| Ho$ ‘V ì¶³V hmoZo bJo& Jm±YrOr Zo AnZo g§Kf© H$mo Vrd« H$aZo Ho$ {bE "n¡{gd ao{gñQ>|g AmJ©ZmBOoeZ' Zm‘H$ g±ñWm ñWm{nV H$s& gË¶mJ«h Am¡a g§Kf© H$m à{ejU XoZo Ho$ {bE Jm±Yr Or Zo A’«$sH$m ‘| "’$mo{Z³g' Am¡a "Q>m°bñQ>m¶ \$måg' Zm_H$ Aml_ ñWm{nV {H$`m Jm±YrOr Ho$ {_Ì Š`mboZ~mH$, nËZr H$ñVya~m, ~ƒo VWm {‘Ìm| g{hV AZoH$ ^maVr¶mo>§ Zo Jm±YrOr H$m g§Kf© ‘o§ gmW {X¶m& A§V ‘o§ ^r Eogo g§Kfm] go X~md H$m AZw^d H$a A§J«oOr gaH$ma Zo X{jU A{’«$H$m Ho$ H$mbo bmoJm| Am¡a ^maVr¶ Ho$ {damoY ‘o§ g^r à{V~§Y Am¡a {ZfoY g§~§Yr H$mZyZ H$mo dmng bo{b¶m& O~ do X{jU A\«$sH$m ‘| Wo, V~ EH$ ~ma S>~©Z go {àQ>mo[a¶m aob ¶mÌm H$a aho Wo& àW‘ XO} H$m {Q>H$Q> hmoZo na r O~aXñVr aob Ho$ A{YH$mar Zo Jm±YrOr H$mo Cg ~moJr ({S>ã~o) go ~mha {ZH$mb {X¶m& X{jU A\«$sH$m H$s H$mbmoZr ‘| dmg H$aZo dmbo ^maVr¶ bmoJm| Ho$ H$îQ> H$mo XoIZo - g‘PZo H$m ‘m¡H$m BÝh| {‘bm& B§½b¡ÊS> go ^r Vrd«ê$n ‘| OZm§Jr¶ ôX^md Am¡a An‘mZOZH$ pñW{V X{jU A\«$sH$m ‘| Wr Bgo ñd¶§ CÝhm|Zo ì¶³V {H$¶m h¡& X[jU A’«$sH$m Ho$ bå~r Ad{Y Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ ~mX Jm±YrOr gZ² 1915 ‘| ^maV AmE&

^maV ‘| Jm±Yr Ûmam àma§^ hþE g§Kf© :^maV AmE Jm±YrOr Zo AnZo amOZ¡{VH$ Jwé JmoIbo Ho$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z ‘| ¶hm± Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$

OrdZ, g‘mO Am¡a Cg g‘¶ Ho$ g‘mO H$s dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE aob ‘| V¥Vr¶ XO} (loUr) H$s ~moJr ‘| `mÌm H$a ^maV Xe©Z {H$¶m& gZ² 1916 ‘| CÝhm§Zo Ah‘Xm~mX ‘| gm~a‘Vr Aml‘ H$s ñWmnZm H$s Am¡a Bggo AnZo g§Kf© H$mo g§ñWmË‘H$ ñdê$n {X¶m& {H$gmZm|, X{bVm|, Am{Xdm{g¶m|, _OXÿam|, Jar~ bmoJm| Ho$ H$îQ> VWm g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo g‘Pm& gZ² 1917 ‘| Jm±YrOr {~hma Ho$ MånmaZ ‘o§, Zrb H$s IoVr go naoemZ (g§H$Q> ‘| nS>o) {H$gmZm| H$s Amoa go "MånmaZ Am§XmobZ' àma§^ {H$¶m& Am¡a A§J«oO gaH$ma H$mo PwH$Zo na _O~ya {H$¶m& gZ² 1918 ‘| Ah‘Xm~mX Ho$ H$nmg {‘b (H$maImZm) Ho$ _OXÿam| H$m doVZ

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~T>mZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ gmW {‘bH$a Am§XmobZ Ama§^ H$a »¶m{V nmB©& Bgr df© JwOamV Ho$ IoS>m Zm‘H$ ñWmZ na hþE "{H$gmZ na bJm¶m H$a g§~§Yr' g§Kf© ^r g’$b hþAm& BZ g^r g§Kfm] ‘| Jm±YrOr Zo gË¶, Aqhgm Am¡a gË¶mJ«h Ho$ ‘mJ© H$m n[aM¶ XoH$a BgH$m à¶moJ {H$¶m& gmW hr Am_ ^maVr` OZVm Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV H$aHo$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo OZ‘wIr ê$n ‘o§ n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$s à{H«$¶m àma§^ H$s&

‘hmË‘m Jm±YrOr Ho$ àdoe go ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ H$mo ZdrZ Am¶m‘ {‘bm& Jm±YrOr Zo AnZo g§Kf© ‘| "namoj {damoY', "Aqhgm' VWm gË¶mJ«h H$mo g§Kf© Ho$ à‘wI VËd& (VH$ZrH$) Ho$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m& AnZo {gÔm§Vm| H$mo BÝhm|Zo "h[aOZ' Am¡a "¶§J B§{S>¶m' n{ÌH$m ‘| àH$m{eV {H$¶m&

AmnH$mo kmV aho :Jm±YrOr Ho$ àdoe H$mo ZdrZ H$m§J«og Zo AnZr gXñ¶Vm go g~H$mo ‘w³V H$a, Bgo

OZgm‘mÝ¶ H$m g§JR>Z ~Zm¶m& g§K Ûmam {b¶o OmZo dmbo {ZU©¶ H$mo O~aXñVr WmonZo na Agh¶moJ VWm g{dZ¶ Adkm Am§XmobZ H$m¶©V§Ì aMm J¶m& AnZo H$m¶© H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ H$amoS> énE H$s nyOr Ûmam {VbH$ ñdamÁ¶ ’±$S> H$mo àma§^ {H$¶m& Bg àH$ma ‘hmË‘m Jm±YrOr Ho$ àdoe go H$m§J«og ‘| gånyU© ~Xbmd XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg g^r H$maUm| go Bg H$mb H$mo Jm±YrOr H$m ¶wJ H$hm OmVm h¡&

Jm±YrOr Ho$ g§Kf© H$s Am§V[aH$ CnbpãY

gË¶mJ«h : Jm±YrOr Ho$ g§Kf© H$m ~S>m à‘wI VarH$m hr gË¶mJ«h h¡& "gË¶mJ«h' nX H$m AW© gË¶ H$m AmJ«h `m X~md hr h¡& A’«$sH$m ‘o§ Jm±YrOr Ûmam AnZm¶m J¶m ¶h Aó CZH$s Z¡{VH$ e{º$ H$m àVrH$ h¡& gË¶mJ«h - Aqhgm na AmYm[aV Wm, JbV, qhgm Am¡a AgË¶ H$m grYo {damoY H$aZo H$m VarH$m Wm& Bg AñÌ H$mo ^maV Ho$ amîQ´>r¶ g§J«m‘ ‘| bJmVma Cn¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m& ¶h EH$ gm‘m{OH$ ImoO Wr&

Aqhgm : Jm±YrOr Ho$ g§Kf© H$m ‘yb^yV Ame¶ Aqhgm Wm& geó ~b Ho$ à¶moJ Ho$ {dnarV Aqhgm Am¡a gË¶mJ«h Ûmam Am‘Zo-gm‘Zo ~mV H$aZm BZH$m bú¶ Wm& A§J«oOr Xn© Ho$ (K‘§S> H$m) Aó, ’$m¡O, nw{bg, H$mZyZ Am{X Ho$ {déX²Y gË¶, Aqhgm, d«V, O¡go ‘mV¥Ëd Ho$ ‘m§{ÌH$ Aóm| H$m Cn¶moJ H$a CÝh| hamZo _| Jm±YrOr H$m g§Kf© E{Vhm{gH$ g§Xoe h¡&

qhXÿ ‘wgb‘mZ EH$Vm : ^maVr¶ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| qhXÿ ‘wgb‘mZ H$s EH$Vm H$mo ~bnyd©H$ à{Vnm{XV H$aZo dmbo Jm±YrOr hr Wo& BZH$m ‘mZZm Wm {H$ BZ

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g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ~rM ¶{X EH$Vm Z hmoVr Vmo ^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Am¡a ^{dî¶ ‘| amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñWm{nV hmoZm H${R>Z hmoJm& Jm±YrOr Zo {h§Xÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ H$mo ^maV ‘mVm H$s Xmo Am±Io ‘mZm& Bgr n¥îR> ^y{‘ ‘§ CÝhm|Zo gZ² 1919 ‘| {Ibm’$V Am§XmobZ Ho$ {bE H$m§J«og g§KQ>Z go gh¶moJ H$s Anojm H$s&

¶h n¥Ïdr g^r H$s Amdí¶H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$a gH$Vm h¡ Z {H$ bmbM H$mo - Jm±YrOr

Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ àoaH$ VËd

O{b¶m±dmbm ~mJ hË¶mH$m±S> : A§J«oO gaH$ma Ho$ amobo³Q> E³Q> H$mo gZ² 1919 ‘mM© ‘| Omar {H$¶m J¶m& BgHo$ Ûmam

A§J«oO ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ dm{X¶m| H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo bJo& Bg A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ VhV {H$gr ^r ì¶{³V H$mo {~Zm H$maU ~§Xr ~ZmH$a, H$moQ>© Ho$ Ûmam AnamYr Kmo{fV H$a X§S> {X¶m Om gH$Vm Wm& Bggo ^maVr¶m| H$s ñdV§ÌVm g§Kf© g§~Yr g^m Am¶moOZ, g§KR>Z VWm ‘w³V ê$n go A{^ì¶{³V H$aZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm {N>Z JB©& Jm±YrOr Zo BgHo$ {damoY Ho$ {bE ‘gd©¶mJ«h g^m' Zm‘H$ g§ñWm ñWm{nV H$a g§Kf© àma§^ {H$¶m& d¥hV² g^m, Owbyg, ~{hîH$ma Am{X {d{dY amOZ¡{VH$ H$m¶m] H$mo BgHo$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go {H$¶m J¶m&

A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo amoboQ>> E³Q> Ho$ AZwîR>mZ

O{b¶m±dmbm ~mJ hË¶mH$m±S>

Ho$ {déÕY {H$E OmZo dmbo {damoYm| H$m X_Z H$aZo H$m {ZU©¶ {b¶m& Jm±YrOr Zo gZ² 1919, 6 Aà¡b H$mo EH$ d¥hV² g^m ~wbm¶r& n§Om~ ‘| S>m° ’$H$éÕrZ, S>m° gË¶nmb Am{X H$mo ~§Xr ~Zm¶m J¶m& BgH$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE gZ² 1919, 13 Aà¡b H$mo n§Om~ A‘¥Vga ‘| O{b¶m±dmbm ~mJ ‘| bmoJ ~¡gmIr nd© H$s Vah {damoYr g^m ‘| em{‘b hþE& A‘¥Vga Ho$ goZm{YH$mar OZab S>m¶a Zo dhm± OwQ>o bmoJm| na 10 {‘ZQ> VH$ A§YmYw§Y Jmobr Mbdm¶r, {Oggo bJ^J 380 bmoJ ‘a JE Am¡a hOmam| bmoJ Km¶b hþE& Bg KQ>Zm go Jm±YrOr g{hV AZoH$ ^maVr¶ emoH$mHw$b hþE& Bg KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mX n§Om~ ‘| g¡{ZH$ àemgZ bmJy hþAm& Bg hË¶mH$mÊS> H$m {damoY H$a adtÐZmW R>mHw$a Zo AnZr ZmBQ>hþS> nXdr A§J«oO gaH$ma H$mo dmng bm¡Q>m {X¶m& Jm±YrOr Ho$ Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ama§^ H$aZo H$m ¶h EH$ à‘wI H$maU Wm& ~oMmao ^maVr¶ g§Kf©H$Vm©Am| H$s hË¶m H$aZo dmbo S>mà H$s hË¶m H«$m§{VH$mar D$Y‘ qgh Zo H$s&

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{Ibm’$V Am§XmobZ

VwH©$ (Q>H$s©) Ho$ gwëVmZ ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ Y{‘©H$ ZoVm Wo& Omo Ibr’$m H$hbmVo Wo& àW‘ ‘hm¶wX²Y Ho$ g§X^© ‘| Ibr’$mAm| na A§J«oOm| Ho$ AË¶mMma H$m I§S>Z H$aVo hþE ‘wgb‘mZm| Zo gmao {díd ‘| {damoY àX{e©V {H$¶m& Bgr H«$‘ ‘| ‘whå‘X Abr Am¡a em¡H$V Abr ^mB¶m| Zo ^maV ‘| Vw{H©$¶m| Ho$ nj ‘| {Ibm’$V Am§XmobZ gZ² 1919 ‘| àma§^ {H$¶m& qhXÿ - ‘ygb‘mZm| Ûmam EH$OwQ> hmoH$a A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déX²Y hS>Vmb H$aZo na ‘mÌ A§J«oO nrN>o hQ>|Jo, Eogm Jm±YrOr H$m ‘mZZm Wm& Jm±YrOr Zo _mZm {H$ Bgr n¥ð> ^y{‘ ‘| ‘wgb‘mZm| H$m gh¶moJ ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og ‘| ~S>m ‘hËdnyU© h¡& n[aUm‘V… Jm±YrOr Zo {Ibm’$V Am§XmobZ ‘| AnZm gh¶moJ {X¶m& ¶h Am§XmobZ qhXÿ ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s EH$Vm Ûmam Mbm¶m J¶m amîQ´>r¶ Am§XmobZ Wm& AZoH$ amîQ´>r¶ ZoVm VWm H$m§J«og g§KQ>Z {Ibm’$V Am§XmobZ Ho$ gh¶moJ ‘| IS>m Wm&

Agh¶moJ A§XmobZ

gZ² 1920, 4 {gV§~a H$mo ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Zo H$bH$Îmm Ho$ {deof A{YdoeZ ‘| Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ama§^ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZw‘moXZ aIm& Aqhgm Ûmam ñdamÁ¶ àm{á, A§J«oOm| H$s {ZX©¶r àemgZ Ho$ {dH¥$V aMZmñdê$n go bmoJm| H$mo n[a{MV H$amZm Am¡a à‘wI ê$n go O{b¶m±dmbm ~mJ hË¶mH$mÊS> O¡gr KQ>Zm H$mo ^{dî¶ ‘o§ Z XmohamZo Ho$ {bE {damoY H$aZm, A§J«oOr àemgZ H$m nyU©V… {damoY H$aZm BgH$m à‘wI CÔoí¶ Wm& gmW hr amoboQ> EH²$Q> H$mo A§J«oO gaH$ma H$mo dmng boZo Am¡a ZdrZ amOZ¡{VH$ gwYma H$mo Omar H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam ^maV H$mo ñdamÁ¶ XoZo H$s ‘m±J à‘wI Wr&

Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ à‘wI H$m¶©H«$‘

1. {dÚmb¶ - ‘hm{dÚmb¶ VWm

Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ

Ý¶m¶mb¶m| H$m ~{hîH$ma H$aZm&2. gZ² 1919 Ho$ A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$

AZwê$n àm§Vr¶ àemgZ g^m Ho$ {bE hmoZo dmbo MwZmd H$m ~{hîH$ma H$aZm&

3. A§J«oOm| Ûmam gå‘mZ nyd©H$ Xr JB© nXdr Am¡a ñWmZ H$mo dmng XoZm&

4. ñWmZr¶ g^m Ho$ {bE {ZX}{eV gXñ¶m| Ûmam BñVr\$m/Ë¶mJnÌ XoZm&

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5. gaH$mar H$m¶©H«$‘m| ‘o§ ^mJ boH$a ~{hîH$ma H$aZm&6. {dXoer dñVwAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma H$aZm&BZHo$ gmW Agh¶moJ Ho$ AÝ¶ à‘wI

H$m¶m] ‘| hWH$aKm, ~wZmB© H$mo àmoËgmhZ VWm ImXr dó V¡¶ma H$aZm, amîQ´>r¶ {dÚmb¶ ImobZm, qhXÿ-‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ ~rM EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZm, Añn¥í¶Vm {Z‘y©bZ VWm pñÌ¶m| H$s emoMZr¶ pñW{V H$mo C~maZm, CZ‘| g~brH$aU bmZm Wm&

Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ g‘¶ H$m à‘wI {dH$mg :

1. Xoe~§Yw {MVa§OZXmg, ‘moVrbmb Zohê$, amO|ÐàgmX Am{X ~S>o dH$sbm| Zo AnZr dH$sb d¥{Îm H$m Ë¶mJ {H$¶m&

2. {dÚm{W©¶m| Zo ñHy$b-H$m°boO N>moS >{XE&3. MwZmd ‘| Aä¶{W©¶m| H$mo Zm‘m§{H$V {H$E {~Zm gZ² 1919Ho$ A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ VhV

H$m§J«og Zo àm±Vm| ‘o§ hmoZo dmbo MwZmd H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$¶m&4. H$mer {dÚmnrR>, JwOamV {dÚmnrR>, {~hma {dÚmnrR> VWm Om{‘¶m {‘{b¶m

Bñbm{‘¶m O¡go amîQ´>r¶ {dÚmb¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©&5. adtÐZmW R>mHw$a Zo AnZr ‘ZmBQ> hþS>' H$s nXdr A§J«oO gaH$ma H$mo dmng bm¡Q>m¶r& 6. {ó¶m| g{hV OZgm‘mÝ¶ Zo H$m§J«og g§Kf© Ho$ {bE ^|Q> Xr& {dXoer dñVwAm| H$mo

~oMZodmbr XþH$mZm| Ho$ gm‘Zo hS>Vmb H$s Am¡a {dXoer dóm| H$mo Obm¶m J¶m& 7. gZ² 1921 ‘| ‘{àg Am°’$ doëg' amOHw$‘ma Ho$ AmZo Ho$ H$m¶©H«$‘ H$m {damoY {H$¶m&Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ n[aUm‘ : Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ à‘wI CÔoí¶m| H$s ny{V© Z

hmoZo na ^r Hw$N> J§^ra n[aUm_m| H$s g¥{ï> hþ¶r& à‘wI ê$n go amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf© OZgm‘mÝ¶ Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V hþAm& H$m±J«og àUrV Am±XmobZ H«$m§{VH$mar Am¶m‘ boZo bJo& qhXÿ-‘ygb‘mZ ^«mV¥Ëd H$s VmËH$m{bH$ hr ghr, g¥{îQ> hþB©& amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf©, ZJam| go {ZH$b Jm±dm| (J«m‘rU àXoem|) VH$ ’¡$bZo bJm& Añn¥í¶Vm {ZdmaU, {ó¶m| H$mo ^r gmd©O[ZH$ ñWmZm| ‘| àdoe Am{X CëboIZr¶ n[aUm‘ hþE&

Mm¡ar-Mm¡am KQ>Zm : gZ² 1922, 5 ’$adar H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ JmoaInwa {Obo Ho$ Mm¡ar-Mm¡am Zm‘H$ ñWmZ na bJ^J 3000 {H$gmZm| g{hV EH$ ~S>m g‘yh nw{bg WmZo Ho$ gm‘Zo B>H$QR>m hþAm& CZH$m à‘wI CÔoí¶ eam~ (‘X²¶) H$s XþH$mZm| Ho$ gm‘Zo hS>Vmb H$a aho H$m§J«og g§Kf© H$Vm© Am| H$mo VH$br’$ XoZo dmbo nw{bg A{YH$mar Ho$ {déX²Y {damoY ì¶³V H$aZm Wm& BgHo$ {dnarV nw{bg Zo dhm± AmE bmoJm| na Jmo{b¶m± ~agmZm àma§^ {H$¶m& {Oggo OZVm Hw${nV hmo CR>r& Am¡a CZHo$ nw{bg WmZo H$mo CÝhm|Zo AmJ bJm Xr&

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Bggo A§Xa pñWV 22 nw{bg H$‘©Mmar gOrd Ob H$a ‘a JE& Xÿgao ñWmZm| na ^r Eogr qhgmË‘H$ KQ>ZmE± KQ>t& n[apñW{V H$s J§^raVm H$mo ‘Ôo ZOa aIVo hþE Jm±YrOr Zo bmoJm| na Am¡a AqhgmË‘H$ g§Kf© Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ V¡¶mar Am¡a Z¡{VH$ e{³V H$s H$‘r H$mo g‘Pm& Bg àH$ma 12 ’$adar gZ² 1922 H$mo Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ dmng bo {b¶m J¶m& Jm±YrOr OZVm H$mo ào[aV H$a aho h¢, Eogo Amamon bJm H$a 10 ‘mM© gZ² 1922 H$mo Jm±YrOr H$mo ~§Xr ~ZmH$a A§J«oOmo§ Zo 6 df© VH$ H$mamdmg H$s gOm gwZmB©& qH$Vw CZH$s AñdñWVm Ho$ H$maU Xmo df© ~mX CÝh§o H$mamdmg go ‘w³V H$a {X¶m J¶m& Jm±YrOr Ho$ Bg {ZU©¶ go amOZ¡{VH$ eyÝ¶Vm CËnÞ hþB©&

ñdamO nj : Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ H$mo dmng boZo Ho$ n[aUm‘

_moVrbmb Zohé

ñdê$n H$m§J«og OZm| ‘o§ CËgmh R>§S>m nS> J¶m& gr.Ama. Xmg Am¡a ‘moVrbmb Zohê$ Ûmam àemgZ g^m H$m ~{hîH$ma g‘má H$a CÝho àdoe H$aZo H$m AmJ«h {H$¶m& Bggo ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ H$mo Am¡a ~b àmá hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hr& {gV§~a gZ² 1923 ‘| gr. Ama Xmg Am¡a ‘moVrbmb Zohê$ Ûmam ñdamO nj ñWm{nV hþAm& Cgr df© A~wb H$bm‘ AmOmX H$s AÜ¶jVm ‘| {Xëbr ‘| hþE H$m§J«og A{YdoeZ ‘| ñdamO nj Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo ^r MwZmd ‘| ^mJ boZo H$s AZw‘{V àmá hþ¶r& gZ² 1923 Zd§~a hþE MwZmd‘| ñdamO nj Ho$ 101 ñWmZm| ‘| go 42 ñWmZ {dO¶r ahm&

ZmJ[aH$ A{Y{Z¶‘ ^§J Am§XmobZ Ho$ Ama§^ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU VËd :

gZ² 1927 ‘| A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo gmB‘Z H$‘reZ H$s {Z¶w{º$ H$s& gZ² 1919 ‘| Omar hþE ^maV gaH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ (‘m§Q>o½¶y-Mmëg©’$S>© A{Y{Z¶‘) Ho$ AZwð>mZ Am¡a n[aUm‘m| H$s MMm© hoVw 3 ’$adar, gZ² 1928 H$mo gmB‘Z H$‘reZ ^maV Am¶m V~ ‘gmB‘Z Jmo ~¡H$' (gmB‘Z dmng OmAmo) H$s KmofUm Ûmam ì¶mnH$ {damoY ì¶³V hþAm& ‘w§~B©, bmhm¡a, ‘Ðmg Am{X ñWmZm| na ~§X H$m AmMaU hþAm& bmhm¡a ‘| hþE g§Kf© Ho$ g§X^© ‘| bmbm bmOnVam¶ na bmR>r go àhma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$m Xohm§V hmo J¶m& Bggo ^maV ‘| amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf© Am¡a Vrd« hmo J¶m&

bmbm bmOnVam¶ Ho$ ~mao ‘| Am¡a OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

{~«{Q>e (A§J«oO) gaH$ma Zo ^maVr¶m| Ho$ {bE namoj ê$n go àíZ CR>m¶m& Omo g^r amOZ¡{VH$ njm| VWm g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ AZwHy$b EH$ g§{dYmZ H$s aMZm H$aZo Ho$ ~mao ‘o§ EH$ [anmoQ>© V¡¶ma H$aZo go OwS>m Wm& Bg n¥îR>^y{‘ ‘| gZ² 1928 ‘| ‘moVrbmb Zohê$ H$s AÜ¶jVm

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‘| EH$ g{‘{V {~R>mB© JB© Am¡a Zohê$ [anmoQ>© V¡¶ma hþB©& Jm±YrOr Zo ^r Zohê$ g{‘{V H$s íbmYZm H$s& Zohê$ [anmoQ>© ‘| ^maV Ho$ S>mo‘o{Z¶b (àOmVm§{ÌH$ ñdê$n) ñQ>oQ>g Ho$ gmW ’o$S>ab amÁ¶ ì¶dñWm, Aëng§»¶H$m| Ho$ {bE AbJ go A{YH$ma XoZo, ^maV H$s OZVm H$mo àOmà^wËd bmZo Am{X H$s {g’$m[ae H$s JB© Wr& VËníMmV² A§J«oO ‘o§Xÿa nj Ho$ à‘wI am‘go ‘¡H$S>moZmëS>, dm¶gam¶ bmS>© B{d©Z Ho$ gmW ~mV-MrV H$a ^maV H$mo S>mo‘o§{Z¶Z ñQ>oQ>g (àOmV§ÌmË‘H$ ñdê$n) XoZo Ho$ ~mao ‘| n[aerbZ H$s KmofUm H$s&

CgHo$ ~mX hþE à‘wI {dH$mg ‘| gZ² 1929 H$m bmhm¡a H$m H$m§J«og A{YdoeZ gå_obZ Wm& Bg gå‘o§bZ Ûmam ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf© Am¡a ~b~Vr ~Zm& Odmha bmb Zohé H$s AÜ¶jVm ‘| hþE A{YdoeZ ‘| H$m§J«og Am¡a amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf© Ho$ ‘yb CÔoí¶ ‘nyU© ñdamO' H$mo A§JrH$ma {H$¶m J¶m& gZ² 1930, 26 OZdar H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$m {XZ Kmo{fV {H$¶m J¶m& Bg A{YdoeZ ‘| A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déX²Y {H$¶m OmZo dmbo Adkm Am§XmobZ H$s nyar {Oå‘o§Xmar Jm±YrOr H$mo gm¢nr JB©& Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ {XZ Ho$ ‘hËd H$mo ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ g§{dYmZ H$mo gZ² 1950, 26 OZdar H$mo A§JrH¥$V {H$¶m J¶m&

g{dZ¶ Adkm AmÝXmobZ :

gZ² 1930 ’$adar ‘| H$m§J«og H$m¶©H$mar

Z_H$ gË`mJ«h

g{‘{V Zo gm~a‘Vr g^m ~wbm¶r Am¡a Adkm Am§XmobZ H$m {ZU©¶ {b¶m& Jm±YrOr Zo gZ² 1930, 2 ‘mM© H$mo ½¶mah A§em| dmbm EH$ ‘m±J nÌ dm¶gam¶ H$mo {bIm& ¶{X gaH$ma Bggo gh_V Z hþ¶r Vmo ‘H$a' {ZamH$aU Ho$ gmW ZmJ[aH$ Adkm Am§XmobZ ewé H$aZo H$s KmofUm Jm±YrOr Zo H$s & dm¶gam¶ Zo Bgnj H$s ‘m±J H$mo AñdrH¥$V {H$¶m Bg H$maU gZ² 1930, 12 ‘mM© H$mo AZw¶m{¶¶m| Ho$ gmW gm~a‘Vr Aml_ go JwOamV Ho$ VQ> VH$ ‘S>m§S>r' VH$ bJ^J 375 {H$.‘r. H$s Xÿar n¡Xb VWm H$s& 6 Aà¡b H$mo Jm±YrOr S>m§S>r (X§S>r) nhþ±Mo Am¡a A§J«oOm| Ho$ à^wËd ñWmZ na Z‘H$ ~ZmH$a Z‘H$ H$mZyZ VmoS>m& Bg Am§XmobZ ‘| MaIm H$m’$s à{gÕ hmoJm& hOmamo§ bmoJ Jm±YrOrHo$ Amh²dmZ na AmJo AmE Am¡a Am§XmobZ ‘| CÝhm|Zo ^mJ {b¶m& Z‘H$ gË¶mJ«h Ho$ ~mX 6 Aà¡b go 13 Aà¡b VH$ amîQ´>r¶ AmÝXmobZ gàmh ‘Zm¶m J¶m&

Adkm AmÝXmobZ ‘| Jm±YrOr Ho$ gmW ^mJ boZo dmbm| ‘| {dO¶bú‘r n§{S>V, H$‘bm Zohé, dëb^ mB© nQ>ob, amOJmonmbmMmar, ~m~y amOoÝÐ àgmX Am¡a hOmam| bmoJm| H$mo A§J«oOm| Zo ~§Xr ~Zm¶m&

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¶h Am§XmobZ Xoe Ho$ {d{dY ^mJm| ‘| ì¶mnH$ hmo J¶m&

AmnH$mo kmV aho :• gm~a‘Vr go X§S>r (S>m§S>r) VH$ n¡Xb ¶mÌm H$aZo dmbo g‘yh ‘| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m 18 dfu¶

VéU ‘¡bma ‘hmXodßnm ^r Wm&• H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m§J«og Zo ^r Ama.Ama. {XdmH$a H$m¡ObJr hZw‘§Vam¶, JmJmYa Xoenm§S>o,

h{S>©H$a ‘§Oßnm Am¡a H$mZm©S> gXm{edam¶ g{hV gË¶mJ«h g{‘{V H$s aMZm H$s Am¡a H$madma {Obo Ho$ AH$mobm VmbwH$ ‘| Z‘H$ gË¶mJ«h àma§^ hþAm&

Bg ~rM nyd© hr àñVm{dV b§XZ ‘| ^maVr¶ OZ à{V{Z{Y gå‘o§bZ H$m Am¶moOZ gZ² 1930 ‘| {H$¶m J¶m& ¶h àW‘ Jmob‘o§O n[afX gå‘o§bZ Wm& Bggo ì¶³V hþAm {H$ ^maVr¶m| H$mo N>moS>H$a gaH$ma EH$‘wIr ê$n go {ZU©¶ Zht bo gH$Vr& Bg gå‘o§bZ ‘| gd©àW‘ ~ma Añn¥í¶ g‘wXm¶ H$mo AbJ go à{V{Z{YËd H$aZo H$m Adga {‘bm& Bg gå‘o§bZ ‘| ^mJ boZo Ho$ g§~oY ‘o§ ~§Xr hþE Jm±YrOr Am¡a H$B© ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo Nw>S>dm¶m J¶m& qH$Vw H$mJ«og Am¡a Jm±YrOr Zo Bg gå‘o§bZ ‘| ^mJ boZo go B§H$ma H$a {X¶m& Bg gå‘o§bZ ‘| Xoer g§ñWmZ Ho$ à{V{Z{Y, {d{dY g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ à‘wI aho S>m°.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a, E‘.Ama. O¶H$a, VoO~hmXþa gàw, ‘whå‘X Abr {OÞm, lr{Zdmg emór Am{X Zo ^mJ {b¶m& S>mo‘o§{Z¶Z ñQ>oQ>g (àOmVm§{ÌH$ ñdê$n) {Oå‘o§Xma gaH$ma VWm ‘Vr¶ à{V{Z{Y¶m| go g§~§{YV {df¶m| H$mo Bg gå‘o§bZ ‘| gå‘{V {‘br& qH$Vw ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ àW‘ Jmob‘o§O n[afX gå‘o§bZ ‘| ^mJ boZo Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| gå‘o§bZ AnyU© ahm& ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og H$mo ‘ZmH$a Jmob_oO gå‘obZ Ho$ CÔoí¶H$mo ^br ^m±{V nyam H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï>go Jm±YrOr Am¡a dm¶gam¶ B{d©Z Ho$ ~rM gZ² 1931 ‘mM© H$mo EH$ g‘Pm¡Vm hþAm& Bgo Jm±Yr-B{d©Z g‘Pm¡Vm H$hm OmVm h¡& n[aUm‘V… H$m§J«og njZo g{dZ¶ Adkm AmÝXmobZ amoH$ H$a {ÛVr¶ Jmob‘o§O n[afX gå‘o§bZ ‘| ^mJ boZo H$m {ZU©¶ {b¶m& ‘whå‘X Abr {OÞm Am¡a S>m°.dB©.Ama A§~oS>H$a Zo ^r Bg g^m ‘| ^mJ {b¶m Wm&

{ÛVr¶ Jmob ‘oO gå‘obZ ‘| A§~oS>H$a Zo Añn¥í¶m| Ho$ {bE AbJ go ‘VjoÌ H$s ‘m±J H$s& ¶h ‘m±J Jm±YrOr Zo AñdrH¥$V H$a Xr& Bggo Jm±YrOr Am¡a A§~oS>H$a Ho$ ~rM VmpËdH$ {^Þ‘V CËnÞ hþE& Bg àH$ma {ÛVr¶ Jmob ‘o§O n[afX² gå‘o§bZ ^r {~Zm {H$gr {ZU©¶ Ho$ g‘má hmo J¶m& qH$Vw A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo Añn¥í¶m| Ho$ {bE AbJ go ‘VjoÌ H$s KmofUm H$s& Bggo Cg dJ© H$mo {X¶o OmZo dmbo ha ‘VjoÌ g§~§Yr ‘‘Vr¶ _wÔo' Ho$ {bE gZ² 1932 H$mo {Z¶‘ Omar hþE& BgH$m {damoY H$aVo hþE Jm±YrOr Zo Am‘aU d«V gË¶mJ«h àma§^ {H$¶m& Bg g‘¶ A§~oS>H$a H$m ‘ZOrVZo Ho$ à¶ËZ ^r hþE& n[aUm‘V… nyZm g‘Pm¡Vm hþAm& BgHo$ AZwgma AbJ ‘VjoÌ Ho$ ~Xbo gm‘mÝ¶ ‘VjoÌm| ‘| hr Hw$N> joÌm|H$mo Añn¥í¶m|Ho$ {bE

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Ama{jV {H$¶m J¶m& Eogo ñWmZm| ‘| Añn¥í¶ à{V{Z{Y g^r OZm| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y hmoVo Wo& AbJ ‘VjoÌHo$ ~Xbo Hw$N> joÌm| H$mo Añn¥í¶m|Ho$ {bE {ZåZ dJ© ‘|Ama{jV {H$¶m J¶m&

A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo H|$Ð ‘| {‘bo Owbo ñdê$n H$s gaH$ma amÁ¶m| ‘| àm§Vr¶ gaH$maH$s aMZm H$aZoH$s gyMZm Xr& Bg n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| V¥Vr¶ Jmob‘o§O n[afX² gå‘o§bZ gZ² 1932‘| hþAm& gaH$ma Zo àñVm{dV ì¶dñWm H$mo {Y³H$maVo hþE H$m§J«og gå‘o§bZ ‘| ^mJ Zhr§ {b¶m& Jmob‘o§O n[afX² Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo gZ² 1935 Ho$ ^maV gaH$ma H$m A{Y{Z¶‘ Omar {H$¶m& Bg A{Y{Z¶‘ Zo ^maVr¶ g§K H$s aMZm Am¡a àm±Vr¶ ñdm`Îmm H$m Adga {X¶m& ^maVr¶m| H$mo amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$ma {‘bo& Bggo H$m§J«og Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ brJ Zo MwZmd à{V¶mo{JVm ‘| mJ {b¶m& H$m§J«og Zo ~hþ‘V nmH$a g§Kr¶ gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$s& Bg g‘¶ {ÛVr¶ ‘hm¶wX²Y Ama§^ hmo MwH$m Wm& Am¡a ¶yamonr¶ amO Z¡{VH$ n[adV©Z H$s n¥îR>^y{‘ ‘| ^maV Ho$ dm¶gam¶ Zo EH$njr¶ ê$n go ^maV H$s Amoa go O‘©ZrHo$ {déX²Y ¶wX²Y H$s KmofUm H$a Xr& BgH$m {damoY H$a H$m§J«og ‘§{Ì‘§S>b go ~mha Am J¶m& dm¶gam¶ Ho$ {ZU©¶ H$m {damoY H$a Jm±YrOr Zo d¡¶pŠVH$ ê$n go gË¶mJ«h H$m EbmZ {H$¶m& V~ ^maVr¶m± H$mo Iwe H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñQ>m’$S>© {H«$ßg H$mo g‘Pm¡Vo Ho$ {bE ôOm J¶m&

^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ (1942)

^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ

A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo ^maVr¶ ZoVmAm| Ho$ g‘Pm¡Vo Ho$ {bE ôOo JE ñQ>m’$S>© {H«$ßg Am¶moJ Zo gZ² 1942 ‘| Hw$N> gbmh mVr¶m| Ho$ g‘j aIo& ¶h Am¶moJ ^maV H$mo S>mo‘o§{Z¶Z (àOmVm§{ÌH$) ñWmZ {XbmZo, CgHo$ {bE g§{dYmZ H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE g^m ~wbmZm, Z¶o g§{dYmZ ‘| ^maVr¶ g§K ‘| OwS>Zo ¶m {ZH$bZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm go g§~§{YV amÁ¶m| H$mo N>moS>Zo H$s gbmh Xr JB©& Bg gbmh H$mo H$m§J«og Zo AñdrH$ma H$a

dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob _m¡bmZm A~wb H$bm_ AmOmX

‘^maV N>moS>mo' Am§XmobZ H$mo àma§^ {H$¶m& ‘A§J«oOm| ^maV N>moS>mo' ¶h p³dQ> B§[S>¶m H$m Ame¶ Wm&

Jm±Yr Zo AnZo Xoedm{g¶m| H$mo ‘H$amo ¶m ‘amo' H$m Zmam {X¶m& Bg Zmao H$s n¥îR>^y{‘ ‘| Jm±YrOr Zohê$, amO|ÐàgmX, A~wb H$bm‘ AmOmX, gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob, AmMm¶© H¥$nbmZr, H$ñVya~m Jm±Yr Am{X ZoVmAm| H$mo

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A§J«oOm| Zo ~§Xr ~ZmH$a H$mamJ¥h ‘| S>mb {X¶m& ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ H$B© ZoVmAm| Ho$ ~§Xr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og go AbJ g§KQ>Z à‘wI ^y{‘H$m {Z^m ahm Wm& ¶o Z¶o ZoVmAm| Ho$ CX¶ H$m H$maU ahm& Bg g§X^© ‘| A§XmobZ H$m ZoV¥Ëd O¶àH$me Zmam¶U Zo {H$¶m&

¶o H$m§J«og Ho$ g‘mOdmXr nj Ho$ à‘wI ZoVm Wo& ¶o AnZo AZw¶m{¶¶m| g{hV Xoe Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| ‘| H«$m§{VH$mar H$m¶m] ‘| bJo aho& g‘mOdm{X¶m| Zo {X ’«|$S> ñQ´>Jb ’«$m±Q> Zm‘H$ XñVm~oO Ûmam AnZr J{V{d{Y¶m| H$mo AZwîR>m{ZV {H$¶m& BgHo$ Ûmam CÝhmo§Zo AnZo H${‘©`| H$mo à{ejU {X¶m& OZVm H$mo g§Kf© ‘| ^mJ boZo Ho$ {bE Amh²dm{ZV {H$¶m& YZ BH$Q²>R>m {H$¶m& BgàH$ma {XemhrZ g§Kf© H$mo {Xem XoZo dmbo ¶hr Wo& AmíM¶©OZH$ ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ Bgr g§X^© ‘| ^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE g§Kf© ^maV H$s gr‘m Ho$ ~mha àma§^ hþAm& Bg {Xem ‘| gw^mf M§Ð~mog H$m à¶ËZ A{ÛVr¶ Wm& gZ² 1937 Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ ~mX gaH$ma H$s gh^m{JVm ‘| ‘wpñb‘ brJ H$mo gaH$ma H$s aMZm Ûmam N>moS> {X¶m J¶m& gZ² 1939 ‘| ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ EH$ ‘wIrê$n go {ÛVr¶ ‘h¶wX²Y ‘| ^maV H$mo em{‘b H$aZo Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ‘§{Ì‘§S>b ‘| g^r H$mJ«o{g¶m| Ûmam ~mha {ZH$bZo na ‘wpñb‘ brJ ‘{d‘w{º$ {Xdg' H$m AmMaU {H$¶m& Bg àH$ma ‘wpñb‘ brJ Zo maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ _| mJ Zht {b¶m& {OgZo ^maV Ho$ {d^mOZ H$m àñVmd gm‘Zo aIm&

AmnH$mo kmV aho :B©gyé KQ>Zm : ‘¡gyé g§ñWmZ Ho$ {ed‘mo½J {Obo Ho$ {eH$marnwa Ho$ {ZH$Q> EH$ Jm±d B©gyé

h¡& ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ ‘| ñWmZ àmá {H$E Bg Jm±d H$m ‘ñdV§ÌVm Jm±d' Zm‘ {X¶m J¶m& ¶hm± g^r Jm±Yr Q>monr nhZVo Wo& A{YH$m[a¶m| H$mo Jm±d ‘| àdoe {ZfoY Wm& qH$Vw gZ² 1942 ‘| dhm± AmE A{YH$m[a¶m| H$mo Jm±Yr Q>monr nhZZo na Omoa {X¶m& BgH$m {damoY H$a A{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ gmW AmE nw{bg H${‘©¶mo§ Zo OZVm na Jmobr Mbm¶r& Bggo H«$mo{YV hþ¶r OZVm Zo CgH$s hË¶mH$a Xr& Bgo B{Vhmg ‘| B©gyé KQ>Zm Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

{H$gmZm| Am¡a ‘o§Xÿam| H$m g§Kf© :

ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘| {H$gmZ ‘o§Xÿa g§KQ>Z H$m g§Kf© ^r ~S>m ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ aIZm h¡& Bg g§KQ>Z ‘| Hw$N> amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og go à^m{dV Wo& Am¡a Hw$N> g§KQ>Z ‘m³g©dm{X¶m| go à^m{dV Wm& A§J«oOr àemgZ H$s Ad{Y ‘| O‘rZXma Am¡a `yamonr¶ ßbmñQ>a Ho$ {déX²Y {H$gmZm| Zo H$B© ^mJm| _| {dÐmoh {H$¶m& M§nmaÊ¶ (M§nmaZ) {Obo ‘| Zrb H$s IoVr H$m {damoY hþAm& ^y-amOñd Ho$ {déX²Y hS>Vmb {H$¶m& Jm±YrOr Ho$ gË¶mJ«h Ûmam A§J«oO A{YH$m[a¶m| H$m ‘Z OrVH$a "H$a' H$mo aX²X H$adm¶m&

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amîQ´>r¶ g§Kf© Ho$ {hñgo Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ {H$gmZm| H$mo g§K{Q>V H$aZo H$m à¶ËZ ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Zo {H$¶m& M§nmaÊ¶, IoS>m, Am{X àXoem| Ho$ {H$gmZm| Ho$ H$m¶© J{V{d{Y¶m| ‘| Jm±YrOr H$m à^md Wm& ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ à^md go Vo^mJ, ‘mbm~ma Am{X joÌm| ‘| emo{fV {H$gmZm| Zo O‘rZXmam| Am¡a A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déX²Y Vrd«{dÐmoh {H$¶m& Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ, H$a{ZamH$aU, ^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ Am{X ‘| {H$gmZm| H$s g‘ñ¶m ^r OwS> J¶r& H$B© g§Kf© dm‘ n§{W¶m| H$s {dMmaYmam go a{MV {H$gmZ g^m Ho$ A§VJ©V g§K{Q>V hþAm& g§Kf© H$^r H$^r H$m§J«og Ho$ gmW Vmo H$^r H$m§J«og Ho$ {déX²Y IS>m Wm& Vob§JmZm H$m {H$gmZ g§Kf© O‘rZXmam| VWm {ZOm‘ aOmH$ Ho$ {déX²Y {dÐmoh H$aZo bJm& ~§Jmb Ho$ {H$gmZ O‘rZXmam| Ho$ emofU Ho$ {déX²Y {dÐmoh H$aZo bJo& ‘hmamîQ´> ‘| {H$gmZm| Zo H$‘ ‘o§Xÿar Ho$ {déX²Y Am§XmobZ {H$¶m&

_OXÿa {dÐmoh :

{~«{Q>e BñQ B§{S>¶m H§$nZr Ho$ àemgZ ‘| bmJy amOñd Am¡a AaÊ¶ Zr{V Am{Xdmgr {dÐmoh H$mo grYo àoaUm ahr& Am{Xdmgr {dÐmoh ‘| g§Wmbm| H$m> {dÐmoh, H$mobma {dÐmoh, Am¡a ‘w§S>m Am§XmobZ à‘wI Wm& H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| hbJbr Ho$ AmIoQ>H$m| ({eH$m[a¶m|) H$m {dÐmoh Bg Ñ{îQ> go CëboIZr¶ h¡&

g§Wmb Am{Xdmgr {dÐmoh H$mo ^maV H$m àW‘ {dÐmoh ‘mZm J¶m h¡& BZ Am{Xdmgr bmoJm| H$mo ~§Jmb VWm CS>rgm Ho$ nd©Vr¶ àXoem| _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& A§J«oOm| Ûmam bmJy ñWm`r O‘tZXmar nX²Y{V go ¶o A{Xdmgr bmoJ Jar~ hmo JE& ñd¶§ l‘ H$aHo$ ^y{‘ H$mo H¥${f ¶mo½¶ ~Zm¶r JB© ^y{‘ Am{Xdmgr OZm| go O‘tZXmam| H$mo {‘b J¶r& ~§Jmb Ho$ O‘tZXma, boZ-XoZXma VWm H§$nZr gaH$ma g§Wmbm| H$m grYm emofU H$a aho Wo& g§Wmbm| H$s em§{V {à¶Vm Am¡a gä¶Vm H$mo H§$nZr gaH$ma Zo emofU ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m& Bggo {IÞ g§Wmbm| Zo ahñ`g^m H$a O‘tZXmam| Am¡a boZ-XoZ Xmam| H$mo byQ>Zo H$m ’¡$gbm {H$¶m& {dÐmoh ~mamhmQ>, ^JVnwa Am¡a amO‘hb ‘| ~S>m Vrd« hþAm& n[aUm_V… Am{Xdmgr bmoJm| Zo AnZo eÌwAm| H$s hË¶m H$s& Bggo AZoH$ O‘tZXmam| Am¡a boZXoZ Xmamo Zo nbm¶Z {H$¶m& g§Wmbm| H$m {dÐmoh XdmZo Ho$ {bE A§J«oOmo§ Zo goZm H$m Cn¶moJ {H$¶m& g§Wmbm| H$m {dÐmoh ^bo hr A§V hmo J¶m qH$Vw BgH$m CËgmh AmJo Ho$ AZoH$m| g§Kf© Ho$ {bE àoaUm àX ahm& BgràH$ma H$mobma Am¡a ‘w§S>mAm| H$m {dÐmoh/g§Kf© A§J«oOm| Am¡a O‘tZXmam| Ho$ {déÕ {H$¶m J¶m&

H$mobma Am¡a ‘w§S>m Ho$ ~mao ‘| Am¡a OmZH$mar g§J«h H$s{OE &

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gw^mf M§Ð ~mog

¶o ‘ybV… CS>rgm ‘| H$Q>H$ Ho$ Wo& ^maVr¶ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘| gw^mf M§Ð ~mog H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘rb H$m nËWa h¡& ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$ godm narjm (ICS) ‘o§ Mm¡Wr loUr àmá H$aZo dmbmo ~mog Xoem{^‘mZ go A§J«oO gaH$ma Ho$ à{V{ð>V nX H$m Ë¶mJ H$a ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ ‘| Hy$X nS>o& ¶o ‘ZoVmOr' Ho$ Zm‘ go OZ{à¶ aho&

Jm±YrOr Ho$ {dZ_« g§Kf© Ho$ {dnarV BÝhm||Zo 30 do§ XeH$ Ho$ àma§^ ‘| {dXoe ‘o§ pñWV ^maVr¶m| H$mo g§K{Q>V H$a A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déX²Y g§Kf© H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& BÝhm|Zo {d{dY Xoemo Ho$ ZJam| {d¶oZm, ~{b©Z, amo‘, Bñbm§~yb Am{X joÌm| ‘o§ XoemQ>Z H$a ‘mV¥^y{‘ H$mo AnZm g‘W©Z XoZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$mo ào[aV {H$¶m& ¶wamon ‘| C{XV H$å¶y{ZñQ> Am¡a g‘mOdmXr bha Zo ^maV ‘| H$m§J«og g§KQ>Z H$mo ^r n[ad{V©V {H$¶m& H$m§J«og ‘o§ ñnñQ> ê$n go g‘mOdmXr dm‘n§Wr¶Vm {XImB© XoZo bJr& Bgr n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| gZ² 1934 VH$ Odhabmb Zohê$ Am¡a gw^mf M§Ð ~mog Zo H$m±J«og Ho$ g‘mOdmXr nj H$s ñWmnZm H$s&

^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ h[anwam AmnH$mo kmV aho:‘O‘©Z bmoJmo§ Ho$ AmZo go nyd© ^maV H$mo AmOmX hmoZm h¡& ¶yamon ‘o§ B½b¢ÊS> H$mo {‘br Mmoa Ho$ gmW ^maV na A§J«oOmo§ H$s g‘«mÁ¶emhr nH$S> {ZpíMV hr T>rbr nS>oJr'&

- gw^mf M§Ð ~mog

A{YdoeZ ‘| Jm±YrOr Ho$ g‘W©Z go ~mog AÜ¶j ~Zo& A§J«oOm| H$s ¶wX²Y Zr{V H$s V¡¶mar go g§~§{YV, Z‘« ^mdZm aIZo dmbo Jm±YrOr Am¡a A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déX²Y H$R>moa YmaUmdmbo gw^mf Ho$ ‘Ü¶ ~§YwËd ‘| Xama nS> J¶r& Jm±YrOr Zo A§VamîQ´>r¶ ‘XX ‘m±JZo H$s ~Om¶ BgH$s Q>rH$m H$s ({damoY {H$¶m)& gZ² 1938 ‘| H$m§J«og Ho$ h[anwam A{YdoeZ ‘| gw^mf M§Ð~mog Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ {damoY Ho$ ~rM ^r H$m±J«og H$s AÜ¶jVm H$s&

VËníMmV² Ho$ {XZm| ‘o§ Jm±YrOr Am¡a ~mog Ho$ ~rM ‘VôX Vrd« hmo J¶m& H$m§J«og Ho$ A§Xa pñWV A§J«oOm| H$mo ^JmZo H$s ~mog Ho$ à¶mg H$s J{V{d{Y¶m± Yr_r nS> J¶r& gw^mf M§Ð ~mog Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ H$m¶© H$aZo Ho$ VarHo$ go {Zame hmoH$a H$m±J«og go ~mha AmH$a ‘’$madS>© ãbm°H$' Zm_H$ Z¶m nj ~Zm¶m& Omo H$m§J«og ‘| ahH$a àJ{VnyU© VWm Vrd« Ame¶ aIVm Wm& A§J«oOm| Ho$ ¶wÕ H$s V¡¶mar Am¡a {díd ¶wX²Y ‘| ^maV Ho$ ^mJ boZo H$m gw^mf M§Ð Zo {damoY {H$¶m& n[aU‘V… A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo gw^mf M§Ð ~mog H$mo ~§Xr ~Zm {b¶m&

gw^mf M§Ð ~mog

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A§J«oO {damoYr gmar em{º$¶m± EH$ hmoH$a AmnH$mo kmV aho:‘^maV Am¡a 38 H$amoS> AnZo Xoedm{g`m| H$mo _wŠV H$amD$±Jm& H$h H$a B©ída H$s enW boVm h±ÿ&...... ñdV§ÌVm àmá hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r ñdV§Ì ^maV H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE AnZr aŠV H$s A§{V_ ~y±X ~hmZoo Ho$ {bE gXm V¡`ma h±ÿ'&

- gw^mf M§Ð ~mog

A§J«oOmo Ho$ {déX²Y g§Kf© H$s BÀN>m go J¥h~§YZ go Ny>Q> H$a (^mJH$a) O‘©Zr nhþ±Mr& O‘©Zr Ho$ gdm©{YH$mar {hQ>ba Zo BÝh| g^r àH$ma H$s ghm¶Vm XoZo H$m {dídmg {X¶m Wm& ~mog Zo O‘©Zr ‘o§ ^maVr¶ ¶wX²Y Ho$ H¡${X¶m| H$mo g§K{Q>V {H$¶m& ‘AmOmX qhX ao{S>¶mo' Ûmam AnZo ^mfU H$m àgmaU ^maVr¶m| Ho$ {bE {H$¶m& ¶wX²Y ‘| OmnmZ H$s {dO¶ Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$a CZH$s ghm¶Vm go ^maV H$s AmOmXr H$s g§^mdZm go g§~§{YV ^maVr¶m| H$m g§KQ>Z H$aZo dmbo amg {~hmar ~mog Zo Q>mo{H$¶m| ‘o§ ñWm{nV ‘B§{S>¶Z B§[S>n|S>|g brJ' Ho$ goZm {d^mJ H$mo ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ goZm (INA) Ho$ Zm‘ go nwH$mam& ~mX Ho$ {XZm| ‘| AmB.EZ.E. H$m ZoV¥Ëd gw^mf M§Ð ~mog H$mo {X¶m J¶m& gw^mf M§Ð ~mog Zo Bg g§X^© ‘| ‘{Xëbr Mbmo' H$s KmofUm H$s& Vw‘ ‘wPo IyZ Xmo, ‘¡ Vwåh| AmOmXr XÿJm H$m dMZ {X¶m & ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ goZm ‘| Pm±gr ao{O‘|Q> (nbQ>Z) Zm‘H$ {d^mJ Wm& H¡$ßQ>Z (H$ámZ) bú‘r ghJb Zo Bg ao{O‘|Q> H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$¶m&

gw^mf Zo a§JyZ Ûmam A§J«oOm| Ho$ hmW go {Xëbr H$mo de ‘o§ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ¶wX²Y H$s ¶moOZm ~ZmB©& V~ VH$ ^maV go AmB.EZ.E. ‘| OwS>o hOmam| ¶moX²Ym {Xëbr na AmH«$‘U H$aZo H$s V¡¶mar H$aVo aho& Bgr n¥îR>^y{‘ ‘| gw^mf Ho$ AmXoemZwgma geó g§Kf© ~‘m© H$s gr_m ‘| Ama§^ {H$¶m& A§J«oO VWm AmB.EZ.E. Ho$ ~rM K‘mgmZ ¶wX²Y Ho$ g‘¶ gw^mf AmH$pñ‘H$ én go {d^mJ XþK©Q>Zm ‘| Mb ~go& d‘m© H$s amOYmZr a§JyZ A§J«oOm| Ho$ de ‘| hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmB.EZ.E. g¡{ZH$m| H$mo A§J«oOm| Zo ~Xr ~Zm {b¶m& ~mX Ho$ {XZm| ‘o§ Jm±YrOr g{hV H$m±J«og Ho$ ~hþV go ZoVmAm| Zo AmB.EZ.E. g¡{ZH$m§o H$mo ~§YZ¶wº$ H$amZo ‘| AnZm l‘ bJm¶m&

S>m±.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a

gm‘m{OH$ g‘mZVm a{hV ñdV§ÌVm H$mo AW©hrZ ‘mZZo ‘|

S>m±.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a

S>m±.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a H$m nyU© {dídmg Wm& BÝhm|Zo ^maV H$s loUrH¥$V (dJ©) ì¶dñWm Ho$ A§{V‘ ‘Zwî¶ H$mo gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ñdV§ÌVm Z hmoZo na amOZ¡{VH$ ñdV§ÌVm H$mo AW© hrZ ‘mZm& CÝhm§oZo H$hm {H$ dh Ho$db ‘ar{MH$m ~Z H$a ahOmEJm& CÝhm|Zo ^maV H$mo Ho$db EH$ amOZ¡{VH$ n[aH$ënZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| Z XoI CgHo$ gånyU© ‘wI H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m& BÝhm|Zo Om{V ì¶dñWm Ho$ ~mao ‘| AÜ¶¶Z H$a Cgo ZîQ> H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$s aMZm

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H$s& Añn¥í¶m| Ho$ Ý¶yZV‘ Adga {‘bo hmoZo Ho$ ~mao AmnH$mo kmV aho:‘n{ÌH$mAm| _| Z hmoZo dmbo ZoVm n§IhrZ njr H$s ^m§{V hmoVm h¡'&

- S>m°.~r.Ama A§~oS>H$a

‘| ^r ~VmZo Ho$ {bE ‘‘hX' H$m Zmam {X¶m Am¡a ‘H$mbmam‘' ‘§{Xa Am§XmobZ Mbm¶m& BÝhm|Zo V¥Vr¶ Jmob ‘o§O n[afX gå‘obZ ‘| ^mJ boH$a {ZåZ dJm] H$mo {d{dY àH$ma H$s ~o{S>¶m| go ‘w³V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ ~hþ‘yë¶ ‘wPmd {XE& h[aOZ CX²Yma Am¡a Añn¥í¶m| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ g§~§Ym| ‘| Jm±YrOr Am¡a A§~oS>H$a ‘o§ ‘VôX CËnÞ hþE& Añn¥í¶m| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE AbJ go ‘VjoÌ H$s ‘m±J Jm±YrOr Am¡a A§~oS>H$a Ho$ ~rM ‘VôX H$m H$maU ~Zr& BÝhm|Zo ~S>moXm Ho$ ‘hmamO Ho$ ¶hm± XrdmZnX na H$m_ {H$¶m Wm& BÝhm|Zo ‘w§~B© bo{Oñbo{Q>d ({dYm¶H$ n[afX) H$mCpÝgb Am¡a ~mX ‘| dm¶gam¶ Ep³g³¶wQ>rd (H$m¶©H$mar) n[afX ‘| ^r ~S>r MVwamB© go AnZm H$m¶©^mam {Z^m¶m& A§~oS>H$a Zo H$m§J«og nj ‘| Z ahH$a ‘~{hîH¥$V {hVH$maUr g^m' Zm‘H$ g§KQ>Z Am¡a ñdV§Ì ‘o§Xÿa nj Zm‘H$ ñdV§Ì nj H$m g§KQ>Z ñWm{nV {H$¶m& ‘à~wX²Y ^maV', "OZVm', ‘‘yH$Zm¶H$', ‘~{hîH¥$V ^maV', n{ÌH$mE± Mbm¶r& H$å¶y{ZñQ> Am¡a g‘mOdmXr YmaU go Xÿa hr ahH$a H¥$fH$ ‘o§Xÿam| Ho$ CX²Yma Ho$ {bE BÝhm|Zo H$m‘ {H$¶m&

ñdV§Ì ^maV H$s àma§{^H$ {Xem Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ H$s aMZm H$aZr nS>r& g§{dYmZ g^m Ho$ AÜ¶j ê$n ‘o§ S>m° ~m~y amO|Ð àgmX H$mo MwZm J¶m& AmJo MbH$a g§{dYmZ aMZm H$s àmén g{‘{V Ho$ AÜ¶j ê$n ‘| S>m°.~r.Ama. A§å~oS>H$a H$mo gdm©Zw‘{V go M¶Z {H$¶m J¶m& BÝhm|Zo g§{dYmZ ‘| g‘mZVm H$m à{VnmXZ H$a Amñn¥í¶Vm AmMaU Ho$ {déX²Y H$mZyZ gwajm ñWm{nV H$s& Añn¥í¶Vm AmMaU H$mo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘| AnamY Ho$ ê$n ‘| JUZm H$s JB© h¡& ñdV§Ì ^maV ‘| S>m°. ~r. Ama. A§~oS>H$a H$mZyZ ‘§Ìr ~Zo& AmYw{ZH$Vm, d¡Mm[aH$Vm Am¡a nmíMmË¶ {dÛmZm| go ào[aV hmoH$a Xoer OS>m| H$s Amoa PwH$md àX{e©V {H$¶m& Om{V ì¶dñWm go naoemZ hmoH$a BÝhm|Zo qhXÿ Y‘© H$mo N>moS>H$a ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {hñgo, Om{V Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ loUr (dJ©) H$m {damoY H$a ~m¡X²Y Y‘© ñdrH$ma {H$¶m& ‘m³g©dmX Omo n[adV©Z a³V Am¡a qhgm Ûmam bm gH$Vm h¡ Cgo ~m¡X²Y Y‘© em§{V Am¡a AqhgmË‘H$ ê$n go bm H$Vm h¡, ¶h CZH$m {dídmg ahm& CZH$s AmOrdZ gmYZm Ho$ {bE ^maV gaH$ma Zo BÝh| ‘aUmonamÞ ‘^maV aËZ' XoH$a Jm¡ad àXmZ {H$¶m&A§~oS>H$a Ûmam àmá e¡{jH$ nXdr Am¡a a{MV H¥${V¶m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Am¡a OmZH$mar g§J«h H$s{OE&

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AmnH$mo kmV aho :‘hmamîQ´> Ho$ ‘‘hX' Zm‘H$ eha ‘| Vmbm~ Ho$ Ob H$mo Añn¥í¶ Cn¶moJ Zht H$a gH$Vo Wo&

Ob H$m Cn¶moJ eha Ho$ Añn¥í¶m| Ho$ {bE hmo gHo$, Eogm Am§XmobZ ‘‘hX' Am§XmobZ H$hbmVm h¡& Bgr àH$ma ‘H$mbmam_' Zm_H$ ‘§{Xa ‘| eof ñWmZm| H$s Vah hr Añn¥í¶m| H$m àdoe {ZfoY Wm& dhm± ^r Añn¥í¶m| H$mo ‘§{Xa ‘| àdoe nmZo hoVw H«$m§{VH$maH$ ¶moOZm ^r A§~oS>H$a Zo ~Zm¶r& qH$Vw Bg¶moOZm Zo OZVm ‘| OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$aZo na r ¶h Am§XmobZ Cg g‘¶ A{YH$ à{gX²Y Z hmo gH$m& Eogr g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m H$mZyZr Vm¡a na g‘mYmZ nmZm hr ghr ‘mZm&

Odmha bmb Zohê$

Odmha bmb Zohê$

n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Zo hmo‘ê$b Am§XmobZ Ho$ gmW ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘o§ àdoe {H$¶m& gZ² 1920 ‘| hþE Agh¶moJ A§XmobZ ‘| à‘wI ^y{‘H$m {Z^mZo dmbo Zohê$ Zo gZ² 1929 ‘| amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ bmhm¡a A{YdoeZ H$s AÜ¶jVm H$s& Bg A{YdoeZ ‘| g§nyU© ñdamÁ¶ Ho$ bú¶ H$s KmofUm H$s JB©& Jm±YrOr Ûmam Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ dmng boZo Ho$ H$maU Zohê$ Zo {Zamem ì¶³V H$s&

Zohé H$s {dMmaYmam Zo amOZ¡{VH$ J{V{d{Y¶m| H$mo ZdrZ ‘moS> {X¶m& ¶o H$å¶y{ZñQ> {gÕmÝV go à^m{dV Wo& n[aUm_V… ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og ‘| dm‘n§Wr Ame¶ ~bdbr hþE& BgHo$ ’$bñdê$n Zohé Am¡a gw^mf M§Ð ~mog Zo gZ² 1934 _| g‘mOdmXr nj H$s ñWmnZm H$s&

Zohê$ maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ 49 d| A{YdoeZ Ho$ AÜ¶j aho& H$m§J«og H$mo A§Vam©ï´>r>¶ ñVa na hmo aho gm‘«mÁ¶emhr ¶wX²Y ‘| Xÿa hr ahZo H$m g§Xoe {X¶m& ‘MaIm' Am¡a ‘h[aOZ' Am§XmobZ Ho$ A{YH$ n[aUm‘H$mar Z hmoZo H$s ~hg H$s& Bg A{YdoeZ ‘| Jm±YrOr H$s {dMmaYmam go ¶o Xÿa hQ>Vo ZOa AmE& {’$a ^r Jm±YrOr Ho$ à{V BZH$m Jm¡ad H$‘ Zht hþAm& {d{dY ~m¡{ÕH$ YmamAm| go à^m{dV Zohê$ Zo CZH$m g‘Ýd` H$a g‘{ï>kmZ H$m à{VnmXZ {H$¶m& ¶h Ñ{ï> H$moU h‘ CZHo$ Ûmam à{Vnm{XV {dXoímm§J Zr{V ‘A{báZr{V' {‘l Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm Ûmam h‘ ñnîQ> ê$n go J«hU H$a gH$Vo h¢& 50d| amîQ´>r¶ H$§mJ«og A{YdoeZ ‘| Zohé Zo AnZo g‘mOdmXr Am¡a H$å¶y{ZñQ> {dMmam| Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$mo‘b YmaUmE± ~Zm¶r& CÝhm|o H$hm H$m§J«og AmO ^maV ‘| nyU© àOmà^yËd Ho$ {bE IS>m h¡ Am¡a àOm à^wËd Ho$ {bE hr g§Kf©aV ahoJm Z {H$ g‘mOdmX Ho$ {bE&

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU VWm Zd^maV Ho$ {eënr Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^maV Ho$ àW‘ àYmZ ‘§Ìr Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ Zohê$ H$mo h‘ XoIVo h¢& ‘bm¡hnwéf' Ho$ Zm‘ go à»¶mV ^maV Ho$ àW‘ J¥h‘§Ìr

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gaXma dëb^ mB© nQ>ob Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| maV Ho$ AZoH$ Xoer {H«$¶m H$bmnn§{S>V Odmha bmb Zohê$ -X²dmam

àW‘ àYmZ ‘§Ìr Ho$ ê$n ‘| {Z{‘©V {dXoem§J Zr{V Ho$ ~mao ‘| A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

g§ñWmZm| Ho$ {dbrZrH$aU Ho$ {bE Zohê$ H$maU aho& VËníMmV ^mfmB© Vm¡a na àm§Vm| H$s aMZm Ûmam maV H$s {d{dYVm H$mo Xem©Zo dmbm VmpËdH$ AmYma ~Zm¶m& ny±Or VWm g‘mOdmXr VËdm| go ¶wŠV Zohé H$s {‘l Am{W©H$ Zr{V AmYw{ZH$ ^maV Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ‘rb H$m nËWa ~Zr& ~¥hV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU go Xoe H$m {dH$mg hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bgo ÑT>Vm go H$hm& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX n§Mdfu` ¶moOZmAm| Ûmam Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg H$m ñdßZ XoIm& {deofH$a n§Mdfu` ¶moOZmAm| Ûmam ‘yb^yV Am¡a d¥hV² Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU H$mo àma§^ {H$¶m& maV H$mo na‘mUw AñÌ hmoZo Mm{hE, Ho$ Ame¶ go EM.Oo.^m^m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| ^Ðm H$s Ztd aIr J¶r& {dXoem§J Zr{V go g§~§{YV ^maV ‘| dUm] H$s ÐdrH¥$V ì¶dñWm go {d_wŠV hmoH$a A{bá Zr{V H$mo à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m& n§Merb VËdm| Ho$ AmYma na e{º$ amOZr{V go Xÿa hr ahr& ò em§{V, gm¡hmÐ©, nmañn[aH$Vm O¡go gyÌm| H$mo AZwîR>m{ZV H$aZo Ho$ à‘wI H$maU aho& gZ² 1964 ‘| BZH$m {ZYZ hþAm&

‘whå‘X Abr {OÞm

‘wh‘mX Abr {OÞm gZ² 1906 ‘| ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og go OwS>o Am¡a XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr Ho$ {deof H$m¶©Xeu (g{Md) ê$n ‘| H$m¶© aV aho& {VbH$ Ho$ {déX²Y ‘wH$X_m| Ho$ g§X^© ‘o§ CZH$m nj boZo Ho$ H$maU, {OÞm H$mo H$m’$s àe§gm {_br& BÝhm|Zo hmo_ ê$b brJ ‘| Xm{Ibm {b¶m& gZ² 1916 Ho$ AZoH$ gå‘o§bZm| ‘| qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wh‘Xr¶ Ho$ ~rM EH$Vm H$s Amdí¶H$Vm H$mo BÝhm|Zo g‘Pm¶m& amOZr{V ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s Amoa ‘mZo OmZo Ho$ H$maU A§J«oOm| Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m {OÞm Zo {damoY {H$¶m& amoboQ> E³Q>

{OÞm Am¡a Jm±YrOr

(A{Y{Z¶‘) H$m {damoY H$a BÝhm|Zo AnZo H|$Ðr¶ emgZ gbmhH$mar g{‘{V H$mo Ë¶mJnÌ {X¶m& Jmob‘o§b gå‘o§bZ ‘| {OÞm Zo EH$‘mÌ ñd¶§ H$mo amîQ´>r¶dmXr ‘wgb‘mZ Kmo{fV {H$¶m& gZ² 1939 ‘| MwZmd Ho$ ~mX H$m§J«og Am¡a ‘wpñb_brJ gpå‘l gaH$ma ~ZmZo ‘| O~ Ag’$b ahr V~ {OÞm Zo AnZr H$m¶©Zr{V ‘| n[adV©Z {H$¶m& A§J«oOm| Ûmam ñdV§ÌVm nmZm {ZH$Q> AmVo hr {OÞm Zo nm{H$ñVmZ H$s ‘m±J H$mo {d{dY ar{V go VoO H$a {X¶m& A§J«oOm| go ñdV§ÌVm àmá H$aZo Ho$ g‘¶ Xoe {d^mOZ H$a nm{H$ñVmZ àmá {H$¶m&

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^maV H$m {d^mOZ

ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ H$s {Xem ‘| ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og AI§S> amîQ´> H$s H$ënZm {bE Wm& qH$Vw ‘whå‘X Abr {OÞm ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ AbJ amîQ´> H$s ‘m±J aIVo hr aho& g‘² 1940 ‘| hþE ‘wpñb‘ brJ Ho$ bmhm¡a A{YdoeZ ‘| {OÞm Zo qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ H$m EH$ Xoe hmo hr Zhr§ gH$Vm H$h H$a Kmo{fV {H$¶m& {ÛVr¶ ‘hm¶wÕ Ho$ g‘má hmoZo na {~«Q>©Z ‘| _OXÿa nj A{YH$ma ‘| Am¶m& BgZo ^maV Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ g§H$Q> H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZo H$m {Oå_m {b¶m& BgZo Ho${~ZoQ> {Z¶moJ H$mo ^maV ‘| ñd¶§ A{YH$ma XoZo go g§~§{YV ~mVMrV H$aZo H$m {dMma ôOm& Bg {Z¶moJ Zo H$m§J«og Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ brJ Ho$ gmW MMm© H$s& ^maV H$mo ’o$S>ab ñdê$n H$m gaH$ma H$hm& g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m ~wbmZoHo$ {bE VWm‘Ü¶m§Va amîQ´>r¶ gaH$ma H$s ñWmnZmH$s {g’$m[ae H$s& qH$Vw H$m§Jo«g Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ brJ Ho$ ~rM ‘Úm§Va gaH$ma ~ZmZo Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| ‘VôX CËnÞ hþAm& ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ {bE AbJ amîQ´ hoVw gZ² 1946, 16 AJñV> H$mo grYo H$m¶m©MaU {XZ H$s KmofU H$a Xr J¶r& Bggo nyao Xoe ‘| H$m¡‘r X§Jo hmoZo bJo& S>m° ~m~y amO|Ð àgmX H$s AÜ¶jVm ‘| EH${ÌV g§{dYmZ g^m ‘| ‘wpñb‘ brJ Zo {hñgm Zht {b¶m& qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZm| ‘| {d^mOZ H$s BÀN>m A§J«oO ^r aIVo Wo& ~§Jmb {d^mOZ, 1909 Ho$ A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ AZwð>mZ Ho$ g‘¶ A§J«oOm| Ûmam AnZo amOZ¡{VH$ {hVm| H$s ajm Ho$ à¶mg H$mo ^r h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¡§& {d^mOZ H$s OS>| Xoe {d^mOZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V hmo J¶r&

H$m§J«og Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ brJ Ho$ g§~§Y ~S>o Iam~ hmo JE& Bg g‘¶ A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo erK«Vm go A{YH$ma hñVm§VaU H$s ~mV H$s& gZ² 1946 ‘mM© ‘| bmS>© ‘mCÝQ> ~oQ>oZ H$mo ^maV H$m dm¶gam¶ ~ZmH$a ôOm& ~oQ>oZ Zo Jm±YrOr, {OÞm VWm AÝ¶ ZoVmAm| Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV H$aHo$ ^maV {d^mOZ H$mo {Zé{nV {H$¶m& gZ² 1947 OwbmB© ‘| ^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$m _gbm A{Y{Z¶‘ H$m ê$n bo MwH$m Wm& A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ AZwgma gZ² 1947, AJñV 15 H$mo ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Xmo AbJ-AbJ amîQ´>m| H$m CX¶ hþAm& aoS>p³b’$ Am¶moJ Zo BZ Xoem| H$s gr_{ZYm©[aV H$s& n§{S>V Odmha bmb Zohê$ Zo ^maV Ho$ àYmZ ‘§Ìr Ho$ ê$n ‘| à‘mU dMZ ñdrH$ma {H$¶m&

gZ² 1948, 30 OZdar H$mo àmW©Zm g^m H$mo OmVo g‘¶ qhXÿ-‘wpñb‘ ^md¡³¶Vm Ho$ à‘wI Jm±YrOr H$s ZmWyam‘ JmoS>go Zo hË¶m H$a Xr& ^m¡{VH$ én go Jm±YrOr H$m A§V hmoZo na ^r CZH$s g_mZVm H$s BÀN>m, _mZdr` g§doXZmE±, ^md|Š`Vm H$m ñdßZ, _ZwHw$b H$m AmXe© ~Zr hþ`r h¡&

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Aä¶mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dm³¶m| ‘| Imbr ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :-

1. Jm±YrOr H$m OÝ‘ ________ ‘| hþAm&2. O{b¶m±dmbm ~mJ hË¶mH$m§S> _______ A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ {déX²Y Wm &3. Abr ^mB¶m| Ûmam àma§^ {H$¶m J¶m Am§XmobZ ________ Wm&4. ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ {bE AbJ go amîQ´> H$s ‘m±JH$mo ________ Zo ‘§{S>V {H$¶m&5. gZ² 1929 ‘| bmhm¡a _| hþE ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ A{YdoeZ Ho$ AÜ¶j

__________ Wo&6. ‘hX Am¡a H$mbmam‘ ‘§{Xa Am§XmobZ H$s aMZm H$aZo dmbo ________ Wo&7. ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ goZm Ho$ Pm°gr ao{O‘|Q> (nbQ>Z) H$m ZoV¥Ëd ________ Zo {H$¶m&8. Z‘H$ gË¶mJ«h H$mo Jm±YrOr Zo ________ ñWmZ na H$m¶©JV {H$¶m&9. ^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ ________ ‘| hþAm&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV dm³¶m| ‘o§ Imbr ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© ghr {dH$ën Ûmam H$s{OE :-

1. àW‘ Jmob‘oO n[afX² gå‘o§bZ ___________ ‘| hþAm& E) 1930 ~r) 1932 {g) 1931 S>r) 19422. ñdamO nj H$s ñWmnZm H$m df© ___________ h¡& E) 1924 ~r) 1922 {g) 1929 S>r) 19063. ^maVr¶ amîQ>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ h[anwa A{YdoeZ H$s AÜ¶jVm _________ Zo H$s Wr& E) gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob ~r) S>m°.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a {g) bmb bmOnV am` S>r) gw^mf M§Ð ~mog4. ^maV Ho$ bm¡h nwéf H$hbmZo dmbo à{gXY ì¶{º$ _____________ Wo& E) ^JV qgh ~r) Mo§ÐeoIa AmOmX {g) A~wb H$bm‘ AmOmX S>r) gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob

III. {ZåZm§{H$V àíZm| H$m CÎma g‘yh MMm© Ûmam Xr{OE :-

1. Jm±YrOr Ho$ g§Kf© H$s CnbpãY ³¶m Wr?2. Agh¶moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&3. ~§Jmb {d^mOZ H$mo dmng boZo H$m H$maU ³¶m Wm?4. Mm¡ar-Mm¡am KQ>Zm H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

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5. Z‘H$ gË¶mJ«h H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&6. ^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ H$s {d’$bVm H$m H$maU ³¶m Wm?7. ^maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘o§ à‘wI én go XoIo OmZo dmbo J‘©Xb Ho$ ZoVmAm| Ho$

Zm‘ {b{IE&8. Xÿgam ({ÛVr¶) Jmob‘o§O n[afX gå‘o§bZ H$m n[aUm‘ ³¶m Wm?9. ñdV§§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘| gw^mf M§Ð ~mog H$s CnbpãY ³¶m Wr?10. ^maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘| Am{Xdmgr dJ© Ho$ {dÐmoh H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&11. Zohê$ Ho$ àYmZ ‘§Ìr ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX amîQ´> H$mo CZH$s à‘wI XoZ ³¶m Wr? dU©Z

H$s{OE&

IV. H$m¶© H$bmn :-1. ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$m {MÌ g§J«h H$a Ab~‘ V¡¶ma H$s{OE&2. A§VOm©b H$s ghm¶Vm go O{b¶m±dmbm ~mJ, Xm§S>r (S>m§S>r) gË¶mJ«h go g§~§{YV

{MÌm| H$mo gyMZm (OmZH$mar) g{hV g§J«h H$s{OE&3. Jm±YrOr Ho$ gË¶mJ«h Am¡a Aqhgm Ho$ ~mao ‘| ì¶mImZ H$m Am¶moOZ H$s{OE&4. ^maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘§o gw^mf M§Ð ~mog H$m A{^àm¶ {Z~§Y ê$n ‘o§ {b{IE&

V. n[a¶moOZm :-1. ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ nyaH$ ZmQ>H$ dmX {ddmX Am{X H$m Am¶moOZ H$s{OE&

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AÜ¶m¶ - 9ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ^maV

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr &· ^maV {d^mOZ Ho$ n[aUm‘ · {Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ¶m· amÁ¶m| H$m nwZ{d©^mOZ · gaH$ma aMZm H$s g‘ñ¶m· g§ñWmZm| H$m {dbrZrH$aU

15 AmJñV gZ² 1947 H$mo ^maV H$mo Iwer Ho$ gmW-gmW g§H$Q> H$m ^r gm‘Zm H$aZm Wm& ñdV§ÌVm Ag§»¶ ehrXm| Ho$ Ë¶mJ Am¡a ~{bXmZ H$m n[aUm‘ Wr& Xoe {d^mOZ H$m Z¶m àíZ CR> IS>m hþAm& Bg àíZ H$m ZB© gaH$ma go {H$g àH$ma gm‘Zm {H$¶m Bgo OmZZo Ho$ gmW-gmW CgHo$ n[aUm‘ H$mo OmZZm hmoJm&

gd©àW‘, Xoe{d^mOZ go ZB© g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m OÝ‘ hþAm& gmam Xoe ‘Vr¶ PJS>m| ‘o§ \±$gm hþAm Wm& Xmo Z¶o amîQ´>m| go {‘{b`Z (Aa~m§o) bmoJ AnZo ZE OrdZ H$s Amem go AnZo amîQ´> H$m M¶Z H$aZo bJo& ^maV AmE {Zam{lVm| H$s ^moOZ Am¡a CZH$s Amdí¶H$ ‘yb^yV Amdí¶H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© hr EH$ ~S>r g‘ñ¶m hmo J¶r& nm{H$ñVmZ OmZo dmbm| go A{YH$ ^maV AmE bmoJm| H$s g§»¶m JUZr¶ Wr&

Xÿgam, Xoer g§ñWmZm| H$m {dbrZrH$aU ~S>r g‘ñ¶m Wr& bJ^J 562 Xoer g§ñWmZm| ‘| H$B© g§ñWmZ Ama§{^H$ {PPH$ Ho$ H$maU A{Zdm¶© ê$n go ^maV ‘| EH$sH¥$V hþE& qH$Vw CÎma ‘| H$í‘ra OyZmJT> VWm X{jU ‘| h¡Xam~mX g§ñWmZ gabVm go {dbrZ à{H«$¶m ‘| Zht OwS>o& gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob Zo Bgo gdmb Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$a {dO¶ àmá {H$`m& Bg àH$ma Xoe H$s Am§V[aH$ gwajm H$s JB©& gmW hr amîQ´>r¶ ^md¡³¶Vm ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Z¶r à{H«$¶m àma§^ hþ¶r&

Vrgam, {d^mOZ go ^maV H$s AW©ì¶dñWm na J§^ra à^md n‹S>m& H¥${f, CÚmoJ Am¡a dm{UÁ¶ joÌm| H$m nwZn©[aerbZ H$a CÝho§ pñWaVm àXmZ H$aZm Wm& BZ joÌm| na {Z^©a g‘wXm¶m| H$mo ZdrZ Zr{V¶m| H$mo Omar H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam {dídmg {Xbm¶m J¶m& ³¶m|{H$ Cn{Zdoe emhr e{º$ bJ^J T>mB© eVmãXr VH$ ^maV Ho$ g§gmYZm| H$m emofU H$aVr ahr& XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr Zo AnZo “{Zñn§XZ {gÔm§V” ‘| BZ {df¶m| na {dñV¥V MMm© H$s h¡& Mm¡Wm, ^maV H$m AnZo g§{dYmZ H$mo ZdrZ ê$n XoZm EH$ g‘ñ¶m Wr& amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ ê$n go H$mZyZ Ho$ VhV ^maV H$s pñWaVm Ho$ gmW gmW EH$ àOmgËdmË‘H$ JUamÁ¶ H$m CX¶ ^r hmoZm Wm&

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S>m°.~r.Ama A§~oS>H$a H$s AÜ¶jVm ‘| {Z{_©V g§{dYmZ àmén gm{‘{V Zo ^maV H$m {d{eîQ> g§{dYmZ V¡¶ma {H$¶m& BgHo$ Ûmam H$m¶mªJ, emgH$m§J Am¡a-Ý¶m¶m§J g§ñWmE± ~b~Vr hþ¶t& nm±Mdm±, ^maV H$mo XrK© g§Kf© Ûmam àmá ñdV§ÌVm H$mo nS>mogr eÌwAm| go ~MmZm Wm& Bgr n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| AnZr gwajm ì¶dñWm H$mo ‘o§~yV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ ‘mJ© Ty>§‹T>Zo bJo& AmO ^maV H$s ’$m¡O e{º$ {díd H$s {H$gr ^r ’$m¡O e{º$ go H$‘ Zht h¡& Bg e{º$ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ H$X‘m| na h‘o§ Adí¶ Ü¶mZ XoZm Mm{hE&

N>R>dm±, ^maV Om{V Am¡a qbJ g§~§Yr ñdê$n H$s Ag‘mZVm dmbm g‘mO hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZ‘| g‘mZVm Ho$ Ame¶ go g~br H$aU Ho$ ZdrZ ‘mJ© ImoOZm A{Zdm¶© Wm& gmW hr ZdrZ YZ g§~§Yr ì¶dñWm, {dXoe§mJ Zr{V H$m ñdê$n Am{X ‘hmZ ñdê$n Ho$ àíZm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm Wm& BZ g^r gdmbm| Ho$ {bE Zd{Z{‘©V ^maV Zo {díd Ho$ g‘j g~go ~S>o àOmà^wËd H$mo Yrao-Yrao IS>m {H$¶m&

‘Vr¶ PJS>o : {díd Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ¶wX²Y ‘| OmZ J±dmZo go A{YH$ ‘Vr¶ g§Km| ‘o§ OmZ J±dmZo H$s ~mV nVm MbVr h¢& AmO^r Ym{‘©H$ n¥îR>^y{‘ ‘| hmoZo dmbo g§Kf© g^r g‘mOm| ‘| {Za§Va ^¶ H$s g¥{ï> H$aVo h¢& Eo{Vhm{gH$ ê$n go ^maV Xoe H$m AZw^d ^r Bggo {^Þ Zht h¡&

^maV ~hþY‘u amîQ´> h¡& {^Þ {^Þ H$mb gr_m ‘| amOZ¡{VH$ H$maUm| go {dXo{e¶m| Ho$ AmH«$‘Um| Ho$ H$maU ~hþY‘u amîQ´> Ho$ én ‘| ^maV H$m hmoZm Eo{Vhm{gH$ A{Zdm¶©Vm H$mo àX{e©V H$aVm h¡& ¶o {^ÞVm, A§J«oOr àemgZ Ho$ H$mb ‘| CZHo$ Ûmam “\y$Q> S>mb H$a emgZ H$aZo H$s Zr{V” go gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ ‘| amOZ¡{VH$ Ame¶ boZo bJr& ‘Vr¶ g§Kf© H$m ~rO A§V ‘| ‘Vr¶dmX H$s g¥{ï> H$a J¶m& BgràH$ma CËnÞ g§Kfm] ‘| qhXÿ-‘wpñb‘m| Ho$ g§Kf© Zo AZoH$ XþK©Q>ZmAm| H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ g§Kf© Zo AZoH$ XþK©Q>ZmAm| H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ g§Kf© H$mb ‘| “qhXÿ” Am¡a “‘wpñb‘” Zm‘H$ AbJ Apñ‘VmE± àH$me ‘o§ AmZo bJt& n[aUm‘V… gZ² 1947 ‘o§ O~ ^maV ñdV§Ì hþAm, {deofH$a CÎma ^maV nhbo H$^r Z XoIo JE PJS>m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm nS>m& bmIm| bmoJ qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ H$m¡‘dmXr A{¾ ‘| Ob H$a amI hmo JE& Hw$N> hr ‘hrZm| ‘o§ nm±M bmI bmoJ hË¶m Ho ${eH$ma hmo JE& Am¡a hOmam| {H$bo, O‘rZ-Om¶XmX Am{X H$m ZwH$gmZ hþAm& ^maV O~ AnZr ñdV§ÌVm H$mo 15-08-1947 H$mo {Xëbr ‘| ‘Zm ahm Wm V~ Jm±YrOr Zo Zm¡H$mbr Am{X ñWmZm| ‘| PJS>m§o dmbo ñWmZm| na OmH$a gm§ËdZm XoZo H$m H$m_ {H$¶m&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maV Ho$ àW‘ àYmZ‘§Ìr Odmha bmb Zohê$ Ho$ {bE ¶h EH$ ~hþV ~S>m àíZ Wm& Zohê$ Zo àmW{‘H$Vm Ho$ Vm¡a na AnZo g^r àemg{ZH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ {ñW{V¶m| H$m Cn¶moJ H$a Hw$N> hr ‘hrZm| ‘o§ H$m¡_r PJS>m| (X§Jm|) H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV {H$¶m& H$m¡‘r

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X§Jo Ho$ ^¶mZH$ Ñí¶ Zo Zohê$ H$mo OmË¶mVrV amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$¶m& ^maV Ho$ OmË¶mVrV amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ AnZo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Ame¶m| H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {bE ¶o n¥îR> ^y{‘ H$maU ahr& AbJ amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ OÝ‘ H$m {damoY ImZ AãXþb J’$maImZ, ‘m¡bmZm A~wb H$bm‘ Am{X Zo {H$¶m qH$Vw Bgo amoH$m Z Om gH$m&

AmO ^r H$m¡‘r g§Kf© hmo aho h¢& H$m¡‘r g§Kf© Ho$ A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Am¶m‘ h¡§& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ ‘| Y‘© H$mo àË¶oH$ ì¶{º$ H$m {ZOr ‘m_bm H$hm h¡& Y‘©{ZanojVm H$m AmYma h¡, - Xoe H$m {dH$mg hmoZm h¡ Am¡a AmJo ~T>Zm h¡& `hr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ H$m Ame¶ h¡& Bg Ame¶ H$mo g‘PH$a ha ^maVr¶ H$mo OrdZ {~VmZm h¡&

{Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ¶m

Xoe {d^mOZ Ho$ g‘¶ {Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ`m ~S>r g‘ñ`m Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ gm_Zo Am¶r& gZ² 1947 ‘| ñdV§ÌVm nmZo Ho$ g‘¶ AZoH$ {‘{b¶Z bmoJ ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM AnZo ^mdr OrdZ H$m AmYma Ty>±T>Zo H$m à¶mg H$a aho Wo& AnZo AnZo OÝ‘ ñWmZ, Jm±d, eha g~ N>moS>H$a H$B© bmoJm| Zo AnZo Y‘© Ho$ ~hþg§»¶H$ OZm| Ho$ Xoe H$s Amoa ‘wI {H$¶m& ^maV ‘| AmE {Zam{lVm| H$s g§»¶m 6 bmI {‘{b¶Z Wr& {Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ¶m hr ñdmÌ§¶moÎma ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| J§^ra g‘ñ¶m Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ ~‹T>Vr hr J¶r& npíM‘r nm{H$ñVmZ go AmE {Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ¶m bJ^J 1951 VH$ gwbP JB©&

qH$Vw nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ go (dV©‘mZ ~m§½bmXoe) AmZodmbo {Zam{lVm| H$s g§»¶m H$B© dfm] VH$ ~T>Vr hr ahr& ~§Jmb à§mV go OwS>o nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX H$m¡‘r X§Jm| go OyPZm nS>m& n[aUm‘ñdê$n gZ² 1971 VH$ ^r {Zam{lV ñWmZ§mV[aV hmoH$a AmVo aho& ^maV go ‘XX àmá H$a 1971 Ho$ ~m§½bm {d‘moMZ ¶wX²Y Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n bJ^J 10 bmI {Zam{lV ^maV AmE& ^maV gaH$ma Am¡a npíM‘ ~§Jmb, Ag‘, ‘o§Kmb¶ Am¡a {Ìnwam amÁ¶ gaH$ma Zo BZ {Zam{lVm| H$mo Amdí¶H$ gw{dYmE± CnbãY H$amHo$ CÝho ^maV ‘| AnZm ^{dî¶ H$m OrdZ gwYmaZo ‘o§ ghm¶Vm H$s& ~§Jmb go AmE AZoH$ {Zam{lV ~§Jmbr ^mfm go ‘mÌ n[a{MV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~§Jmb ‘| hr ahZo H$m à¶mg H$aVo aho& BgHo$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n npíM‘ ~§Jmb Ho$ àXoe A{YH$ OZg§»¶m Ho$ X~md ‘| AmJE& ^maV gZ² 1960 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ CÎmamY© Am¡a 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ nydm©Y© ‘| ñd`§ hr ~S>o Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> go JwOa ahm Wm& AH$mb go h‘mar Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$ï>H$a hmoZo na ^r {Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo ‘mZdr¶ ñVa na XoI g‘mYmZ {H$¶m J¶m& {Zam{lVm| H$s ~¥hV² g§»¶m Am¡a g‘ñ¶mE± ^maV H$s Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm na Z¡{VH$ê$n go n[aUm‘ S>mb ahr Wr§, {’$a ^r ^maV Zo ‘mZdr¶Vm Z N>moS>r&

Zohê$ Ho$ H$mb go hr {Vã~V go AZoH$ {Zam{lV bmoJ ^maV Am¶o h¢& AZw‘mZV… bJ^J EH$ bmI ~rg hOma {Vã~Vr {Zam{lV ^maV ‘| h¡& gZ² 1960 Ho$ XeH$ ‘| V~

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H$s ‘¡gyé gaH$ma Zo ‘¡gyé {Obo Ho$ ~¡bHw$ßno ñWmZ ‘| {Vã~Vr {Zam{lVm| Ho$ {bE bJ^J 3000 EH$S> O‘rZ ‘§Oya H$s Wr& AmO ¶h eha ñWmZmV[aV hþE {Vã~{V¶m| Ho$ à‘wI H|$Ð ê$n ‘| {dH${gV h¡& BVZr gmar g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ ~rM ^r BZHo$ AmZo go ^mfm Am¡a àXoem| go D$na g§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm Am¡a ^r {dñV¥V ê$n ‘| ~T>r&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ZB© gaH$ma H$s aMZm

15 AmJñQ> 1947 H$mo ^maV O~ ñdV§Ì hþAm, VËH$mbrZ gaH$ma H$s aMZm hþ¶r Am¡a ‘mCÝQ> ~oQ>oZ ^maV H$m JdZ©a OZab ~Zm& Odmhabmb Zohê$ ^maV Ho$ àYmZ‘§Ìr Zo gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$s& gZ² 1950 OZdar 26 H$mo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ bmJy hþAm& g§{dYmZ Ho$ bmJy hmoZo Ho$ ~mX S>m°.~m~y amO|Ð àmgX ^maV Ho$ àW‘ amîQ´>mÜ¶j hþE& g§{dYmZ Zo ^maV H$mo gmd©^m¡{‘H$, àOmgÎmmË‘H$, JUamÁ¶ Kmo{fV {H$¶m& AmJo MbH$a g§{dYmZ Ho$ 42 do AZwÀN>oX Ho$ n[aîH$aU ‘o§ “OmË¶mVrV” Am¡a “g‘mOdmXr” Zm‘H$mXmo A§e gZ² 1976 ‘o§ OmoS>o JE& ^maVr¶ gaH$ma Zo ñdV§Ì Zr{V H$m AZwgaU {H$¶m& ^maV Zo g§gXr¶ àOmà^wËd H$mo AnZm¶m&

AmnH$mo kmV aho :g§gXr¶ àOmà^wËd : {díd Ho$ H$B© g§{dYmZm| VWm AZw^dm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$a

g§{dYmZ H$s aMZmg{‘{V Zo OZVm Ûmam MwZr J¶r g§gX go ¶wº$ g§gX Ho$ loð> Am¡a A§{V_ ({ZpíMV) hmoZo Ho$ {bE A{^àm¶ boH$a g§gXr¶ àOmà^wËd H$mo bmJy {H$¶m J¶m& AÜ¶jr¶ Z‘yZo H$s AdhobZm H$s&

Xoer¶ g§ñWmZm| H$m {dbrZrH$aU

A§J«oO O~ ^maV N>moS> H$a Om aho Wo V~ Xoe ‘| 562

dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob

g§ñWmZ Wo& A§J«oOm| Zo Xoe H$m {d^mOZ H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW BZ g§ñWmZm| Ho$ g‘j VrZ Adga aIo& EH$, ^maV EH$sH$aU ‘| OwS>Zm, Xÿgam nm{H$ñVmZ ‘| OwS>Zm, Vrgam {H$gr ^r Xoe go OwS>H$a ñdV§Ì ê$n go ahZm& Bgr n¥îR>^y{‘ ‘| gZ² 1947 ‘| {dbrZ {Z¶‘ Ho$ AZwgma ^maV gaH$ma Zo g^r Xoer¶ g§ñWmZm| H$mo ^maV EH$sH$aU ‘| OwS>Zo H$mo Amh²dm{ZV {H$¶m& Bg àH$ma {dbrZ hmoZo dmbo H$mo amÁ¶ H$s Am¶ Ho$ AmYma na amOYZ {ZpíMV {H$¶m J¶m& gmW hr Hw$N> gw{dYmE± VWm nX ^r BÝho| {XE JE& AmJo gZ² 1971 ‘| Bg amOYZ VWm BZHo$ nXm| H$mo gaH$ma Zo aX²X H$a {X¶m& g§ñWmZm| Ho$ {dbrZrH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m ‘| OyZmJT>, h¡Xam~mX Am¡a Oå‘yH$í‘ra, ¶o VrZm| g§ñWmZ Vrd« {damoY àH$Q> H$a aho Wo& “bm¡h nwéf” Ho$ Zm‘ go à»¶mV

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^maV$ Ho$ àW‘ J¥h‘§Ìr dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| ^maV Ho$ Xoer¶ g§ñWmZm| H$m {dbrZrH$aU H$m¶©^ma ^br^m±{V nyU© hþAm&

OyZmJT> : BgHo$ Zdm~ Zo AnZo g§ñWmZ H$mo nm{H$ñVmZ ‘| OmoS>Zo H$s BÀN>m go {dbrZrH$aU H$mZyZ (104) na hñVmja {H$¶m&V~ àOm BgHo$ {déX²Y gS>H$ na AmJB©& BgH$m gm‘Zm Z H$a nmZo Ho$ H$maU Zdm~ amÁ¶ N>moS> H$a nbm¶Z H$a J¶m& dhm± Ho$ {XdmZ Ûmam ^maV gaH$ma go ‘m±J Ho$ AmYma na goZm ôO H$a em§{V ñWmnZm H$s JB©& gZ² 1949 ‘| OyZmJT> ^maV EH$sH$aU ‘| OwS> J¶m&

h¡Xam~mX : ¶h g§ñWmZ {ZOm‘ Ho$ AYrZ Wm& BgHo$ ñdV§Ì ahZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ Ho$ H$maU Bggo ^maV ‘| OwS>Zo go ‘Zm H$a {X¶m& Bgr g§X^© ‘| H$å¶y{ZñQ>m| (gmå¶dmXr) Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| Vob§JmZm Ho$ {H$gmZm| H$m geó {damoY {ZOm‘ Am¡a O‘rZXmar Ho$ {déX²Y Mb ahm Wm& {ZOm‘ H$s H«y$a goZm Xb aOmH$ Ho$ ~mao ‘| OZVm ‘| ì¶mnH$ à{VamoY Wm& V~ ^maV gaH$ma Zo goZm ôOH$a {ZOm‘ H$mo ham¶m Am¡a h¡Xam~mX g§ñWmZ H$mo gZ² 1948 ‘| ^maV ‘| {dbrZ H$a {b¶m& gaXma nQ>ob Ho$ ÑT> {ZíM¶ go Bg Ag‘§Og H$s pñW{V go ‘w{º$ {‘br&

Oå‘y H$í‘ra : Oå‘y H$í‘ra Ho$ amOm h[aqgh Zo ^r ñdV§Ì ahZo H$m {ZíM¶ {H$¶m Wm& Oå‘y H$í‘ra ^maV ‘| Z {‘b OmE Bg ^¶ go BÝhm|Zo nm{H$ñVmZ-H$í‘ra KmQ>r Ho$ ‘wgb‘mZ Am{Xdmgr OZm| H$mo AmH«$‘U H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$¶m& nm{H$ñVmZr goZm H$s ghm¶Vm go nR>mZ Am{Xdmgr bmoJm| Zo ^maV Ho$ àXoem| ‘o§ KwgZo H$m à¶mg H$a H$m’$s àXoem| na AmH«$‘U ^r {H$¶m& ^maVr¶ h[aqgh H$s ^maV EH$sH$aU H$s gå‘{V Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dhm± ^maVr¶ goZm àdoe Zht H$a gH$Vr Wr& Bg g‘¶ H$s J§^raVm H$mo g‘P amOm h[aqgh Zo gZ² 1947 AŠVy~a ‘| ^maV ‘| H$í‘ra Ho$ {dbrZr H$aU na hñVmja {H$E& VËníMmV² ^maVr¶ goZm Zo nm{H$ñVmZr ghm¶H$ goZm H$mo nrN>o ^Jm¶m& Bgr g‘¶ Bg {df` H$mo {díd g§ñWm VH$ bo Om¶m J¶m& {eH$m¶V XO© H$s J¶r& {díd g§ñWm Zo ¶wX²Y {dam‘ H$m AmXoe gZ² 1949, 1 OZdar H$mo {X¶m& nm{H$ñVmZ Ûmam AmH«${‘V H$í‘rar dm¶ì¶ (CÎma-npíM‘r) àXoe “nmH$ AmH«${‘V àXoe” H$h H$a AmO ^r nwH$mam OmVm h¡& eofg^r g§ñWmZm| Ho$ {dbrZ go H$í‘ra H$m {dbrZ hmoZm {d{eï> ahm&

nm§{S>Moar : ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX \«$m§gr{g¶m| Zo Cn{Zdoe nm§{S>Moar, H$ma¡H$b, ‘mho Am¡a M§ÐZJa na AnZr nH$S> ~ZmE aIr& BZ ñWmZm| H$mo ^maV ‘| {‘bmZo Ho$ {bE H$m§J«og, g‘mOdmXr Am¡a AÝ¶ g§KQ>Zm| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| g§Kf© Ho$ ’$bñdê$n gZ² 1954 ‘| ¶o àXoe ^maV ‘| {‘b JE& gZ² 1963 ‘| n§{S>Moar ^maV H$m H|$Ð em{gV àXoe hþAm&

Jmodm : nwV©J{b¶m| Ho$ Cn{Zdoe ê$n ‘| eof aho Jmodm H$mo ^maV ‘| {‘bmZo Ho$ {Za§Va Am§XmobZ hmoVo aho& Jmodm H$mo ‘wŠV H$amZo Ho$ {bE AmXoe XoZo na ^r nwV©Jmbr PwHo$ Zhr§, CÝhm|Zo A’«$sH$m, VWm ¶yamon go goZm ‘±Jm H$a Am§XmobZ H$m X‘Z {H$¶m Am¡a AnZm A{YH$ma

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‘o§~yV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& gZ² 1955 ‘| ^maV Ho$ {d{dY ^mJm| go gË¶mJ«hr AmE Am¡a Jmodm go Cn{Zdoe emhr H$mo ^JmH$a Cgo {d‘moMZ {XbmZo H$m g§Kf© àma§^ {H$¶m& gZ² 1961 ‘| ^maV H$s goZm Zo ‘Ü¶ ‘| àdoe H$a Jmodm H$mo de ‘| H$a {b¶m& gZ² 1957 VH$ Jmodm H|$Ð em{gV àXoe ahm & VËníMmV² amÁ¶ ~Zm&

^mfmB© Vm¡a na amÁ¶m| H$s aMZm

ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ g‘¶ àma§^ hþAm ¶h g§Kf© ^maV Ho$ ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r Omar ahm& ¶h à‘wI àOmgÎmmË‘H$ Am§XmobZ Wm& OZVm H$mo CÎm‘ àemgZ XoZo Ho$ {bE ^mfm H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ grJmE± ~ZmZo H$m X~md à~b hþAm& A§J«oO Am¡a Xoer¶ g§ñWmZ XmoZm| ‘| OZVm Ûmam ~mobr OmZo dmbr ^mfm ‘| àemgZ Zhr§ Mb ahm Wm& Bgr n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| nyao Xoe ‘| ^mfmB© Vm¡a na amÁ¶m| H$s aMZm H$s nwH$ma Vrd« hþB©& {demb Am§Y«amÁ¶ H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE Am§Y«‘hmg^m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| gZ² 1952 ‘| nmo{Å> lram‘wby Zo 58 {XZm| H$m Cndmg aI gË¶mJ«h {H$¶m Am¡a ‘¥Ë¶w H$mo àmá hþE& VË¶íMmV² ¶h ‘m±J Am¡a VrúU ê$n bo MwH$s Wr& BgHo$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n àW‘ ^mfmB© amÁ¶ Ho$ ê$n ‘| gZ² 1953 ‘| Am§Y«àXoe H$s aMZm hþB©& gZ² 1953 ‘| gaH$ma Zo amÁ¶ nwZ{d©^mOZ Am¶moJ H$s aMZm H$s& Bg‘| ’$Ob Abr AÜ¶j aho Am¡a Ho$. E‘. n{U³H$a Am¡a EM.EZ.Hw§$O«y gXñ¶ Wo& Bg Am¶moJ H$s anQ> Ho$ AZwgma gZ² 1956 ‘| amÁ¶ nwZ{d©^mOZ H$mZyZ Omar hþAm& BZ H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma V~ Xoe ‘| 14 amÁ¶ Am¡a 6 H|$Ð em[gV àXoem| H$s aMZm hþ¶r&

H$ÞS> ~mobZo dmbo àXoe Hw$N> g§ñWmZm| H$s Amoa Mbo JE Wo& BZ g^r Ho$ EH$Vm H$aZo H$s ‘m±J Ho$ {bE A{Ib H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U n[afX Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| AmÝXmobZ hþAm& A§V ‘| gZ² 1956, 1 Zd§~a H$mo {demb “‘¡gya amÁ¶” ApñVËd ‘| Am¶m& AmJo MbH$a gZ² 1973 ‘| “H$Zm©Q>H$” Ho$ Zm‘ go nwZ… Zm‘H$aU hþAm& AmO ^maV ‘| Hw$b 29 amÁ¶ Am¡a 7 H|$Ð em{gV àXoe VWm {Xëbr amîQ´> H$s amOYmZr h¡& (National Capital Territory Of Delhi)

Aä¶mg

I. [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE :-

1. H§$nZr Ho$ A§{V_ JdZ©a OZab ________ Wo&

2. ^maV Ho$ àW‘ J¥h‘§Ìr> _______ Wo&

3. ^maV Ho$ àW‘ amï´>mÜ¶j ________ Wo&

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4. $nm§{S>Moar ^maV Ho$ H|$Ð em{gV àXoe Ho$ ê$n ‘| ________ ‘| OwS>m&

5. amÁ¶ nwZ{d©^mOZ H$mZyZ gZ² ________ ‘| bmJy hþAm&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma g‘yh MMm© Ûmam Xr{OE :-

1. ^maV H$mo AnZr ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ g‘¶ {H$Z {H$Z g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m gm¶Zm H$aZm nS>m?

2. {Zam{lVm| H$s g‘ñ¶m H$m gm‘Zm Xoe Zo {H$g àH$ma {H$¶m?

3. nm§{S>Moar H$mo ’«$m§gr{g¶m| go {H$g àH$ma ‘w³V H$am¶m J¶m?

4. nwV©Jm{b¶m| go Jmodm H$mo H¡$go ‘w³V H$am¶m J¶m?

5. ^mfmB© Vm¡a na àm§Vmo§ Ho$ {d^mOZ H$m H«$‘ ³¶m Wm?

III. {H«$¶m H$bmn :-

1. ^maV H$m Z³em ~ZmH$a amÁ¶m| H$mo Zm‘m§{H$V H$s{OE&

IV. n[a¶moOZm :-

1. ^maV Ho$ àË¶oH$ amÁ¶ H$s ‘mV¥^mfm, CgH$s amOYmZr H$mo nhMm{ZE&

2. AnZo nS>mogr amÁ¶m| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deofVm Ho$ ~mao ‘| {ejH$ H$s ghm¶Vm go Am¡a A§VOm©b H$s ghm¶Vm go [anmoQ>© V¡¶ma H$s{OE&

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AÜ¶m¶ - 1020dr§ eVmãXr Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ Am`m_

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr &· àW_ _hm`wX²Y · ég H$s H«$m§{V· gdm©{YH$m[a`m| H$m CX` · {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y· MrZ H$s H«$m§{V · erV `wX²Y· A_o[aH$m H$m CX`

àW_ _hm`wX²Y

gZ² 1914 go nyU© `yamon Ho$ à~b amîQ´> {~«Q>oZ, O_©Zr, \«$m§g, BQ>br, AmñQ´>m|-h§Jo[a`Z gm_«mÁ` VWm égr Cn{Zdoem| na A{YH$ma O_mZo Ho$ {bE {Za§Va g§Kf© hmoVo aho& Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Am¡a ZdrZ Am{dîH$ma `yamonr` Xoem| _| VoOr go à{VñnYm© CËnÞ H$a aho Wo& ^maV g{hV {díd Ho$ H$B© Xoem| Ho$ ~mOma Am¡a dhm± Ho$ g§gmYZm| H$mo H$ãOo _| H$aZo H$s Xþamem go ò `yamonr` Xoe Cn{Zdoer g|Y bJmZo bJo& Bg à{H«$`m go CËnÞ g§H$sU© g_Pm¡{V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m g§~§Yr g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Ádb§V ~ZmZo bJo& ò `yamon Ho$ ~bembr Xoem| Ho$ ~rM e{º$ g§VwbZ H$mo S>m±dmS>mob H$a ahm Wm&

Bggo àËòH$ ~bembr amï´> Zo ^mar _mÌm _| g¡Ý`rH$aU {H$`m& AZoH$ _¡Ìr g§~§Ym| H$m Am`moOZ hþAm& AË`{YH$ amï´>r`Vm `hm±-dhm± {dH${gV hþ`r& gm_«mÁ`dmX H$s Zr{V ~bdVr hþ`r& àW_ _hm`wX²Y Zo BZ Xoem| H$mo Xmo {damoYr Xbm| _| {d^º$ H$a {X`m& {~«Q>oZ, \«$m§g Am¡a ég Ho$ `wX²Y _¡Ìr Ì` H$hbmE Vmo O_©Zr, AmpñQ´>`m h§Joar Am¡a BQ>br `wX²Y Ho$ gm¡hmÐmoÌ` H$hbmE& WmoS>o g_` _| hr BQ>br {damoYr Xb _| em{_b J`m& `wX²Y Ho$ Vrd« hmoVo hmoVo g^r Xbmo§ _| n[adV©Z hmo J`m&

àW_ _hm`wX²Y gZ² 1914 go gZ² 1918 VH$ Mbm& `wX²Y Ho$ àma§{^H$ H$maU Wo - 28 OwbmB© H$mo AmpñQ´>`m Ho$ amOHw$_ma AmH©$‹S>`yH$ \«$m§{gg \${S>©Z|S> H$s hË`m hmo J`r& nyar KQ>Zm go AmpñQ´>`m Am¡a g{b©`m Xoem| Ho$ ~rM Vwa§V _Z_wQ>md n¡Xm hmo J`m& `wX²Y Ho$ àma§^ _| A_o[aH$m VQ>ñW ahm& ég O_©Zr Ho$ {déX²Y hmo J`m& `wX²Y Ho$ A§{V_ Ma_ _§o n[apñW{V ~Xb J`r& A_o{aH$m Zo {~«Q>oZ Am¡a \«$m§g H$m gmW {X`m& gZ² 1917 Zd§~a _| ê$g _| g_mOdmXr H«$m§{V hþ`r, {Oggo O_©Zr Ho$ gmW `wX²Y g§~§Yr g_Pm¡Vm H$a `wX²Y go ég nrN>o hQ> J`m& _¡ÌrÌ`m| Ho$ AmH«$_U go OO©a O_©Zr `wX²Y Omar Z H$a nmZo H$s pñW{V _o§ hma _mZ J`m&

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_¡ÌrÌ` Zo gZ² 1919 _| {deofH$a O_©Zr Ho$ AË`§V An_mZOZH$ dg}ëg g_Pm¡Vo na hñVmja {H$E& AmñQ´>m|-h§Joar Am¡a AmQ>mo_Z gm_«mÁ`m| Zo AnZm ApñVËd Imo {X`m& O_©Zr Zo AnZo H$m\$s àXoe Imo {XE& `yamon H$m ZŠem hr ~Xb J`m& H$B© N>moQ>o ñdV§Ì amï´> ApñVËd _| AmE& AmJm_r g§^dZr` `wX²Ym| H$mo amoH$Zo H$s Ñ{ï> go amîQ>g§K (brJ Amm°\$ ZoeÝg) H$s aMZm gZ² 1919 _| hþ`r& nam{OV amîQ´>m| _| ~T>Vr An_mZOZH$ ^mdZmE± CJ« amîQ´>rH$Vm H$m H$maU ~Zr; O_©Zr na bmXoJE `wÕ Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$s ânmB© Am¡a AÝ` {ZO©Z go ~hm± H$s OZVm na n[aUm_ (à^md) nS>m& ~oamoOJmar, Jar~r, [dH$mg H$mnVZ Am{X go CËnÞ {Zamem O_©Z CÚmoJn{V AnZo bm^ Ho$ {bE BgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m& {ÛVr` {díd `wX²Y Ho$ H$maU {hQ>ba O¡go gdm©{YH$mar Ho$ {dH$mg _| `h ghm`H$ ahm& {~«Q>oZ, \«$m§g, O_©Zr Am¡a A_o[aH$m Ho$ eñÌmó V¡`ma H$aZo dmbo ì`nmar Anma_mÌm _| bm^ H$_mZo bJo&

AmnH$mo kmV aho : àW_ _hm`wX²Y _o XmoZmo§ Xbm| Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ VWm g¡{ZH$m| g{hV bJ^J 1,00,00,000 bmoJm| Zo AnZr OmZo§ J±dm`r& 2,00,00,000 (H§$amoS>) bmoJ Km`b hþE VWm 35,00,000 bmoJ emídV ê$n go {dH$bm§J hmo JE& {H$gr ^r `wX²Y àH$ma _| àW_ _hm`wX²Y ^r Hw$N> bmoJm| Ho$ bm^ Ho$ {bE hmoS> _| hþAm Wm& qH$Vw Anma OmZ _mb H$s hm{Z hþ`r&

ég H$s H«$m§{V

ég {díd Ho$ eof g^r àXoem| go {dñV¥V {demb Xoe h¡& 19 dr§ eVmãXr _| ég na Pma amOmAm| H$m emgZ Wm& do AnZo go {ZåZ Hw$brZ, O_rZXma, {H$gmZ Am¡a Jar~ dJ© H$m emofU H$aVo aho& N>moQ>o ñVa na {dH${gV hmo aho ny±Orn{V dJ© _OXÿam| Am¡a AÝ` H$m emofU H$a aho Wo& Pma MH«$d{V©`m| Ho$ àemgZ go bmoJ H$m\$s V§J Am JE Wo& Pma emhr H$mo amï´>r`Vm H$m H$mamJ¥h H$hm J`m& gZ² 1905 _| OmnmZ O¡go N>moQ>o Xoe Ûmam ég H$mo nam{OV H$aZo na Xoe _| Pma amOmAm| Ho$ {déX²Y à{VamoY ì`º$hþAm& {Oggo AZoH$ X§Jo hþE& _OXÿa gmd©{ÌH$ hS>Vmb H$aZo bJo& H$maImZm| Ho$ _OXÿa Am¡a Jm±dm| Ho$ {H$gmZ eó boH$a bS>Zo bJo& Bgo Pma H$s goZm Zo ~S>r {ZX©`Vm go Hw$Mb S>mbm& Bg AZw^d go AmJo dmëS>r_ra B>{bM bo{ZZ Zo {H$gmZ Am¡a _OXÿam| H$mo H«$m§{VH$mar _mJ©Xe©Z {X`m& Bggo l_ H$aZo dmbo bmoJ g§Kf© _| ~S>r _mÌm _| ^mJ boZo bJo& Bgr g§X^© _| bo{ZZ Xoe ^«îQ> H$hm J`m& hS>Vmbm| H$s â_ma go ê$g H$m A§{V_ emgH$ {ZH$mobg {ÛVr` Xoe N>moS>H$a nbm`Z H$aJ`m& {H$`m& Bgo hr gZ² 1917 H$s "\$adar H$s H«$m§{V' H$hm OmVm h¡& CXmadmXr _oÝg{dH$m| Zo A{YH$ma J«hU {H$`m BÝhm|Zo ég H$mo àOmà^wËd JUamÁ` Kmo{fV {H$`m&

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Bg g_` Xoe^«ï> bo{ZZ Zo ê$g dmng AmH$ma ég H$s OZVm H$mo gabVm nyU© em§{V, ^moOZ VWm ^y{_ (O_rZ) Zm_H$ OmZVm Ho$ nj _| KmofUm (Zmam) {X`m& Bg_| _OXÿa Am¡a J«m_rU Jar~ bmoJm| Zo H$m\$s _mÌm _| _XX Am¡a g_W©Z {X`m& l_H$aZo dmbm| Ho$ nj H$m ZoV¥Ëd ~moë`{dH$ Zo gZ² 1917 AŠVy~a _| H$a H«$m§{V àma§^ H$s& bo{ZZ Zo H«$m§{V Xb _| {_b H$a Zd§~a 7 H$mo ê$g H$mo g_mOdmXr JUamÁ` Kmo{fV {H$`m& Bgo ég H$s ""Aºy$~a H$s H«$m§{V'' H$hVo h¢& bo{ZZ ê$g H$s gaH$ma H$m ghm`H$ ~Zm& bo{ZZ Ho$ AÜ`j hmoVo hr gmar O_rZ {H$gmZm| Ho$ hH$ _| Kmo{fV hmo J`r& g^r ì`m_r`m| H$mo {Z…ewëH$ {ejm Iob, ñdmñÏ`, Amdmg XoZo O¡gr Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ Zr{V`m| H$mo bmJy {H$`m J`m& H$mb© _mŠg© Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ g_mOdmXr qMVZ H$mo àm`mo{JH$ ê$n go àW_ ~ma bo{ZZ Zo hr bmJy {H$`m& `h _mZd Hw$b Ho$ B{Vhmg _| OmZr OmZ| dmbr gm_m{OH$ nX²Y{V Wr& gZ² 1924 _| bo{ZZ, Bgo {dH${gV H$aVo hþE _wË`w H$mo àmá hmo J`m&

VËníMmV² ê$g Ho$ AÜ`j Omogoßn ñQ>m{bZ Zo ég H$mo A_o[aH$m Ho$ g_mZ {Z{`©V H$aZo _o _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mB©& BgHo$ Ûmam bmJy n§Mdfu` `moOZmhm±& go ég Ho$ {dH$mg H$m _mJ© hr ~Xb J`m& ég Zo A§V[aj {dkmZ Ho$ joÌ _| {díd H$m àW_ _mZd g{hV CnJ«h ôOm& `yarJJm[aZ {díd H$m àW_ JJZ`mÌr Wm& ^maV Zo ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX n§Mdfu` `moOZm H$m Z_yZm ê$g go hr nm`m& {ÛVr` _hm`wÕ Ho$ ~mX ég Zo g_mOdmXr Xoem| Ho$ Xb H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& E{e`m, A\«$sH$m Am¡a X{jU A_o[aH$m Ho$ Xoem| H$mo _w{º$ hoVw g§Kf© _| AnZm g_W©Z {X`m& ég H$mo ~bembr Xoe ~ZmZo H$s à{H«$`m _| ñQ>m{bZ Zo H$B© Jb{V`m± H$s¨& gm_mOdmXr àOmà^wËd H$mo _O~yV ~ZmZo H$m H$m`© gZ² 1985_| ½bmgZmoËg Am¡a gZ² 1987 _| noaoómo{WH$ Ho$ Zm_ go gwYma H$a CZ {XZm| Ho$ gmo{d`V `y{Z`Z AÜ`j Jmo~m©Mod Ûmam bmJy hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ég _| g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm T>rbr n‹S> J`r Am¡a gmo{d`V `y{Z`Z {dK{Q>V hwE&

AmnH$mo kmV aho :noaoñÌmo{`H$ Am¡a ½bmgZmoËg : gmo{d`V gmå`dmXr nj Ûmam àñVwV g_J« gwYma, Xoe H$m

{dH$mg Am¡a àOmà^wËd H$s AmbmoMZm O¡gm àñVmd Jmodm©Mod Zo OZVm Ho$ gm_Zo bmZo Ho$ {bE Xmo eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m do eãX hr noaoómo{`H$ Am¡a ½bmgZmoËg Wo&

noaoóm|{`H$ H$m AW© h¡ - nwZa©MZm& ½bmgZmoËg H$m AW© h¡ - _wŠVVm&

bo{ZZ

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gdm©{YH$marJU{hQ>ba : àW_ _hm`wX²Y Ho$ ~mX CËnÞ n[apñW{V go O_©Zr _| {hQ>ba Am¡a BQ>br

_| _wgmo{bZr Ho$ gdm©{YH$ma Ho$ ApñVËd H$m CX` hþAm& {hQ>ba O_©Zr H$m Mm§gba (Hw$bn{V) ~Zm VËníMmV² AÜ`j qhS>oZdJ© Ho$ _aUmonam§V gdm©{YH$mar ~Z J`m& {hQ>ba \$²`yhaa ~Zm& {hQ>ba Ho$ à~bVm àmá H$aZo VH$ O_©Zr _| gmå`dmXr Am¡a g_mOdmXr bmoJ ~bembr hmo MwHo$ Wo& Bg n¥ð>^y{_ _| O_©Z CÚmoJn{V`m| H$s nyar ghm`Vm àmáH$a {hQ>ba Zo BZH$m X_Z {H$`m& _OXÿa g§Km| H$mo aX²X H$a {X`m& amOZ¡{VH$ Xbm| H$m {ZfoY {H$`m& ZmOrXb H$mo EH$_mÌ amOZ¡{VH$ nj Kmo{fV {H$`m&

`hÿXr bmoJm| Ûmam {díd na {Z`§ÌU Z hmo OmE Bg ^` Am¡a D$hmnmoh Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo bmoJm| _§o nZnm H$a CÝh| ^`^rV H$a {X`m& {díd _| O_©Z Am`©Om{V Ho$ bmoJ hr loð> h¢, Bg ^mdZm H$mo AmJo aI à~bê$n go hmdr ahm& BZ g~ H$m`moª Ho$ {bE {hQ>ba Zo ZmOrdmX H$m AZwgaU {H$`m& BgH$m gmam§e h¡ {díd _o loð> Om{V go VmËn`© Am`© O_©Z Om{V hr h¡& {díd _| emgZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ho$db O_©Z hr loð> h¡& eof Om{V Ho$ bmoJ Ho$db CÝgo em{gV hmoZo Ho$ `mo½` h¢& O_©Zm| H$s g^r g_ñ`mAm| H$m H$maU `h²Xr Wo& BZHo$ gmW gmå`dmXr (H$å`y{ZñQ>), H¡$Wmo{bH$ bmoJ, g_mOdmXr ^r H$maU aho& ò OrZo Ho$ ^r `mo½` Zht, Eogr YmaU dmbm CJ« amîQ´>r` dmX ~So A_mZdr`ê$n _| bmJy hmo J`m& Cggo Om{V g§~§Yr Ûof H$m àgma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ""Jmo~oëg'' Zm_H$ {deof _§Ìr H$mo {Z`wŠV {H$`m& X§Jo \$gmX H$am Ho$ bmoJm| _| ^` n¡XmH$aZo Ho$ {bE ""^yar Hw$Vu'' Zm_H$ H«y$a Xb H$m àma§^ {H$`m&

Bg {Xem _| {hQ>ba gm_y{hH$ hË`m Am¡a Za~{b H$amH$a B{Vhmg _| AË`§V Hw$»`mV hmo J`m& EH$ AZw_mZ go H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BgZo 6 {_{b`Z `hþXr, H$amoS>m| go A{YH$ AÝ` bmoJm| H$s hË`m H$admB©& Bg Ho$ gm_y{hH$ hmË`mH$m§S> H$mo hmobmoH$mñQ> (gd©Zme) H$hVo h¡& gZ² 1935 _| Ý`ya|~J© H$mZyZ H$mo {hQ>ba Zo bmJy {H$`m& ImZm-nmZr {~Zm Hw$N> {XE CÝh| Jwbm_m| H$s Vah _OXÿar H$admZo dmbo ""H$mg§Q´>oeZ H¢$ßg'', go amoeZr hdm a{hV M|~a _| bmoJm| H$mo YHo$bH$a {df`wº$ hdm N>moS>H$a CÝho OmZ go _mam OmVm Wm& BVZm hr Zht BgZo gm_y{hH$ ê$n go Jmobr MbmH$a hË`m H$s AÝ` Eogr hr H$B© Za~{b`m± Xt& Bg àH$ma BgZo ~ƒm|, _{hbmE±, ~yT>o g^r H$mo gm_y{hH$ én go _maZo Ho$ {bE {deof Xb H$s aMZm

{hQ>ba

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H$s Wr& BgZo gånyU© à^wËd `§Ì H$ao Za~{b Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$`m& nyao {dídna {dO` àmá H$aZo Am¡a O_©Z Am`m] H$s loð>Vm bmJy H$aZo H$s _hËdmH$m§jm hr {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y Ho$ à_wI H$maUm| _o§ EH$ Wr& "{hQ²>ba OmVr` Ûof' H$m AÜ`m` `wX²Y _| CgH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ gmW g_má hmo J`m&

_wgmo{bZr : 20dr§ eVr Ho$ Ama§^ _| `yamon _| hþE gm_m{OH$ AmÝXmobZ, àW_ _hm`wX²Y Ho$ Xþn[aUm_ Am¡a ê$g H$s àJ{V H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| {damoYr amOZ¡{VH$ Xb Ho$ ê$n _| _wgmo{bZr H$m \$m{gñQ> dmX àH$me _| Am`m& CJ« amîQ´>r`dmX, naH$s` em{º$`m| H$m Zme, qhgm H$m Vm§S>d, OmVr` loð>Vm, gm_«mÁ`dmX {dñVma, Za~{b H$mo g_W©Z, ò g~ \$m{gñQ> dmX H$s {deofVm ahr h¢&

gZ² 1922 go 1943 VH$ BQ>br H$m à_wI _wgmo{bZr ""amîQ´>r` \$m{gñQ> nj'' H$m g§íWmnH$ Wm& BgZo gZ² 1925 _| BQ>br _| àOmà^wËd H$mo g_má H$a H$mZyZr Vm¡a go gdm©{YH$ma àmá {H$`m& AnZo Jwá nw{bg H$s ghm`Vm go g^r amOZ¡{VH$ {damoYm| H$m Zme {H$`m& _OXÿam| H$s h‹S>Vmb H$m {ZfoY {H$`m& EH$ njr` gdm©{YH$ma H$s ñWmnZm H$s& {hQ>ba Ho$ gmW {_bH$a {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y _| bmIm| bmoJm| H$s _¥Ë`w H$m H$maU ~Zm& gZ² 1945 _| BgH$s hË`m H$a Xr JB©&

{ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y

àW_ _hm`wÕ Ho$ ZwH$gmZ, OmZ-_mb H$s hm{Z H$mo ^ybZo go nyd© hr {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y gZ² 1939 Ho$ 1 {gV§~a H$mo ZmOr O_©Zr Zo nmob¢S> na AmH«$_U H$a àma§^ H$a {X`m& {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y g§^dV… _mZdr` B{Vhmg _| hmoZo dmbo `wX²Y _| AË`§V ~S>m Am¡a `wX²Y Wm& 30 go ^r A{YH$ Xoemo Zo Bg `wX²Y _| grYo-grYo ^mJ {b`m& `h gZ² 1939 go gZ² 1945 VH$ Mbm& g_¥X²Y Xoe àW_ _hm`wX²Y _| YZ ì`` H$a MwHo$ Wo n[aUm_V… gZ² 1930 Ho$ XeH$ _| _hmZ Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hþ`r& Bggo `yamon Am¡a A_o[aH$m _| g§H$Q> H$s pñW{V n¡Xm hmo JB©& bmoJm| H$m OrdZ ñVa Vrd«Vm go {Ja J`m& CÚmoJ VWm H¥${f {dH$mg pñWa hmo J`m& ~oamoOJmar AË`{YH$ ~T> JB©& àW_ _hm`wX²Y H$s hma, An_mZ OZH$ g_Pm¡Vo, Anma hm{Z H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| O_©Zr Am¡a `yamon Ho$ H$B© Xoem| _| amîQ´>r`dmX H$s CJ«Vm Vrd« hmo J`r& O_©Zr Am¡a `yamon Ho$ AÝ` Xoem| _| ~¥hV CÚmoJn{V`m| Zo CJ« amîQ´>r`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ~S>r _mÌm _| YZ {XE& CgH$m Cn`moJ H$a ~Xbm boZo Am¡a K_§S> go Am§XmobZm| H$mo ewé {H$`m J`m& O_©Zr _| {hQ>ba> Am¡a BQ>br _| _wgmo{bZr O¡g¡ gdm©{YH$mar CËnÞ hþE& nydu E{e`m _| AnZo gm_«mÁ` {dñVma Ho$ {bE MrZ na OmnmZ Zo AmH«$_U {H$`m&

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{ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y _| Xmo {damoYr eÌwXb (Axis) Am¡a {_ÌXb (Allies) H$s aMZm hþ`r& E{Šgg Xb _| O_©Zr, BQ>br Am¡a OmnmZ Xoe VWm Ebrg Xb _| {~«Q>oZ, \«$m§g, ég Am{X Xoe aho& nmob¢S> na O_©Zr Ho$ AmH«$_U H$aVo hr {~«Q>oZ Zo nmob¢S> H$m {_Ì amîQ´> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU O_©Zr Ho$ {déX²Y `wX²Y H$s KmofUm H$s& qH$Vw dmñVd _| {~«Q>oZ Vwa§V nmob¢S> H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE AmJo Z Am`m& dh O_©Zr Ho$ de _| hmo J`m& Bgr g§X^© _| ég _| gmå`dmX ì`dñWm Ho$ hmoZo go {~«Q>oZ, \«$m§g, A_o[aH$m Am{X Xoe {hQ>ba Ho$ ég na AmH«$_U H$s BÀN>m aIVo Wo& Bgo OmZH$a ê$g Zo gZ² 1939, 24 AJñV H$mo O_©Zr Ho$ gmW `wX²Y a{hV g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`m& Bg àH$ma {hQ>ba Zo nyd© H$s ~Om` npíM_ H$s Amoa AmH«$_U {H$`m& BQ>br Ho$ gmW g_Pm¡Vm H$a {hQ>ba Zo S>oZ_mH©$ Zmd}, hm±b¡S>§, Xoem| g{hV H$B© npíM_r `yamonr` Xoem| H$mo AnZo de _| H$a {b`m& gZ² 1941 _| gmo{d`V ê$g H$s Amoa {hQ>ba H$s ZOa JB©& Bggo ê$g H$mo `wX²Y _o ^mJ boZm hr nS>m& Bgr g_` OmnmZ {hQ>ba H$s Amoa {_b J`m& no{g{\$H$ (àem§V) _hmgmJa npíM_r ^mJ _| A_o[aH$m Am¡a `yamonr` àXoe na AmH«$_U H$a H$B© àXoem| na OmnmZ Zo A{YH$ma H$a {b`m&

BQ>br Am¡a O_©Zr Zo CÎmar A\«$sH$m Ho$ A§J«oOr Cn{Zdoe Am¡a ñdoOZha H$mo AnZo de _| H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Am¡a hma Jò& gZ² 1942 ñQ>m{bZJ«mS> `wX²Y _| O_©Z Xbm| H$mo ég Zo ham {X`m& O_©Zr H$mo gZ² 1943 _| nydu `yamon _| ~ma-~ma hma H$m gmgZm H$aZm nS>m& Bg_| ê$g H$s à_wI ^y{_H$m ahr& {_ÌXbm| Zo BQ>br na H$ãOm {H$`m& OmnmZ H$mo hamH$a npíM_r àem§V Ûrnm| H$mo A_o[aH$mZo dmng nm {b`m _| ég Ho$ bmb Hw$Vu g¡{ZH$m| Zo _hmZ ~T>V nm`r Am¡a npíM_r amï´>m| Ho$ AmH«$_U go O_©Zr eaU _o§ Am`m Am¡a ~{b©Z H$m nVZ hþAm& gZ² 1945 _| {hQ>ba Zo AmË_hË`m H$a br& BgHo$ gmW hr `yamon _| `wX²Y H$m A§V hþAm& gZ² 1945 _| OmnmZ Ho$ {hamo{e_m Am¡a ZmJmgmH$s na A_o[aH$m Zo {díd H$m gd©àW_ AUw~_ ~agm`m& Bggo bmIm| bmoJ _a JE& BgHo$ Xþîn[aUm_ OmnmZ AmO ^r ^wJV ahm h¡& gZ² 1945, 15 AJñV H$mo OmnmZ nyU© ê$n go eaU _| Am J`m& gmW hr {_Ì Xb `wX²Y _§o nyU©ê$n go {dO`r hþAm&

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\«$m§g Am{X amîQ´>m| Zo AnZo de _| pñWV H$B© Cn{Zdoe Imo {XE& ^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$mo Bgr n¥ð>ey{_ _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& A_o[aH$m Zo AUw Aóm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m Wm AV… `h ~¥hV² Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` AUwAñÌm| H$s hmoS> H$m _mJ© ~Z J`m&

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{díd H$s àmMrZ gä`Vm Am| Am¡a bå~o B{Vhmg dmbo Xoem| _| MrZ ^r EH$ h¡& ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ H$mb _| ^maV H$s Vah MrZ nyU©V… Cn{Zdoer Xoe Zhr§ hþAm Wm& AY© Cn{Zdoer Xoe Wm& qH$Vw WmoS>m {hñgm ñdV§Ì Wm& gmW hrò \«$m§gr{g, OmnmZr Am{X gm_«mÁèmhr go ^r à^m{dV Wo& MrZ goZmn{V`m| H$m Xoe ^r ahm& AWm©V² Xoe _| O_rZXmam| Am¡a `wX²Y H$aZo dmbm| H$m {Z`§ÌU Wm& ^maV Ho$ g_mZ CÚmoJ ^r {dH${gV Zht hþAm Wm&

Bgr n¥ð>^y{_ _| amîQ´>r` EH$Vm, àOmà^wËd, OrdZ g§~§Yr g_ñ`m Am{X à_wI Wo& gZ² 1911 _| Š`yq_Q>m§J nj Ho$ ZoVm gZ-`mV-goZ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| gm_«mÁèmhr {damoYr àOmà^wËd H«$m§{V hþ`r& qH$Vw `h nyU© én go {dH${gV Z hþAm& MrZ _| gmå`dmXr Xb gZ² 1925 _| àma§^ hþAm& Jm±dmo _| {H$gmZ Am§XmobZ Am¡a ZJam| _| _OXÿa Am§XmobZ à_wI hþE& EŠ` ({_Ì) MrZ ~ZmZo Ho$ CÔoí` go gZ-`mV-goZ Am¡a gmå`dmX Xbm| Zo {_b H$a H$m`© {H$`m& `h "gZ-`mV-goZ' H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX Š`yq_Q>m§J Xb Ho$ ZoVm "{g`m§J-H¡-foH$$' Zm_H$ X_ZH$mar ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ hmWm§o hñVmV[aV hmo J`m Bgo gm_«mÁ` em{h`m| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a gmå`dmX Ho$ {déX²Y CZH$s O_rZ na AmH«$_U {H$`m& Bg_| bJ^J 70,000 H«$m§{VH$mar _mao JE& AnZr ajm Ho$ {bE _mAmoËgo Vw§J Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| MrZ Ho$ CÎmar ^mJ _| Eo{Vhm[gH$ gmå`dm{X`m| H$s XrK©`mÌm (bm±J _mM©) àma§^ hþB©& `h {díd Ho$ \$m¡Or H$m`©ì`yh _| AË`§V {d{eï> à`moJ Wm& Bgo J«m_m§Va {H$gmZmo Ûmam A^yVnyd© g_W©Z {_bm&

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AmnH$mo kmV aho :XrK© `mÌm : (Long March) : `h MrZ Ho$ gmå`dmXr H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| na ""{M`m§J-

H¡$-foH$'' Ûmam {H$E JE AmH«$_U go ajm Ho$ {bE MrZ H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ ZoVm Am| Ûmam g§K{Q>V Eo{Vhm{gH$ `mÌm Wr& CÎma npíM_r MrZ Ho$ {O`m§J Or àXoe go X{jU nydu MrZ Ho$ òZmZ Ho$ N>moa na bJ^J 10,000 {H$._r. Xÿa VH$ bJ^J 80,000 hOma H«$m§{VH$mar g¡{ZH$m| H$mo ñWmZm§V[aV H$aZo H$s KQ>Zm `h h¡& gZ² 1934 Aºy$~a go gZ² 1935 AŠQy>~a VH$ hþE ~¥hV MmaU Ho$ A§{V_ MaU _o VJ^J 10,000 bmoJ _mÌ eof aho& _mZd H$s gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ B{Vhmg _| BVZr g§»`m _| bmoJm| H$m BVZr Xÿa VH$ n¡Xb MbZm EH$ Am¡a {deof KQ>Zm h¡& Eogr Xÿgar KQ>Zm Zht {_bVr Bg àH$ma ""Bgo XrK© `mÌm'' H$hm J`m&

{ÛVr` {díd `wX²Y Ho$ g§X^© _| MrZ Ho$ àXoem| na OmnmZ Zo AmH«$_U {H$`m& BgHo$ {déX²Y g§Kf© H$aZo Ho$ {bE MrZ H$m gmå`dmXr Xb AmJo Am`m& gZ² 1945 _o§ OmnmZ `wX²Y hma J`m& OmnmZ Ho$ nrN>o hQ>Vo hr CZ gmao àXoem| H$mo gmå`dmXr Xb H$s OZVm {d_moMZ goZm Zo de _| H$a {b`m& der^yV àXoem| _| ^y-gwYma H$s KmofUm H$a Xr& AWm©V² OZVm H$mo ^y{_ H$m ~±Q>dmam {H$`m& Bg Ho$ Anma OZ g_W©Z àmá hþAm& Bg àH$ma Hw$N> àXoe ""{f`m§J-H¡$-foH$'' Ho$ AYr Wo Vmo A{YH$Va àXoe gmå`mdmXr Xb Ho$ AYrZ hmoVm J`m& gZ² 1949 _| AZoH$ ZJa ^r BZHo$ de _| Am JE& ""{f`m§J-H¡$-foH$'' hma H$a VmBdmZ H$mo nbm`Z-H$a J`m& gZ² 1949, Aºy$~a H$mo OZVm {d_moMZ goZm Zo àdoe {H$`m& MrZ _| nrqH$J (dV©_mZ ~rqOJ) OZVm JUV§Ì H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& _mAm|Ëgo V§wJ CgHo$ AÜ`j ~Zo&

H«$m§{V Ho$ níMmd MrZ _o gm_y{hH$ H¥${f nX²Y{V bmJy hþB©& g^r H$mo {Z…ewëH$ {ejm, gmYZm Ho$ {bE {dkmZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s H$mo AË`{YH$ _hËd {X`m J`m& ""AmJo Hy$XZo'' (Leap Forward) H$s `moOZm H$mo bmJy {H$`m J`m& {ZOr Om`XmX (gån{Îm) H$mo g_mO H$s gån{Îm Ho$ én _| n[ad{V©V {H$`m& Bg àH$ma gZ² 1966 _| bmJy H$s JB© "gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§{V' _| H$B© Jb{V`m± hþ`r& Bgo gwYma Zo Ho$ {bE gZ² 1979 _| A{YH$ma àmá S>|J {b`moqfJ Zo H$B© gwYma à`mg {H$E& Bgr n¥ð>^y{_ _| ny±OrdmX dmbo MrZ H$m gmå`dmXr Xb ZoV¥Ëd {díd H$s ~S>r e{º$ Ho$ ê$n _| Câm&

erV `wX²Y

{ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y Ho$ ~mX {díd ñVa na Xmo Xbm| Ho$ _Ü` amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$, \$m¡Or, Am{X {df`m| go g§~§{YV CËnÞ {Za§Va ^`, Ûof, B©î`m© Am¡a AmV§H$ H$s pñW{V hr erV `wX²Y h¡& A_o[aH$m g§`wº$ g§ñWmZ (USA) Ho$ ny±Or emhr Xoem| Ho$ Xb Am¡a gmo{d`V ég (USSR) Ho$ g_mOdmXr Xoem| Ho$ Xbm| Ho$ ~rM AKmo{fV `wÕ hr erV `wÕ h¡& _mZdHw$b

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H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ H$m _mJ© H$m¡Z gm h¡? ny§Or emhr `m g_mO dmX? Bgr AmYma na Vrd«ê$n go {dH${gV {^ÞVmHo$ gZ² 1917 go ApñVËd _| hmoZo na ^r Vrd«ê$n go `h {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y Ho$ ~mX àH$Q> hþAm Omo gmo{d`V ég H$s g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ gZ² 1989 _| jrU hmoZo VH$ à~b ahm& BZ XmoZm| Xbm| H$mo N>moS>H$a ^maV, B©{OßQ> ({_l) A{X Xoem| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| A{bá Am§XmobZ àma§^ hþAm&

erV `wX²Y go Xmo Xbm| Ho$ ~rM eómóm| H$s hmoS>Vrd« hmo JB©& BZ_| A_o[aH$m g~go AmJo Wm& A_o[aH$m {díd â Ho$ eómóm| Ho$ ~oMZo Ho$ {bE ì`mnH$ ê$n go g_Pm¡Vo H$aZo bJm& A{YH$ go A{YH$ amîQ´>m| H$mo AnZo AYrZ aIZo Ho$ {bE \$m¡Or _¡Ìr Xbm| H$s aMZm hþB©& A_o[aH$m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| ZmQ>mo (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), {g`mQ>mo (South East Asian Treaty Organisation) Am¡a g|Q>mo (Central East North Treaty

Organisation) Xbm| H$s aMZm hþB©& ég Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| dmgm©Hy$Q> a{MV hþAm& A_o[aH$ Ho$ àËòH$ amÁ` _| d¥hV² `wX²Y AñÌm| H$m CX`moJ {dH${gV hþAm& AUw AñÌm| H$s hmo‹S>>> ~T>r& BgHo$ gmW {d{dY Xoem| _| g¡{ZH$ ^y{_ H$s ñWmnZm, ahñ` H$m`© Am¡a àMma, A§V[aj `wÕ O¡gr (ahZo) {dkmZ-VH$ZrH$s hmoS>, Am{X {dH${gV hþE& g§nyU© {díd {d{dY ê$nm| _o AJmoMa `wX²Y go AmV§{H$V Wm&

H$mo[a`B© `wX²Y, {dòVZm_ H$m `wÕ, gZ² 1956 H$s ñdoO Zha g_ñ`m, gZ² 1916 H$s ~{b©Z g_ñ`m, gZ² 1962 H$s Š`y~Z àjonUmó g_ñ`m, Eogr hr AÝ` H$B© AmV§H$ H$s n[apñW{V`m§ erV `wÕ Zo CËnÞ H$s& bJ^J 1985 VH$ nañna AË`§V Vrd«Vm AZw^d H$aZo dmbm erVb `wX²Y Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$Jma na Wm& Am¡a A_o[aH$m H$s Amoa _wS>m& {díd Ho$ g§gmYZm| na AnZr nH$S> ~ZmZo _| `h g\$bm hmoZo bJm ê$g Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> _| Am¡a Am§V[aH$ H$îQ> Pob ahm Wm& eñÌmÌm| H$s hmoS>> _| EH$VaH$m A_o[aH$m {díd H$m EH$_mÌ e{º$embr Xoe ~ZH$a IS>m hþAm&

~bembr amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n _| A_o[aH$m H$m CX`

gånyU© {díd _o§ gZ² 1927 _| CËnÞ Am{W©H$ _hm g§H$Q> _o A_o[aH$m _| amOZ¡{VH$ ê$n go H$m\$s n[adV©Z hþE& àW_ _hm`wX²Y _| A_o[aH$m {_ÌamîQ´>m| H$mo H$m\$s Am{W©H$ Am¡a g¡Ý` ghm`Vm H$a {_Ì amîQ´>m| H$s {dO` H$m H$maU ~Zm&

gZ² 1929 _| A_o[aH$m H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Hw§${R>V hmo J`m& n[aUm_V… CÚmoJ Am¡a H¥${f joÌm| _| CËnmXZ H$_ hþAm& gVhr IwXmB© (ImZm| H$s IwXmB©) OhmO {Z_m©U, J«mhH$m| H$s dñVwE| O¡go AmQ>mo_mo~mBb Am¡a J¥hmon`moJr dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ Yrao-Yrao H$_ hmo J`m& Am{Y©H$ g§H$Q> Ho$ H$maU amOZ¡{VH$ n[adV©Z g§^d hþAm&

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{ÛVr` _hm`wÕ Ho$ g_` OmnmZ Zo A_o[aH$m H$s ObgoZm "nb©hm~©a' na h_bm {H$`m& Bggo A_o[aH$m H$mo {_ÌamîQ´>m| H$s Amoa go `wX²Y _o§ em{_b hmoZm nS>m& OZVm H$mo goZm Ho$ ê$n _| égdoëQ> Zo `wX²Y Ho$ {bE V¡`ma {H$`m& _{hbmAm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ _| H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m& A_o[aH$m Zo `wX²Y _| {dO` hm{gb H$s `h {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y Ho$ g_` hr {díd g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm _| _XX H$a CgH$s ñWmnZm H$m H$maU ~Zm& gZ² 1945 Ho$ ~mX A_o[aH$m {díd H$m ~bembr amîQ´> ~Z H$a Câm& erV `wX²Y Ho$ ~mX A_o[aH$m g§`wº$ g§ñWmZ EH$_mÌ ~bembr amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hþAm&

Aä¶mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV dm³¶m| ‘| [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© ghr eãXm| go H$s{OE :-1. ég _| H$å`y{ZñQ> gaH$ma Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ ________ Wo &

2. àW_ _hm`wX²Y _______ ‘| g_má hþAm &

3. \$m{gñQ> (VmZmemh) gdm©{YH$mar ________ Wm &

4. {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y ________ _| Ama§^ hþAm &

5. A_o[aH$m Ho$ Zm¡H$m H|$Ð ________ na OmnmZ Zo h_bm {H$`m &

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma g‘yh MMm© Ûmam Xr{OE :-1. ê$g H$s H«$m§{V _| bo{ZZ H$s ^y{_H$m Š`m Wr?2. àW_ _hm`wX²Y Ho$ VËH$mbrZ H$maU Š`m Wo?3. "ZmOr {gX²Ym§V' Zo O_©Zr H$m Zme H$a {X`m& H¡$go? {ddaU Xr{OE&4. {ÛVr` _hm`wX²Y Ho$ H$maU ~VmBE&5. erV `wX²Y go Š`m VmËn`© h¡?6. MrZm H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ n[aUm_ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?7. A_o[aH$m AnZo Am{W©H$ _hm g§H$Q> go ~mha H¡$go Am`m?

III. {H«$¶m H$bmn :-1. A§VOm©b Am¡a AI~ma H$s ghm`Vm go {díd ñVa na em§{V ñWmnZm _| ^maV

Ûmam A§Vam©îQ´>r` Xoem| Ho$ gmW {H$ò OmZo dmbo à`mg Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

IV. n[a`moOZm :-1. {díd Ho$ {d{dY amîQ´>m| Ho$ amîQ´> ÜdO Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&

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amOZr{V emóAÜ¶m¶-4

d¡{œH$ g‘ñ¶mE± Am¡a ^maV H$s ^y{_H$m

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‘mZd-A{YH$mam| H$m AñdrH$ma : ‘mZdVmdmXr OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE:

^maV g§{dYmZ _| {ZYm©[aV AWdm A§Vamï´>u` ñdrH$mam| _| Omo‹S>o hþE Am¡a OrZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm, g_mZVm Am¡a ì`{ŠV Jm¡ad A{YH$ma. _mZd A{YH$ma &

JU, ha ì¶{º$ OÝ‘OmV AWdm OÝ‘ go hr AmZodmbo ‘mZd A{YH$ma Ho$ ~mao ‘| à{Vn{XV H$aVo h¢, bo{H$Z g§gma Ho$ H$B© bmoJ gwXrK© Ad{Y ‘| ¶h ‘mZd A{YH$ma àmá Zht {H$¶o h¡& Y‘©, Om{V, qbJ, dU© VWm amï´>>r¶Vm Am{X H$maUm| go ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$m AñdrH$ma VWm emofU H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢&

gZ² 1776 ‘| A‘o[aH$m Ho$ AmOmXr ¶wX²Y, gZ² 1789 ‘| ’«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V& gZ² 1917 ‘| ê$g H$s H«$m§{V, 20dt eVmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© ^maV VWm AÝ¶ amï´>>m| H$s AmOmXr H$s H«$m§{V& ò g^r ‘mZd A{YH$ma H$s Am§XmobZ Ho$ {bE nw{ï> Xr& AV: d¡{œH$ ‘mZd A{YH$ma Ho$ KmofUm H$mo ‘mZd A{YH$ma H$s ajm Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| EH$ à‘wI Eo{Vhm{gH$ A§e Ho$ ê$n ‘| nhMmZr J`r h¡& A§Vamï´>r` {dXm| go {Z{‘©V ‘mZd-A{YH$ma H$s n[aH$ënZm H$mo 10 {Xg§~a 1948 H$mo {dœg§ñWm H$s gm‘mÝ¶ g^m go AZw_mo{XV hþAm&

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gm‘mÝ¶ g^m ‘mZd-A{YH$ma g§ajU H$s {Oå‘oXmar Am¡a ^ma H$mo {dœ g§ñWm ha EH$ gXñ¶ amï´> A{Zdm`© én _| {Z^mZo Ho$ {bE gyMZm Xr h¡& Bg gyMZm go {dœg§ñWm Ho$ gXñ¶ amï´>>, ‘mZd A{YH$ma g§ajU Ho$ {bE Cn¶wº$ ‘mJ©Xeu gyMr {dœg§ñWm Ho$ ‘mZd A{YH$ma KmofUm ‘| {X¶m J¶m h¡&

¶h ‘mJ©Xeu à_wI ê$n go 30 ^mJm| ‘| h¢& CXm: ha ì¶{º$ OÝ‘ Ho$ gmW ñdmV§Í`, g‘mZVm VWm Jm¡ad nmZm, OrZo H$s AmOmXr Am¡a ì¶{º$JV gwajm nmZm, Jwbm‘r nX²Y{V AñdrH$ma, ‘{hbm emofU Xÿa H$aZm-Am{X& gmdm©{ÌH$ ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$mo ^maV bJmVma go à{VnmXZ H$aVm Am ahm h¡ ^maV AnZo g§{dYmZ Ho$ Vrgao ^mJ ‘| 12 go 15dt AZwgyMr Ho$ A§VJ©V AmYma^yV A{YH$mam| Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$hm h¡ VWm Bg {dMma Ho$ ~mao ‘| àH$me S>mbm h¡, {dœg§ñWm H$s gm‘mÝ¶ g^m ‘| ^r g§gma â ‘mZd A{YH$ma gwa{jV ahZm h¡ BgH$m g‘W©Z ^maV H$aVm Am ahm h¡&

‘mZd A{YH$ma Ho$ emofU Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| gZ² 1966 H$mo {dœg§ñWm gXñ¶ amï´>>m| Ho$ gmW gm‘mÝ¶ g^m H$m Am¶moOZ H$aHo$ ha amï´>> H$mo ‘mZd A{YH$ma g§ajU H$s {Oå‘oXmar Ho$ ~mao _| H$hm& ’$bñdê$n ‘mZd A{YH$ma g§ajU Ho$ {bE, A§Vamï´>>r¶ ñVa na ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$m Am¶moJ {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m h¡& BgHo$ AZwgma ^maV ‘| amï´>>r¶ ‘mZd A{YH$ma Am¶moJ, amï´>>r¶ ‘{hbm Am¶moJ, amï´>>r¶ AZwgy{MV Om{V Am¶moJ, AZwgy{MV OZOmVr Am¶moJ, Aëng§»`H$ Ho$ amï´>>r¶ Am¶moJm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m h¡& amÁ¶ ñVa ‘|, amÁ¶ ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$m Am¶moJ, ‘{hbm Am¶moJ, Am{X H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m h¡&

eómÌm| H$s ñnYm© : EH$ à{gX²Y ~mV h¡-""na‘mUw ¶wJ ‘| h_| ¶wX²Y H$mo g‘má H$aZm Mm{hE, Zht Vmo ¶wX²Y h_mam gd©Zme H$aVm h¡&'' dV©‘mZ {dœ ‘| eómÌm| H$s ñnYm© EH$ ^¶mZH$ {dMma Ho$ ê$n ‘| {XIVr h¡& {ZeórH$aU, {dœ H$m AmO Am¡a H$b ~MZo Ho$ {bE A{Zdm¶© h¡& eómÌm| H$s A{YH$ ñnYm© amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE {ZeórH$aU à_wI Cnm¶ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

{ZeórH$aU H$m ‘Vb~ h¡ {H$ - ""{Z{X©ï> AWdm g‘J« eómÌm| H$mo H$‘ H$aZm AWdm g‘J« ê$n Z ahZo H$s à{H«$¶m h¡&'' eómÌm| go g§gma ñVa ‘| ^¶, ApñWaVm, Aem§{V VWm ¶wX²Y g§^d h¡& BZgo Xÿa ahZo X¥{ï> go dV©‘mZ g§gma {ZeórH$aU H$s Amdí¶H$Vm H$m AZw^d {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bgr ^m±{V eómÌ VWm Jmo{b¶m| H$mo Am{W©H$ ê$n go EH$ AZwn¶wº$ hm{ZH$maH$ Ho$ én _| AZw^d {H$¶m J¶m h¡& A‘o[aH$s AÜ¶j EogZ hmoda Zo EH$ ~ma H$hm Wm- ""eómÌm| go ¶wº$ `wX²Y {dœ YZ ‘mÌ H$mo hr Zht Zï>> H$aVm, ~Xbo Zm¡H$am| H$m ngrZm, d¡km{ZH$m| H$s ~wX²{Y VWm ~ƒm| H$s AmemAm| H$mo Zï> ^r H$aVm h¡&''

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na‘mUw AWdm Ý¶ypŠb¶a ~§m~ H$sV¡¶mar Ho$ gmW {ZeórH$aU VWm eó {Z¶§ÌU H$m àíZ ^r ~hþV ~‹S>m h¡& ^maV EH$ em§{V{à¶ amï´>> hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo eómÌm| Ho$ {ZJ«h H$m AmJ«h H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AmJo {dœ g§ajU H$s X¥{ï> go ¶wX²Y amoH$Zm ~hþV Amdí¶H$ h¡& gZ² 1963 Ho$ ~mX A‘o[aH$m g§¶wº$ g§ñWmZ VWm gmo{d¶V ê$g Zo {d{^Þ X²{dnjr¶ H$ama H$a {X¶m& eó {Z¶§ÌU H$ama (Salt) nm{jH$ à¶moJ ZH$ma H$ama Am¡a g‘J« narjU ZH$ma H$ama (CTBT) BÝh| na‘mUw eóm| Ho$ à¶moJ amoH$Zo ‘| Hw$N> ‘hËdnyU© {dœñVa H$s g§{Y H$h gH$Vo h¢& Bg Vah - ""Amngr {Z{X©ï> Zme'' Ho$ {déX²Y ^maV Ho$ gmW g^r amï´>>m| H$m à¶ËZ AmdÏ`H$ h¡&

Am{W©H$ Ag‘mZVm : {dœ nm[adm[aH$ gXñ¶m| ‘| Amngr Am{W©H$ Ag‘mZVm EH$ à‘wI g‘ñ¶m h¡& Bgo Cn{ZdoeZ VWm gm‘«mÁ¶dmX {Z‘m©U Ho$ EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmYma H$s XoZ ^r H$h gH$Vo h¢& {dXoer amï´>>, A{’«$H$m, E{e¶m VWm b¡{Q>Z, A‘o[aH$m amï´>>m| ‘| AnZm Cn{ZdoeZ ñWm{nËd {H$¶m Wm& ¶h gm‘«mÁ¶dmX Ho$ AYrZ ‘| aho amï´>> Am{W©H$ X¥{îQ> go ~hþV nrN>o h¢& 20dt eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§^ VH$ CZH$s àJ{V ~hþV ‘§X Wr& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX E{e¶m VWm A{’«$H$m amï´>> Zo àJ{V H$aZo Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ {H$¶m, bo{H$Z H¥${f, CX²¶moJ, g§Mma Am¡a g§nH©$, {dkmZ {ejU, ñdmñÏ`-Am{X g^r joÌm| ‘| àJ{V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ ~mYm Am J¶r& Bg{bE {dXoer Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm A{Zdm¶© hmo J¶m&

Am{W©H$ X¥{ï>> go {nN>‹S>o amï´>>m| Ho$ {bE gZ² 1945 Ho$ ~mX amOZr{V H$s X¥{ï> go A‘o[aH$m VWm gmo{d¶V ê$g Ho$ g‘yh ghm¶Vm H$aZo H$m Ama§^ {H$¶m, bo{H$Z BZ amï´>>m| H$s Jar~r, àJ{Verb Xoem| H$s amOZr{V ñdmW© Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJr {gX²Y hþAm&

AmJo ^maV Zo A{bá Zr{V g§gma _| ~‹T>m`r& àJ{Verb amï´>>m|, Jar~r amï´>>m| H$mo Am{W©H$ ghm¶Vm {~Zm eV] XoZo H$s Zr{V H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m& AnZo X²dmam Jar~r amï´>>m| H$m AmË‘Jm¡ad ~‹T>mZo H$m H$m‘ ^maV Zo {H$¶m& BgHo$ gmW àJ{Verb amï´>>m| H$m YZ ^r Jar~r amï´>>m| H$s Amoa Am¶m "V¥¥Vr` OJV, àMma Jar~r amï´>m| O¡gm {XIVm h¡& ¶o Xoer Amhma, ny±Or, VH$ZrH$s, ñdmñÏ` gmYZ Cƒ {ejU H$m Adga - Am{X Ho$ A^mdm| go ~mha AmZo H$m à¶ËZ H$a aho h¢. Bgr ^m±{V AÝ¶ amï´>>m| ‘| AZmdí¶H$ ì¶¶, ‘wº$ ì¶mnma, Ag§Vw{bV ñnYm©, d¡œrH$aU-Am{X {dMmaYmamE± Jar~r amï´>m| Ho$ D$na H$B© ~ma ~wam à^md S>mb ahr h¡& BZ g~H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dœg§ñWm Am¡a àJ{Verb amï´>> à¶ËZ H$aZm h¡& ^maV EH$ àJ{Verb amï´>> ~ZH$a {dœ n[adma Ho$ g‘ñV amï´>>m| Ho$ ‘Ü¶ Am{W©H$ Ý¶m¶ VWm g‘mZVm H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$aVm h¡&

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Aä¶mg

I. {ZåZ{bpIV [aº$ ñWmZ ny{V© H$s{O¶o:-

1. ‘mZd A{YH$ma {XZ H$mo _ZmVo h¢&

2. ^maV bJmVma ‘mZd A{YH$ma à{Vnm{XV H$aVm Am ahm h¡&

3. A{’«$H$m ‘| dU©ôX Zr{V Ho$ {déX²Y b‹S>Zo dmbo Wo &

4. ‘mZd A{YH$ma H$m ‘Vb~ g‘mZVm go ¶wº$ hmoZm h¡&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àíZm| Ho$ g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma {bpI¶o:-

1. X²{dVr¶ ‘hm¶wX²Y Ho$ Cnam§V {H$Z {H$Z g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Vm H$aVm nS>m?

2. ‘mZd A{YH$ma H$m à{VnmXZ Ho$ {bE ^maV Ho$ g§J«m_ H$m {ddaU Xr{O¶o&

3. eómÌm| H$s ñnYm© g§gma Zme H$m {XJXe©Z h¡& Bgo AmYma na eómÌm| H$s ñnYm© go hmoZodmbo n[aUm_ ~VmBE?

4. Am{W©H$ ê$n go Jar~r amï>>m| Ho$ bjU Š¶m-Š¶m h¡? Eogr Jar~r Ho$ H$maU Š¶m h¢?

5. Am{W©H$ Ag‘mZVm Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^maV Ûmam {ZYm©[aV gwYmaZo Ho$ H«$_ Š¶m-Š¶m h¢ ?

6. ""dU©ôX Zr{V ‘mZdVmdmX H$m {damoY h¡,'' Bgo AnZo Ñ{ï>H$moU go {díbofU H$s{O¶o&

II. J{V{d{Y`m±:

1. ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE {Z{‘©V Am¶moJ Ho$ ~mao ‘| gyMZmAm| H$mo g§J«h H$s{O¶o&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma amÁ¶ Ho$ Jar~ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE {Z{_©V H$ë¶mU H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$s gyMr ~ZmB¶o&

IV. n[a¶moOZm:

1. dU©ôX Zr{V Ho$ {déX²Y g§Kf© H$aZodmbo ‘hmZ ì¶{º$¶m| H$s OrdZr n{‹T>¶o&

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶-5

d¡{œH$ g‘ñ¶mE±

Bg AÜ¶m¶ Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z go {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| go AdJV hmo gH|$Jo:-

• {dœg§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm • {dœg§ñWm Ho$ CX²Xoí¶• {dœg§ñWm H$s A§J g§ñWmE± • {dœg§ñWm H$s CnbpãY¶m± • {dœg§ñWm H$s Am{lV {d{dY g§K-g§ñWmE±

{dœg§ñWm: (UNO)

20dt gXr Xmo ‘hm¶wX²Ym| H$m gmú¶ h¢& àW‘

{díd g§ñWm (`y.EZ.Amo)

‘hm¶wX²Ym| Ho$ ~mX {dœem§{V Ho$ {bE "brJ Am’$ ZoeÝg' Zm‘H$ g§ñWm ñWm{nV hþB©& bo{H$Z gZ² 1939 ‘| X²{dVr¶ ‘hm¶wX²Y Ho$ gmW Bg g§ñWm H$m gd©Zme hþAm& Xÿgam ‘hm¶wX²Y ^¶§H$a ê$n go hmo ahm Wm, d¡{œH$ ñVa na ñWm¶r em§{V ñWmnZm H$m à¶ËZ ^r Ama§^ hmo J¶m& {dœñVa ‘| B§½b¢S> {dZñQ>Z M{M©b, ê$g Ho$ Omogo’$ ñQ>m°{bZ VWm A‘[aH$m ’«$m°pŠbZ S>r. ê$gdobQ> {dœñVa g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ {H$¶o& {dœ g§ñWm ( ¶wZ¡Q>oS> ZoeÝg) Zm‘H$ eãX H$m à¶moJ A‘[aH$m Ho$ AÜ¶j ’«$m§pŠbZ S>r. ê$gdoQ> Zo bmJy {H$¶m& 1 OZdar 1942 H$mo 26 amï´>m|> H$ama H$aZo Ho$ {bE hñVmja H$aVo hr àW‘ ~ma Bg eãX H$m Cn¶moJ {H$¶m J`m& Bgo A~ "{dœamï´>m|' Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡& 26 OyZ 1945 go ñ¶mZ ’«$m§{gñH$mo {dœg§ñWm Ho$ H$m¶m©b¶, gå‘obZ em§{V Ho$ {bE 51 amï´>>m| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y JU hñVmja {H$¶m& Bg àH$ma 24 Aºy$~a 1945 H$m {dœg§ñWm Ama§^ hþB©& {dœg§ñWm Ho$ AZwgma dV©‘mZ ‘| 195 gmd©^m¡_ amï´>>m| ‘| 193 amï´>> {dœg§ñWm Ho$ gXñ¶ amï´>> ~Z J¶o h¢& BgH$s àYmZ H$m`m©b` Ý¶y¶mH©$ ‘| h¡& g‘ñV em§{V{à¶ amï´>m| H$mo> BgH$m gXñ¶ ~ZZo Ho$ {bE ‘wŠV Adga h¡&

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{dœg§ñWm Ho$ CX²Xoí¶:

{dœg§ñWm Ho$ XñVmdoO,Bg d¡pídH$ g§ñWm Ho$ {bIm hþAm àYmZ XñVmdoO h¡& Bg‘| 19 AÜ¶m¶ h¢& 111 {d{Y¶m± h¢& ""[dœ OZg‘wXm¶ ~ZH$a h‘ -------------'' dmŠ¶ Ho$ gmW {dœg§ñWm H$s ^y{‘H$m Ama§^ hmoVr h¡&

{dœg§ñWm Ho$ CX²Xoí¶ {ZåZ{bpIV hmoVo h¢:-

1. A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ em§{V Am¡a gwajm H$mo nmbZ H$aZm&

2. amï´>>m| Ho$ ~rM ñZoh^md ~‹T>mZm&

3. ‘mZd Ho$ AmYma^yV A{YH$mam| Ho$ ~mao ‘| {dœmg ~‹T>mZm&

4. A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ñVa Ho$ Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ AWdm ‘mZdr¶ AmYma H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo A§Vamï´>>r¶ ghH$ma Ho$ gmW CnMma nhMmZZm&

5. A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ñVa Ho$ Ý¶m¶ VWm eVm}§ H$mo Ho$ ‘mÝ¶Vm XoZm&

6. amï´>>m| Ho$ ~rM Amngr gh¶moJ H$mo àYmZVm Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m¶© H$aZm&

{dœg§ñWm H$s A§J^yV g§ñWmE±:-

{dœg§ñWm Ho$ XñVmdoO Ho$ AmYma na Hw$N> N>h àYmZ g§ñWmAm| H$s ì¶dñWm H$s J¶r h¡& CZ‘| go

1. Am‘g^m : g‘ñV gXñ¶ amï´>m| Am_ g^m

{díd g§ñWm

_§Ìr _§S>b

A§Vam©ï´>r` Ý`m`mb`

X{Îm g{_{V

gwajm g{_{V

Am{W©H$ VWm gm_m{OH$ g{_{V

Ho$ à{V{Z{Y¶m| go ¶wº$ A§Jg§ñWm h¡& ha gXñ¶ amï´>> 5 gXñ¶m| H$mo ¶hm± ôOZm h¡, bo{H$Z ha gXñ¶ amï´>> H$mo EH$ ‘V H$m A{YH$ma ‘mÌ ahVm h¡& ¶h Am_ g^m AnZo àW‘ A{YdoeZ ‘| hr EH$ df© H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE AHo$bm AÜ¶j$ H$m M¶Z H$aVr h¡& Bgr Vah 17 CnmÜ¶j VWm 7 ñWm¶r g{‘{V¶m| Ho$ gmW AÜ¶jm| H$m M¶Z H$aVr h¡& Am‘g^m Ho$ A{YdoeZ gm‘mÝ¶Vm¡a na {gV§~a ‘| Ama§^ hmoH$a {Xg§~a Ho$ ‘Ü¶ VH$ hmoVm h¡& à‘wI {ZYm©am| H$mo 2/3 hm{µOa gXñ¶m| go AZw‘moXZ H$mo Amdí¶H$ ahVm h¡& dm{f©H$ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$s Vm{bH$m H$mo ^r Bg gm‘mÝ¶ g^m ‘| AZw‘moXZ nm¶m OmVm h¡& H$moB© VwaV {df¶m| Ho$ à{V MMm© H$s

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Amdí¶H$Vm aho Vmo {deof A{YdoeZ ~wbm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& d¡pídH$ g§gX Ho$ ê$n ‘| {dœ Ho$ g‘ñV {dMmaYmamAm| H$s MMm© ‘| ¶h àYmZ ^y{_H$m {Z^mVr h¡&

2. gwajm g{‘{V : ¶h {dœg§ñWm Ho$ _§Ìr _§S>b Ho$ ê$n ‘| AË¶§V à^m{dV g§ñWm h¡& Bg‘| 15 gXñ¶ ahVo h¢& CZ‘| go A‘[aH$m g§¶wº$ g§ñWmZ, ê$g, {~«Q>oZ, ’«$m§g VWm MrZm-Am{X amï´>> ñWm¶r gXñ¶ amï´>> h¢& AÝ¶ 10 AñWm¶r gXñ¶m| H$mo Xmo gmb H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE gm‘mÝ¶ g^m M¶Z H$aVr h¡& ¶o {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem| H$mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¢& ha gXñ¶ H$mo EH$ ‘V MbmZo H$m A{YH$ma ahVm h¡& bo{H$Z g‘ñV ñWm¶r gXñ¶m| H$s AZw‘moXZ ha à‘wI {ZYm©am| Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ h¡& ^maV ^r Bg ñWm¶r à{V{Z{YËd Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aVm h¡&

{dœ g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ {bE em§{VnyU© T>§J Ho$ CnMma Ho$ {bE gwajm g{‘{V à¶ËZ H$aVm h¡& A{Zdm¶© Ho$ Adga na {dœg§ñWm em§{V nmbZ H$aZodmbo Xb H$mo A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ em§{V VWm gwì¶dñWm Ho$ {bE {Z¶wº$ H$aVr h¡& A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ Ý`m¶mYrem| H$mo ¶h {Z¶wº$ H$aVr h¡ VWm {dœg§ñWm Ho$ à‘wI g{Md H$mo Cå‘oXdmar Ho$ {bE ^r Zm‘ gy{MV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

3. Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ g{‘{V : Bg g{‘{V ‘| 54 gXñ¶ h¢& BZ‘| go 18 gXñ¶m| H$mo ha VrZ gmb ‘| M¶Z {H$¶m OmVm h¡& AnZo gXñ¶m| ‘| go EH$ H$mo AÜ¶j Ho$ ê$n ‘| M¶Z {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Bg g{‘{V Ho$ H$m¶© {ZåZ{bpIV h¢:-

i) A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ñVa Ho$ Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡{jH$, ñdmñÏ` VWm AÝ¶ g§~§{YV {df¶m| H$m AÜ¶¶Z VWm [anmoQ>© H$aZm&

ii) Aml¶a{hVm| Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| ‘{hbmAm| H$m ñVa, Amdmg H$s g‘ñ¶m - Am{X H$B© {dMma Bg g{‘{V Ho$ H$m¶©ì¶mn{V Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢&

iii) ‘mZd A{YH$ma Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| VWm AmYma^yV ñdmV§ÌVm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| r ¶h g{‘{V g§ñVw{V H$aVr h¡&

iv) ‘mZd g§gmYZ, g§ñH¥${V, {ejm-Am{X Ho$ ~mao ‘| A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ gå‘obZm| H$m g§JR>Z H$aZm&

v) {deof H$m¡eb Ho$ A§J g§ñWmE± O¡gr A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Zm¡H$am| H$s g{‘{V (ILO) Amhma VWm H¥${f g§ñWm (FAO>) d¡{œH$ ñdmñÏ¶ g§ñWm (WHO) Am{X H$m¶m] H$m g_Ýd` H$aZm& ¶o gmao Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ g{‘{V H$s à‘wI g§ñWmE± h¢&

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4. Yamoha g{‘{V: (Q´>pñQ>{g’$-H$m¡pÝgb) dmñVd ‘| ¶h g§ñWm gm‘mÝ¶ g^m Ho$ Cng§ñWm h¡ AWdm ghm¶H$ g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m‘ H$aVr h¡& g{‘{V Ho$ {bE Am{lV àXoem| H$s g§»¶m, H$‘ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$m H$m¶©joÌ ^r H$‘ hmo ahm h¡& ñdV§Ì amÁ¶ ñVa _| AmZodmbo àXoem| H$s {Oå‘oXmar Bg g{‘{V na h¡& A~ ¶h Mmby ‘| Zht h¡& H$maU h¡ {H$ H$moB© Yamoha Zht h¡&

5. A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶ : ¶h {dœg§ñWm Ho$ EH$ àYmZ A§J g§ñWm h¡ VWm g‘ñV gXñ¶ amï´>> Bg Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ {ZH$Q> AnZr AZw_{V XoZo Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma h¡& Bg Ý¶m¶mb¶ ‘| 15 Ý¶m¶mYre ahVo h¢& BZH$s A{YH$ma Ad{Y 9 gmb h¡& ¶o {’$a M¶Z hmoVo h¢& ZoXab¢S> Ho$ hoJ ‘| ¶h Ý¶m¶mb¶ ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& VrZ gmb H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE EH$ AÜ¶j VWm CnmÜ¶j H$mo Bg Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ Ý¶m¶mYre hr M¶Z H$aVo h¢& ~hþ‘V Ho$ AmYma na BgHo$ {ZU©¶ ñdrH¥$V hmoVo h¢& Ý¶m¶ Ho$ gmW H$mZyZ Ho$ {dMma _| ^r ¶h C{MV {ZX}e XoVm h¡&

Z¡{VH$ Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$Vm Ho$ AmYma na Bg Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ {ZU©¶ ‘hËdnyU© h¡& bo{H$Z Bg Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ {ZU©¶ {H$gr ^r Xoe go g§~§{YV Zht h¡& BZ g^r ì¶dñWmAm| Ho$ ~rM ‘| ^r A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ em§{V VWm gwajm Ho$ {bE A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶ AnZo hr XoZ Xr h¡&

6. _§Ìr _§S>b : ‘hmg{Md VWm {dœg§ñWm Ho$ Zm¡H$a dJ© Bg Cng§ñWm go g§~§{YV h¡& ‘hmg{Md Bg H$m¶mªJ Ho$ àYmZ h¡& BZH$mo, gwajm g{‘{V Ho$ {ZU©¶ Ho$ AmYma na Am‘g^m nm±M df© H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE M¶Z H$aVr h¡& BgH$m àYmZ H$m¶m©b¶ Ý¶y¶mH©$ ‘| h¢& {OZodm {d¶oÞm VWm Z¡amo~r ‘| BgH$s emImE± h¢ X¡Z§{XZ àemg{ZH$ H$m¶©¶moOZm VWm gm§pñWH$ H$m¶© Bg g{Mdmb¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢ &

AmnH$s OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE :{dœg§ñWm Ho$ _hm g{Md :

1. {Q´>½do br (1946-1952) Zmd}2. T>mJ øm_a erëS> (1953-1961) ñdrS>Z3. `y.Wm§Q> (1961-1971) ~_m©4. H$Q>© dmëS> ho_² (1972-1981) AmpñQ´>`m5. µOo{dòa noéO² S>o Hw$òëbma² (1982-1991) noé6. ~wVag Kmbr (1992-1996) B©{OßQ>7. H$mo\$s E AÞmZ (1997-2006) KmZm8. ¨~mZ - H$s - _yZ (2007- 2017) H$mo[a`m9. A§Q>mo{Z`m JQ>oaog (2017 go) nmoM©wJb

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{dœg§ñWm H$s CnbpãY¶m±:1. em§{V ñWmnZm Ho$ H$m¶© : {dœg§ñWm AZoH$ amOZr{VH$ g§Kfm] H$mo {Z^m¶r h¡&

bo{H$Z gwajm g{‘{V ñWm¶r gXñ¶m| H$m ñdrH$ma Ho$ A^md VWm d¡{œH$ {dMmaYmamAm| Ho$ A^md go, {dœg§ñWm H$s CnbpãY {‘lê$n go ¶wº$ h¡& BgH$m H$m¶m©MaU A{YH$ ê$n go ¶wX²Y ñW§^ aoIm n[aerbH$ AWdm em§{V Xb Ho$ X²dmam gmÜ¶ h¡& ^maV {dœem§{V VWm ‘mZd A{YH$ma ajm Ho$ ~mao ‘| {dœg§ñWm Ho$ {H«$¶mH$bmnm| ‘| g§nyU© gh¶moJ XoVm h¡&

gw¶oO Zmbm H$s g‘ñ¶m, B©amZ g§Kf©, B§S>moZo{e¶m, H$í‘ra, ß`mboñQ>oZ, H$mo[a¶m h§Joar, H$m§Jmo, g¡àog Aa~, Bòob, Z‘r{~¶m, AnKm{ZñVmZ,-Am{X Ho$ {ddmXm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dœg§ñWm à¶ËZ H$s h¡& na‘mUw Aó VWm nma§n[aH$ {ZeórH$aU Ho$ T>§J H$s Ñ{ï> go {dœg§ñWm gVV à¶ËZ H$a ahr h¡& {dœem§{V H$s X¥{ï> go {dœg§ñWm Ho$ Hw$eb H$m¶© Ho$ {bE CÎm‘ n[adoe {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡&

2. Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm Am¡a ny±Or H$s CnbmpãY : {dœg§ñWm X²dmam V¡¶mar H$s J¶r àñVmdZm ‘| ¶h g§ñWm - ""gm‘m{OH$ A{^d¥X²{Y VWm CÎm‘ OrdZ ñVa Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aZm Mm{hE&'' KmofUm H$s h¡& Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWm Ho$ {ZarjU ‘| Bg H$m¶© H$aZm hmoJm Am{W©H$ Am¡a YZ joÌ ‘| (general agriment on taerifs and trade) H$a Am¡a ì¶mnma H$m gm‘mÝ¶ ñdrH$ma h¡& CXm: {dœg§ñWm H$m A{^d¥X²Y ¶moOZm Bg joÌ H$s à‘wI CnbpãY h¡& {dœ~¢H$ (IMF$) H$s Vah {dÎmr` g§ñWmE± {dœg§ñWm H$s ghm¶Vm go CÎm‘ CnbpãY H$s h¡&

3. gm‘m{OH$ CnbpãY¶m± : {dœ ñdñÏ¶ OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE :{díd g§ñWm _| MrZr, A§J«oOr,

\o«§$M, égr, ñno{Ze VWm Aa~r ^mfmE± àemgZ ^mfm H$m ñWmZ àmá H$a MwHo$ h¢&

g§ñWm, ¶yZoñH$mo, ¶y{Zgo’$, {dœ Aml¶a{hVm| H$m Am¶moJ-Am{X {dœg§ñWm Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ A{^é{M H$s godm g§ñWmE± h¡& gZ² 1948 ‘| àH${Q>V gmd©O{ZH$ ‘mZd-A{YH$ma EH$ CÎm‘ CnbpãY h¡& Om{VôX Xÿa H$aZo ‘| gm_«mÁ`dmX, Cn{ZdoeZ -Am{X Xÿa H$aZo ‘| {dœg§ñWm H$s ^y{_H$m ~hþV CëboIZr` h¡&

{dœg§ñWm H$s Am{lV {d{^ÝZ A§J g§ñWmE±:-

A). Amhma Am¡a H¥${f g§ñWm: FAO - (Food and Agricultural Organisation) :

{díd â ‘| Jar~r VWm ^yI Ho$ {déX²Y b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE gZ² 1945 ‘| EH$ g§ñWm H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm& BgHo$ à‘wI ê$n go VrZ ^mJ h¡&do h¢- 1. gå‘obZ 2.g{‘{V VWm, 3.‘hm{ZXoeH$- Bg g§ñWm Ho$ à‘wI CX²Xoí¶ h¢-(A) H¥${f joÌ H$s A{^d¥X²{Y (Am) nm¡{ï>H$ Amhma (B) ^yI go g§gma H$s ‘w{º$ H$aZm (B©) J«m‘rU bmoJm| Ho$ OrdZ ñVa gwYmaZm & BgH$m àYmZ H$m¶m©bm¶ amo‘ ‘| h¡&

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Am) {dœ Amamo½¶ g§ñWm: WHO - (World Health Organisation) : g§gma Ho$ ‘mZdm| H$m ñdmñÏ¶ gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE gZ² 1948 ‘| {dœ ñdmñÏ¶ g§ñWm Ama§^

hþB©& ¶h ^¶mZH$ amoJm| H$mo g§nyU© T>§J go {Z‘y©bZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aVr h¡& Bgr àH$ma H¢$ga, ES²>g Am{X ^¶mZH$ amoJm| go g§gma H$mo ‘wº$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aVr h¡& MoMH$ amoJ g‘J« ê$n go Xÿa H$aZo ‘| ¶h g§ñWm {dO¶ nm¶r h¡& OZg§»¶m {dñ’$moQ>, n¶m©daU g§ajU Am¡a ^yI-Am{X {df¶ Bg g§ñWm H$s H$m¶©gyMr ‘| h¡& BZ gmao joÌm| ‘| {dœ ñdmñÏ¶ g§ñWm H$s godm à‘wI h¡& BgH$m àYmZ H$m¶m©b¶ pñdQ>Oab¢S> Ho$ {OZodm ‘| h¡&

B). ¶wZoñH$mo- (United Nations Educational Scientific and Culturalg ‹T> Organisation) :

gZ² 1946 H$mo ñWm{nV hþB©& BgH$m _w»` H|$Ð no[ag _| h¡& `h g§gma â _| {dkmZ, {ejm, g§ñH¥${V-Am{X H$mo àoaUm XoZodmbr g§ñWm h¡& VH$ZrH$s {ejm, _mÜ`_ VH$ZrH$s, aMZmË_H$ qMVZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dMmaYmamE±, n[aga {dkmZ H$s Amoa BgHo$ H$m`©joÌ h¡& g§gma â H$s {ejm VWm kmZ àgma H$s {Xem _| `h gaH$ma Am¡a J¡a gaH$mar g§ñWmAm| H$mo ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡&

B©). ¶w{Zgo\$- (United Nations International Emergency Fund) : {dVr¶ ‘hm¶wX²Y Ho$ Cnam§V ~ƒm| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE gZ² 1946 ‘| BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©&

gZ² 1957 ‘| ¶h EH$ ñWm`r g§ñWm hþB©& Bg g§ñWm _| 30 gXñ¶ h¢& ‘{hbm Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE Cn¶wº$ dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aZm Bg g§ñWm H$m àYmZ bú¶ h¡& `h CX²Xoí¶ nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$Vm ¶wº$ amï´>>m| Ho$ {bE ¶h _XX H$aVr h¡& gZ² 1965 ‘| ¶w{Zgo’$ Zmo~b nwañH$ma nm¶m h¡& YÝ¶dmX nÌ ì¶mnma go àmá YZ H$mo `h g§ñWm ~ƒm| H$s jo_ Hw$ebVm Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ H$a ahr h¡& Bg àH$ma Bg g§ñWm ‘mZdr¶ X¥{ï>H$moU `wŠV g§ñWm Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

C). Eo.E‘.E’$: (International Monetary Fund) :A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Am{W©H$ g§ñWm gZ² 1945 ‘| Ama§^ hþB©& gZ² 1947 Ho$ ~mX nyU© T>§J AnZm

H$m‘ ewé {H$¶m& BgH$m H$m¶m©b¶ A‘[aH$m Ho$ dmqfJQ>Z ‘| h¡& ¶h A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ñVa H$s Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo hb H$aZo H$m à¶mg H$aVr h¡& {dœ dm{UÁ¶ ì¶dhma Ho$ gmW-gmW Am{W©H$ pñWaVm VWm CÎm‘ {dXoer F$U MwH$mZo ‘| g§VwbZ nmbZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE à¶mg H$aVr h¡& Bg‘| àemgZ {d^mJ, H$m¶©ì¶dhma Ho$ {ZXoeH$ {d^mJ VWm àemgZ Ho$ {ZXoeH$ H$m‘ H$aVo h¢& BgH$m H$m¶© ì¶dhma Ho$ JwUdÎmm VWm nmaXeu Ho$ {bE H$m’$s ‘hËd nm¶m h¡& {d{dY amï´>m| Ho$> H|$Ð ~¢H$mo§ H$mo H|$Ð ~¢H$ go Bgo OmZm OmVm h¡& Am{W©H$ X¥{ï> go àJ{Verb amï´>> Am¡a Am{W©H$ X¥{ï> go {nN>‹S>o amï´>>m| Ho$ ~rM g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à¶mg H$aVr h¡&

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D$) Eo.~r.Ama.S>r (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) :

{dœ~¢H$ go OmZZodmbm ¶h g§ñWm gZ² 1947 ‘| Ama§^ hþB©& BgH$m H$m¶m©b¶ dmqfJQ>Z ‘| h¢& X²{dVr¶ ‘hm¶wX²Y Ho$ Cnam§V Am{W©H$ nwZíMoVZm Ho$ {bE ¶h g§ñWm Ama§^ hþB©& H¥${f,CX²¶moJ, g§Mma Am¡a gyMZm H$s A{^d¥X²{Y Ho$ {bE Adí¶H$ g‘ñV gXñ¶ amï´>>m| H$mo ¶h H$O© XoVr h¡& ¶h {dXoer ì¶mnma Am¡a {dXoer {d{Z‘¶ ‘| g§VwbZ H$m nmbZ H$aVr h¡& g‘ñV àJ{Verb amï´>>m| H$s Am{W©H$ A{^d¥X²{Y Ho$ {bE ~hþV ghH$ma ¶h ~¢H$ H$aVm h¡& Bg‘| àemgZ {d^mJ, H$m¶©H$mar {d^mJ VWm AÜ¶j ahVo h¢& BgHo$ AYrZ ‘| Xmo ghH$mar A§J h¢& do h¢ A) A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ àJ{Verb g§K Am) A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Am{W©H$ {ZJ‘&

F$) A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ‘µOXÿam| H$m g§K: (International Labour Organisation) :

Bg g§ñWm H$m Aa§^ ‘µOXÿam| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE hþB© h¡& BgH$m à‘wI H$m¶m©b¶ pñdQ²>Oab¢S> Ho$ {OZodm ‘| h¡& ha gXñ¶ amï´>> BgHo$ {bE Xmo gXñ¶m| H$mo oOVm h¡& CZ‘| go EH$ ‘µOXÿam| Ho$ ZoVm Ho$ ê$n ‘| Am¡a Xþgao H$mo àemgZ Ho$ ZoVm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘OXÿam| Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ gwajm, ñdmñÏ` g§ajU,CÎm‘ OrdZ ñVa Am{X {dMma Bg g§ñWm Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢& ‘{hbm ‘µOXÿam| Ho$ OÝ‘ H$s gw{dYm, H${Zð> doVZ bmJy H$aZm, Amdmg {Z‘m©U-Am{X {dMma Bg g§ñWm Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo §h¢& Bg g§ñWm Ho$ {ZU©¶ Ho$db ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ ê$n ‘| ahZo na r gXñ¶ amï´>>, CZH$mo à‘wIVm XoVo h¡§& BgH$m gm‘mÝ¶ gå‘obZ ‘µOXÿa dJ© Ho$ d¡{œH$ g§gX Ho$ ~am~a ahVm h¡& CZHo$ {hV H$s g§ajU Ho$ {bE n[al‘ H$aVm h¡&

E) {dœg§ñWm Ho$ ì¶mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ¶ àJ{Verb g{‘{V:-

¶h g§ñWm d¡{œH$ ñVa H$m ì¶mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ¶ {df¶m| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aVr h¡& A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ì¶mnma Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Cn¶wº$ VH$ZrH$s H$m ghH$ma ¶h g§ñWm H$aVr h¡& d¡{œH$ ñVa na {H$gr ^r Vah H$s ~mYmAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aHo$, AnZo X²dmam A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ì¶mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ¶ àJ{V Ho$ {bE ¶h ghH$ma H$aVr h¡& Bg àH$ma {dœ n[adma H$s Am{W©H$ A{^d¥X²{Y Ho$ {bE nyaH$ H$m‘ H$aVr h¡&

Eo) {dœì¶mnma g§K: (World Trade Organisation) :

1 OZdar 1995 H$mo ¶h g§ñWm Ama§^ hþB©& BgH$m g‘ñV gXñ¶ amï´>> "gm‘mÝ¶ ì¶mnma Am¡a H$a H$ama Ho$ {bE' ñdrH¥$V {H$¶o h¢& A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ñVa Ho$ dm{UÁ¶ VWm ì¶mnma H$s ~mYmAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE ¶h g§ñWm à¶mg H$aVr h¡& {dœ ~¢H$ Ho$ gmW ¶h A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ dm{UÁ¶ ì¶dhma {Z‘m©U ‘| ghm¶Vm H$aVr h¡& ‘wŠV dm{UÁ¶ ì¶dhma H$s àJ{V H$s Amoa OmZodmbo amï´>> Hw$N> ~mYmAm| H$m AZw^d H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Eo.E‘.E’$.VWm Eo.Ama.~r.S>r. g§ñWmAm| Ho$ gmW ¶h V¥Vr¶ ñVa Ho$ AmYmañV§^ ‘mZm OmVm h¡&

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joÌr` ghH$mar g§K : dV©‘mZ {díd ‘| H$B© ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| H$mo h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¢& ¶o gXñ¶ amï´>>m| Ho$

Amngr ghH$ma VWm OmZH$mar H$mo g§dX²Y©Z H$aVr h¢& àmXo{eH$ g§ñWmAm| ‘| à‘wI h¢-

1.H$m‘ZdoëW amï´>>g§K: (Commen wealth of Nations) :Bgo nhbo ""{~«{Q>e H$m‘ZdoëW g§K'' go OmZm OmVm Wm& BgHo$ ~mX Bggo ~«{Q>e eãX

{ZH$mbm J¶m& ¶h g§ñWm gZ² 1926 ‘| ñW{nV hþB©& AmJo ^maV Ho$ gmW AZoH$ ñdV§Ì amï´>> AnZr BÀN>mAm| go BgHo$ gXñ¶ ~Z J¶o& BgH$mo {~«Q>oZ amOm d[aï> h¡& àñVwV g§X^© ‘| Bg‘| 54 gXñ¶ amï´>> h¡& {~«Q>Z Ho$ b§S>Z ‘| BgH$m à‘wI H$m¶m©b¶ h¡& BgHo$ H$m¶©H$bmnm| ‘| gXñ¶ amï´>>m| Ho$ àYmZ ‘§Ìr, AW© _§Ìr Am¡a {dXoer ‘§Ìr à{V^mJr hmoVo h¢& JUV§Ì H$m ‘hËd, ñdV§Ì H$s gwajm,Jar~r hQ>mZm, {dœem§{V H$s ñWmnZm,Iob,{dkmZ Am¡a H$bm H$s A{^d¥X²{Y VWm CZH$m g§~§Ym| H$s d¥X²{Y- BZ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ à‘wI CX²Xoí¶ h¢& Amngr gXñ¶ amï´>>m| H$s {‘ÌVm H$m ^md g§dX²Y©Z H$aVr h¡&

2.gmH©$ (South Asian Association for Regional co-operation) : Bg g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm gZ² -1985 ‘| hþB©& BgHo$ gXñ¶ amï´>> 8 h¢- ^maV, ~§JbmXoe,

Zonmb, lrb§H$m, nm{H$ñVmZ, ‘mëS>rìg, ^yVmZ Am¡a AnKm{ZñVmZ-Am{X& Am{W©H$ g§~§Ym| H$s A{^d¥X²{Y, gm‘m{OH$ àJ{V VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg Amngr ghH$ma Ho$ gmW H$aZm Bg g§ñWm H$m ‘yb CX²Xoí¶ h¡& bú¶ nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE H$B© VH$ZrH$s g{‘{V, H$m¶m©MaU g{‘{V VWm ñWm¶r g{‘{V, {Z‘m©U hþB© h¢, bo{H$Z gXñ¶ amï´>> Amngr A{dœmg {ddmX Bg g§ñWm {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ~mYH$ ~Zm h¡& g‘ñV {ZU©¶ gXñ¶, amï´>>m| Ho$ {damoY ‘| hr ahZm Mm{hE& Bg gyÌ Ho$ AZwgma Bg g§ñWm H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE Amngr {ddmX ~mYH$ h¡ gXñ¶m| Ho$ amï´>>m| Ho$ ~rM H$m’$s h¡& g^r {ZU©` gXñ` amï´>m| Ho$ {damoY Ho$ AmYma _| ahZm Mm{hE& `h gyÌ ^r Bg g§ñWm H$s àJVr Ho$ {bE ~mYH$ h¡& {’$a ^r bJmVma go g‘mamoh Amngr em§{V Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE Adga {X¶m h¡& {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s,H¥${f Am{X {df¶m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| gXñ¶ amï´>> Ho$ à{V{Z{Y¶m| H$m g‘mamoh, à{ejU Am{X H$m¶©embm VËdmdYmZ ‘| Am¶mo{OV hmoVo h¢& gmH©$ H$s J{V{d{Y`m| _| ^maV H$m g{H«$`m ^y{_H$m h¡& BgH$m àYmZ H$m¶m©b¶ Zonmb Ho$ H$R>‘§Sy> ‘| h¡&

3.¶yamo{n¶Z ¶y{Z¶Z: Bg ‘| ¶yamon Ho$ 27 gXñ¶ amï´>> h¡& å¶mpñQ´>M ‘| Am¶mo{OV ¶y{Z¶Z H$amH$ Ho$ AZwgma

Bg g§ñWm gZ² 1992 ‘| Ama§^ hþB©& BZ gXñ¶ amï´>>m| Ho$ ~rM g_mZ ~mOma, EH$ hr ê$n H$m H$aoÝgr,g‘mZ H¥${f VWm ì¶mnma Am{X Ho$ {bE Adga ahVo h¡§& BgHo$ ‘w»¶ A§J g§ñWmE± h¢- 1. g{‘{V , 2. Am¶moJ, 3. ¶yamon H$m g§gX VWm 4 ¶yamo{n¶Z Ý¶m¶mb¶& ¶yamo{n¶Z ¶y{Z¶Z EH$ g§¶wº$ amÁ¶ Ho$ ~am~a h¡& BgH$m {Z‘m©Vm Zo H$hm h¡ ¶h g§ñWm em§{V Am¡a

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àOmV§§Ì H$m¶© {Z^mVr h¡& ¶h ¶yamo{n¶Z ¶y{Z¶Z nrN>o aho ¶yamo{n¶Z BH$Zm{‘H$ H$å¶w{ZQ>r Ho$ (B©B©gr) ~am~a h¡& BgHo$ gXñ¶ amï´>> AnZr BÀN>m go AnZm gd©loð> A{YH$ma A§e Bg g§ñWm H$mo {X¶m h¡&

4.Am{e¶Z (Association of South East Asian Nations) :BgH$s ñWmnZm gZ² 1965 ‘| hþB© & BgHo$ gñWmnH$ gXñ¶ amï´>> h¢ - qgJmnwa, ‘bo{e¶m,

B§S>moZo{e¶m, {’${bßb¡Ýg VWm W¡bm§S>, A~ Bg‘| 10 gXñ¶ amï´>> h¢& BgH$m à‘wI CX²Xoí¶ h¢ {H$ Bg àXoe Ho$ Am{W©H$ A{^d¥X²{Y, gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg Ho$ à¶mg VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJ{V H$aZm, VWm Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, VH$ZrH$s, d¡km{ZH$, àemg{ZH$ Am{X joÌm| ‘| Amngr ghH$ma VWm à{V^m{JËd h¢&

¶h EH$ {‘{bQ>ar g§K Zht& ^maV BgHo$ g§~§Y ‘| CXma ^mdZm aIZo na ^r Cg‘| gXñ¶ Zhr ~Z J¶m h¡& AdbmoH$Z Ho$ ñWmZ nm¶m h¡& Bg‘| {dœ Hw$b OZg§»¶m Ho$ 9 à{VeV bmoJ h¢&

5. Xmo AmJ}Z¡goeZ Am°’$ A{’«$H$Z ¶w{Z{Q>:`h A{’«$H$Z g{‘{V H$m {Z‘m©U gZ² 1965 ‘| hþB©& AmOmXr àmá A{’«$H$Z amï´>> Amng

‘| AZoH$ àmXo{eH$ g§ñWmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m& AmJo BÝhm|Zo EH$ gmW Ow‹S>H$a, Xr AJ©Z¡goeZ Am°’$ A{’«$H$Z ¶w{Z{Q> Zm‘ EH$ Z¶r g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$s¨& g‘ñV ñdV§Ì A{’«$H$Z amï´>> AnZo {ZYm©aU H$m A{YH$ma ¶h g§ñWm à{Vnm{XV H$aVr h¡& ¶h AmOmXr,g‘mZVm, Ý¶m¶ VWm EH$Vm A{’«$H$Z amï´>>m| ‘| {Z‘m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE à¶mg H$aVr h¡& "Z¶m Cn{ZdoeZ Ho$ {déX²Y' b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE ¶h g§ñWm Ho$ gXñ¶ H$‘a H$g {b¶o h¢& BgHo$ CX²Xoí¶m| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZodmbo g‘ñV A{’«$H$Z amï´>> BgHo$ gXñ¶ ~Z gH$Vo h¢&

Bg g§ñWm ‘| 1.gXñ¶ amï´>> Ho$ àYmZ VWm dhm± Ho$ gaH$ma à_wIm| H$s g^m& 2. g{Md g§gX VWm 3 .Xbmb H$m ñdrH$ma Ho$ Cn{ZdoeZ, dU©ôX, gm‘«mÁ¶dmX Am{X Ho$ {déX²Y Bg g§ñWm Ho$ à‘wI nmÌ {Z^m`r h¡&

Aä¶mg

I. {ZåZ{bpIV [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{O¶o:1. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ Ama§^ H$m gmb h¡&

2. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ àYmZ H$m¶m©b¶ ZJa ‘| h¡&

3. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ g{Md g§gX ~am~a ahZodmbr A§JgñWm h¡&

4. A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ Ý¶m¶mYre H$s Ad{Y gmb h¡&

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5. A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶ ‘| h¡&6. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ AmO H$m ‘hmg{Md H$m Zm‘ h¡&7. {dœ ñdmñÏ` g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$m gmb h¡&8. gmH©$ ñWmnZm H$m gmb

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àíZm| Ho$ g‘yhm| ‘| MMm© H$aHo$ Xmo-VrZ dmŠ¶m| ‘| CÎma {bpI¶o :1. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¢?2. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ A§J g§ñWmE± H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr h¢?3. gwajm g{‘{V ‘| ñWm¶r gXñ¶ amï´>> H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?4. {dœ ñdmñÏ` g§ñWm H$s H$m¶©gyMr ‘| {Z{hV A§e H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?5. A§Vamï´>>r¶ ‘µOXÿa g§K Ho$ H$m¶m] H$s gyMr ~ZmB¶o&6. gmH©$ (SAARC) H$m {dñV¥V ê$n Š`m h¡&

III. {ZåZ{bpIV àíZm| Ho$ g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$aHo$ Xg dmŠ¶m| ‘| CÎma {bpI¶o:-1. {dœg§ñWm Ho$ CX²Xoí¶mo§ H$s gyMr ~ZmB¶o&2. Am‘g^m H$s aMZm H$m {ddaU Xr{O¶o &3. Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ g{‘{V Ho$ H$m¶© Š¶m-Š¶m h¡§ ?4. "d¡{œH$ ñVa ‘| em§{V ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE {dœ g§ñWm H$s ^y{_H$m ~hþV hr

‘hËdnyU© h¡'- Bg dmŠ¶ H$m g‘W©Z H$s{O¶o&5. ¶yZoñH$mo Ho$ H$m¶© H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢ ?6. d¡{œH$ ñVa ‘| Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo ‘| Eo E‘ E’$ H$s ^y{_H$m H$m

{díbofU H$s{O¶o&7. H$m‘ZdoëW amï´>>g§K Ho$ CX²Xoí¶m| H$s gyMr ~ZmB¶o&8. ¶yamo{n¶Z ¶y{Z¶Z g§ñWm H$m {ddaU Xr{O¶o&

IV. {H«$¶mH$bmn:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| ¶yZoñH$modmbo nhMmZo J¶o Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ Aë~‘ V¡`ma H$s{O¶o&

V. n[a¶moOZm:

1. d¡{œH$ ñVa ‘| {dœg§ñWm X²dmam {Z^m¶r JB© em§{V à{H«$¶mAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| g‘mMma n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| àH${Q>V g‘mMmam| H$mo g§J«h H$s{O¶o&

* * * *

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g‘mO emóAÜ¶m¶ - 3

gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$aVo h¢ :• gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ H$m AW©, ñdê$n, CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg• n`m©daU Am§XmobZ • _{hbm Am§XmobZ• _ÚnmZ {ZfooY Am§XmobZ • H¥$fH$ Am§XmobZ• l{_H$ Am§XmobZ • Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU Ho$ {déÕ Am§XmobZ

gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ H$m AW© Am¡a ñdê$n :gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ H$m AW© h¡ _mZd g_mO Ho$ - J{V, ~Xbmd Am¡a n[adV©Z go

g§~§{YV MbZodmbm EH$ ì`dpñWV ñdm^m{dH$ AdamoY gm_m{OH$ à{V{H«$`m h¡& ‘ì`dpñWV>’ `mZo ha EH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ CÕoí`/_§{Ob `moOZm Am¡a H$m`©H«$_ ahVm h¡& ñdm^m{dH$ H$m AW© h¡ {H$ _mZd g_mO `m _mZd {dH$mg Ho$ {d{dY ñVam| _| Eogo Am§XmobZ {Za§Va Mb MwHo$ h¢ MbVo aho h¢/Mb|Jo H$moB© ^r Ordr AnZo A{ñVËd na YŠH$m bJZo na CgHo$ {déÜX ñdm^m{dH$ én go AdamoY ì`º$ H$aVm h¡& AdamoY Ho$ {bE _mZd Am¡a g_mO nao Zhr§ h¡& Bgo h_ ñdm^m{dH$ à{V{H«$`m g_PVo h¡& _mZd g_mO _o§ Mbo hþE Am¡a Mb ^r aho emofUm| Ho$ {déÕ H$B© ì`{ŠVJV ñVa na Am¡a ì`{º$JV ^y{_H$m _| h‹S>Vmb hþE h¢ hmo aho h¡§, ì`{º$JV ^y{_H$m _| MbZodmbm `h AdamoY H$mo h_ g_m{OH$ hS>Vmb Zhr H$hVo& Š`m|{H$ gm_m{OH$ hS>Vmb bmoJm| go gm_y{hH$ ê$n go MbmZodmbr à{H«$`m h¡&

_mZd g_mO Ho$ {d{eï> gm_wXm{`H$ {H«$`mAm| _| gm_m{OH$ hS>Vmb _hËdnyU© Am¡a {d{eîQ> h¡& Bg hS>Vmb H$mo Am§XmobZ, A{^`mZ, g§Kf©, H«$m§{V Am{X eãXm| X²dmam nhMmZm OmVm h¡& e¡j{UH$ joÌ _| A§J«oOr Ho$ ‘_y_|Q>’ (Movement) eãX Ho$ n`m©` eãX Ho$ ê$n _o§ à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ OZg_wXm` H$s$ Amdí`H$ AmH$m§jmE± H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo H$m EH$ gm_m{OH$ _§M hmoVm h¡& gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ _§M na ^mJboZodmbo bmoJ Am§XmobZm| Ho$ VoO hmoZo go nyd©`moOZm go {^ÝZ _moS>m| go {d{dY g§Kfm] Ho$ à^md _| AmH$a Zò _Zmo^md Am¡a Zò gm_m{OH$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo bo gH$Vo h¡§& BgHo$ {bE EH$ CXmhaU h¡ Jm±YrOr nhbo ^JdmZ hr gË` H$hm H$aVo Wo& ~mX _| amîQ´>r` Am§XmobZ _| S>m°.~r.Ama A§~oS>H$a Ho$ gmW g§dmX Ho$ à^md go Am¡a AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ gwYmaH$m| Ho$ gmW ahZo go _hmË_mJm±Yr Or Zo gË`

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hr ^JdmZ H$hm& `h _hmË_mJm±Yr Or X²dmam {d{dY g_m{OH$, hS>Vmbm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ AZw^dm| H$m \$b h¡& Bg àH$ma àËòH$ gm_m{OH$ hS>Vmb ZE gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma Ho$ AmXe© H$mo é{nV H$aVm hr ahZm h¡&

19 dt emVmãXr go nhbo àmH¥${VH$ g§nXm A{YH$ Cn`moJ H$aZodmbr gmd©O{ZH$ g§nXm Wr& Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Ho$ ~mX àmH¥${VH$ g§nXm gaH$ma Am¡a ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ M§Jwb _| Am J`r h¡& V~ Cgna {Z`§ÌU H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$mZyZr H«$_ Omar _| Am Jò& ñdm^{dH$ g§nXm O¡go bH$S>r na nm~§Yr bJ`m J`m Wm& Am{Xdmgr bmoJm| H$mo CZHo$ ahZodmbo n[adoe _o§ BñVo_mb H$aZo Ho$ {bE bH$S>r {_bZm H${R>Z hmo J`m& BgHo$ ~mao _| AZoH$ gwYmaH$m| Zo AmdmO CR>mB©& Bg n¥îQ^y{_ Ho$ A§VJ©V gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ, n`m©daU Am§XmobZ, ñÌr Am§XmobZ Am¡a H¥$fH$ Am§XmobZ H$mo g_PZm Mm{hE&

gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ g^r H$mb Xoe _| EH$ Z EH$ ê$n _| Mb MwHo$ h¢ Mb aho h¡& Hw$N> Am§XmobZ emídV n[aUm_m| H$mo h_mao g_mO _| bmò h¢& CXmhaUmW© maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ amO{Z{VH$ ñdV§ÌVm go boH$a H$B© emídV n[aUm_m| H$mo h_mao g_mO _| bm`m h¡& Hw$N> Am§XmobZm| go A{YH$ à^md Zhr§ hþAm hmoJm& ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo h_ XoIZo go ~ma ~ma Mbo hþE Ym{_©H$ Am§XmobZ AWdm ^{º$n§W Ho$ Am§XmobZ, ^maV Ho$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo gm_Zo aIVm h¡& Y_© Om{V AmYm[aV CËnrS>Z, AË`mMma, H$_© {gÕmV H$s na§nam, O_rZXmam|- Om{JaXmam| Ho$ emofU, Am¡a An_mZ Ho$ {déÕ ~wÕ, _hm{da, ~gdÊU A§~oS>H$a, eaUbmoJ XmgbmoJ, gy\$sbmoJ Am¡a AZoH$m| go Mbmò Jò Am§XmobZ Om{V An_mZ Am¡a AË`mMma go nr{S>V bmoJm| _o§ [ahmB© H$m àH$me XoZo _| gh`moJ {Xò& `h gm_m{OH$ J{V H$mo D$Üd©_wIr ~ZmZo H$m Adga {X`m&

Am§XmobZ H$m CJ_ Am¡a {dH$mg

gm_mÝ` Vm¡a na h_mao X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ _| h_| {~Zm g_Po H$moB© N>moQ>o _moQ>o g§Kf©, KQ>ZmE± gm_m{OH$ g_yhm| _| MbVr ahVr h¡§& do Cgr g_` n¡Xm hmoH$a Jm`~ ^r hmo OmVo h¡§& `h Ho$db gr{_V CX²Xoí` Ho$ {bE WmoS>o hr g_` Ho$ {bE hbMb H$aVm h¡& BZ_| h_ Am§XmobZ Ho$ àma§{^H$ ñVa nhMmZVo h¡§& Cg_| bmoJm| H$s ^rS>/X§Jm à_wI h¡& bo{H$Z AZoH$ X§Jm gH$mamË_H$ H$maU Ho$ {~Zm hr MbVo h¡§& BÝh| Am§XmobZ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ ñVa Zht _mZm OmVm&

bmoJm| H$s ^rS> : AMmZH$ hþB© KQ>Zm go A{YH$ bmoJ EH$ gmW {_bH$a AñWm`r ê$n go MbmZodmbo, gmoM, AZw^y{V Am¡a ~Vm©d gm_y{hH$ ~Vm©d H$hbmVo h¡§& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE H$moB© gS>H$ XþK©Q>Zm hmo Vmo Vwa§V dhm± bmoJm| H$s ^rS> O_m hmoH$a H$aZodmbm ~Vm©d& Bgo bmoJm| H$s ^rS> Ho$ ~Vm©d H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg Vah Ho$ òmoV AmJo MbH$a gm_m{OH$

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Am§XmobZ Ho$ ê$n _| ~Xb gH$Vm h¡& H$moB© ^r nyd© V¡`mar Ho$ {~Zm Mb{MÌ _§{Xa Ho$ nmg {Q>H$Q> boZo Ho$ {bE Koao hþE bmoJm| H$s ^rS> gS>H$ XþK©Q>Zm XoIZo Ho$ {bE {_bZo dmbr ^rS> Am{X -

bmoJm| H$s ^rS> _| bmoJm| Ho$ A{Z`§{ÌV dVm©d hr AZoH$ g§X^m] _| g_mO Ho$ bmon Xmofm| H$mo {XImVo h¡§& `h Hw$N> g_` gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Ho$ H$m`©{dYmZ Ho$ ~mao _o§ bmoJm| H$s AV¥{á H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Am¡a gaH$ma H$s moOZm, àd¥{Îm Am¡a {ZYm©[aV H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ ~mao _| bmoJm| Ho$ Ag§Vmof H$mo ~mha bmVm h¡&

^rS>/X§Jm : ^rS>/X§Jm bmoJm| H$s ^rS> Ho$ ~Vm©d H$m EH$ Am¡a ê$n h¡& qhgmË_H$ Am¡a {dZmemË_H$ ñdê$n Ho$ bmoJm| H$s ^rS> Ho$ ~Vm©d H$mo ^rS>/X§Jm H$h gH$Vo h¡& bmoJm| H$mo ^rS> _| {XImB© XoZodmbm H${Zï> ñVa Ho$ CÔoí` Am¡a EH$Vm ^r ^rS> _| Zhr§ hmoVr& ^rS>/X§Jm _| {d{dY g_mO{damoYr$ Q>mobr AnZo bm^ Ho$ CÔoí` go gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmr H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MmVr h¡& ^rS>/X§Jm nhbo naoemZ H$mo g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ X²dmam AnàMma H$aHo$ X§Jm H$mo g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& H$B© g_` ^rS>/X§Jm go Anma bmoJm| H$s OrdhmZr ^r hmo OmVr h¡&

Bg{bE ^rS>/X§Jmo _| bJo hþE bmoJmo§ Ho$ ~Vm©d _| H$moB© {ZpíMV bú` Zhr§ hmoVm h¡& ^rS>/X§Jm H$mZyZ Am¡a gwì`dñWm Ho$ {bE EH$ J§^ra gdmb ~ZVm h¡& BgHo$ {bE CXmhaU h¡ Om{V X§Jm, gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm, Om{V` PJS>o, amOZr{VH$ g§Kf© Am{X& gm_mÝ` ê$n go ZJam| _| H|${ÐH¥$V X§Jm AmO J«m_rU àXoem| _| ^r {dñVma hþAm h¡& Om{V, ^y{_ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ H$maU Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a Hw$N> CËàoaH$ pñW{V ^rS>/X§Jm H$mo Á`mXm {H$`m h¡& Bg A{Z`§{ÌV ~Vm©d go g_mO {damoYr H$m`© Á`mXm hmoVo h¡§& ^roS>/X§Jm Ho$ à_wI H$maU nj Am¡a {dnj Ho$ X²dof H$s _Zmo^mdZm Zhr§ hmoVr h¡&

^rS>/X§Jm Á`mXm g_` VH$ Zhr§ MbVm& EH$ gr{_V Ad{Y _| g_má hmo OmVr h¡& A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ g_`àkm, nw{bg, gwajm ì`dñ`m Am¡a H$mZyZr Vm¡a go BgH$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$a gH$Vo h¡§&

n`m©daU Am§XmobZn`m©daU Am§XmobZ H$m AW© h¡ n`m©daU Ho$ A§VJ©V ahZodmbo OrdOJV Ho$ g§ajU Ho$

{bE à{Vnm{XV H$aZodmbm d¡km{ZH$, Am§XmobZ& AWm©V² h_mao Mmam| Amoa H$s ^y{_, dm`w, Ob Am{X H$mo {_bmH$a gmao OrdOJV H$mo Zï> H$aZodmbm Am¡a àXÿ{fV H$aZodmbm| Ho$ {déÕ d¡km{ZH$ ê$n go Am§XmobZ H$aZm n`m©daU Am§XmobZ Vwa§V hr {XIZodmbm EH$ gm_m{OH$ AmXmobZ Z hmoH$a H$B© gmbm| go n`m©daU Am¡a n`m©daU _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ D$na hmoZodmbo emofUm| go CËnÞ AdamoY h¡& CXmahU Ho$ {bE OmI©S> _w{º$ _moMm© 1973 _| àma§^ hmoZo

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na ^r 1930 Ho$ nhbo hr Hw$N> nT>o {bIo Am{Xdmgr PaI§S> àXoe go BñnmV Am¡a AZoH$ ñdm^m{dH$ g§n{V H$mo ~mha Ho$ ny±Orn{V Ho$ Am¡X²`mo{JH$ H$ãOo _§o bmH$a ñWmZr` bmoJm| H$mo Jar~ pñW{V VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {damoY go {H$`m Wm& Bg Vah Ho$ emofU Ho$ {déÕ àma§^ hmoZodmbm à_wI Am§XmobZ _| PaI§S>> _w{º$ _moMm© ^r EH$ h¡&

OmJ{VH$ àm`mo{OV {dH$mg `moOZmE± {H«$`mH$bmn : `h Amn Om{ZE : PaI§S> _w{ŠV _moMm© nhbo n`m©daU Am§XmobZ hmoZo na ^r ~mY _| amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hþAm&

Am{Xdm{g`m| H$mo O~ ñWmZm§VaU H$aZo bJr V~ AZoH$ Am§XmobZ Ama§ hþE& OmJ{VH$ Vmn_mZ _o§ d¥{Õ Obg§n{V na hmoZodmbm emofU Am¡a Am{X Ho$ {déÕ MbZodmbo g^r Am§XmobZ n`m©daU Am§XmobZ h¢& OrdOJV Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~mao _| e¡{jH$ joÌ Am¡a ~w{ÕOrdr bmoJ, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Vm©, ñWmZr` bmoJmo Ho$ gmW {_bH$a n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ {bE gm_y{hH$ AdamoY H$a aho h¢& Bg_o Hw$N> à_wI Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~mao _o§ g§{já ê$n _o§ n[aM` àmá H$a|Jo&

{MßH$mo Am§XmobZ : CÎma àXoe Ho$ Q>ohar - J‹T>dmb {Obo Ho$ aoÞr J«m_ _| 2,500 noS>m| H$mo H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Zo AZw_{V Xr& Bggo dZm| H$m Zme Am¡a n`m©daU H$m {dZme hmoVo XoIH$a H$moB© ^r bmbM Y_H$s H$mo nadmh Z H$aHo$ _{hbmAm| Zo hr AmJo AmH$a noS> H$mo AmqbJZ H$aHo$ ({MßH$mo) Am§XmobZ H$m àma§^ {H$`m& 1974 _| hþAm Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ {bE EH$ ór H$s g_` ñny{V© hr ^{dî` na à^md S>mbm& Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ \$b ñdê$n noS> Ho$ hZZ H$mo {X`m hþAm gaH$mar AmXoe dm{ng {b`m J`m&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _o§ ApßnH$mo Am§XmobZ : H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ CÎma H$ÞS> {Obm Ho$ gë`mZr Jm±d Ho$ H¥$fH$ 1983 _| ApßnH$mo Am§XmobZ {H$`m& H$bgo Zm_H$ dZ _| R>oHo$Xma O~ noS> H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE AmE V~ dhm± Ho$ ñWmZr` bmoJm| Zo no‹S>> H$m AmqbJZ H$aHo$ hS>Vmb {H$`m& noS> H$s VñH$ar H$mo amoH$Zm, noS> H$m nmbZ nmofU H$aZm Am¡a n`m©daU Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~mao _| Am_ bmoJm| _o§ OmJ¥{V n¡Xm H$aZm dhm§° Ho$ ñWmZr` H¥$fH$m§o H$m CÔoí` Wm&

Z_©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZ : JwOamV amÁ` Ho$ gaXma gamoda H$s `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V Z_©Xm ZXr na ~m±Y H$m {Z_m©U dhm± Ho$ ñWmZr` bmoJm| Am¡a AZwgy{MV dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo Xm[aÐVm VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& dZH$Q>mB©, n`m©daU H$m Zme Ord-OJV H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MmVm h¡ BgH$mo d¡km{ZH$ ê$n go g§_PH$a CgH$m g§ajU H$aZo Ho$ Ame` H$mo boH$a n`m©daU ào_r _oYm nmQ>H$a Ho$

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ZoV¥Ëd _| ~m±Y {Z_m©U Ho$ {déÕ ~hþV XrK© g_` VH$, ~hþV ~S>m Am§XmobZ Z_©Xm ZXr Ho$ Amgnmg Mbm`m Om ahm h¡& `hr ‘Z_©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZ' h¡&>

_m¡Z KmQ>r Am§XmobZ : Ho$ab Ho$ nmbKmQ> VmbyH$m Ho$ _m¡Z KmQ>r _o§ ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ CÔo{eV ~m±Y Ho$ {Z_m©U go n`m©daU Zme Ho$ gmW gmW AZoH$ Ord àôXmo§ H$mo Zme hmoVo XoIH$a Ho$ab emñÌ gm{hË` n[afX Am¡a dÝ`new - n{j`m| Ho$ ào{_`m| Zo ~m±Y {Z_m©U Ho$ {déÕ Am§XmobZ {H$`m& Bg Am§XmobZ Ûmam AZoH$ OrdO§Vw H$m g§ajU hþAm&

H$Zm©Q>H$ g_wÐ VQ>r Ho$ n`m©daU Am§XmobZ : H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ g_wÐ VQ>r` _§Jbya _| ñWnZm H$aZodmbo Vob ew{ÕH$aU KQ>H$ go AmZodmbo amgm`{ZH$ A§emo go n`m©daU H$s hm{Z hmoVo XoIH$a n`m©daU ào_r bmoJm| Zo ‘_§Jbya [a\¡$Zarg Am¡a noQ´>moHo${_H$b²g {b{_Q>oS>>’ (MRPL) Ho$ {dê$Õ Am§XmobZ {H$`m& CSw>nr Ho$ nmg Z§{XHy$a CîUñWmda H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {déÕ Am¡a _§Jbya {deof Am[W©H$ joÌ CÔoí` Ho$ {bE H¥${f ^y{_ nmZo Ho$ {déÕ Mbm`m J`m Am§XmobZ à_wI h¡&

H¡$Jm na_mUw D$Om© {damoYr Am§XmobZ : H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$madma {Obo Ho$ H¡$Jm _| na_mUw D$Om© CËnmXZ H|$Ð H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {déÕ {edam_ H$ma§V Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _o§ Am§XmobZ àma§^ {H$`m J`m& H¡$Jm nma_mUw D$Om© H|$Ð H$s ñWmnZm go dZmo H$m Zme AUw{d{H$aU go n`m©daU àXÿfU Am¡a AZoH$ Xþîà^md go Ord àôX na Xþîn[aUm_ nS> ahm Wm Bg{bE BgH$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {déÕ H¡$Jm {deof Am§XmobZ Mbm`m J`m&

_oYm nmQ²>H$a. gw§Xabmb ~hþJwU Zo Am§XmobZm| Ho$ Ûmam CX²Xoí` àm{á Ho$ {bE XrK© H$mb VH$ Cndmg gË`mJ«h Mbm`m h¡& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX gm_y{hH$ {hV Ho$ {bE BVZm XrK© Cndmg gË`mJ«h n`m©daU Am§XmobZ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ`Ì Bg àH$ma H$m CXmhaU h_| Zht {_bVm h¡& n`m©daU EH$ ñdV§Ì ^mJ Z hmoH$a _mZd Ho$ OrdZ H$m g_rH$aU ~Z MwH$m h¡&

ór Am§XmobZ : 1980 XeH$ _o§ njmVrV ê$n go MbZodmbm gm_y{hH$ Am§XmobZ _o§ AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡& nwéf àYmZ Ag_mZVm Ho$ Ñ{îQ>H$mU, _{hbmAm| na nwéf àYmZ g§H¥${V Ho$ emofU AË`mMma Ho$ {déÕ _{hbmAm| go Mbm`m J`m hS>Vmb hr _{hbm Am§XmobZ& Cg_| ^r _{hbm Ho$ emofU Ho$ {déÕ n[aH$ënZm Ho$ Ûmam _{hbm g_mZVm Ho$ ~mao _o§ d¡Mm[aH$ aMZmE± Am¡a g¥OZerb aMZmE± gm{hË` bmoH$ _o§ AmJ`r h¡§&

AZoH$ hS>Vmb Ho$ ~rM _| ^r AmO ^r XhoO àWm Ho$ H$maU AË`mMma go nr{S>Vm| H$s g§»`m AZ{JZV h¡& ñdV§Ì ^maV _| _{hbmAm| na hmoZodmbr Ag_mZVm AmYm[aV AË`mMma ê$nm§V[aV hþAm h¡& _{hbmAm| H$mo go{dH$m Ho$ g_mZ XoIZodmb| nwéf àYmZ g_mO Ho$ ‘{gÜXm§V>’ ~m{bH$mE± Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$mo Ag_mZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go hr XoIVo h¡§&

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BZ Ag_mZVmAm| Ho$ gmW {ó`m| na emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ CËnrS>Z XhoOàWm, AË`mMma, emofU Am{X MbVo hr ahVo h§¡& Jm{b`m± XoZm Aíbrb ^mfm H$m à`moJ {d{dY Ho$ àH$ma H$s qhgm n[adma Ho$ A§Xa Am¡a ~mha _{hbm ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a Jm¡ad H$mo K¸$m nhþ±MVm h¡& BgHo$ gmW _{hbm na Am{gS> \|$H$Zm ~m{bH$mAm| Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~H«$s {XZ ~ {XZ EH$ {d{MÌ ê$n bo ahm h¡ Bgo h_ _mÚ_ _| ha {XZ XoIVo h¡& nhbo d§e Jm¡ad ~Zmò aIZo Ho$ {bE hË`m, _`m©Xm hË`m Ho$ ê$n _o§ ~Xb J`m h¡& h_mao g§{dYmZ Ho$ 14,15,16,39 Ho$ àH$ma g_mZ Adga Am¡a g_mZ CX²`_ Ho$ {bE g_mZ doVZ H$m A{YH$ma$ A^r VH$ g^r _{hbmAm| H$mo Zhr§ {_bm h¡&

Bg Vah H$s Ag_mZVm Am¡a emofU Ho$ {d{dY ê$n Ho$ {déÕ _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$aZodmbo Am§XmobZ hr _{hbm Am§XmobZ h¡§& BZ_o à_wI A§em| H$s OmZH$mar h_ `hm± àmá H$a|Jo&

_ÚnmZ {ZfoY Am§XmobZ :

_{hbmAm| go ~Zm à_wI Am§XmobZ _| nmZ {ZfoY Am§XmobZ à_wI h¡& `h Am§XmobZ Hw$N> {^ÝZ ar{V H$m h¡& Š`m|{H$ nmZ {ZfoY Ho$ g§X © _o§ g^r _{hbmE± g§J{R>V hmoVr h¢&

_ÚnmZ {ZfoY ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ EH$ ^mJ h¡& Jm±YrOr _ÚnmZ {ZfoY H$mo à{VnmXV H$aVo h¢& _{hbmAm| Ho$ _ÚnmZ {ZfoX Am§XmobZ {MßH$mo Am§XmobZ H$m EH$ ^mJ ~Z OmVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _o§ n`m©daU Am§XmobZ Ho$ gmW H$amdbr Am¡a _boZmSy> àXoe _| _ÚnmZ {ZfoY Am§XmobZ ewé hmoVm h¡& Hw$gw_m gmoa~ Ho$ gmW Am¡a ^r AZoH$ Bg Am§XmobZ _o§ AnZm OrdZ Imo`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm hmgZ, H$mobma, _§S²>`m, Mm_amOZJa Am¡a ^r AZoH$ {Obm| _o§ _{hbmE± _Ú ~oMZo Ho$ {déÕ Am§XmobZ {H$`m h¡& _ÚnmZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmAm| _| d¡`{º$H$ OrdZ _| AZoH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo n¡Xm {H$`m h¡& _{hbmE± Cg_| ^r Jm«_rU Jar~ _{hbmAm| Ho$ OrdZ _| AZoH$ _wí{H$bm| H$mo bm IS>m H$a {X`m h¡& l{_H$ AnZr Aën H$_mB© H$mo _ÚnmZ H$mo S>mbZo go AnZr bV Ho$ {bE N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| H$mo H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ôOZo Ho$ gmW AnZr nËZr H$s H$_mB© H$mo ^r bo OmH$a _ÚnmZ Ho$ Xmg ~Z Jò h¡& Bg Vah _ÚnmZ go hmoZodmbo ~wao n[aUm_m| Ho$ H$maU _ÚnmZ {ZfoY Am§XmobZ H$mo _{hbmAm| Zo hr g§J{R>V {H$`m h¡&

{H«$`mH$bmn : {dÚmb`, H$jm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ n[adoe _| ~m{bH$mE± Am¡a _{hbmE± {OZ g_ñ`m gm_Zm H$a ahr h¡§ CgHo$ ~mao _o§ OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>moQ>r N>moQ>r EH$m§H$s H$mo ~ÀMm| go H$admZm&

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H¥$fH$ Am§XmobZ :

H$a {damoY go àma§^ hmoZodmbm H¥$fH$ hS>²Vmb H¥$fH$m| H$mo Koao hþE AZoH$ A{W©H$ g§H$Q>m| Ho$ {déÕ ~rgdr eVmãXr Ho$ gÎmad| Am¡a Añgr XeH$ _| AZoH$ Am§XmobZm| H$mo Mbm`m h¡& gmao Xoe _| AZoH$ H¥$fH$ Am§XmobZ Ama§^ hmoH$a Añgr XeH$ Ho$ MbZodmbm {H$gmZ Am§XmobZ à_wI h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| 70 d| XeH$ _| A{YH$ma _o§ AmZodmbo S>r.XodamO Aagy Zo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE ~S>o à_mU _o§ Ztd S>mbr h¡. Om{V ì`dñWm go ~§{YV gm_m{OH$ Xþ~©bmo§ Ho$ {d_moMZ Ho$ {bE nyaH$ H$mZyZmo H$mo Omar _§o bmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m& CÝhmoZo ^y{_ _m{bH$m| Ho$ M§Jwb go {H$amòXmam| H$mo _wº$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Jwbm_r nÕ{V H$s aÕ H$aZm Jar~m| Ho$ F$U n[ahma Ho$ gmW Cg g_` Ho$ _§{Ì lr ~gdqbJßnm Or Ho$ Ame` Ho$ AZwgma {ga na _b boH$a OmZodmbo A_mZdr` éT>r Ho$ {Z_y©bZ Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H«$m§{VH$mar H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo bmJy {H$`m&

~mX Ho$ {XZm| _o§ {H$gmZm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ n[ahma Ho$ {bE gaH$ma H$m Ü`mZ AmH¥$ï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE hS>Vmb {H$`m J`m& Bg àH$ma {H$gmZ Am¡a bmoJ MbmZodmbo g^r hS>Vmb amOZr{V Ho$ àoaH$ g_PH$a bmoJm| Ho$ hS>Vmbm| H$mo X_Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE bmR>r MmO© Am¡a Jmobr~mar MbVo h¢& Bg àH$ma H$s Zr{V`m| Ho$ {déÕ 1980 Ho$ OyZ _hrZo _o§ YmadmS> {Obo Ho$ Za§JwX _o§ {H$gmZm| H$m X§Jm MbVm h¡& `h X§Jm gaH$ma Ho$ emofU Ho$ {déÜX _mÌ Z hmoH$a `h g^r {H$gmZm| Ho$ nj _o§ MbZodmbm hS²>Vmb Wm&

Za§JwX Ho$ X§Jmo Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| Ho$ nj Ho$ hS>Vmb H$m g_mOdmXr àmo.E_.S>r. Z§Ow§S>ñdm_r Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$m {H$gmZ g§K H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& `h {ed_mo½J Ho$ Jm§YrdmXr hoM-Eg éÐßnm H$s AÜ`jVm _o§ ApñVËd _o§ Am`m& àmo. Z§Ow§S>ñdm_r g§MmbH$ hmoH$a EZ.S>r.gw§Xaoe g{Md hmoH$a {demb {gÕm§V Ho$ A§VJ©V {H$gmZ g§K H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àma§^ {H$`m J`m& d¡km{ZH$ ê$n go _yë` {ZYm©aU Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {H$gmZ bmoJ H$O© Ho$ CbPZ _o§ \$g Jò h¢& J«m_m| Ho$ {bE _yb^yV gw{dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg Zhr hþAm h¡ CÝho {dH$mg H$aZm Mm{hE& {H$gmZm| Ho$ ñdm{^_mZ Ho$ {bE ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE YŠH$m bJZodmbo OãVr H$m`© H$mo amoH$Zm Mm{hE& ñWmZr` àmH¥${VH$ g§nXm _o§ ñWmZr` J«m_m| Ho$ {bE {hñgm {_bZm Mm{hE& bodmXodr nÕ{V H$mo hQ>mZm Mm{hE BË`m{X J«m_rU bmoJm| Ho$ nj _o§ àOmgÎmmË_H$ _m±Jm| H$mo _§S>Z H$aVo hþE H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m {H$gmZ Am§XmobZ Mb ahm h¡&

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AmO ^r {H$gmZ bmoJ g§J{R>V {H«$`mH$bmn : ñWmZr` {H$gmZ bomJ

gm_Zm H$aZodmbr MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {H$gmZm| Ho$ gmW g§dmX, g_yh MMm© H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo àoaUm XoZr Mm{hE&

hmoH$a Am§XmobZ Mbm aho h¡& hmb hr _| _hXm`r Am¡a H$mdoar Z{X`m| Ho$ nmZr Ho$ ~§Q>dma Ho$ g§~§Y _o§ gaH$ma Am¡a Ý`m`mb` XoZodmbo \¡$gbm| Ho$ {déÕ {H$gmZ bmoJ _hËdnyU© ñdm^r_mZ ê$n go Am§XmobZm| H$mo Mbm`m& `h ñ_aUr` h¡&

l{_H$ Am§XmobZ : l{_H$ Am§XmobZ AWdm l{_H$ g§K `h àm`… CÚ_ H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aZodmbm g§JR>Z h¡& CÚ_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AÀN>m gm dmVmdaU {eï>mMma`wº$ ~Vm©~ l{_H$ Am¡a CÚ_ go g§~§{YV H$mZyZm| Ho$ bmJy H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma na Xdm~ S>mbH$a l{_H$ g§JQ>Zm| Ûmam MbmZodmbo Am§XmobZm| H$mo l{_H$ Am§XmobZ H$hm OmVm h¡& Hw$N> Xoem| _o§ l{_H$ AmXmobZ amOZr{VH$ njm| Ho$ ^r g§JQ>Z h¡& Am¡Úmo{JH$ ny±Oremhr emofU Ho$ {déÕ g_H$mbrZ ê$n go l{_H$m| Ho$ nj Ho$ {gÕm§V ^r ~T>Vm Am`m h¡&

`yamon Ho$ amï´>m| _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V go H¥${fjoÌ _| amoOJma Ho$ Adga Hw§${R>V hmoH$a Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$s Amoa l{_H$m| Ho$ OmZm A{YH$ hmo J`m Cg g_` _| l{_H$m| H$mo A{YH$ ê$n go CÚ_ _o§ bJmZo H$m _Zmo^md A{YH$ hmo J`m& Bgo I§S>Z H$aHo$ l{_H$ bmoJ g§J{R>V hþE& 19 dr§ eVmãXr _o§ gmao OJV _o§ Am¡Úmo{J{H$H$aU dmbo àXoem| _o§ l{_H$-nj Am¡a Q>o´S>-`y{Z`Z _OXÿam| H$m g§KQ>Z {H$`m J`m& ‘The International Working men’s Association’ `h b¢S>Z _| 1864 _| Ama§^ hmoZodmbm nhbm l{_H$ g§JQ>Z h¡& Bg g§JQ>Z H$m à_wI CX²Xoí` Wm _OXÿam| Ho$ {hV ajm H$s ajm H$aZm Wm& à{V{XZ Ho$ {bE {g\©$ 8 K§Q>m| VH$ H$m`© H$aZo H$m H$mZyZ bmJy H$amZm Wm& BZ CX²Xoí`m| go Ama§^ hmoZodmbm l{_H$ Am§XmobZ 19 dt eVmãXr Ho$ _Ü` ^mJ Ho$ VXZ§Va OmJ{VH$ ê$n _| {dñVma hþAm&

_OXÿam| H$s gm_m{OH$ gwajm Ho$ {bE 1923 _| gaH$ma Zo ^maVr` l{_H$ A{Y{Z`_ H$mo Omar _o§ bm`m& Bg A{Y{Z`_ l{_H$ g§KQ>Zm| Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b ~Z J`m 1923 Ho$ l{_H$ A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma g§JR>Zm| Ho$ {bE àemg{ZH$ AZw_{V r {_br& ~mX _o§ AZoH$ l{_H$ g§JR>Z àma§^ hmoH$a AmO ^r l{_H$m| Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE YŠH$m bJZo na CgHo$ {déX hS>Vmb H$a aho h¡§& h_mao Xoe _| ^r AZoH$ l{_H$ g§JR>Z ahH$a do AnZo g§Kf© H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m h¡&

Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU {déÕ Am§XmobZ : loUrH¥$V Om{V ì`dñWm _| Añn¥í`Vm _mZd {damoYr ~Vm©d h¡& g§{dYmZ A§JrH$aU H$aZo Ho$ nyd© _| ANy>Vmo H$mo Zhr§ Ny>Zm Mm{hE& do g_rn Zhr AmZm Mm{hE Am¡a CÝho XoIZm Zhr Mm{hE& Eogr ^mdZmE± Wr§&

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Añn¥í`Vm AmYm[aV gm_m{OH$ AmMaU Añn¥í` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU go X{bVm| na hmoZodmbo {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s _manrQ> H$mo _mZdr` Am¡a g_ g_mO H$s ^y{_H$m _| Om{V AmYm[aV gm_m{OH$ emofU Ho$ {déX MbZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ Am§XmobZ hr Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU {damoY Am§XmobZ h¢& Añn¥íVm go nr{S>V g_wXm` AnZo gm_m{OH$ pñW{V _o§ ~Xbmd bmZo Ho$ {bE {Za§Va én go g§Kf© H$aVo Amò h¡& CgH$m g§{já B{Vhmg AmJo XoI|Jo&

Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU à{VamoY Am§XmobZ H$m B{Vhmg : Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU {déÕ B{Vhmg H$mo 19 dr§ eVmãXr go XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& _hamîQ´> Ho$ Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo Zo Añn¥í` Am¡a {nN>S>o dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$m EH$ Am§XmobZ Ama§^ {H$`m& Bg Am§XmobZ H$m CÔoí` Wm MmVwd©U© AmYm[aV _mZd {damoYr AmMaUm| Am¡a CZH$s à~bVm H$mo amoH$Zm& Bgr Ame` go 1917 _o§ V{_bZmSw>, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe Am{X ^mJm| _o§ Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU {damoYr Am§XmobZm| Zo OÝ_ {b`m& 1925 _| no[a`ma am_ñdm_r ZmæH$a Zo AmË_Jm¡ad Am§XmobZ H$mo àma§^ {H$`m&

S>m.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMma Am¡a g§Kf© Ho$ gmW Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU {damoYr Am§XmobZ Vrd« ê$n nm {b`m& 1930 Ho$ am¢S> Q>o~wb H$mÝ\$aoÝg (Jmob _oO n[afX) _| A§~oS>H$a Zo H$hm {H$ h_ ^r emgZ H$aZo dmbo dJ© ~ZZm Mm{hE& A§~oS>H$a {Za§Va X{bVmo Ho$ g^r Vah Ho$ A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aVo Am o&

S>m. ~r. Ama. A§~oS>H$a AnZo amOZr{VH$ {H«$`mH$mbmnm| H$s qOXJr _§o gm_m{OH$ ê$n go emo{fV Añn¥í` Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m& V~ Añn¥ñ` X{bV Ho$ {hV Ho$ nj _| H$moB© ^r n{ÌH$m CZHo$ ~mao _o§ Zhr {bIVr Wr& ‘_yH$Zm`H$>’ n{ÌH$m àma§^ H$aHo$ Añn¥í`Vm AmMaU Ho$ {déÕ ~hþV ~S>m Am§XmobZ Ho$ H$maUr^yV ~Z Jò& Jm±YrOr ^r A§J«oOr emgZ {damoYr Am§XmobZ H$mo à_wIVm XoZo na ^r Añn¥í`Vm {ZamH$aU H$aZo Ho$ nj _o§ Wo& AmO ^r Amñn¥í`Vm AmMaU {damoYr Am§XmobZ H$mo AZoH$ g§JR>Z Omar h§¡&

Aä¶mgI. ZrMo {XE JE dmŠ`m| _o§ C{MV eãXm| go Imbr OJh ^[aE :-

1. n`m©daU Am§XmobZ ______ h¡&2. Z_©Xm Am§XmobZ H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbr ______ h¡&3. S>m°. {edam_ H$ma§V ______ _| AUwD$Om© CËnmXZ H|$Ð H$s ñWmnZm H$m

{damoY {H$`m &

4. _{hbm Am§XmobZ ______ h¡&

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II. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| H$mo Q>mobr _| MMm© H$aHo$ Xmo VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :-

1. gm_y{hH$ ~Vm©d Ho$ àH$ma H$m¡Z H$m¡Z go h¡ ~VmBE?

2. _{hbm Am§XmobZ {H$go H$hVo h¡§? CXmhaU Xr{OE &

3. ^rS> Ho$ ñdê$n ~VmBE &

4. n`m©daU Am§XmobZ H$m AW© Am¡a ñdê$n g_PmBE&

III. {H«$`mH$bmn :-

1. AmnHo$ Jm±d _§o _{hbm/n`m©daU / X{bV Am{X Am§XmobZ _o§ ^mJboZodmbo bmoJm| go _wbmH$mV H$aHo$ BZ g§KQ>Zm| H$m _w»` CÔoí` Am¡a é{nV H$m ©H«$_m| Ho$ {dMmam| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&

2. _{hbm Am§XmobZ go _{hbmAm| _o§ gm_m{OH$ _Zmo^md Am¡a AmË_~b {H$g Vah d{Õ hþB© h¡? BgHo$ ~mao _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW MMm© H$s{OE&

IV. `moOZm :-

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ _o§ n`m©daU Am¡a dZ g§ajU Ho$ {bE hmoZo Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~mao _| g_mMma nÌ _| {df` g§J«h H$aHo$ Amë~_ V¡`ma H$s{OE&

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 4gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE±

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$aVo h¢ :• ~mb l{_H$ • ~ƒm| na b¢{JH$ emofU • ór-{eew ^«yU hË`m • ^yI Am¡a Anm¡{îQ>H$Vm• qbJ ôX H$s Ag_mZVm • ~më` {ddmh• ~ƒmo H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~H«$s • n[ahma Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Cnm`

~mb l{_H$

N>moQ>o ~ƒm| Ho$ CX²`_ H$aZo H$s pñW{V H$mo ~mb l{_H$Vm H$hm OmVm h¡& ^maV Ho$ g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwgma `{X 14 df© go N>moQ>o ~ƒo Am{W©H$ CX²Xoí` go CX²`_ H$aVo h¢ Vmo CÝh| ~mb l{_H$ H$hm OmVm h¡&

^maV O¡go {dH$mgerb Xoem| _| ~ƒm| na emofU Am¡a CZgo CX²`_ H$amZm EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m h¡& 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _| AmO ^r EH$ H$amoS> 26 bmI ~ÀMo Kam| _|, gS>H$m| na, H$maImZm| Am¡a H¥${f joÌm| _| O~aXñVr go CX²`_ H$aZo H$mo _O~ya hþE h¡& Bgr àH$ma OJV² _| 2 H$amoS> 15 bmI ~ƒo {d{dY joÌm| _| CX²`_ H$a aho h¡§& CX²`_ H$aZo go CZHo$ emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$, gm_m{OH$ Amamo½` Hw§${R>V hmoVm h¡& ~ƒo {ejm go d§{MV hmoH$a CZH$m H$m¡eb {dH$mg hmoZo go nhbo Zï> hmo OmVm h¡&

~mb l{_H$ {H$go H$hVo h¢? 14 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ {OZ ~ÀMo {dX²`mb` go ~mha hmoVo h¢ do g^r ~mb l{_H$ h¡§& do A{W©H$ CX²Xoí` go CX²`_ H$a| `m Z H$a|, Ka _| ah| `m ~mha ah|& {dX²`mb` _| àdoe boH$a {dX²`mb` Zht OmZodmbo g^r ~ÀMm| H$mo ~mb l{_H$ H$hm OmVm h¡& Eogm hmo Vmo 15 df© Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ~ÀMo CX²`_ Ho$ {bE Om gH$Vo h¡§ Š`m? Zht& 2016 _| H$mZyZ _| gwYma bmH$a {H$emoamdñWmdmbm| Ho$ CX²`_ H$aZo na _Zm {H$`m J`m& ~mb l{_H$ nX²Y{V na {ZfoY Am¡a {Z~ªY A{Y{Z`_ 1986 Ho$ {bE gwYma bmH$a {H$gr r ~ÀMo `m {H$emoamdñWmdmbo {H$gr ^r IVaodmbo joÌ _| CX²`_ Zht H$aZm h¡& Am¡a H$moB© ^r 14 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ÀMm| H$mo CX²`_/H$m_/Jwbm_/doVZ/nm[al{_H$m - Ho$ {bE Zht bJmZm h¡& dh X§S>Zr` AnamY h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ ~mao _| AmJo OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&

~mb l{_H$, {H$emoamdñWm Ho$ ~ÀMm| Ho$ CX²`_ nX²Y{V {ZfoY Am¡a à{V~§Y A{Y{Z`_ - 1986 (2016 Ho$ gwYma Ho$ AZwgma) (Child and Adolecent Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act 1986 ( As Amended In July 2016)

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1. Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma 14 gmb go H$_ Am`w Ho$ {H$gr ^r ~ƒo H$mo, {H$gr ^r H$maU go {H$gr ^r joÌ _o§ H$ht na ^r CÚmoJ Zhr H$amZm h¡ Am¡a CÚmoJ _o§ Zhr bJmZm h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ n[aÀN>oX 14 Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr ^r ~ƒo H$mo CÚ_ _o§ bJmZo go 2 gmb VH$ Oob Am¡a 50,000 VH$ Ow_m©Z bJm`m OmVm h¡&

2. {H$gr n[admadmbo ^r CZHo$ IoVr-~mS>r Ho$ H$m`© Ho$ {bE ì`mnma _o§ CZHo$ 14 gmb Ho$ ~ÀMo H$mo CZHo$ ~ÀMmo§ H$mo r, {dX²`mb` Ad{Y _| CÚ_m| _o§ Zhr bJmZm h¡& `{X CÚ_ _| bJmò Vmo ~ÀMo Ho$ _m±-~mn `m n[admadmbo, _m{bH$ AnamYr ~ZVo h¡§& CZHo$ {bE 10,000/- Ow_m©Zm bJm`m OmVm h¡&

3. Bg A{Y{Z`_ 15 go 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ÀMo H$mo {H$emoa H$hm OmVm h¡& gmW hr 15 go 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ÀMm| H$mo IVaodmbo joÌ _| CÚ_ Zhr§ H$amZm h¡& `{X Eogm CÚ_ H$amZo go 2 gmb VH$ H$mamJma Am¡a 50,000 Ow_m©Zm bJm`m OmVm h¡&

Bg A{Y{Z`_ 1948 Ho$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ A{Y{Z`_ _| nhMmZo Jò 29 joÌm| Ho$ gmW 2 Am¡a joÌm| H$mo {_bmH$a Hw$b 31 joÌm| H$mo IVaodmb Am¡Ú_ Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZm J`m h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE ImZ CÚ_, ~méXr dñVwAm| H$s V¡`mar H$aZo ObZerb gm_m{J«`m| Ho$ CËnmXZ BH$mB©, bmoho Am¡a BñnmV CËnmXZ BH$mB©, _moQ>ma gmB{H$b Am¡a dmhZm| H$s XþañVr, {g_|Q>, aã~a, amgm`{ZH$ nXmW© CËnmXZ BH$mB©, O¡go CX²`_m| _o§ 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ H$moB© ~ƒm| H$mo CÚ_ Ho$ {bE Zhr aIZm h¡& AJa CÚ_ _| bJmò Vmo `h X§S>mh© AnamY h¡&

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~mbl{_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU :1. ~mb A{YH$mam| H$mo Jm¡ad XoZo CZH$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ gm_m{OH$

n[adoe H$m Z hmoZm, ~ƒm| Ho$ CÚ_, ~më` {ddmh, ~ƒm| H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~H«$s$ H$aZm Am{X à_wI H$maU h¡& H$_ nm[al{_H$ Ho$ {bE A{YH$ CÚ_ H$amZo Mmh aIZodmbo _m{bH$ dJ© Ho$ ñdmW© A{YH$ bm^ H$m CÔoí`, ~mb l{_H$ H$mo A{YH$ H$aZo H$m H$maU ~Z J`m h¡§& hmoQ>b, N>moQ>o CÚmoJ, nQ>mIm V¡`ma H$aZo H$s BH$mB`m±, Ag§J{R>V CÚ_ joÌ, AH$mb go hmoZodmbo H¥${f g_mO H$s g_ñ`mE±, ñWmZm§VaU, A{^^mdH$m| Ho$ Xþì`©gZ Am{X ~mbl{_H$ Ho$ H$maU h¡&

2. {Z…ewëH$ Am¡a A{Zdm`© {ejm{YH$ma, H$m à^md`wº$ ê$n go AZwð>mZ Z hmoZm g^r ~ÀMm| H$mo 10 dt H$jm VH$ ñHy$br {ejm g§nyU© ê$n go {Z…ewëH$ Z {_bZm, ~mb l{_H$Vm H$mo ~T>mdm XoVr h¡& n[adma H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V, {ZåZV_ nm[al{_H$V, ^ygwYma A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwîR>mZ _| H$_r ^r ~mb l{_H$m| H$mo ~T>mdm XoVr h¡&

~mb l{_H$Vm Ho$ ~wao à^md :1. ~mbl{_H$Vm ~ÀMm| Ho$ emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg na AË`§V J§^ra à^md

S>mbVr h¡& ~mb-l{_H$ O~ `wdH$ ~ZVo h¢ V~ do AZoH$ emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ ~r_mam| go nr{S>V hmoVo h¡§&

2. N>moQ>r C_« _| CÚ_ _| ^mJ boZo go A{YJ_ H$s C_« _| {ejm go d§{MV hmoH$a do {Zaja ~ZVo h¡& `h CZHo$ A{YH$mam| H$mo, ñdV§Ì H$mo, N>rZ boVm h¡&

3. ~mb l{_H$Vm n[adma H$s gm_m{OH$ J{V, Am{W©H$ J{V, H$mo KQ>mVr h¡& CZ n[admam| _| ~ƒo ~ma-~ma CÚ_ go, AË`mMma go emofU go nr{S>V hmoVo ahVo h¢& Eogr g_ñ`mE± ~më` {ddmh, ~ƒm| H$s {~«H«$s Am¡a VñH$ar H$aZodmbo, g_mO {damoYr H$m`© Ho$ Adga XoVo h¢& BgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n N>moQ>r C_« _o§ ~ƒo ImgH$a ~{ƒ`mo Ho$ AË`mMma, qhgm, b¢{JH$ emofU go nr{S>V hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& N>moQ>r C_« _o§ hr {d{dY àH$ma H$s ~r_m[a`m| go nr{S>V hmoH$a {dH$b§mJ hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ahVr h¡&

~mb l{_H$ nÕ{V H$s hQ>mZo Ho$ {bE {H«$`mH$bmn : AJa AmnHo$ H$moB© gmWr~mb l{_H$Vm go nr{S>V hmoH$a {dÚmb` go ~mha hmo Vmo Vwa§V AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo ~VmBE

EH$ grYm, ñnï> Am¡a nhbm n[ahma h¡ {H$ 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ g^r ~ƒo 100 à{VeV {dÚmb` _| àdoe boH$a 18 df© VH$ {Za§Va ñHy$br {ejm H$mo

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nyam H$a| Am¡a CgHo$ {bE g_J« ê$n _| g^r H$m gh`moJ, gh^m{JËd g_Ýd`Vm hr n[ahma h¡&

1. g^r g§X^m] _o§ qbJ g_mZVm H$mo ~ZmE aIZm&2. _O~ya n[adma OrdZ {Zd©hU Ho$ {bE Aghm`H$ hmoH$a EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ

VH$ ñWmZm§VaU H$mo amoH$Zm&3. ~më` {ddh, ~ƒm| H$s VñH$ar {~H«$s amoH$Zo Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoZm& 4. ~mb gwajm{YH$mam| H$mo n§Mm`V Ûmam {Oå_oXmar go {Z^mZm&

Ü`mZ Xr{OE : 2010 OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _| AmO ^r 1 H$amo‹S> 26 bmI ~ÀMo Kam| _|, gS>H$m| na, H$maImZm| _|, Am¡a H¥${f joÌm| _| ~mbl{_H$ hmoH$a O~aXñVr CÚ_ H$a aho h¡& Bgr àH$ma gmao OJV _| 2 H$amo‹S> 15 bmI ~ÀMo {d{dY joÌm| _o§ CÚ_ H$a aho h¡§&

~ÀMm| H$m b¢{JH$ emofU :

AmO Ho$ {XZm| _o§ ~ÀMm| na {dÚmb`m| _o§ n[admam| _| gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZm| _o§ A{YH$ hmoZodmbo, b¢{JH$ emofUm| H$mo amoH$Zo H$s {Xem _| ‘b¡{JH$ AnamYm| go ~mb gwajm A{Y{Z`_ 2012>’ (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act-2012) Omar {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ ~ÀMm| na hmoZodmbo b¢{JH$ emofUm| H$m {ddaU Bg àH$ma XoVm h¡ 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ {H$gr ~ÀMo na (nwéf Am¡a ñÌr) {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ b¢{JH$ CÔoí` go emofU, qhgm, AË`mMma, CËnrS>Z, _manrQ> Ûmam H$aZm AWdm Agwa{jV ê$n go ñne© H$aZo go Cgo b¢{JH$ emofU g_PH$a CÝho X§S> XoZo H$m H$mZyZ h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ H$mo (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act-2012) 19 OyZ 2012 _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo Omar {H$`m h¡&

Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ à_wI A§e :1. b¢{JH$ emofU2. O~aXñVr/Xþén`moJ3. b¢{JH$ h_bm4. Vrd« ñdê$n Ho$ b¢{JH$ h_bm5. b¡§{JH$ CËnrS>Z6. Aíbrb {MÌ V¡`mar Ho$ (Mb{MÌ) {bE ~ÀMm| H$m Cn`moJ7. Aíbrb {MÌ g§J«h

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Cn`w©ŠV CëboI {H$E JE {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ b¡{JH$ emofU ~ƒm| na hmo Vmo h_bo Ho$ ñdê$n Ho$ AmYma na X§S> X§oZo Ho$ {bE Bg A{Y{Z`_ _| _m¡H$m {X`m h¡&

ór {eew ^«yU hË`m :

ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go _m± Ho$ J^© _o§ ahZodmbr ór {eew ^«yU H$mo {dH$mg hmoZo na amoH$Zm AWdm H$mZyZ H$m Cëb§KZ H$a hË`m H$aZo H$mo ór {eew^«yU hË`m H$hm OmVm h¡& AmOH$b h_mao g_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ {bE A{YH$ nr‹S>m XoZodmbr ór {eew ^«yU hË`m go g§~§{YV ghr gyMZm {_bZm H$îQ> gmÜ` hmo J`m h¡& bo{H$Z ór {eew ^«yU, hË`m H$mo gy{MV H$aZo dmbo A§e h_| {_bVo h¡§& ór {eew ^«yU hË`m Š`m| hmoVr h¡& Bgo g_PZo Ho$ {bE ò A§e ~hþV à_wI h¡§&

^maV H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AmYma na 1961 _| 0-6 Ho$ Am`w Ho$ ~ƒm| H$s qbJ Ag_mZVm 1980 Ho$ ~mX ^r ñÌr {eew H$s g»`m H$_ hmoH$a ~mbH$mo§ H$s g§»`m Á`mXm hþB© h¡& 2001 Ho$ OZJUZm Ho$ àH$ma à{V 1000 nwéfm| H$mo ñÌr H$s g§»`m 933h¡ Vmo 2012 _o§ à{V 1000 nwéfm| H$s VwbZm _| ór H$s g§»`m 940 h¡& bo{H$Z 0-6 Am`w Ho$ ~ƒm| H$s qbJ Ag_mZVm à{V 1000 ~mbH$m| Ho$ {bE 914 ~m{bH$m Ho$ à_mU _| h¡& `y.EZ. H$s OZJUm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _o§ à{V {XZ 1600 ~m{bH$mE± Jm`~ hmo ahr h¡§& ha gmb 6 bmI bS>{H$`m± Jm`~ hmo ahr h¡§ `hm± VH$ ^maV _| aho Hw$b OZg§»`m _| 100 {_{b`_ _{hbmE± Jm`~ hþB© h¡§ &

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| 1991 _| OZJUZm Ho$ àH$ma EH$ hOma nwéf H$mo 960 _{hbmE± h¡& 2001 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma dh 965 VH$ ~T> J`m h¡& g§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go `h ~T>Vr J`r h¡& Bgr g§X^© _| 0-6 Am`w Ho$ qbJ Ag§_mZVm XoIZo Vmo AmV§H$ hmoVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| 1991 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma EH$ hOma nwéf Ho$ {bE 960 ~m{bH$mE± hmo Vmo `h 2001 _o§ 949 H$mo KQ> J`m h¡&

àmXo{eH$ ê$n _| XoIo Vmo ZJa àXoe _o§ 80 à{VeV Am¡a J«m_rU àXoe _o§ 69 à{VeV ZdOmV {eewAm| H$m _aU hþAm h¡& amîQ´>r` n[adma ñdmñW g_rjm - 3 Ho$ àH$ma {nN>bo 10 df© _| ZdOmV {eew Ho$ _aU _| bS>H$m| Ho$ _aU H$m à{VeV 53.6 h¡ Vmo bS>{H$`m| Ho$ _aU H$m à_mU 34.6 à{VeV h¡& Eogo hr OÝ_ Ho$ ~mX Ho$ {eew _aU Ho$ à_mU _o§ bS>H$mo H$m 16.5 à{VeV h¡ Vmo bS>{H$`m| H$s 19.3 à{VeV VH$ ~T>moÎmar hþB© h¡& `h h_| bS>{H$`m| Ho$ ~mao _| ahZodmbo Ag_YmZ H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡&

nwéf go Á`mXm _{hbmAm| H$s Or{dVmd{Y Á`mXm hmoVr h¡& bo{H$Z bS>{H$`m| Ho$ _aU à_mU ~mbH$m| go Á`mXm h¡& {ZåZ ñVa na h_go A`mo{OV ñdmñÏ` g§~§Yr H$m`©H«$_ Am¡a bmoJm| H$mo ghr g_` _|, ghr à_mU _| nm¡{îR>H$ ImZm Z {_bZm BgHo$ {bE à_wI H$maU ~Z J`m h¡&

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ñÌr {eew ^«yU hË`m H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE _{hbmAmo H$mo g_mZ Adga XoZm _w»` h¡& g_mZ _mZ{gH$ pñW{V H$mo _hËd XoZm Mm{hE& Xÿgar Amoa KQ>Vr hþB© qbJ Ag_mZVm H$mo nhMmZH$a ñÌr {eew ^«yU hË`m H$mo 1994 _| Omar {H$ò Jò Per-Conception and Pre-

Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT-1994) H$mZyZ Ho$ X²dmam amoH$Zo H$m à`mg H$aVo Om ahm h¡&

{\$a ^r gm_m{OH$ g§ñH¥${VH$ A§e ór {eew ^«yU {H«$`mH$bmn : bS>{H$`m|

Ho$ ~mao _| Ag_mZV ^mdZm AnZo n[adoe _| {XImB© JB© Vmo CZH$mo g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s{OE&

hË`m na nm~§Yr bJmZo _o§ nyU© à_mU _o§ g\$b Zhr§ hþE h¡§& h_mao gm_m{OH$ g§X^© _o§ _Ü`_ dJ© CÀM dJ© Am¡a {e{jVm| _o§ ór {eew ^«yU hË`m A{YH$ ê$n go {XImB© Xo ahr h¡& `h EH$ AË`§V ~S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡& gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ê$n go {dH$m{gV gm_m{OH$ dJv _| ór {eew ^«y§U hË`m A§{YH$ ê$n go hmo ahr h¡& bo{H$Z Bg ~wamB© Ho$ _yb OS>m| H$mo {ddmh Am¡a Om`XmX Ho$ {damgV _| h_ XoI gH$Vo h¡& EH$ Amoa ~oQ>r Ho$ {ddmh H$m IM©, XhoO, CgHo$ ggwambdmbm| Ho$ {Za§Îma emofU, b¡{JH$ emofU Am¡a AË`mMma, gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZm| _o§ {ó`m| na hmoZodmbo AË`mMma Am{X hmo aho h¡& Xÿgar Amoa {damgV Ho$ ê$n _o§ àmá Om`XmX H$m A{YH$ma ~oQ>o H$mo hr {_bZm h¡. Am¡a EH$ H$maU Ho$ ê$n _| {XImB© Xo ahm h¡& `h nwéf àYmZ ñÌr{eew ^«yU hË`m H$mo Á`mXm H$aZm Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ ~mao _o§ ahZodmbo Ag_mZVm H$mo ~T>mZodmbo H$maU ~Z MwHo$ h¢&

^yI Am¡a Anm¡{ï>H$Vm :

ImX²` Am¡a H¥${f g§ñWm (F.A.O) EH$ ì`{º$ H$mo à{V{XZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ H¡$bmoar à_mU H$mo ~Vm`m h¡& ~pëH$ ha EH$ ì`{º$ Ho$-C_«, CÚ_, {Zdmg H$aZodmbm àXoe, dmVmdaU Am{X Ho$ AmYma na ì`{º$ Ho$ OrZo Ho$ {bE H${Zï>V_ e{º$ XoZodmbo ImX²` H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo {M{H$Ëgm g_mOemñÌr` AÜ``Z Zo {ZYm©[aV {H$`m h¡&

{ZYm©[aV ImX²` EH$ ì`{º$ H$mo {Za§Va ê$n go `{X Zhr {_bm Vmo dh ^yI, h_§o ñdñW ahZo Ho$ {bE {fð>, M~u {dQ>{_Z Am¡a bdU Am¡a AZoH$ àmofH$m§e ghr à_mU _| {_bZm Mm{hE& nmofH$m§e Ho$ A^md H$mo ^yI H$hVo h¡& Jar~ bmoJ àm`… H¡$bmoar Am¡a nmofH$m§e XmoZm§o go d§{MV hmoVo h¡& E\$.E.Amo.Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _| à{V{XZ Ho$ {bE H${Zï>V_ Am¡aVm| H$mo 1820 Ho$bmoar Amdí`H$ h¡& H${ZîQ>V_ Amdí`H$Vm 1632 go {ZåZñVa Ho$ H¡$bmo[a`wº$ Amhma àmá H$aVo h¡ CÝh§o ^yI Am¡a nmofH$m§em| Ho$ A^md go nr{‹S>>Vm| Ho$ ê$n _| {ZYm©[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

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^yI Ho$ g§Ho$V

^yI Ho$ {bE H$B© nhby hmoVr h¢ EH$ Omo OrZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ ^moOZ Z {_bZm Xÿgar Amoa {Za§Va ImX²` Am¡a nmofH$m§e H$s H$_r go H$_Omoar Vrd« AñdñWVm {dH$bm§JVm, AH$m{bH$ _aU, ^yI Ho$ g§Ho$V ò AZoH$ nhbyAmo§ go `wŠV hmoVr h¡& AH$m{bH$ _aU H${Zï> ^yI Ho$ nmofH$m§e H$s H$_r Am¡a CgHo$ n[aUm_ H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aVm h¡& Bg{bE A^r {_bo hþE Am§H$S>o Ho$ AmYma na ^yI Ho$ g§Ho$V H$mo é{nV {H$`m J`m h¡&

^yI Ho$ gyMH$ H$mo {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ à_wI A§em| Ho$ Am¡gV Ho$ X²dmam g_P gH$Vo h¡& {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ A§em| H$mo OmoS>H$a VrZ go mJH$aZo go AmZodmbr g§»`m yI Ho$ g§Ho$V h¡§&

1. H${Zï>V_ H¡$bmoara{hV Amhma boZodmbm| Ho$ à{VeV _mÌ &

2. Am¡gV go H$_ dOZdmbo nm±M df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ à{VeV _mÌ &

3. nm±M df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ÀMm| Ho$ _aU Ho$ à{VeV _mÌ &

BZ gyMH$m| H$mo AmYma aIH$a OmJ{VH$ ~¢H$ Ho$ AZwgma OmJ{VH$ ñVa na VwbZm H$aZo go ^maV _| A{YH$ g§»`m _| ~ƒo ^yI Am¡a Anm¡{ð>H$Vm go nr{S>V h¡& Bgr àH$ma H$_ dOZdmbo ~ƒo A{YH$ g§»`m _| ^maV _| hr h¡& `h {eew _aU ~ÀMm| H$s J{V H$m, àOZZ Am¡a Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW gh g§~§{YV h¡& 2015 _| àH$m{eV OmJ{VH$ ^yI Ho$ g§Ho$V Ho$ AZwgma ^maV 20 dr loUr (a¢H$) _| h¡ `h ^maV _| ahZodmbr ^yI H$s J§^raVm H$mo g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡&

Anm¡{ï>H$Vm :

2011 H$s amîQ´>r` n[adma ñdmñÏ` g_rjm - 4 (EM.E\$.EM.Eg-4) Ho AZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ J«m_rU àXoe Ho$ 24.3 à{VeV _{hbmAm| H$m Am¡a ZJa àXoe Ho$ 16.2 à{VeV _{hbmAm| H$s ~mS>r _mg gyMr (~r.E_.B©) H${Zï>V_ ñVa go H$_ dOZ Ho$ h¡& 6 _hrZo go 56 _hrZo Ho$ ~ÀMm| _| 60.9 à{VeV ~ƒo aº$ H$s H$_r go nr{S>V h¡. J^©dVr`m| _| 45.2 à{VeV _{hbmE± aº$hrZVm go nr{S>V h¡& {ddm{hV _{hbmAm| _o§ 80.4 à{VeV _{hbmE± nm[adm[aH$ {ZYm©am| _o§ H$_ ^mJ boVr h¡& 79.5 à{VeV _{hbmE± AnZo n{V Ho$ hr emofU go nr{S>V h§¡&

33 à{VeV _{hbmE± Am¡a 28 à{VeV nwéfm| Ho$ ~mS>r _mg gyMr (~r.E_.Eo) Ho$ {ZYm©[aV H${Zï>V_ ñVa go H$_ h¡& 15-35 _hrZo H$s Am`w Ho$ 79 à{VeV ~ƒo 15-49 Am`w Ho$ 56 à{VeV _{hbmE±, `hr Am`w Ho$ 24 à{VeV nwéf Am¡a 58 à{VeV J^©d{V`m± Amhma Ho$ A^md Am¡a Anm¡{ï>H$Vm go nr{S>V h¡& hmb hr _| àH$m{eV gmï´>r` n[adma

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ñdmñÏ` g_rjm 15-16 (EZ.EM.E\$.Eg à{VdoXZ 2015-16) Ho$ AZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$ _o§ 06-35 _hrZo H$s Am`w Ho$ Hw$b ~ƒm| _| 70.4 à{VamV ~ƒo aŠV H$s H$_r go nr{S>V h¢&

Bg àH$ma aŠV H$s H$_r go nr{S>V A{YH$ ~ƒo Jar~r H$s aoIm go {ZMbo n[adma Ho$ h¢& BÝh| ImX²` gwajm XoZo Ho$ {bE H$Zm©Q>H$ _| gmd©O{ZH$ ê$n go ImX²` {dVaU ì`dñWm Ho$ X²dmam Jar~r aoIm Ho$ {ZMbo _| ahZodmbo n[admam| H$mo ImX²` nXmWm] H$mo {dVaU {H$`m Om ahm h¡& Am_ Vm¡a na h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ Anm¡{ï>H$Vm Xoe H$s ~S>r g_ñ`mAm| _| go EH$ h¡ & {Ogo {ZamH$aU H$aZo H$s {Xem H$mo ha EH$ ì`{ŠV, g§JQ>Z Am¡a gaH$ma H$mo gmoMZm Mm{hE&

qbJ - ôX H$s Ag_mZVm :

O|S>a m {b§JËd _{hbmAmo§ Am¡a nwéfm| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE ahZodmbr EH$ n[aH$ënZm h¡& qbJ AZÝ`Vm EH$ ì`{º$ ór `m nwéf Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZZo dmbo MoVZ, ~Vm©d, emar[aH$, bjU Am¡a ì`{º$ Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ AÝ` A§em| go {ZYm©[aV hmoVr h¡& ~ëH$s _mÌ O¡{dH$ Zhr h¡& `h ór nwéf XmoZm| Ho$ {bE Am¡a nañna g§~§{YV CZHo$ ñWmZm| H$m g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡&

bo{H$Z AmO qbJ g§~§Yr H$hZo go Ho$db _{hbm Ho$ {bE gr{_V g_Pm OmVm h¡& A{^d¥{Õ {gX²Ym§V H$s n[aH$ënZm _| gm_mÝ` Vm¡a na _{hbmAm| Ho$ {df` H$mo AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE BñVo_mb {H$`m OmVm h¡& Š`m|{H$ A{^d¥{Õ H$s à{H«$`m go A{YH$Va g§»`m _o§ ~mha ahZo dmbr ~m{bH$mE± Am¡a _{hbmE± hr hmoVr h¢& Eogr pñW{V _| A{^d¥{Õ H$mo qbJ g§~§Yr AmYma na g_PZm _w»` hmoVm h¡&

qbJ-ôX Ag_mZVm Ho$ àH$ma :

{díd Ho$ g^r ^mJm| _o§ qbJ Ag_mZVm h¡& bo{H$Z `h g^r OJh EH$ O¡gr Zhr§ h¡& dh AZoH$ ê$nm| _| h¡& qbJ g§~§{Y Ag_mZVm EH$ hr ê$n H$m {df` Zhr§ h¢& `h {ZåZ{b{IV g_m{OH$ g§~§Ym| go ê${nV hmoVr h¡& _{hbm Am¡a nwéf Ho$ ~rM Ho$ ñWyb Ag_mZVm H$mo A_ËW©goZ Bg àH$ma {díbofU H$aVo h¢&

OÝ_ à_mU _| Ag_mZVm : nwéf àYmZ g_mO _| b‹S>{H$`m| go b‹S>>H$mo H$mo à_wIVm Xr OmVr h¡& Bg{bE qbJ AmYm[aV ^«yU hË`m AZoH$ amîQ´>m| _| gm_mÝ` ~Z J`r h¡& `h _w»` ê$n go nyd© Am¡a X{jU E{e`m MrZ, X{jU H$mo[a`m, qgJnya Am¡a V¡dmZ amîQ´>m| _o§ Á`mXm h¡&

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_yb^yV gw{dYmAm| _o§ Ag_mZVm : Hw$N> g§X^m] _| Am~mXr Ho$ bjU _{hbmAm| Ho$ {déÕ Zhr hmoVo hþE ^r dh Xÿgao àH$ma go ì`º$ hmoVm h¡& E{e`m, Am{\«$H$m Am¡a b¡{Q>Z A_[aH$m Ho$ AZoH$ amîQ´>m| _o§ bS>H$m| H$s VwbZm _| bS>{H$`m± ñHy$b OmZo H$m Adga ~hþV H$_ h¡& Am¡a gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$bmn _o§ ^mJ boZo Ho$ {bE ^r bS>{H$`m| H$mo _m¡H$m Zhr§ h¡&

Adga _| Ag_mZVm : _yb^yV Amdí`H$Vm ñHy$br {ejm _| Á`mXm Ag_mZVm Zhr§ {XIZo na ^r CÀM {ejm _o§ b‹S>>H$mo§ H$s VwbZm _| b‹S>>{H$`m| H$s g§»`m H$_ h¡& CÀM {ejm Am¡a ì`dgm{`H$ à{ejU _| Ag_mZVm H$mo `wamon Am¡a CÎma A_o[aH$m Ho$ Hw$N> amîQ´>m| _| ^r XoI gH$Vo h¢&

ñdm{_Ëd H$s Ag_mZVm : g_mO _| Om`XmX _| _{hbm Am¡a nwéfm| Ho$ ~rM Ag_mZVm XoI gIVo h¢& _yb yV Om`XmX Ka Am¡a y{_ O¡go ñdm{_Ëd _| r qbJ Ag_mZVm h¡& Bggo _{hbmE± dm{UÁ` Am¡a {dÎmr` H$m`©H$bmn _| hr Zhr§ Hw$N> gm_m{OH$ H$m`© _| ^r ~T>Zo Ho$ {bE éH$mdQ> Am aho h¡§& `h Ag_mZVm gmao {díd _o§ \¡$bZo na ^r ñWmZr` n[adoe Ho$ AZwgma ~Xb OmVr h¡§& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE ^maV _| n¡V¥H$ Om`XmX na bS>H$m| H$m A{YH$ma h¡& bo{H$Z Ho$ab Ho$ Zmà g_wXm` _o§ n¡V¥H$ Om`XmX Ho$ ~Xbo _mV¥gÎmmË_H$ A{YH$ma h¡& AmOH$b Ý`m`mb` Ho$ \¡$gbo Ho$ AZwgma n¡V¥H$ Om`XmX _| ^maV H$s _{hbmE± ^r {hñgm bo gH$Vr h¡§&

nm[adm[aH$ Ag_mZVm : gm_mÝ` ê$n go n[adma {H«$`mH$bmn : qbJ Ag_

mZVm Ho$ n[aUm_ Ho$ ~mao _| ~ÀMm| Ho$ gmW g§dmX, EH$m§H$s Am¡a ZmQ>H$m| H$mo H$admZm&

_| qbJ g§~§Yr Ag_mZVm H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡& `h AZoH$ ê$n _| {XImB© XoVr h¡& Hw$N n[adma _| qbJ Ag_mZVm Ho$ H$moB© {MÝh Zhr§ hmoVm hmoJm& AWm©V² _aU à_mU _|, ~oQ>m| na ß`ma, {ejm, ì`dgm` BZ_o§ Ag_mZVm Zhr ahZo na ^r J¥h H$m`© Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ nmbZ-nmofU H$m ~moP ^r _{hbmAm| na hr n‹S>Vm h¡&

~më` {ddmh :

~më` {ddmh h_mao g_mO H$mo na§nam go nr‹S>m XoZodmbr EH$ g_ñ`m h¡& Eogm hmo Vmo ~më` {ddmh Š`m h¡? BgHo$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&

H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma ~më`{ddmh H$m AW© h¡ 18 gmb Ho$ nyd© b‹S>H$s H$m `m 21 gmb Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ H$m {ddmh H$ao Vmo Cgo ~më` {ddmh H$hm OmVm h¡& XmoZm| _| H$moB© ^r H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma C_«

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_| N>moQ>o hm| Vmo dh ~më` {ddmh h¡& b‹S>Ho$ H$mo 21 gmb hmoZm h¡ Am¡a b‹S>H$s H$mo 18 gmb hmoZm Mm{hE Zhr§ Vmo dh emXr ~më` {ddmh h¡& BgHo$ gmW 18 gmb Ho$ A§Xa H$s b‹S>H$s go H$moB© ~‹S>o ì`º$s emXr H$ao Vmo ^r ~më`{ddmh hmo OmVm h¡& b‹S>H$s H$mo emXr hmoZo Ho$ {bE 18 gmb nyU© hmoZm Mm{hE& Bg Vah H$s emXr H$mZyZ gå_V h¡& Bg Am`w Ho$ A§Xa H$s H$moB© ^r emXr H$mZyZ Ho$ {dê$Õ h¡ Am¡a AnamY h¡&

~më` {ddmh Š`m| Zhr H$aZm Mm{hE? Š`m|{H$ 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ƒo H$mo emXr H$ao Vmo H$mZyZr Vm¡a na AnamY h¡& H$moB© ^r bS>H$s ‘emXr>’ Ho$ ~§YZ _o§ nS>Zm hmo Vmo CgHo eara, _Z, J^©H$moe, _mZ{gH$, ~m¡{ÔH$, em[a[aH$ gm_Ï`© H$m {dH$mg hmoZo Ho$ {bE 18 gmb hmoZm Mm{hE& _mZd g_mO _o§ {ddmh Bg{bE bS>H$s emXr hmoZo Ho$ ~mX J^©ñW hmoZm Am¡a ~ƒo H$mo OÝ_ XoZm ghO à{H«$`m h¡& bS>{H$`m± J^©ñW hmoZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg AË`§V à_wI h¡& {M{H$Ëgm joÌ Ho$ g§emoYZ Ho$ AZwgma bS>{H$`m± J^©ñW hmoZo Ho$ {bE, J^©H$moe Ho$ ghr {dH$mg Ho$ {bE 18 gmb hmoZm Mm{hE& V~ hr dh ^«yU 9 _hrZo VH$ geŠV ê$n go {dH${gV hmoVm h¡& Zhr Vmo ^«yU Ho$ {dH$mg _| ~mYm Am¡a aº$òmd hmoH$a ^«yU Ho$ _aZo H$s g§^mdZm Am¡a 18 gmb go H$_ C_« _| J^©dVr hmoZo go ~ÀMo H$mo OÝ_ XoVo g_` _m± H$m _aU ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡& BZ g^r H$maU go A{Zdm`© ê$n _| 18 gmb Ho$ ~mX hr b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo emXr H$aZr Mm{hE Bg Vah H$m H$mZyZ ~Zm`m J`m h¡& Bg{bE b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo 18 gmb nyU© hmoZo na hr emXr H$aZr Mm{hE&

~ÀMo Ho$ em[a[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg Ho$ nyd© H$s emXr, H$mZyZ _o§ ~më` {ddmh g_PH$a X§S>mh© AnamY _mZm OmVm h¡& emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg nyU© ê$n go Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ n¡Xm hmoZodmbo ~ÀMo H$m em[a[aH$ {dH$mg Hw§${R>V hmo OmVm h¡& Bg{bE H$mZyZ _| ~më`{ddmh H$mo _Zm {H$`m J`m h¡& Bgo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE H$mZyZ ^r {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ ~mao _| AmJo MMm© H$a|Jo& BgHo$ nhbo ~më` {ddmh Ho$ H$maU Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$a|Jo&

~më` {ddmh Ho$ {bE H$maU :1. ~më` {ddmh H$m à_wI H$m H$maU h¡ ‘qbJ Ag_mZVm>’ Eogm {dídmg h¡ {H$

b‹S>{H$`m± Xÿgao Ka OmZodmbr h¢& Bg{bE b‹S>H$s H$mo OëXr emXr H$aZm h¡ bS>H$m Am¡a bS>H$s Ho$ ~rM Ho$ ôX ^md AmOH$b ~më` {ddmh H$m à_wI H$maU h¡& {deof ê$n go ‘~më`{ddmh>’ Ho$ {bE ~më`{ddmh hr H$maU h¡& nhbo ~më`{ddmh hmoZodmbo n[adma H$s nÕ{V Ho$ AZwgma Cgo hr AmJo ~T>mVo h¡& ‘~më`{ddmh>’ H$m à_wI H$maU ‘{ZajaVm’, ~mb l{_H$Vm, ~ÀMm| H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~H«$s & N>moQ>r C_« _| ñHy$b Z OmH$a ~mb l{_H$ hmoVo h¢ Vmo AmJo do AZnT> hmoH$a ‘~më`{ddmh>’ g_ñ`m go nr{S>V hmoVo h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE `{X Jar~ n[admadmbo 8 dr H$jm `m 10 dr H$jm VH$ nT>mB© H$aZo go do AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo 18-21 gmb Ho$ A§Xa emXr Zhr H$amVo& Bg{bE 18 df© VH$ {ejm àmá H$aZm ~hþV hr à_wI nmÌ {Z^mVm h¡&

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2. H$mZyZ Ho$ H${Zð>ñVa Ho$ AZwð>mZ Am¡a Cn`moJ H$s H$_r, {ejU ì`dñWm _o§ H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwîR>mZ H$s H$_r, g_mO/g_wXm`/gmd©O{ZH$ AghH$ma ~ÀMm| Ho$ A{YH$ma Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ _| XmofnyU© AZwîR>mZ&

~më`{ddmh {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ - 2006

^maV Ho$ g^r amÁ`m| Ho$ {bE `h H$mZyZ bmJy hmoVm h¡& Hw$N> gwYma Ho$ X²dmam 2006 _| ~më` {ddmh {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ H$m Omar _| bm`m J`m h¡& nhbo 1929 Am¡a 1986 _| Wm& bo{H$Z ^maV ~mb A{YH$ma Ho$ g_Pm¡Vo na 1992 {Xg§~a 11 _o§ hñVmja H$aZo Ho$ ~mX, Hw$N> ~mb ñZohr ~Xbmd Ho$ gmW Zò H$mZyZ H$mo Omar _| bm`m J`m&

dYy `m da _| H$moB© ^r EH$ `m XmoZm§o ^r N>moQ>o hmoZo na dh AnamY h¡& H$moB© N>moQ>r b‹S>H$s go ~S>o ì`{º$ emXr H$ao Vmo dh X§S>mh© AnamY h¡ Bg Vah Ho$ ~më`{ddmh (~ÀMm| H$mo N>moS>H$a) H$aZo dmbo, H$amZodmbo, àoaUm XoZo dmbo, _XX H$aZodmbo, ^mJboZodmbo g^r H$mo 2 gmb Oob, 1 bmI Ow_m©Zm H$m X§S> ^moJZm nS>Vm h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ H$m°b_ 9,10,11 Ho$ àH$ma ~më` {ddmh H$aZodmbo nwOmar, agmoB©dmbo, em{_`mZdmbo, \$moQ>moJ«m\$a, {d{S> moJ«m\$a, ehZmB©dmbo, dmhZ MbmZodmbo emXr _o§ ^mJboZodmbo g^r AnamYr ~Z OmVo h¢&

à_wI ê$n go dYy/da Ho$ _mVm-{nVm, n[admadmbo Am¡a {ddmh _§S>n Ho$ _w{I`m ^r AnamYr ~ZVo h¡& Bg H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma {Z_§ÌU nÌ Q>mB©n H$aZodmbo, N>nmZodmbo ^r AnamYr hmoVo h¡ Š`m|{H$ ~mb{ddmh ~mbm{YH$ma H$m Cëb§KZ h¡& Bg Ho$ {bE Omo ghH$ma XoVm h¡ AWdm CgH$m {damoY Z H$aHo$ ^mJ boZo go AWdm h_mao gm_m{OH$ Xm`pËd H$mo ^ybZo na dh ~mbm{YH$ma Am¡a _mZdm{YH$ma H$m Cëb§KZ hmoVm h¡& Bg Ñ{îQ> go do g~ AnamYr hmoVo h¡& H$mZyZ ñnï> H$aVm h¡ {H$ Xoe Ho$ ZmJarH$m§o H$mo AnZo gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd Am¡a {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo Zht ^ybZm Mm{hE&

~më` {ddmh go hmoZodmbo ~wao à^md :

~ÀMm| Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Hw§${R>V hmoH$a, do àíZ H$aZo Ho$ ñdV§Ì H$mo Imo OmVo h¢& BgHo$ \$bñdê$n ~ÀMm| na emofU, Cnojm, qhgm, AË`mMma Am¡a b¢{JH$ emofU A{YH$ hmoVo h¢& g^r ~mbm{YH$mam| H$m Cëb§KZ - ~MnZ, {ejm, _Zmoa§OZ, {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW nmañn[aH$Vm Ho$ {bE YŠH$m, Anm¡{ï>H$Vm, IyZ H$s H$_r, AñdñWVm, J^©nmV, {eew-_aU, _mVm H$m _aU Am{X Ho$ {bE H$maU ~ZVm h¡& {deof ê$n go bS>{H$`m± N>moQ>r C_« _| hr {dYdm ~ZZo H$s g§^mdZm A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& bS>{H$`m| Ho$ {bE {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ gwajm Z ahH$a emofU go nr{‹S>V hmoZo Ho$ g§X © Am{YH$ hmoVo h¡&

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~më` {ddmh H$m {ZamH$aU H¡$go?

H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` gaH$ma Zo H$ar~ 47 {d{dY ñVa Ho$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ~më`-{ddmh amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$ {H$`m h¡& Bg àH$ma ~më` {ddmh H$ht ^r KQ>Zo na h_ {eH$m`V H$a gH$Vo h¢& gd© àW_ ~mb-ghm`dmUr 1098 H$mo {eH$m`V XO© H$a gH$Vo h¢& {eH$m`V H$aZodmbo AnZm Zm_ ~mob ^r gH$Vo h¢ `m Zht ^r& ñWmZr` {H$gr gaH$mar {dX²`mb` Ho$ àYmZmÜ`mnH$ H$mo, J«m_ boImH$a, n§Mm`V {dH$mgm{YH$mar (nr.S>r.Amo) H$mo ZJam| _o§ ñdmñÏ` {ZarjH$, AWdm nw{bg R>mUo H$mo {eH$m`V H$a gH$Vo h¢& ò g~ ~më` {ddmh amoH$Zo dmbo A{YH$mar h¢& `{X ~më`{ddmh hmo Vmo CgHo$ {déÕ H$ma©dmB© H$aZo Am¡a nw{bg R>mUo H$mo H$mZyZ Ho$ _wVm{~H$ {eH$m`V/_wH$X²X_m XO© H$aZodmbo `ht h¢& Vherb/{Obm ñVa Ho$ g^r A{YH$mar ~më` {ddmh amoH$Zo Ho$ A{YH$mar hmooVo h¢& BÝh| {H$gr ^r g_` _| ~më` {ddmh Ho$ ~mao _| {eH$m`V H$a gH$Vo h¢&

~më` {ddmh go ~MZo Ho$ Cnm`

1. 18 df© VH$ Ho$ H$moB© ~ƒo {dX²`mb`/H$m°boO go Xÿa Z hmoH$a 100 à{VeV g^r ~ÀMo {dX²`mb` _| àdoe boZm Mm{hE& {dX²`mb` _| CnpñW{V Ho$ gmW OÝ_ à_mU nÌ àmá H$aZm A{Zdm`© ~ZmZm&

2. b‹S>{H$`m| H$s >{ejm na ~b XoZm, ~m{bH$mAm| H$m ge{º$H$aU Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© ñWmZ XoZm Mm{hE& H$ht na ^r ~më` {ddmh hmoZo na {eH$m`V H$aZm, I§S>Z H$aZm&

~ÀMm| H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~H«$s

AË`§V VoO J{V go {dH$mg hmoZodmbo g_mO _| Bgr VoO go AÀN>o Am¡a ~wao A§e ^r ~T> aho h¡§& Cg_o§ g_mO Ho$ {bE AË`§V MwZm¡Vr ~ZH$a {díd H$mo ~‹S>o CËnr‹S>Z Am¡a emofU h¡ _mZd H$s VñH$ar (Human Trafficking). AmO {díd _| eñÌmñV Ho$ VñH$ar Ho$ ~mX _mZd H$s VñH$ar& _mZd H$s VñH$ar _o§ 70% à{VeV _{hbmE± Am¡a ~ƒ| hr nr{S>V h¢& 2012-13 _| {díd g§ñWm AZw_mZ bJm`m h¡¡ H$s ha gmb 32 {~{b`Z én`m| VH$ _mZd H$s VñH$ar H$m ì`dhma Mb ahm h¡&

^maV _o§ doí`md¥{Îm O¡go A{Zð> nÔ{V _| ~ƒm| H$mo bJmZm ~më` {ddmh H$aZm {\$a b¢{JH$ emofU Ho$ {bE bJmZm, `h Hw$N> Jar~ n[adma _| _mVm {nVm H$mo hr _mby_ hþE _m_bo Wo& bo{H$Z Hw$N> _m_bo _| Jbr _| ^Q>H$Zodmbo Xbmb bmoJ [aíVo - Xmam| Ho$ ~oQ>o

{H«$`mH$bmn : AmnHo$ H$moB© gmWr Ho$ ~më` {ddmh hmoZo H$s pñW{V {XImB© XoZo na Vwa§V ~mbm{YH$ma gwajm g{_{V H$mo gy{MV H$a|

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b‹S>H$s go ß`ma H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aHo$ H$m_ XoZo H$mo AmídmgZ XoH$a CÝho bo OmH$a b¢{JH$ Y§Yo Ho$ Ka H$mo {~H«$s H$aZo H$m _m_bo ^r h¡§& H$Þ‹S> {díd {dÚmb` Ho$ A{^d¥{Õ AÜ``` g§emoYZ Ho$ g§X^m] _| Hw$N> `wd{V`m| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ _w§~B© _| Kadmbr (AnZm `m {H$am`m)Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbr _{hbmAm| Ho$ ^mB©, ~oQ>o Jm±d _| Eogo Xbmb H$m H$m_ H$a aho h¡§&

do Amg nmg Ho$ Jm±d _| Ky_Vo-Ky_Vo b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ Ka H$s g_ñ`mAm| na {ZJamZr H$aHo$ CZH$mo Hw$N> n¡go XoH$a CZH$s b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo bo OmVo h¢& Hw$N> _m_bo _| b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo hr grYo àoaUm XoH$a CÝh| bo OmH$a b¡{JH$ Y§Ymdmbo Ka _| bo OmZo H$m CXmhaU ^r h¡& AmOH$b N>moQ>r b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo Mm°H$boQ> XoH$a, _obo _|o bo OmZm, Mb-{MÌ {XImZm, Zò H$n‹S>o {XbmZo Ho$ bmbM {XImH$a b¢{JH$ Y§Ym Ho$ Ka _o§ {~H«$s H$aZo H$m CXmhaU ^r h¡& H$ÞS>{dd {dX²`mb` A{^d¥{X AÜ``Z g§ñWm Ho$ g§emoYZ _| doí`m ~ZZodmbm| _| 4 à{VeV _m_bm| _o§ N>moQ>r C_« _o§ hr {~H«$s hmoZodmbr Wr& Bg {df` _| h_| OmJ¥V ahZm Mm{hE& BgHo$ Abmdm h_mar embm Ho$ Amg nmg H$moB© An[a{MV ì`{º$ go ì`dhma H$aVo dº$ CZHo$ ~Vm©d H$mo ~hþV Jm¡a go XoIZm& CZHo$ ~mao _| H$moB© g§Xoh hmo Vmo {ejH$m| `m A{^^mdH$m| H$mo ~VmZm Mm{hE&

~ƒm| H$s VñH$ar Š`m h¡? 18 df© Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ H$moB© r ì`{º$ (Xoe Ho$ A§Xa m ~mha) amoOJma Ho$ {bE âVr, VñH$ar, ñ`mZm§VaU, Aml`, ôOZm, ñdmYrZ _| boZm `m emofU Ho$ CÔoí` go H$aZo dmbo H$m_ H$mo ~ƒm| H$s VñH$ar H$hm OmVm h¡& VñH$ar go nr{S>V 27 à{VeV O~aXñVr Ho$ CÚ_ _| ahZo go, 27 à{VeV Ka Ho$ H$m_ _o§ 46 à{VeV b¢{JH$ emofU go nr{S>V h¢& O~aXñVr H$m_ _| bJmò Jò ~ÀMm| H$mo ^rI _m±JZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya {H$`m OmVm h¡&

~ƒm| H$s VñH$ar Ho$ {bE H$maU

~mbl{_H$Vm, ~më`{ddmh, ñHy$b N>moS>Zm, Jar~r, n[adma _| ~ÀMm| na Cnojm, Jwbm_r nÜX{V à_wI H$maU h¢& A{Z`{_V ê$n go ñWmZ§VaU ~‹T>Vr hþB© VH$ZrH$s Am¡a B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Cn`moJ, gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm, qbJ Ag_mZVm, H$m¡eb H$s H$_r ~‹T>Vr hþB© H$O© H$m ~moP Ag_mZ ì`mnma g§~§Y ò g~ H$maU ~Z ahmo h¡§&

hm{Z`m± : ~ÀMm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE _maH$ h¡ emar[aH$ Am¡a b¢[JH$ emofU go nr{S>V ~ƒm| H$s _¥Ë`w Am¡a J§^ra ~r_mar go nr{S>V/ hoM.Eo.dr/b¢{JH$ ~r_ma, AZmdí`H$ J^©YmaU, O~aXñVr J^© YmaU, hË`m, Zerbo nXmW© Ho$ Xþì`©gZ Am{X g~ g_mO Ho$ ñdmW© _| H$b§H$ bmZo H$m gm_m{OH$ MwZm¡Vr ~Z J`r h¡§&

AZ¡{VH$ _mZd VñH$ar na à{V~§Y A{Y{Z`_ - 1956 H$mo gwYma bmH$a {H$gr ^r ~ƒo, _{hbm, _mZd VñH$ar H$mo {ZfoY {H$`m h¡& Bg_| H$moB© ^r ~ÀMm| H$mo _{hbmAm| H$mo

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YZ `m H$moB© ^r bmbM {XImH$a O~aXñVr H$aHo$ H$mZyZ Ho$ {déÜX EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ VH$ bo OmZo go dh ~ÀMo _{hbm H$s VñH$ar ~ZVr h¡& BZ na Eo nr gr 370 na _wH$Ô_m Xm{Ib H$aHo$ CZH$mo 10 df© `m AmOrdZ H$mamJma gOm Xo gH$Vo h¢&Hw$N> n[ahmamonm` :

~mb A{YH$ma AZwîR>mZ Am¡a ~mb l{_H$Vm, ~më` {ddmh ~ÀMm| H$s VñH$ar ~ÀMm| na b¢{JH$ emofU go _wº$ H$amZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> H$madmhr H$a gH$Vo h¢&

1. g^r gaH$mar / AZwXm{ZV / AZwXmZa{hV embmAm| _| ~mb A{YH$ma Šb~m| H$s aMZm H$mo A{Zdm`© ê$n go AZwîR>mZ _o§ bmZm&

2. g^r gaH$mar / AZwXm{ZV / AZwXmZahrV embmAm| _| ~mb gwajm g{_{V ~ZmH$a A{Zdm`© ê$n go AZwîR>mZ _| bmZm&

3. amÁ` Ho$ g^r J«m_ n§Mm`V _o§ ha gmb ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE J«m_ g^m H$m Am`moOZ H$aHo$ Cg J«m_ n§Mm`V ì`m{á Ho$ 18 gmb Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ ~ƒm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwYmaZm&

4. amÁ` Ho$ g^r J«m_ n§Mm`V, Vhgrb Am¡a {ObmñVa _| ~mb A{YH$ma gwajm g{_{V H$s aMZm H$aHo$ Xmo _hrZo _o§ EH$ ~ma g^m H$m Am`moOZ H$aHo$ 18 gmb Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ g^r ~ÀMmo H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwYmaZm&

5. amÁ` Ho$ g^r J«m_ n§Mm`V Vhgrb Am¡a {ObmñVa _| A{Zdm`© ê$n go _{hbmAm| Am¡a ~ƒm| H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~H«$s amoH$ g{_{V H$s aMZm H$aHo$ ha Xmo _{hZo _| EH$ ~ma _{hbmAm| Am¡a ~ÀMm| H$s VñH$ar H$s {H$gr r àH$ma KQ>Zm Z KQ>Zo H$s Vah Om±M n‹S>Vmb H$aZm& g^r _{hbmAm| H$mo, ~ÀMm| H$mo gwajm J«m_& Vhgrb, {Obm H$aHo$ n§Mm`V _| ~mbl{_H$, ~më`{ddmh, ~ÀMo Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ VñH$ar _wŠV n§Mm`V H$aZm&

6. amÁ` Ho$ à{V ~mbdmS>r H|$Ð _| ‘~m{bH$m g§K>’ H$m àma§^ H$aHo$ Cg_§o 11-18 df© Ho$ Cg H|$Ð _| àXoe Ho$ g^r ~m{bH$mAm| H$mo {_bmH$a CZ_o§ qbJËd, qbJ Ag_mZVm, qbJ g_mZVm, ~mb l{_H$Vm, ~më` {ddmh, ~ÀMm| H$s VñH$ar, b¢{JH$ emofU gwa{jV Am¡a Agwa{jV ñne©, OÝ_ à_mU nÌ, ñHy$br {ejm H$m _hËd, Q>rH$m bJmZm, {H$emoamdñWm Ho$ {dH$mg ñdmñÏ` g§~§Yr EM.Eo.dr/EoS²>g Ho$ ~mao _| gyMZm, nm¡{ð>H$ Amhma, em¡Mmb` H$m Cn`moJ ñdÀN>Vm, ~mb Am{YH$ma, ~mbH$mZyZ, gaH$mar gw{dYmE± Am¡a AZoH$ gyMZm XoH$a b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo geŠV H$aZm h¡&

Cn`w©ŠV ò g^r A§e gaH$mar n[anÌ, AmXoe, Ame` Ho$ AZwê$n hr h¡§& BZ g~H$mo ~ÀMo, ZmJarH$, A{^^mdH$, gaH$ma Ho$ {d^mJ, A{YH$mardJ© {_bH$a AZwîR>mZ H$aZm Mm{hE &

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Aä¶mgI. ZrMo {XE JEo dmŠ`m| _o§ Imbr OJh ^[aE :-

1. g§{dYmZ H$s ______ {d{Y ~mb l{_H$Vm H$mZyZ Ho$ {déÕ h¡ - BgH$s KmofU H$s h¡&

2. “~më` {ddmh à{V~§Y” A{Y{Z`_ Omar {H$`m J`m df© ______ h¡& 3. ~mb l{_H$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE ______ _| “amîQ´>r` Zr{V H$s Omar hþB©&”4. ór {eew ^«yU hË`m à{V~§Y A{Y{Z`_ ______ _| Omar H$s JB©&

5. b¢{JH$ AnamY go ~mb gwajm A{Y{Z`_ ______ _| Omar H$s JB©&

II. BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :- 1. ^maV Ho$ H$moB© Xmo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE?2. ~mb l{_H$ {H$go H$hVo h§¡?3. ñÌr {eew ^«yU hË`m {H$go H$hVo h¡§?4. ~më` {ddmh {H$go H$hVo h§¡?5. b¢{JH$ Ag_mZVm {H$go H$hVo h¡§?6. ~ÀMm| H$s VñH$ar Am¡a {~«{H«$ {H$go H$hV§o h¡§?

III. BZ àíZm| H$mo Q>mobr _| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma {b{IE :- 1. ~mb l{_H$ g_ñ`m Ho$ {bE H$maU Š`m h¡? ~VmBE?2. ~më` {ddmh Ho$ n[aUm_ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¡?3. ~mbl{_H$ H$s g_ñ`m Ho$ n[ahma Ho$ Cnm` H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢? {ddaU Xr{OE& 4. ór {eew ^«yU hË`m Ho$ ~wao à^md H$m¡Z H$m¡Z go h¡§?5. b¢{JH$ AZwnmV Ho$ àH$ma H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¡§?6. ^yI Ho$ ~wao à^md H$mo ~VmBE?

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn :- 1. AmnHo$ Jm±d Ho$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m H$s gyMr H$aHo$ CZHo$ n[ahmamonm` {b{IE&

V. `moOZm :- 1. AmnHo$ {dX²`mb` _| H$mZyZr {deofk H$mo ~wbmH$a ~mb l{_H$Vm, ~më`{ddmh

ór-{eew ^«yU hË`m,qbJmZwnmV Am{X g_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ ~mao _| ì`m»`mZ Am¡a MMm© H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&

* * * *

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^yJmobAÜ¶m¶ - 8

^maV Ho$ I{ZO VWm ep³V g§gmYZ

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&• I{ZOm| H$m AW© VWm ‘hËd&• ^maV Ho$ à‘wI I{ZO, CZH$s CËn{Îm, {dVaU VWm CËnmXZ&• ep³V g§gmYZ - AW© VWm ‘hËd&• àM{bV e{º$ òmoV - H$mo¶bm, noQ´>mo{b¶‘ VWm na‘mUw e{º$&• ^maV ‘| {dÚwV e{º$ H$m A^md VWm g‘mYmZ&

I{ZOm| H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËdI{ZO EH$ àmH¥${VH$ AO¡{dH$ ‘yb YmVw h¡& Omo {ZpíMV amgm¶{ZH$ g§¶moJ VWm

^m¡{VH$ {deofVmAm| go ¶w³V hmoVm h¡& CXm : bm¡h I{ZO, ‘¢JZr‹O, ~m³gmBQ>, BË¶m{X& ^y{‘ go ~mha I{ZOm| H$mo {ZH$mbZo Ho$ H$m¶© H$mo ‘ImZm| go IwXmB©' H$hVo h¡&

I{ZO àH¥${V H$s XoZ h¡& Xoe H$s g‘¥{Õ ‘| BZH$m ‘hËd nyU© ñWmZ h¡& ¶o CÚmoJ YÝYmo, {Z‘m©U H$m¶©, ¶mVm¶mV VWm g§nH©$ {dH$mg, ì¶mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ¶ CÚmoJ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| H$m’$s ghm¶H$ h¢& Hw$N> I{ZO Vmo ~hþ‘yë¶ hmoVo h¢ O¡go gmoZm, hram, Am{X& ^maV Eogo {d{dY I{ZO gånXm go g‘¥X²Y h¡&

à‘wI I{ZObm¡h I{ZO : ¶h bm¡hVËd dmbm I{ZO h¡& bm¡h VWm BñnmV CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE ¶h

AË¶§V à‘wI H$ÀMm ‘mb h¡& ^maV ‘| Anma bm¡h{Zjon h¡& Omo H$B© amÁ¶m| ‘| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¡& qH$Vw Hw$N> amÁ¶m| ‘| g‘¥X²Y ê$n go bm¡h CnbãY h¡&

CXm : CS>rgm, H$Zm©Q>H$, N>ÎmrgJT>, PmaIÊS>, Vob§JmZm, ‘Ü¶àXoe, ‘hmamîQ´> VWm amOñWmZ& ¶o à‘wI bm¡h CËnmXH$ amÁ¶ h¡&

CS>rgm ^maV H$m gdm©{YH$ bm¡h I{ZO ³¶m Amn OmZVo h¡ :

I{ZO - {Og {Zjon go I{ZO àmá hmoVm h¡& dhr H$ÀM>m I{ZO h¡&I{ZO emó - I{ZOm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| d¡km{ZH$ AÜ`m¶Z hr I{ZOemó h¡&

CËnmXH$ amÁ¶ h¡& Bg amÁ¶ ‘o§ bm¡h {Zjon A{YH$Va ‘¶ya^§O, ³¶m|Pa, gw§XaJ‹T>> VWm H$Q>H$ {Obm| ‘o§ bm¡h {Zjon h¢& N>Îmrg J‹T> ‘| ~ñVa, XþJ© VWm O~bnwa, PmaI§S> ‘| qgh^y{‘, nb‘mdw, YZ~mX VWm hOmar~mJ,

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H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| g§Sy>é, hmognoQ>, Ho$å‘UJw§S>r VWm Hw$Ðo‘wI ‘| bm¡h I{ZO Ho$ {Zjon h¡& Jmodm, V{‘bZmSw>, npíM‘ ~§Jmb VWm CÎma àXoe ‘| ^r bm¡h I{ZO nm¶o OmVo h¡&

^maV {díd H$m 4Wm (Mm¡Wm) à‘wI bm¡h CËnmXH$ Xoe h¡& ¶h AnZo Hw$b CËnmXZ H$m 35 à{VeV mfm AnZo bm¡h-BñnmV CÚmoJ-KÝYm| ‘| Cn¶moJ H$aVm h¡& eof ^mJ H$mo {Z`m©V H$aVm h¡& ‘¢JZrO : ¶h AË¶§V à‘wI bm¡h {‘{lV I{ZO h¡& Bgo A{YH$Va BñnmV V¡¶ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& BgHo$ A{V[a³V ~¡Q>ar, a§J, ereo, MrZr {‘Q²>Q>r H$s dñVwE± VWm N>tQ>Xma (³¶m{bH$mo) N>nmB© Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& ‘¢JZrO qàQ> CËnmXH$ Xoem| ‘| {díd ‘| maV EH$ CËnmXH$ VWm {Z¶m©VH$ Xoe h¡& CS>rgm, ‘hmamîQ´> ‘Ü¶ àXoe VWm H$Zm©Q>H$ ^maV Ho$ à‘wI ‘¢JZrO CËnmXH$ amÁ¶ h¢& BZ¶o Xoe H$s A{YH$V‘ ‘mÌm ‘| ‘¢JZrO {Zjon dmbm amÁ¶ CS>rgm h¡& ¶h CËnmXH$ ^r h¡& Bg amÁ¶ Ho$ gw§XaJT>, H$mbh§S>r VWm H$moamnwQ> {Oëbm| ‘| CÎm‘ ñVa H$m ‘¢JZrO {Zjon {‘bVm h¡&

‘hmamîQ´> ‘| ZmJnwa, ^§S>ma, aËZ{J[a, ‘Ü¶àXoe ‘| ~mbKmQ>, qN>XdmS>m, O~bnwa VWm Xrdmg, H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| CÎma H$ÞS>m, {eì‘mo½Jm, ~ëbmar, {MÌXþJm© ‘| CÎma H$ÞS>m, {ed‘mo½Jm, ~ëbmar, {MÌXþJm© VWm Vw‘Hy$a {Obo ^maV Ho$ AÝ¶ à‘wI ‘¢JZrO CËnmXH$ ^mJ h¡& Vob§JmZm, amOñWmZ, JwOamV, PmaI§S> VWm {~hma amÁ¶m| ‘| ^r ‘¢JZrO CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡&

{díd ‘| ^maV nm±Mdm± à‘wI ‘¢JZrO CËnmXH$ Xoe h¡& ^maV AnZo eof ‘¢JZrO H$mo OmnmZ, {~«Q>oZ, A‘o[aH$m g§¶w³V amîQ´> VWm ~opëO¶‘ Xoem| H$mo {Z¶m©V H$aVm h¡&

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³¶m Amn OmZVo h¡ :~m³gmBQ> - eãX bog~m³g eãX go J«hrV h¡& bog~m³g ñWmZ ’«$m§g Ho$ Ab}g Ho$ g‘rn h¡& ¶hm± gd©àW‘ ~m³gmBQ> I{ZO H$m nVm bJm¶m J¶m Wm&Aëby{‘{Z¶‘ - ¶h 20 ~r eVmãXr H$m AX²^wV I{ZO H$hbmVm h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Bgo H$B© CÔoí¶m| go Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

~m³gmBQ> : ¶h Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ V¡¶ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE à‘wI H$ÀMm ‘mb h¡& ^maV ‘| ~hþV ~m³gmBQ> {Zjon h¢& ¶o A{YH$Va CS>rgm, JwOamV, PmaIÊS>, ‘hmamîQ´>, N>Îmrg J‹T>, V{‘bZmSw> VWm ‘Ü¶àXoe ‘| h¡&

CS>rgm ^maV H$m gdm©{YH$ ~m³gmBQ> {Zjon VWm CËnmXZ ‘| àW‘ ñWmZ aIZo dmbm amÁ¶ h¡& Bg amÁ¶ Ho$ ~m³gmBQ> {Zjon A{YH$Va H$mbh§S>r, H$moamnwQ>, gw§aXJT>, VWm g§~bnwa {Obm| ‘| h¡& N>Îmrg J‹T> ‘| {dbmgnwa, XþJ©, gaJwOm VWm am¶J‹T>, _hmamîQ´> ‘| aËZ{J[a, H$moëhmnwa, WmUo VWm gVmam, PmaIÊS> ‘| am±Mr, bmohmaS>mJ VWm nb‘mdw, JwOamV ‘| Om_ZJa, OyZmJ‹T>, IoS>m VWm ^mdZJa, ‘Ü¶àXoe ‘| ehS>mob, ‘§S>b VWm ~mbmKmQ>, Am§Y« àXoe ‘| JmoXmdar VWm {demImnÅ>U, V{‘bZmSw> ‘| gob‘ VWm Zrb{J[a Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| CÎma H$ÞS>m, ~obJmdr Am¡a {M³H$‘Jbya {Obm| ‘| ~m³gmBQ> XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&

A^«H$ : ¶h à‘wI bm¡h I{ZO h¡& Bgo ~hþV nVbo H$mJO Ho$ ê$n ‘| {d^³V {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& ¶o nmaXe©H$ hmoVo h¡§& VWm

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D$î‘m (J‘u) {ZamoYH$ {deofVm {bE hmoVo h¡§& BgH$m ³¶m Amn OmZVo h¡ :Am§Y«àXoe Ho$ Zoëbyê$ {Obo ‘|

àmá hmoZo dmbm A^«H$ {Zjon hëHo$ hao a§JH$m hmoVm h¡& Bgo hZr‘mB>H$m ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&

A{YH$Va Cn¶moJ {dÚwV CnH$Um| Ho$ CÚmoJ ‘|, Q>o{b’$moZ, hdmB© OhmO ~ZmZo, ñdMm{bV dmhZ CÚmoJ VWm {Z…V§Vw (dm¶abog), V§VwhrZ g§nH©$ ‘mÜ¶‘ ~ZmZo ‘| {H$¶m OmVm h¡& A^«H$ Ho$ {Zjon ì¶mnH$ ê$n go Am§Y«àXoe, amOñWmZ, PmaIÊS>, VWm {~hma amÁ¶m| ‘| nm¶o OmVo h¢& Am§Y«àXoe ^maV H$m gdm©{YH$ A^«H$ CËnmXH$ amÁ¶ h¡& Bg amÁ¶ ‘| ‘w»¶ A^«H$ àm{á Ho$ ñWmZ h¡§ - Zoëbyé, H¥$îUm, {demImnÅ>U, JmoXmdar VWm AZ§Vnwa {Obo&

^maV H$m Xÿgam à‘wI A^«H$ à{á dmbm amÁ¶ h¡ amOñWmZ & ¶hm± A^«H$ O¶nwa AO‘oa, ^rbdmS>m VWm CX¶nwa {Obm| ‘§ àmá hmoVm h¡& PmaI§S> ‘| hOmar ~mJ, YZ~mX, nb‘mdw, am±Mr VWm qgh^y{‘ ‘| àmá hmoVm h¡& {~hma ‘| J¶m, ‘w±Joa, VWm ^mJbnwa {Obm| ‘| A^«H$ {‘bVm h¡& WmoS>r ‘mÌm ‘| JwOamV, ‘hmamîQ´>, CS>rgm, H$Zm©Q>H$, V{‘bZmSw> VWm N>Îmrg J‹T> ‘| ^r A^«H$ àmá hmoVm h¡&

^maV {díd H$m AË¶{YH$ A^«H$ CËnmXH$ VWm {Z¶m©V H$m amï´> h¡& Hw$N> amîQ´>m| ‘| H¥${Ì‘ A^«H$ CËnmXZ {H$E OmZo Ho$ H$maU AmOH$b ^maV go A^«H$ H$m {Z¶m©V H$‘ hmo J¶m h¡&

e{º$ g§gmYZ :

AW© VWm ‘hËd - {dÚwVe[º$ CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ g§gmYZm| H$mo e{º$ g§gmYZ H$hm OmVm h¡&

EH$ Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ A{^d¥pX²Y VWm Od-OrdZ Ho$ ñVa ‘| gwYma bmZo Ho$ {bE e{º$ g§gmYZ A{VAmdí¶H$ h¡& H¥${f, dm{UÁ¶ CÚ‘, ¶mVm¶mV - gånH©$ Am{X Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| e{º$ g§gmYZm| H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘hËdnyU© ahr h¡&

e{º$ g§gmYZm| H$mo CZHo$ ñdê$n Ho$ AmYma na nma§n[aH$ VWm Amna§n[aH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ ê$n ‘| {d^³V {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& nma§n[aH$ g§gmYZm| ‘| H$mo¶b, noQ´>mo{b¶‘, àmH¥${VH$ dm¶w Am{X em{‘b h¡& BZ‘| H$m’$s g§gmYZ H$^r g‘má Z hmoZodmbo h¢& Anma§n[aH$ g§gmYZm| ‘| gm¡ae{º$, ndZep³V, Ádma-^mQ>mep³V, yJ^©ep³V, O¡{dH$ O¡go Am{X à‘wI h¢& ^maV AnZr {dÚwV A^md H$s Amny{V© Ho$ {bE Anma§n[aH$ e{º$ g§gmYZm| H$m Cn¶moJ H$aVm h¡& VWm {dH$mg H$aVm h¡& Omo A{Zdm`© h¡&

H$mo¶bm : H$mo¶bm dZñn{V Adeof ¶w³V BªYZ I{ZO h¡& hOmam| df© nyd© ^yJ^© ‘| {N>no dZñn{V Adeof A{YH$ CîUVm VWm X~md go H$mo¶bo Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V hmo JE h¢& BgàH$ma H$mo¶bo ‘| A{YH$ A{¾ g§¶moOH$ VËd hmoVo h¡§&

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‘hËd : H$mo¶bm ^maV H$m à‘wI e{º$ g§gmYZ h¡& Xoe ‘| Cn¶moJ H$s Om ahr Hw$b {dÚwV e{º$ H$m 67 à{VeV ^mJ H$mo¶bo na AmYm[aV h¡& H$mo¶bo go AZoH$ CndñVwE± àmá hmoVr h¡ O¡go - A‘mo{Z¶m, MmaH$mob, ~|Omb, ZoâV, go{\$a, BË¶m{X& BÝh| {d{dY CÚmoJm| Ho$ {bE H$ÀMo ‘mb Ho$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& CXm: a§J, ßbmpñQ>H$, H¥${Ì‘ aoeo, H¥${Ì‘ a~‹S> Am{X&

^maV ‘| H$mo¶bo Ho$ {Zjon Xmo ¶wJm| go g§~§{YV aho h¢& Bg àH$ma Jmo§S>dmZm VWm Q>em©{e`m H$mo¶bm {Zjon Ho$ ê$n ‘| BÝho§ {d^m{OV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& qH$Vw Jm|S> dmZm H$mo¶bm {Zjon Ho$ àXoe {dñV¥V joÌ ‘o§ h¡ VWm à‘wI h¢&

{dVaU Ed§ CËnmXZ : maV ‘| H$mo¶bm {Zjon A{YH$Va Hw$N> hr amÁ¶m| ‘| {dV[aV h¢& CXm: PmaI§S>, N>ÎmrgJ‹T>, CS>rgm, ‘hmamîQ´>, ‘Ü¶àXoe, Vob§JmZm VWm npíM‘ ~§Jmb& ¶o amÁ¶ ^maV Ho$ Hw$b H$mo¶bo H$m 96 à{VeV ^mJ ¶w³V h¡& Ag‘, ‘oKmb¶ VWm ZmJmb¢S> ‘| ^r H$mo¶bm {Zjon (ImZ) h¢& {díd Ho$ H$mo¶bm CËnmXZ Ho$ à‘wI Xoem| ‘| ^maV Vrgam ñWmZ aIVm h¡&

noQ´>mo{b¶‘ : noQ´>mo{b¶‘ ‘w»¶ ê$n go hmBS´>moH$m~©Z ¶w³V I{ZO h¡& ¶h à‘wI BªYZ h¡ VWm H$B© CÚmoJm| Ho$ {bE H$ÀMo ‘mb H$s Amny{V© H$m ‘yb òmoV h¡& dm{UpÁ¶H$ Ñ[ï> go ‘w»¶ e{º$ H$m òmoVh¡ VWm Bgo A{YH$Va ¶mVm¶mV Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& ¶h H¥${Ì‘ aoe‘, Am¡f{Y, amgm¶{ZH$ ImX, a§J V¡¶ma H$aZo Am{X CÚmoJm| Ho$ {bE H$ÀMm‘mb CnbãY H$amVm h¡&

noQ´>mo{b¶‘ {dVaU : maV ‘| noQ´>mo{b¶‘ {Zjon A{YH$Va AmnH$mo kmV aho :{d{dY Cn`mo{JVm Ho$

AmYma na H$mo bo H$mo "H$mbm gmoZm' H$hm OmVm h¡&

~må~o hmB©, JwOamV, Ag‘, Am§Y«àXoe VWm V{‘bZmSw> amÁ¶m| ‘| h¡& ~må~o hmB Ho$ Vob àXoe ‘| D$na Vob{Zjon h¡& ¶h ^maV H$m gdm©{YH$ H$ÀMm Vob CËnmXH$ àXoe h¡& {ÛVr¶

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à‘wI Vob CËnmXH$ àXoe JwOamV ‘| h¡& ³¶m Amn OmZVo h¢ -

noQ´>mo Am¡a Amo{b¶‘ Zm‘H$ Xmo b¡{Q>Z eãXm| go noQ´>mo{b¶‘ eãX ~Zm h¡& noQ´>m H$m AW© h¡ - nËWa VWm Amo{b¶‘ H$m AW© h¡ V¡br¶ nXmW©& Bg àH$ma noQ´>mo{b¶‘ nËWa H$m Vob ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& Cn¶moJ VWm Am{W©H$ ‘yë¶m| Ho$ AmYma na noQ´>mo{b¶‘ H$mo Ðd ñdU© H$hm OmVm h¡&

BgH$m ‘w»¶ Vob àXoe A§H$boída, ³¶m§~o, H$bmob, Zm¡Jm±d VWm ‘hZoZ h¡& ^maV ‘| noQ´>mo{b¶‘ {Zjon gd©àW‘ Ag‘ ‘o§ ‘‘mHw$‘’ Zm‘H$ ñWmZ na nhMmZo JE& BgàH$ma Ama§^ ‘o§ noQ´>mo{b¶‘ CËnmXZ ‘| Ag‘ H$m Zm‘ àW‘ ñWmZ na h¡& AmO ¶h V¥Vr¶ ñWmZ na h¡& ¶hm± H$m à‘wI Vob àXoe {S>J~moB©, ZhaH$[Q>¶m, ‘moamZ, hþJarOZ, {edZJa VWm éÐgmJa ‘| h¡& Xoe Ho$ AÝ¶ Vob àXoe JmoXmdar, H¥$îU VWm H$mdoar ZXr KmQ>r VWm ÐmoUr (‘wIO) ^mJm| ‘o§ XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&

noQ´>mo{b¶‘ CËnmXZ ‘| ^maV A{YH$ ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ Zht aIVm& Bg àH$ma AnZr Anma ‘m±J H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| noQ´>mo{b¶‘ Am¶mV H$aVm h¡&

Ob {dÚwV ep³V :

D±$MmB© go {JaZo dmbo Ob Ho$ doJ go {dÚwV CËnmXZ H$aZo H$mo ‘Ob{dÚwV ep³V’ H$hVo h¡& ¶h ZdrZr H$aU H$‘ ‘yë¶ ‘o§ àmá H$aZo, VWm H$mo¶bo d noQ´>mo{b¶‘ go A{YH$ Vmn (D$îU) Am¡a ep³V àXmZ H$aZo dmbo h¢& BgHo$ Cn¶moJ go ¶§Ì ñdÀN> ahVo h¢ Am¡a BgH$m àgma ^r AmgmZ h¡&

^maV ‘| H$m’$s ‘mÌm ‘| H$mo¶bm, noQ´>mo{b¶‘ VWm àmH¥${VH$ J¡gm| O¡go Ordmí‘ BªYZ CnbãY h¢& Bg àH$ma Ob{dÚwV ep³V CËnmXZ H$m {dH$mg AË¶§V Amdí¶H$ h¡& gmWhr Xoe ‘| Ob{dÚwV {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ nyaH$ VËd ^r CnbãY h¢&

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^maV ‘| gd©àW‘ (1897) Ob{dÚwV CËnmXH$ kmV aho :

Ordmí‘ B§YZ : dZñn{V VWm àm{U¶m| Ho$ Adeofm| Ho$ Ordmí‘r H$aU go CËnÞ H$moB© ^r BªYZ Ordmíd BªYZ hmoVo h¡&

H|$Ð npíM‘ ~§Jmb Ho$ Xm{O©qbJ ‘| ñWm{nV hþAm& qH$Vw dmñV{dH$ Ob CËnmXZ H$mdoar ZXr Ho$ {edZg‘wÐ na (1902) {Z{‘©V Ob{dÚwV H|$Ð go hr àma§^ hþAm&

^maV Ho$ à‘wI Ob {dÚwV CËnmXH$ H|$Ð h¢ -H$Zm©Q>H$ : {edZg‘wÐ, eamdVr, qbJZ‘³H$s, Amb‘Q²>Q>r, H$mbr VWm ^Ðm&

V{‘bZmSw> : ‘oQ²>Qy>ê$, n¡H$mam, nmnZmg‘, no[a¶ma, ‘o¶ma, Hw§$Xhm VWm H$moS>¶ma&‘hmamîQ´> : Imonmobr, ^rdnwar VWm ^ra Ob{dÚwV H|$Ð&

CS>rgm : hramHw$S>, ^r‘Hw§$S>, ~mbr‘obm VWm [aJmbr&Am§Y«àXoe : lre¡b‘ VWm am‘nmX gmJa&

Vob§JmZm : {ZOm‘gma, ZmJmOw©Z gmJa, {gboé&

Ho$ab : BS>³H$s, g~a{J[a, n{ëbdmgb VWm nam§{~Hw$b_&AÝ¶ : JwOamV H$m ¶wHo$, H$mS>Zm, PmaIÊS> H$m gwdU© aoIm, ‘¡WmZ, {Vb¡æ¶m,

n§MV{hb, n§Om~ H$m ^mIam Zm§Jb, {~hma H$m H$mogr, ‘Ü¶àXoe H$m Jm§YrgmJa à‘wI Ob {dÚwV H|$Ð h¢&

na‘mUw ep³V$ :

na‘mUw I{ZOm| go V¡¶ma H$s OmZodmbr {dÚwVep³V H$mo na‘mUw ep³V H$hVo h¢& maV ‘| {dÚwV ep³V H$s ‘m±J ~T>J¶r h¡& Bg ‘m±J H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dÚwV ep³V H$m CËnmXZ Zht hmo nmahm h¡& Bg àH$ma ^maV na‘mUw ep³V H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo H$s ¶moOZm ~Zm ahm h¡&

^maV ‘| Anma na‘mUw I{ZO h¢& CXm : ¶wao{Z¶‘ VWm Wmo[a¶‘& ¶o na‘mUw {dÚwV CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ h¢& gmW hr ^maV ‘| Amdí¶H$ VH$ZrH$s kmZ ^r CnbãY h¡& ^maV ‘| gd©àW‘ na‘mUw {dÚwV CËnmXZ H|$Ð H$mo Vmamnwa ‘| (1969) ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m& AmO Xoe ‘| Hw$b 7 na‘mUw {dÚwV CËnmXH$ H|$Ð h¡& do h¢ - (1) Vmamnwa ‘w§~B© Ho$ {ZH$Q>, ‘hmamîQ´> (2) amUmàVmn gmJa, H$moQ>m Ho$ {ZH$Q>, amOñWmZ (3) H$bn³H$‘, MoÞ¡ Ho$ {ZH$Q>, V{‘bZmSw>, (4)Zamoam, CÎma àXoe (5) H$mH$amnmam, JwOamV (6) H¡$Jm, H$madma Ho$ {ZH$Q>, H$Zm©Q>H$ VWm (7) Hw§$XZ Hw$b‘, V{‘bZmSw>&

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Anm§an[aH$ ep³V g§gmYZm| H$s Amdí¶H$Vm :^maV ‘| An[a{‘V ê$n go Anma§n[aH$ ep³V òmoV CnbãY h¢& BÝh| ZdrH$aU {H$¶m

Om gH$Vm h¡& ò àXÿfU ¶w³V h¡ VWm n¶m©daU ñZohr h¢& BÝh| gabVm go ZJa VWm J«m‘rU àXoem| ‘| nhþ±Mm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& BZHo$ CËnmXZ go Xoe Ho$ {dÚwV A^md H$mo nyam {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV ‘| AmOH$b {dÚwV ep³V Cn¶moJ H$m Xa ^r ~T> J¶m h¡& AV… erK« A{V[a³V ep³V g§gmYZm| H$m {dH$mg H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡&

{dÚwV ep³V H$m A^md : dV©‘mZ ‘| ^maV H$mo H$B© g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm nS>ahm h¡ {Og‘| {dÚwV H$m A^md ^r EH$ h¡& O¡gm {H$ D$na H$hm Om MwH$m h¡ {H$ ‘m±J Ho$ AZwê$n {dÚwV CËnmXZ Zht hmonm ahm h¡& AV… {dÚwV A^md H$s g‘ñ¶m gm‘Zo h¡& Bggo Xoe Ho$ CÚmoJm|, H¥${f, ¶mVm¶mV, ì¶mnma Am{X na BgH$m à{VHy$b à^md n‹S> ahm h¡&

H$maU : ^maV ‘| {dÚwV A^md H$m H$maU h¡& - 1) Xoe ‘| H$‘ noQ´>mo{b¶‘ {Zjon VWm Vob H$s H$‘r& (2) {ZåZñVa H$m H$mo¶bm (3) Agm‘{¶H$ dfm© VWm Ob {dÚwV ep³V CËnmXZ ‘| Ob H$s H$‘r (4) àgma à{H«$¶m ‘| {dÚwV H$m ZîQ> hmoZm (5) Anma§n[aH$ ep³V g§gmYZm| H$m AË¶m{YH$ Cn¶moJ&

n[ahmamonm` : {dÚwV A^md Ho$ n[ahma h¢ -

(i) H$mo`bm Am¡a noQ´>mo{b`_ Ho$ CËnmXZ H$mo A{YH$ H$aZm h¡&

(ii) H$mo`bm Am¡a noQ´>mo{b`_ Ho$ ñWmZ na n`m©` e{ŠV g§gmYZm| Ho$ A{YH$ ê$n go Cn`moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$X_ CR>mZm Mm{hE&

(iii) A{YH$ go A{YH$ Ob-{dÚwV CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE àmW{_H$Vm XoZm Mm{hE&

(iv) Ana§nm[aH$ e{ŠV g§gmYZm| H$m A{YH$ Cn`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE&

Aä¶mgI. [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© ghr eãXm| go H$s{OE :-

1. ______ AË¶§V à‘wI {_l bm¡h h¡&

2. Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ H$m à‘wI H$ÀMm nXmW© ______ h¡&

3. ______ AË¶§V à‘wI I{ZO h¡&

4. dZñn{V Adeof BªYZ ______ h¡&5. {edZ g‘wÐ Ob{dÚwV H|$Ð ______ amÁ¶ ‘| h¡&

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II. g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$a àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE :-

1. I{ZO VWm ImZm| H$s IwXmB© H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE&

2. ‘¢JZrO H$m à‘wI Cn¶moJ ³¶m h¡?

3. ^maV ‘| ~m³gmBQ> CËnmXH$ à‘wI amÁ¶ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢>?

4. e{º$ g§gmYZ H$m AW© VWm ^maV ‘| BZH$m ‘hËd ~VmBE&

5. ^maV ‘| noQ´>mo{b¶‘ {dVaU Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&

6. ^maV Ho$ na‘mUw {dÚwV CËnmXZ H|$Ðm| Ho$ Zm‘ ~VmBE &

7. V{‘bZmSw> Ho$ à‘wI Ob {dÚwV H|$Ðm| H$m Zm‘ {b{IE &


1. ^maV H$m Z³em ~ZmH$a Cg‘| noQ´>mo{b¶‘ VWm na‘mUw {dÚwV CËnmXZ ñWmZm| H$mo Zm‘m§{H$V H$s{OE &

2. ^maV H$m Z³em ~ZmH$a Cg‘| à‘wI Ob{dÚwV H|$Ðm| Ho$ Zm‘ {b{IE&

IV. àXÎm H$m¶© :-1. ^maV ‘| àmá hmoZo dmbo I{ZOm| Ho$ Z‘yZo g§J«h H$s{OE VWm CZHo$ ~mao ‘|

{Q>ßnUr {b{IE &

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 9^maV Ho$ ¶mVm¶mV Ed§ gånH©$

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&• ¶mVm¶mV H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËd• ^maV ‘| ¶mVm¶mV Ho$ àH$ma 1) Wb ¶mVm¶mV Am¡a CgHo$ àH$ma 2) Ob ¶mVm¶mV Am¡a CgHo$ àH$ma 3) dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV Am¡a CgHo$ àH$ma• g§nH©$ ‘mÜ¶‘ : AW© ‘hËd Am¡a àH$ma

¶mVm¶mV H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËdAW© : gm‘J«r, godm VWm {ÛVr¶ Ed§ V¥Vr¶ joÌ Ho$ ‘mZd Ho$ {H«$¶mH$bm¶m| H$s g^r

àH$ma H$s A{^d¥X²{Y ‘| ¶mVm¶mV H$m ~hþV ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& Bg àH$ma amîQ´>r¶ ì¶dñWm ‘| H¥${f VWm CÚmoJ-YÝYo ¶{X eara Am¡a ApñW H$m g§~§Y aIZo h¢ Vmo g§nH©$ ‘mÜ¶‘ H$m Omb ‘a³VZ{bH$mAm|’ Ho$ g‘mZ ‘hËd aIVm h¡&

‘mÝ¶ VWm gñVo Xa ‘| ¶mVm¶mV H$s gw{dYm g§gmYZ VWm H¥${f Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ghm¶H$ h¡& ¶h CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoVm h¡& ~mOma H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡& Xoer VWm {dXoer ì¶mnma ‘| d¥pX²Y H$aVm h¡& CÚmoJm| H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& bmoJm| H$s Am¶ VWm OrdZñVa ‘| gwYma H$aVm h¡& àdmg CÚ‘ H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoVm h¡ VWm gwajmXb Ho$ {bE ^r ghm¶H$ h¡&

¶mVm¶mV Ho$ àH$ma : ^maV Ho$ {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ¶mVm¶mV Ho$ àH$ma H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m

H$mo XoI| -

¶mVm¶mV

Wb ¶mVm¶mV Ob ¶mVm¶mV dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV i) g‹S>H$ ¶mVm¶mV i) A§V‘m©J© ¶mVm¶mV i) amï´>r¶ ¶mVm¶mV ii) aob ¶mVm¶mV ii) gmJa ¶mVm¶mV ii) A§Vam©ï´>r¶ ¶mVm¶mV iii) gwa§J ‘mJ©

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Wb ¶mVm¶mV -g‹S>H$ ¶mVm¶mV (n[adhZ) : gS>H|$ A{VàmMrZ VWm gmd©^m¡{‘H$ ¶mVm¶mV H$m

gmYZ h¡& ¶o EH$ Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{ÕY ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVr h¢& ^maV Jm±dm| H$m àYmZ Xoe h¡& VWm H¥${f àYmZ Xoe h¡& Xoe H$s H¥${f VWm J«m‘rU CÚmoJm| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE gS>Ho$§ A{V Amdí¶H$ h¢& ³¶m|{H$ Xoe Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo ‘| pñWV Jm±dm| go gånH©$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g‹S>Ho$§ ~S>r AZwHy$b {gÕ hmoVr h¢&

g‹S>H$m| H$m {Z‘m©U dZ VWm nhmS>r D$~S>-Im~S> àXoem| ‘| ^r {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& ¶o A{V Xÿa H$ht pñWV Jm±dm| VWm ZJam| H$mo OmoS>Vr h¢& Ka-Ka ‘| godmE± CnbãY H$amVr h¢& aob g§Mma, ~§XaJmh VWm {d‘mZ nÎmZ go gånH©$ Omo‹S>Vr h¢& gS>H|$ àdmg CÚ‘, ì¶mnma VWm dm{UÁ¶ Ed§ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ‘| A{YH$ ghm¶H$ h¢& CÚmoJ Ho$ Adga àXmZ H$aVr h¢& gwajm {d^mJ, {deof H$a gr‘mÝV àXoem| ‘| gS>H|$ A{YH$ AZwHy$b h¢&

g‹S>H$m| Ho$ àH$ma : 1) g‹S>H$m| Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ AmYma na CÝh| Xmo ^mJm| ‘| ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡& i) n¸$s gS>Ho$§, Omo gr‘|Q> - H$§H«$sQ> ¶m MmaH$mob go {Z{‘©V h¢& ii) H$ƒr gS>Ho$, Omo H§$H$S> VWm {‘Q²>Q>r go {Z{‘©V h¢& ¶o A{YH$Va J«m‘rU àXoem| ‘| h¡& BZHo$ gwYma Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Cnm¶ {H$E JE h¢& Bg {Xem ‘| àYmZ‘§Ìr H$s ‘J«m‘ g‹S>H$ ¶moOZm’ H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

2) {Z‘m©U VWm {Zd©hU Ho$ AmYma na g‹S>H$m| Ho$ àH$ma ò h¢ -

H$) gwdU© MVwîH$moU VWm gwna amO‘mJ© I) amîQ´>r¶ amO‘mJ©

J) amÁ¶ amO‘mJ© K) {Obm gS>H|$

L>) J«m‘rU gS>H|$

H$) gwdU© MVwîH$moU VWm gwna (amOnW) amO‘mJ© : ¶h Mma go N>… nWm| H$s CÎm‘ g‹S>H$ {Z‘m©U ¶moOZm h¡& BgH$m Ama§^ gZ² 1999

‘| hþAm& ¶h amO‘mJ© Xoe Ho$ à‘wI ZJam|, gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðm| H$mo OmoS>Vm h¡& ¶h {Xëbr-O¶nwa-Ah‘Xm~mX - gyaV-‘w§~B©-nyZm(nwUo)-~|Jbyé-MoÞ¡-{demImnQ²>Q>U-^wdZoída-H$mobH$Îmm-Bbmhm~mX-H$mZnwa-{Xëbr ‘| gånH©$ ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡&

gwna amO‘mJ© H$mo Xmo ^mJm| ‘o§ ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡& A) CÎma-X{jU H$m°arS>moa (J{b¶mam): ¶h lrZJa go H$Ý¶mHw$‘mar VH$ {dñV¥V h¡& ~) nyd©-npíM‘ H$m°arS>moa (J{b¶mam): ¶h {gbdma ({gbdmgm) go JwOamV Ho$ nmoa~§Xa VH$ ’¡$bm hþAm h¡& ¶o AZoH$ à‘wI ZJam|, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðm| VWm ~§XaJmhm| go g§~§Y OmoS>Vm h¡& ¶h amO‘mJ© {Z‘mU VWm {Zd©hU H$m¶© ‘^maV Ho$ amîQ´>r¶ amO‘mJ© àm{YH$ma’(NHAI) go g§~§{YV h¡&

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I) amîQ´>r¶ amO‘mJ© : ¶o à‘wI gS>Ho$§ amÁ¶ H$s amOYmZr go à‘wI ~§XaJmhm|, amîQ´>r¶ ‘hËd Ho$ à‘wI ZJam| VWm eham| go gånH©$ ñWm{nV H$amVr h¡& BZH$m {Z‘m©U VWm {Zd©hU H|$Ð bmoH$mon¶moJr {d^mJ go g§~§{YV h¡&

J) amÁ¶ amO‘mJ© : ¶o gS>H|$ amÁ¶ H$s amOYmZr go {Obm H|$Ðm| VWm amîQ´>r¶ amO‘mJ© go gånH©$ OmoS>Vr h¢& BZH$m {Z‘m©U VWm {Zd©hU amÁ¶ Ho$ bmoH$mon¶moJr {d^mJ (PWD) go g§~§{YV h¡&

K) {Obm gS>H|$ : BZH$m {Zd©hU {Obm n§Mm¶V go g§~§{YV h¡& ¶o gS>Ho$ VmbwH$ H|$Ðm| H$mo amÁ¶ amO‘mJ©, aob ¶mVm¶mV Am{X H$mo nañna OmoS>Vr h¢&

L>) J«m‘rU gS>H|$ : ¶o gS>Ho$§ àË¶oH$ Jm±dm| H$mo nañna OmoS>Vr h¢& eha VWm ~mOma H|$Ðm| go gånH©$ ~ZmVr h¡& BZ‘| H$m’$s H$ÀMr gS>Ho$§ h¡ Omo dfm©H$mb ‘| H$îQ> Xm¶H$ h¡& BÝh| n³H$s gS>H$m| Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$m H$m¶© Mb ahm h¡&

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gr‘mÝV g‹S>Ho$ : ¶o Xoe Ho$ gr‘m§V àXoem| ‘| gwajm Xb Ho$ Cn¶moJ Ho$ {bE hr {Z{‘©V gS>Ho$ h¡& ¶o nm{H$ñVmZ, Zonmb, ^yQ>mZ, ~m§½bmXoe VWm ‘¶Z‘ma g{hV ^maV H$s gr‘mAm| ‘| XoIr OmZo dmbr gS>Ho$ h¡& BZH$m {Z‘m©U VWm {Zdm©h gr‘mÝV g‹S>H$ A{^d¥pX²Y àm{YH$ma’ go g§~§{YV h¡&

II) H$) aob ¶mVm¶mV : aob‘mJ© maV H$m EH$ ³¶m Amn OmZVo h¢?• g§»¶m 7 amîQ´>r¶ amO ‘mJ© ^maV H$s

g~go bå~r gS>H$ h¡&• ‘Zmbr - boh gS>H$ {díd H$s g~go D±$Mr

gS>H$ h¡&

AÝ¶ à‘wI Wb ¶mVm¶mV H$m gmYZ h¡& ¶o ^mar gm‘mZm| VWm A{YH$ g§»¶m ‘| ¶m{Ì¶m| H$mo Xÿa ñWmZm| VH$ bo OmZo-boAmZo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ Cn¶w³V h¡& ¶o H¥${f CÚmoJ VWm ^maV H$s Am{W©H$ A{^d¥pX²Y ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVo h¢& gmWhr Xoe Ho$ ì¶mnma VWm àdmg CÚ‘ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ghm¶H$ h¢&

^maV ‘| aob ¶mVm¶mV {Z‘m©U A§J«oOm| Ho$ H$mb ‘| hr àma§^ hmo MwH$m Wm& AH$mb nr{S>V ^mJm| H$mo ImÚ AZmO VWm Mmam Am¡a goZm Xbm| H$mo EdñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ na boOmZo Ho$ {bE aob ‘mJ© H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m ^maV H$m àW‘ aob‘mJ© gZ² 1853 ‘o§ ~må~o VWm WmUo Ho$ ‘Ü¶ {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m& VËníMmV² H$mobH$Îmm - amZrJ§O (1854), MoÝZ¡ - AaH$H$moU‘² (1864) aob‘mJ© H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m& H«$‘e…& Xoe Ho$ AÝ¶^mJm| ‘o§ ^r aob ‘mJ© H$m {dH$mg hþAm&

aob ¶mVm¶mV ^maV H$m AË¶§V ~S>m gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ h¡& AmO Xoe ‘| 64,015 ‘o§ 64,015 {H$.‘r.bå~m aob‘mJ© h¡ VWm bJ^J 7031 aobdo ñQ>oeZ h¢& BgHo$ AZwHy$b àemgZ ì¶dñWm Ho$ {bE ^maVr¶ aoëdo H$mo 16 {d^mJmo ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¡& gwa{jV VWm gwIXm¶H$ aob¶mÌm Ho$ {bE Hw$N> à¶mg {H$¶o J¶o h¡§ -

gwa§J ‘mJ© : ¶h ZdrZ ^y ¶mVm¶mV H$m àH$ma ³¶m Amn OmZVo h¢ :hOram-{dO¶nwa-OJXrenwa (D$.E) J¢g H$m gwa§J ‘mJ© ^maV H$m g~go bå~m gwa§J ‘mJ© h¢ (2300 {H$.‘r.)

({dYmZ) h¡& gwa§J, ‘mJm] H$mo ^y{‘ Ho$ A§Xa {~N>m¶m J¶m h¡& {deofH$a H$ÀMo Vob H$mo ewX²Y H$aZo dmbo H|$Ðm| ‘o§ àmH¥${VH$ J¡gm| VWm H$mB© Ho$ ê$n ‘| CnpñWV I{ZOm| H$mo bo OmZo bo AmZo Ho$ {bE BZ gwa§J ‘mJm] H$m Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& ^maV ‘| Hw$b 35,656 {H$.‘r. bå~m gwa§J ‘mJ© h¡&

2. Obg§Mma

g‘wÐr`mZ g§~§Yr Xoem| ‘| ^maV ^r EH$ Wm& Obg§Mma OhmO Am¡a Zmdm| H$s ghm¶Vm go Zm¡H$m¶mZ H$s gw{dYmE± CnbãY H$amVm Wm& Ob‘mJm] H$mo Xmo mJm| ‘o§ ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡ -

1) A§V©X©oer` Ob ¶mVm¶mV VWm 2) gmJa (g‘wÐr) Ob ¶mVm¶mV

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i) AÝV©Xo©er¶ Ob ¶mVm¶mV : A§V© Xoer¶ Ob ¶mVm¶mV ZXr, gamoda, ZXr Ûmam àmá A{YH$V‘ Ob VWm Zham| Ûmam g§^d h¡& àmMrZ H$mb ‘| A§V X©oer¶ Ob ¶mVm`mV ^maV Ho$ ¶mVm¶mV (n[adhZ) ‘| hr ‘hËd nmZo bJm Wm AmO g‹S>H$ VWm aob ¶mVm¶mV H$s àJ{V go CgH$m ‘hËd H$‘ hmo J¶m h¡& ^maV ‘| A§V©X}er¶ Ob`mVm¶mV (n[adhZ) à‘wI ê$n go Hw$N> gm‘mZ VWm ¶m{Ì¶m| Ho$ boOmZo bo AmZo go g§~§{YV h¡& ¶h A{YH$Va CÎma ^maV H$s J§Jm (AmdmJWZ) ~«÷nwÌ VWm CZH$s CnZ{X¶m| Ûmam hmo ahm h¡& X{jU ^maV ‘| ZXr ÐmoUr (‘wIb) ^mJ Ho$db Zm¡H$m¶mZ VH$ hr gr{‘V h¡&

ii) gmJa Ob ¶mVm¶mV : g‘wÐ VWm gmJa Ûmam {H$¶m OmZo dmbm Zm¡H$m¶mZ hr gmJaOb ¶mVm¶mV h¡& ^maV H$m bå~m g‘wÐr VQ> VWm Hw$N> ~§XaJmhm| Ho$ gmW gmW Xoe nydu AY© JmobmY© ‘| pñWV h¡& Xoe H$m {dXoer ì¶mnma 85 à{VeV ^mJ gmJa ‘mJ© go hmoVm h¡& ¶o g^r H$maH$ Xoe Ho$ gmJa Ob n[adhZ ‘| ghm¶H$ h¡&

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~§XaJmh : gm‘mZ (MT>mZo) Amny{V© VWm CVmaZo Ho$ {bE OhmOm| Ho$ R>haZo H$m ñWmZ hr ~§Xa Jmh h¡& ¶h ^y-(Wb) ‘mJ© VY Ob ‘mJ© H$s g§{Y H$m ñWb h¡& ^maV ‘| H$B© ~ÝXaJmh h¢& BÝh| à‘wI, ‘Ü¶‘ VWm N>moQ>o ~§XaJmhmo ‘| {d^³V {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

à‘wI ~§XaJmh Amdí¶H$ gw{dYmAm| dmbm ~S>o OhmOm| Ho$ R>haZo H$m ñWmZ h¡& ¶o ~§XaJmh gm‘mZ MT>mZo VWm CVmaZo H$s AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYmAm| go ¶w³V h¢& maV ‘| 13 à‘wI ~§XaJmh h¢& BZ‘| 6 npíM‘r VQ> na VWm 7 nydu VQ> na pñWV h¡&

npíM‘r VQ> Ho$ à‘wI ~§XaJmh - H$m§Xbm : ¶h JwOamV Ho$ H$ÀN> H$s ImS>r Ho$ {ea^mJ na h¡& ‘w§~B© : ¶h ~S>r ‘mÌm H$m, {demb joÌdmbm VWm CÎm‘ OhmO nÎmZ dmbm ~§XaJmh

h¡& Bgo ‘^maV H$m à‘wI Ûma’ H$hm OmVm h¡&Odmhabmb Zohê$ ~§XaJmh : nyd© ‘| Bgo Zdmeodm ~§XaJmh H$hm OmVm Wm& ¶h ‘w§~B©

ZJa go 10.{H$.‘r. Xÿa pñWV E{b’o$ÊQ>m Jw’$mAm| Ho$ g‘rn h¡& ‘w§~B© ~§XaJmh Ho$ X~md H$mo H$‘ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg ~§XaJmh H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m&

‘m‘©Jmodm : ¶h Jmodm Ho$ Owdmar ZXr Ho$ VQ> na pñWV h¡& Zd ‘§Jbya : Bgo ‘H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m à‘wI Ûma’ H$hm OmVm h¡& H$moMr : ¶h Ho$ab Ho$ VQ> na h¡& Bgo ‘Aa~ gmJa H$s amZr’ H$hm OmVm h¡&nydu VQ> Ho$ ~§XaJmh : VwVwHw${S> : V{‘bZmSw> Ho$ X{jU nyd© ‘| pñWV h¡& MoÞ¡> : ¶h V{‘bZmSw> H$m AË¶§V àmMrZ ~§XaJmh h¡& EÞmoa> : MoÞ¡ ~§XaJmh Ho$ X~m~ H$mo H$‘ H$aZo Ho$ {bE BgH$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m J¶m&

¶h MoÝZ¡ ~§XaJmh Ho$ CÎmar ^mJ ‘| h¡& {demInÅ>Z‘> : ¶h EH$ ^y-^mJ go Amd[aV Jham VWm g§a{jV ~§XaJmh h¡& ¶h

Am§Y«àXoe Ho$ g‘wÐrVQ> na h¡& nmamXrn> : CS>rgm Ho$ ‘hmZXr Ho$ ‘wI ^mJ na pñWV ~§Xa Jmh h¡& hpëX¶m> : ¶h hþJbr VWm hmbXm ZXr Ho$ g§J‘ ñWb na pñWV h¡& H$mobH$ËVm

~§XaJmh ‘| àdoe Z H$a nmZodmbo ~S>o OhmO Bg ~§XaJmh ‘| AmVo h¢& H$mobH$Îmm> : hþJbr ZXr Ho$ ~m±¶r Amoa VQ> na ¶h ZXr VQ> H$m ~§Xa Jmh h¡& ¶h

^maV H$m Xÿgam ~S>m ~§XaJmh h¡& g‘wÐr¶mZ Ûmam hmoZo dmbo ì¶mnma H$m¶©{Zd©hU X{jUnydr© E{e¶m H$m ¶h ~S>m ~§XaJmh h¡& hþJbr ZXr Ûmam O~-V~ VbN>Q> Ho$ âOmZo go OhmOm| Ho$ AmdmJ‘Z ‘| naoemZr hmoVr Wr& Bg àH$ma VbN>Q> H$mo {ZH$mbZm A{Zdm`© h¡&

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3) dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV (n{adhZ) : ¶h AË¶§V doJdmbm ¶mVm¶mV gmYZ h¡& ¶m{Ì¶m| VWm S>mH$ Ho$ AmdmJ‘Z Ho$ {bE

AZwHy$b ¶mVm¶mV gmYZ h¡& ¶wX²Y, ~m‹T> VWm ^yH$ån O¡gr AmnmVmH$mbr Z n[apñW{V ‘| ¶h Cn¶moJr h¡& maV EH$ {demb Xoe h¡& ¶hm± dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ g^r nyaH$ gmYZ CnbãY h¢&

AmO ^maV ‘| Xmo à‘wI dm¶w g§Mma g§ñWmE± h¢ - 1) E¶a B§{S>¶m ZoeZb - ¶h ^maV VWm {díd Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| Ho$ gmW dm¶w g§Mma gw{dYmE± CnbãY H$amVm h¡&

2) B§{S>¶Z (^maVr¶) E¶abmBÝg - ¶h Xoe Ho$ A§Xa hr dm¶wg§Mma H$s gw{dYm àXmZ H$aVm h¡& gmWhr nS>mogr Xoem| Ho$ gmW ^r gånH©$ ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡& A~ VH$ ^maV H$m dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV gmd©O{ZH$ {d^mJ go OwS>r Wm& qH$Vw A~ {Z¶{_V AZw‘{V àmá {ZOr g§ñWmE± dm¶w g§Mma godmE± CnbãY H$amVr h¢& CXm: OoQ> Eàdog, ghmam, n¡am‘mCÊQ>, dm¶w¶mZ, g§ñWmE± Am{X&

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dm¶w nÎmZ : ^maV ‘o§ 141 {d‘mZ nÎmZ h¢& BZ‘| 28 A§Vam©îQ´>r¶, 88 Xoer VWm 25 dm¶wXb go g§~§{YV gr‘m gwajm {d‘mZ nÎmZ h¢& Hw$N> A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nÎmZ Bg àH$ma h¢ -

1) B§{Xam Jm§Yr A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ dm¶w nÎmZ, {Xëbr&2) N>Ìn{V {edmOr A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ dm¶w nËVZ, ‘w§~B©&3) ZoVmOr gw^mf M§Ð~mog A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ(dm¶w) nÎmZ H$moëH$Îmm&4) AÞm A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, MoÞ¡&5) H|$noJm¡S>m A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, ~|Jbyé&6) amOrdJm§Yr A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, h¡Xam~mX&7) lrJwé am‘Xmg Or A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, A‘¥Vga&8) bmoH${à¶ JmonrZmW ~moS>m}bmoB© A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, JmohmQ>r (JwdhmQ>r)9) {~Oy nQ>Zm¶H$ A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, ^wdZoída& 10) gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, Ah‘Xm~mX& 11) dra gmdaH$a A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, nmoQ>© ãbo¶a&12) S>m° ~m~m gmho~ A§~oS>H$a A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, ZmJnwa& 13) OméH$s A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ, {eëbm§J&14) bmb ~hmXþa emór A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ {d‘mZ nËVZ dmamUgr&

g§nH©$ gmYZEH$ ì¶p³V go Xÿgao ì¶p³V AWdm EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ H$mo g‘mMma {d{Z¶‘

H$aZo H$mo hr g§nH©$ gmYZ H$hm OmVm h¡& `h ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ {bE EH$ ZdrZ Am¶m‘ h¡& àmMrZ H$mb ‘| g‘mMma ôOZo Ho$ {bE njr VWm OmZdam| H$m Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm Wm&

‘hËd : gaH$ma Ho$ H$m¶Xo-H$mZyZ VWm {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Am‘ OZVm H$mo kmV H$amZo ‘| g§nH©$ gmYZ A{YH$ Cn¶moJr h¢& ¶o àmH¥${VH$ AmnXm VWm {dÝ¶mg, Obdm¶w H$s nyd©gyMZm H$mo h‘| nhþ±MmZo ‘| ghm¶H$ h¡& ¶o ì¶mnma dm{UÁ¶, CÚmoJ YÝYo, H¥${f Am{X Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ghm¶H$ h¡& ò ‘Zmoa§OZ, {díd H$s X¡{ZH$ J{V{d{Y¶m| H$s gyMZm XoVo h¢& gmWhr Xoe H$s EH$Vm VWm g‘J«Vm {Z^mZo ‘| ghm¶H$ h¢&

AmO ^maV ‘| {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ g§nH©$ gmYZ àM{bV h¢& BZHo$ Xmo à‘wI ^mJ {H$¶o Om gH$Vo h¢& 1) d¡¶p³VH$ gånH©$ gmYZ 2) g‘wXm¶ gmYZ& S>mH$, Q>o{bJ«m‘, Q>o{b’$moZ (gyag§Mma), ’¡$³g, B©‘ob, A§VOm©b, go{‘Zma Am{X d¡¶p³VH$ gmYZ h¢&

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g‘mMma nÌ VWm {Z¶VH$m{bH$, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Z, nwñVHo$§ gm‘wXm{¶H$ gmYZ h¢&

S>mH$ godm : ^maV ‘| àmMrZ H$mb go àM{bV ‘w»¶ gmYZ S>mH$ godm h¡& S>mH$ Ka Hw$N> godmAm| H$mo CnbãY H$amVm h¡ O¡go-nÌ, nmg©b, n¡Ho$Q>, ‘Zr AmS>©a, Am{X H$mo EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ H$mo ôOZo H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡& gmW hr N>moQ>o ~MV ImVo, ZH$X O‘m, amîQ´>r¶ ~MV nÌ Am{X godmE± CnbãY H$amVm h¡&

Xÿag§Mma g§nH©$ godm : ¶h Q>o{bJ«m’$, Q>o{b’$moZ, ’¡$³g BË¶m{X godmAm| H$mo Ho$db Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go CnbãY H$amVm h¡& AmO ^maV ‘| XÿadmUr gånH©$ Omb H$s ì`dñWm àËòH$ Xÿa-Xÿa Ho$ ñWmZm| H$mo ^r CnbãY h¡& Q>o{b’$moZ VWm ‘mo~mBb gw{dYmE± Q>o{bJ«m{’$H$ godm Ho$ ~Xbo H$s JB© ì¶dñWm h¡, Omo AmO ì¶mnH$ ê$n ‘| àM{bV h¡&

AmH$medmUr VWm XÿaXe©Z : g‘wXm¶ g§nH©$ gmYZm| ‘| AmH$medmUr VWm XÿaXe©Z H$s ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m h¡& ^maV ‘| {H$VZo ^r Xÿa {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo bmoJ ^r AmH$medmUr go g‘mMma gwZ gH$Vo h¢ VWm XyaXe©Z Ûmam XoI ^r gH$Vo h¢& Bg àH$ma ¶o h‘mao J«m‘rU àXoem| Ho$ {bE ^r A{YH$ Cn¶w³V h¡& ³¶m|{H$ BZgo h‘mao H¥$fH$ H¥${f g§~§Yr g‘ñ¶mAm|, H¥${f CËnmXH$ ’$gbm|, Obdm¶w H$s nyd© gyMZm, AmYw{ZH$ H¥${f {dYmZ Am{X Ho$ ~mao ‘| VmOm I~a àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ ¶o {ejm, ‘Zmoa§OZ VWm gyMZm AmYm[aV {d{dY H$m¶©H«$‘m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar àXmZ H$aVo h¢& gZ² 1936 ‘| ‘Am°b B§{S>¶m ao{S>¶mo’ Zm‘ go ¶h OmZm J¶m& XÿaXe©Z H$m àgma gZ² 1959‘| {Xëbr go ‘XÿaXe©Z’ Zm‘ go àma§^ hþAm&

g‘mMma nÌ : ¶h ‘wÐU g§nH©$ gmYZ h¡ Omo ~S>m ‘hËdnyU© h¡ VWm gmao g§gma ({díd) H$m g§nH©$ gmYZ h¡& ^maV ‘| EH$ bmI go ^r A{YH$ X¡{ZH$ nÌ VWm {ZpíMV nj Ho$ {d{dY ^mfmAm| Ho$ nÌ AmVo h¢& BZ‘| 41 gm‘mMma nÌ 100 dfm] go A{YH$ nyd© B{Vhmg dmbo h¢& JwOamVr ^mfm H$m ‘~må~o g‘mMma’ ^maV H$m AË¶§V àmMrZ VWm AmO ^r ApñVËd ‘| ahZo dmbm g‘mMma nÌ h¡& ¶h gZ² 1922go hr AnZm àgma Ama§^ H$a MwH$m Wm&

CnJ«h VWm H§$ß¶yQ>a Omb : Bbo³Q´>m°{ZH$ VH$ZrH$ VWm ~mh²¶mH$me H$s d¡km{ZH$ A{^d¥{X²Y ^r g§nH©$ gmYZ Ho$ joÌ ‘| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z boH$a Am¶r, H§$ß¶yQ>a H$m Omb A§VOm©b (B§Q>aZoQ>) B©-‘ob godm, ’¡$³g BË¶m{X gw{dYmE± CnbãY H$amVm h¡& H¥${Ì¶ CnJ«h àjonU dV©‘mZ g§nH©$ gmYZm| Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ZdrZ ¶wJ H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& ^maV ‘o§ AmH$medmUr VWm XÿaXe©Z Ho$ àgma Ho$ {bE CnJ«h VH$ZrH$ A{YH$ ghm¶H$ ahr h¡&

^m¡Jmo{bH$ gyMZm ì¶dñWm (GIS) dV©‘mZ ‘| ñWmZ {ZYm©aU ì¶dñWm (GPS) VWm Xÿa g§doXr (RS) VH$ZrH$ maV ‘| A{YH$ àJ{Verb h¡& ‘^m¡Jmo{bH$ gyMZm ì¶dñWm’ n¥Ïdr

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Ho$ ~mh²¶ ^mJ H$s {ddaU g§~§Yr gyMZmE± g§J«h H$aVo VWm XoZo dmbr EH$ H§$ß¶yQ>a ì¶dñWm h¡& ‘^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ ì¶dñWm’ g§Ho$V AmYm[aV h¡ ¶h n¥Ïdr na Ma, pñWa dñVw AWdm n¥Ïdr Ho$ ñWmZ {ZYm©aU ì¶dñWm ‘| Ajm§e Xoem§Va VWm g‘wÐVH$ go D±$MmB© na AmYm[aV ñWmZ H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¡& ‘Xÿag§doXr’ VH$ZrH$ n¥Ïdr na gyMZmAm| H$mo g§Xoemo§ Ûmam g§J«h H$aVm h¡& ¶h EH$dñVw ñWmZ ¶m {deofVmAm| go grYo g§nH©$ H$aZo na gyMZmE± g§J«h H$m ‘mÜ¶‘ h¡& Xÿa g§doXr Ho$ Ûmam ~mh²¶ VWm CnJ«h {MÌm| H$mo àmá {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&


1. ^maV Ho$ Jm±d VWm H¥${f {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ ¶mVm¶mV ‘mÜ¶‘ h¡&2. ^maV ‘| gd©àW‘ aob‘mJ© VWm Ho$ ‘Ü¶ {Z{‘©V {H$¶m

J¶m&

3. ~§XaJmh H$mo ^maV H$m à‘wIÛma H$hm OmVm h¢&

4. ~|Jbyé AÝVam©îQ´>r¶ dm¶w nËVZ H$mo Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

5. ~m°å~o g‘mMma g‘mMma nÌ ‘| Ama§^ hþAm&

II. g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$a àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE :- 1. ¶mVm¶mV Am¡a gånH©$ go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¡§?

2. gwdU© MVwîH$moU VWm gwna amO‘mJ© H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

3. ^maV Ho$ aob ¶mVm¶mV go g§~§{YV MMm© H$s{OE&

4. Ob ¶mVm¶mV, dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

5. ^maV Ho$ dm¶w ¶mVm¶mV na MMm© H$s{OE&

6. ^maV Ho$ {d{dY g§nH©$ ‘mÜ¶‘m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~VmBE&

III. {H«$¶m H$bmn :- 1. ^maV H$m ‘mZ{MÌ ~ZmH$a Cg‘| à‘wI amîQ´>r¶ amO‘mJm] H$m àXe©Z H$a

Zm‘m§{H$V H$s{OE&

IV. àXÎm H$m¶© :-1. ^maV Ho$ àjo{nV CnJ«hm| H$m {MÌ g§J«h H$s{OE&

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 10^maV Ho$ CÚmoJ YÝYo

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&• CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËd• CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm• ^maV Ho$ à‘wI Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXoe• ^maV Ho$ à‘wI CÚmoJ-YÝYo-bm¡h-BñnmV CÚmoJ, Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘, gyVr dó

CÚmoJ, MrZr (e³H$a) CÚmoJ, H$mJO VWm kmZmYm[aV CÚmoJ YÝYo&

CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËd

AZoH$ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| VWm H$ÀMo ‘mb H$m grYm Cn¶moJ Zht {H$¶m OmVm& CÝh| {d{dY à{H«$¶m ¶m ewX²YrH$aU Ûmam V¡¶ma {H$¶m OmVm h¡& CXm: B©I (JÞm) H$mo MrZr Ho$ ê$n ‘|, bmoho H$mo I{ZO BñnmV ‘|, H$nmg H$mo dó ‘|, noS>mo§ H$s N>mb-JyXo H$mo H$mJO ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$ÀMm ‘mb A{YH$ Cn¶moJr dñVw Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V H$aZm hr CÚmoJ H$hbmVm h¡&

CÚmoJ YÝYo h‘mar Am{W©H$ àJ{V ({dH$mg) ‘| à‘wI ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVo h¢& BZHo$ {dH$mg H$mo àmW{‘H$ gm‘m{J«¶m| na {Z^©Vm ^r H$‘ hmo OmVr h¡& amîQ´>r¶ Am¶ VWm d¡¶{º$H$ Am¶ ~T>Vr h¡& {dXoer {d{Z‘¶ àm{á ‘| d¥{X²Y hmoVr h¡& CÚmoJm| Ho$ Adga ~‹T>Vo h¡§& OZOrdZ ñVa ‘| gwYma AmVm h¡&

CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm

CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm VWm {dH$mg Hw$N> A§em| na {Z^©a h¡& CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm {ZYm©aU Ho$ VËd h¢ - 1) H$ÀMo ‘mb H$s àm{á (CnbpãY) 2) e{º$ g§gmYZm| H$s Amny{V© 3) ¶mVm¶mV Ed§ g§nH©$ ì¶dñWm (gw{dYm) 4) ~mOma gw{dYm 5) ny±Or 6) ‘OXÿa VWm Ob CnbpãY (àm{á) 7) AZwHy$b Obdm¶w 8) gaH$ma Ho$ H$m¶Xo-H$mZyZ&

à‘wI Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXoe

EH$ àH$ma Ho$ AWdm {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ CÚmoJm|H$m A{YH$ g§»¶m ‘| H|$ÐrH¥$V àXoem| H$mo Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXoe H$hVo h¢& CÚmoJ VWm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {H«$¶mH$bmn dmbo àXoe A{YH$Va ZJa àXoem| ‘| XoIo OmVo h¢& ¶o CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm ‘| ghm¶H$ VËdm| dmbo ñWmZm| ‘o§ XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&

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^maV ‘| 8 à‘wI Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXoe OmZo OmVo h¢ -1) hþJbr-H$mobH$Îmm àXoe 2) ‘wå~B©-nwUo àXoe3) Ah‘Xm~mX-dS>moXam àXoe 4) ‘Xþa¡-H$mo¶‘Îmya àXoe5) N>moQ>mZmJnwa H$m nR>mar àXoe 6) {Xëbr-‘oaR> àXoe7) {demInÅ>U Jw§Qy>a àXoe 8) H$mo„§-{VédZ§Vnwa‘ àXoe

à‘wI CÚmoJ YÝYo

bm¡h Ed§ BñnmV CÚmoJ -

¶h AÝ¶ CÚmoJm| Ho$ {bE òmoV CÚmoJ h¡& B§Or{Z¶[a¨J (A{^¶§Vm), aoëdo B§OZ, ¶§Ì-CnH$aU, ñdMm{bV dmhZ, H¥${f CnH$aU, Am{X CÚmoJ bm¡h - BñnmV CÚmoJ na AmYm[aV h¢& ¶o ^maV A{V à‘wI bm¡h AmYm[aV CÚmoJ h¡& bm¡h I{ZO JbmZo VWm bmohm V¡¶ma H$aZo H$s H$bm ^maVr¶m| H$mo àmMrZ H$mb go hr kmV Wr& BgH$m CÎm‘ CXmhaU {Xëbr ‘| pñWV bm¡h ñV§^ h¡&

^maV ‘o§ àW‘ AmYw{ZH$ bm¡h-BñnmV CÚmoJ gZ² 1874 ‘| npíM‘ ~§Jmb H$s KmQ>r ‘| ñWm{nV hþAm& qH$Vw dmñV{dH$ bm¡h-BñnmV CÚmoJ Ho$ Ama§^ H$m lo¶ Oo.EZ.Q>mQ>m H$mo OmVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo gZ² 1907 ‘| PmaIÊS> amÁ¶ Ho$ gmH$Mr (O‘eoXnwa) Ho$ {ZH$Q> Q>mQ>m bm¡h-BñnmV H$maImZoH$s ñWmnZm H$s& BgHo$ ~mX ^r ¶h CÚmoJ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ níMmV² hr A{YH$ {dH${gV hþAm& Bg CÚmoJ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE n§Mdfu¶ ¶moOZm ‘| {deof Cnm¶ {H$E JE&

bm¡h- BñnmV CÚmoJ H$s ñWmnZm go g§~§{YV h¡ - 1) H$ƒm ‘mb (òmoV) bm¡h I{ZO Amny{V©& 2) ‘w»¶ ep³V g§gmYZ H$ÀMm H$mo¶bm VWm Ob{dÚwV& 3) aob ¶mVm¶mV VWm ~§XaJmh gw{dYmE±& 4) Ob Amny{V© 5) H$‘ ‘OXÿar ‘| H$m‘ H$aZo dmbo ‘OXÿa 6) ny±Or VWm ñWm`r ~mOma&

CËnmXZ H|$Ð : AmO ^maV ‘| 14 g‘J« bm¡h BñnmV CÚmoJ YÝYo h¢& BZ‘| 4 {ZOr VWm eof gaH$ma>r joÌ go g§~§{YV h¢& do h¡§ -

{ZOr joÌ -

1) Q>mQ>m bm¡h - BñnmV H$maImZm (TISCO) O‘eoXnwa (gmH$Mr), PmaI§S>&

2) qOXmb {dO¶ZJa bm¡h H$maImZm (IVSL) VmoaUJb3) BñnmV bm¡h H$maImZm Xmoëdr, aËZ{J[a {Obm, ‘hmamîQ´>&4) ‘h±Jo BñnmV ñWmda - ZrbmMb BßnV {ZJ‘, {Z¶{‘V ZrbmMb BßnV {ZJ‘

(NINL) Jmonmbnwa (CS>rgm) _| h¢&

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gaH$mar joÌ

1) ^maVr¶ bm¡h-BñnmV H$maImZm, ~Zm©nwa, npíM‘ ~§Jmb. (IISCO)

2) {dídoídaæ¶m bm¡h - BñnmV H$maImZm, ^ÐmdVr, H$Zm©Q>H$ (VISCO)

3) qhXþñVmZ bm¡h-H$maImZm, {^bmB©, XþJ© {Obm, N>ËVrgJ‹T>

4) qhXþñVmZ bm¡h H$maImZm, amCaHo$bm, gw§XaJT> {Obm, CS>rgm

5) qhXþñVmZ bm¡h H$maImZm, XþJm©nwa, npíM‘~§Jmb

6) ~moH$mamo bm¡h ñWmda, ~moH$mamo, PmaIÊS>

7) gob‘ bm¡h CÚmoJ, gob‘, V{‘bZmSw>

8) {demInQ²>Q>U‘², bm¡h CÚmoJ, Am§Y« àXoe

9) Xm{¶Var bm¡h H$maImZm, nmamXrn Ho$ {ZH$Q>, CS>rgm

10) Q>mQ>m bm¡h H$maImZm, H$mqbJ ZJa, CS>rgm&

BZHo$ A{V[a³V Xoe Ho$ {d{dY mJm| ‘| 199 go r A{YH$ N>moQ>o bm¡h H$maImZo ñWm{nV hþE h¢& {díd Ho$ bm¡h CËnmXH$ Xoem| ‘| ^maV H$m ñWmZ 8 dm± h¢&

2) Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CÚmoJ : Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ EH$ à‘wI Abm¡h I{ZO h¡& ¶h ~hþV Cn¶moJr h¡& Bgo hdmB© OhmO, ñdM{bV dmhZm|, aob ¶mVm¶mV, OhmO, a§J V¡¶ma H$aZo, J¥h Cn¶moJr dñVwAm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U, {d{dY CÚmoJm|, {dÚwV Ho$~bm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U VWm AÝ¶ gm‘{J«¶m| H$s {S>ã~m~§Xr H$aZo Am{X CÔoí¶m| Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CÚmoJ Ho$ à‘wI ñWmnZ H|$Ð CÔoí¶ 3 h¢& BZgo - i) H$ÀMm dñVw g§~§Yr ~m³gmBQ> H$s àm{á ii) Ob {dÚwV ep³V H$s Amny{V© iii) ny±Or VWm {demb ~mOma àmá hmoVm h¡&

{dVaU : ^maV ‘| bm¡h-BñnmV CÚmoJ Ho$ ~mX Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CÚmoJ ^maV H$m Xÿgam à‘wI bm¡hmYm[aV CÚmoJ h¡& ¶h gd©àW‘ npíM‘ ~§Jmb Ho$ O¶H$m¶ ZJa ‘| gZ² 1942 ‘| àma§^ hþAm& AmO Xoe ‘o§ Hw$b 9 Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CËnmXH$ H|$Ð h¢& do h¢ - npíM‘ ~§Jmb H$m O`H$m¶ ZJa, Ho$ab H$m Abynwa‘, V{‘bZmSw> H$m ‘oQ²>Qy>a, H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m ~obJmdr, CS>rgm H$m hramHw$S> VWm X‘Z g‘yh VWm CÎma àXoe Ho$ aoZyHy$Q>, N>ÎmrgJT> H$m H$moa~m VWm ‘hmamîQ´> H$m aËZ{Jar à‘wI h¢&

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{díd Ho$ Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CËnmXH$ Xoem| ‘| ^maV ½¶mahdm± ñWmZ aIVm h¡& AnZr Anma ‘m±J H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^maV Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ H$mo Am¶mV ^r H$aVm h¡&

3. gyVr dñV CÚmoJ : ^maV Ho$ dñV CÚmoJm| ‘o§ gyVr dó CÚmoJ g~go ~S>m Am¡a à‘wI {d^mJ h¡& àmMrZ H$mb go hr ^maVr¶m| H$mo gyVr dó ~wZZo H$s H$bm kmV Wr& qH$Vw ¶h hWH$aKm Ûmam ~wZH$a gyVr dó VH$ gr{_V Wm& ^maV ‘| gd©àW‘ AmYw{ZH$ dó CÚmoJ ‘w§~B© ‘| ñWm{nV hþAm Omo H$nmg ¶§Ì gZ² 1854 ‘| àma§^ Ûmam bJm¶m J¶m& VËníMmV² AZoH$ H$nmg ¶§Ì ñWm{nV {H$¶o J¶o& AZoH$ H$nmg {ZH$mbZo Ho$ ¶§Ìm| H$s ñWmnZm go CÚmoJm| ‘o§ ^r A{^d¥pX²Y hþ¶r& AmO gyVrdó CËnmXZ ‘| ^maV MrZ Ho$ ~mX Xÿgam ñWmZ aIVm h¡& gyVr dóm| Ho$ {Z¶m©V ‘o§ ^r ^maV Xÿgao ñWmZ na h¡&

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gyVr dó CÚmoJ à_wI én go ñWmZr`, _yb H$ÀMo _mb O¡go-H$ÀMo H$nmg H$s à{á, {demb ~mOma, {dÚwV Amny{V©, ny±Or, Hw$eb H$marJam| H$s Amny{V© VWm erV (AmÐ©) Obdm`w na {Z^©a h¡&

{dVaU - ^maV Ho$ {d{dY ^mJm| _| pñWV 76 go ^r A{YH$ ZJa Am¡a eham| _| gyVr dó CÚmoJ \¡$bm hþAm h¡& {\$a ^r `h AË`{YH$ H$nmg CËnmXH$ amÁ`m| _| H|$ÐrH¥$V h¡& do amÁ` h¢ - _hmamï´>, JwOamV, V{_bZmSw>, H$Zm©Q>H$, _Ü`àXoe, amOñWmZ, CËVaàXoe, n§Om~ Am¡a h[a`mUm& BZ_| àW_ Xmo amÁ` Xoe Ho$ H$nmg (gyVr) dó CËnmXZ Ho$ joÌ _| AJ«Ur h¢& _w§~B© ZJa à{gÕ gyVr dó CËnmXH$ H|$Ð h¡& Bgo ^maV H$m "H$mQ>Zmo nmo{bg' VWm ^maV H$m _oZMoñQ>a H$hm OmVm h¡&

4. MrZr CÚmoJ : h maV _| gyVr dó CÚmoJ Ho$ ~mX {ÛVr` à_wI H¥${f AmY[aV CÚmoJ h¡& àmMrZ H$mb go hr MrZr V¡`ma H$aZo H$s H$bm ^maVr`m| H$mo kmV Wr& naÝVw V~ JwS> VWm Im§S> dmbr MrZr V¡`ma H$s OmVr Wr& AmYw{ZH$ MrZr V¡`ma H$aZm 20 dt eVmãXr Ho$ àma§^ _| ^maV _| àma§^ hþAm& qH$Vw ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX AË`{YH$ {dH${gV hþAm& `h CÚmoJ {ZåZ{b{IV ñWZr` à_wI A§em| na {Z^©a h¡ - _yb H$ÀMm _mb, JÞo H$s àm{á, gñVo Xa Am¡a ânya _mÌm _| `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYmE|, gaH$ma H$m àmoËgmhZ, {dÚwV Amny{V©, ny±Or VWm ~mOma H$s gw{dYmE±&

{dVaU - MrZr CÚmoJ à_wI én go JÞm CËnmXH$ àXoem| _| H|$ÐrH¥$V h¡& Eogo àXoem| _| _hmamï´> CËVa àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$, V{_bZmSw>, A§mY«àXoe, JwOamV, n§Om~, h[a`mU, {~hma Am¡a CS>rg amÁ` à_wI h¡& {díd _| MrZr CËnmXH$ Xoem| _| ~«mOrb Ho$ ~mX ^maV {ÛVr` ñWmZ aIVm h¡&

³¶m Amn OmZVo h¡§ :MrZr CÚmoJ H$s CndñVwE± -

* H$mH§$~r : B©I Ho$ ag H$mo MrZr Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$s à{H«$¶m ‘| àmá hmoZo dmbm JmT>m ag& Bgo ‘X²¶ V¡¶ma H$aZo VWm ImX Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

* B©I Ho$ {N>bHo$ : B©I H$mo N>rb H$a CgH$m ag {ZH$mbZo Ho$ ~mX eof ~Mm ^mJ H$mJO V¡¶ma H$aZo VWm BªYZ Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

5. H$mJO CÚmoJ : H$mJO EH$ Amdí¶H$ CndñVw h¡& Bgo AZoH$ CÔoí¶m| Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& CXm - {bImB©, ‘wÐU, âmB© Am{X& EH$ Xoe H$s {ejm VWm gmjaVm H$m ñVa Cg Xoe ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$E Om aho H$mJO H$s ‘mÌm Ûmam OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

^maV ‘| H$mJO V¡¶ma H$aZo H$s H$bm 10 dr§ eVmãXr go hr kmV Wr& V~ dh EH$ Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Wm& Xoe ‘| àW‘ AmYw{ZH$ H$mJO CÚmoJ YÝYm npíM‘ ~§Jmb

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Ho$ goam‘nwa ‘| gZ² 1932‘| ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m& qH$Vw dh erY«hr ~§X hmo J¶m& Bg àH$ma dmñV{dH$ ê$n go H$mJO H$m H$maImZm gZ² 1870 ‘| H$mobH$ËVm Ho$ {ZH$Q> ~mbr ‘| ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m& qH$Vw ¶h CÚmoJ {díd ‘hm¶wX²Y Ho$ g‘¶ VWm ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX A{YH$ àM{bV hþAm&

H$mJO CÚmoJ dZ AmYm[aV CÚmoJ h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Bg CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ H$ÀMm nXmW© O¡go ~m±g VWm noS> H$s N>mb Am¡a JyXm H$mo‘b noS>m| H$s dñVwE± h¢& g~mB© VWm ~mâ O¡go Kmg\$yg Cn¶moJr h¢& AmOH$b dZm| go àmá hmoZo dmbr dñVwAm| H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU YmZ, Johÿ±, ~mbu Ho$ {N>bHo$, B©I H$s N>mb, H$mJO Ho$ Qw>H$S>o, H$nS>m| Ho$ Qw>H$S>o Am{X H$mJO ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ {H$E OmVo h¢&

BgHo$ A{Vap³V Anma Ob, {demb ~mOma, ‘OXy>am| H$s àm{á, n[adhZ gw{dYm, {dÚwV VWm Hw$N> amgm¶{ZH$mo H$s Amny{V© AÝ¶ H$mJO CÚmoJm| Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ H$maH$ VËd h¢&

{dVaU : àma§^ ‘| ^maV H$m H$mJO CÚmoJ npíM‘ ~§Jmb Ho$ hþJbr ZXr Ho$ VQ> na {dH${gV hþAm& AmO ¶h A{YH$Va ‘hmamîQ´>, JwOamV, CÎma àXoe, V{¶bZmSw>, Am§Y«àXoe, ‘Ü¶àXoe VWm CS>rgm amÁ¶m| ‘| {dV[aV h¡&

^maV ‘| H$mJO CËnmXZ, H$m AnZr ñWmZr¶ ‘m±Jm| H$mo nyam H$aZo ‘| Ag‘W© ahm h¡& AV… H$mJO H$mo Am`mV H$aZm nS>Vm h¡&

kmZmYm[aV CÚmoJ YÝYo : ¶h kmZ na AmYm[aV, CËnmXZ VWm godmAm| go nyU© CÚmoJ h¡& AWm©V ¶m VH$ZrH$s Am¡a d¡km{ZH$, {dH$mg ‘| d¥pX²Y Ho$ {bE ghm¶H$ A{YH$ CËnmXH$ {H«$¶mAm| dmbm {d{eîQ> CÚmoJ h¡& BZ‘| {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ emar[aH$ ~b VWm H$ÀMo ‘mb go A{YH$ ~w{X²Y‘Vm VWm gm‘Ï`© H$s Amdí¶H$Vm hmoVr h¡&

kmZmYm[aV CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$ n[adV©Z, àYmZ gmYZ h¢& ^maV ‘| H$m’$s ¶wdm dJ© VWm ~T>Vm kmZ, VH$ZrH$s Am¡a à‘wI kmZ AmYm[aV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXoe Ho$ ê$n ‘o§ gm_Zo Am ahm h¡& Bg H$maU AmO Xoe ‘| kmZmYm[aV CÚmoJ YÝYo Vrd« J{V go A{^d¥{Õ nmZo dmbo CX²`‘ h¡&

gyMZm Ed§ VH$ZrH$s kmZ na AmYm[aV CÚmoJ ‘hËdnyU© h¢& gm°âQ>do¶a VWm hmS>©do¶a XmoZm| go àmoËgmhZ {‘bVm h¡& Bg CÚmoJ Ho$ àmoËgmhZ Ho$ {bE Xoe Ho$ {d{dY ^mJm| ‘o§ gm°’$²Q>do¶a VH$ZrH$s nmH©$ (STP) H$mo gZ² 1995 ‘| ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& qH$Vw ¶h X{jU ^maVr¶ amÁ¶m| ‘| A{YH$ {dH${gV hþAm h¡& CXm… H$Zm©Q>H$, ‘hmamîQ´>, V{‘bZmSw> VWm Vob§JmZm& H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ¶ gm°’²$Q>do¶a CÚmoJ ‘| A{V CÎm‘ én ‘o§ »¶mV h¡& amÁ¶ ‘| H$B© gyMZm Ed± VH$ZrH$s g§ñWmE± ñWm{nV hþ¶r h¢& ¶o ~|Jbyê$, ‘w§~B©, nwU©, MoÝZ¡, h¡Xam~mX, H$mobH$Îmm, {Xëbr VWm ZmoES>m ‘| H|$ÐrH¥$V h¡&

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~|Jbyé gm\²$°Q>do¶a CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE nyao Xoe ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ aIVm h¡& Bgo ^maV H$m ‘{g{bH$mZ {gQ>r’ H$hm OmVm h¡& ‘¡gyé, ‘§Jbyé, hþã~br, CSw>{n H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AÝ¶ gm°’$Q>do¶a CÚmoJ Ho$ H|$Ð h¢& gmWhr Xoe ‘| hmS>©do¶a CÚmoJ ^r {dH${gV hþAm h¡&

^maV go {Z¶m©V hmoZo dmbr dñVwAm| ‘| gm°’$Q>do¶a à‘wI h¡& Bggo Xoe H$mo H$m’$s {dXoer {d{Z_` H$m Adga àmá hmoVm h¡&


1. qOXmb {dO¶ZJa BñnmV H$maImZm ______ amÁ¶ ‘| h¡&2. ~m³gmBQ> I{ZO ______ CÚmoJ H$m à‘wI H$ƒm ‘mb h¡&3. ______ CÚmoJ dZ AmY[aV h¡&4. ^maV H$m àW‘ AmYw{ZH$ H$mJO CÚmoJ 1932 ‘| ______ Zm‘H$ ñWmZ ‘|

ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m&

II. g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$a àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE :- 1. CÚmoJm| go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? CZHo$ ñWmZr¶H$aU Ho$ H$maH$ ~VmBE&2. ^maV Ho$ à‘wI CÚmoJ àXoem| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&3. ^maV ‘| Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CÚmoJ Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&4. ^maV ‘| gyVr dó CÚmoJ {dVaU Ho$ ~mao ‘o§ {b{IE&5. ^maV ‘| kmZmYm[aV CÚmoJ Ho$ ‘hËd Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&

III. ghr {‘bmZ H$s{OE :- H$ I

1. ~|Jbyê$ A) {dídoídaæ¶m bm¡h-BñnmV H$maImZm2. ‘w§~B© Am) ^maV H$m H$mQ>moZmo nw{bg3. ^ÐmdVr B) Aë¶y‘r{Z¶‘ CÚmoJ4. aoZyHy$Q> B©) ^maV H$s {gbrH$m°Z KmQ>r

IV. {H«$¶m H$bmn :-1. ^maV Ho$ ‘mZ{MÌ ‘| bm¡h VWm BñnmV CËnmXZ H|$Ðm| H$mo nhMmZ H$a Zm‘m§{H$V

H$s{OE&V. àXÎm H$m¶© :-

1. {ZH$Q> Ho$ {H$gr H$maImZo ‘| OmBE Am¡a anQ> V¡¶ma H$s{OE&2. H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| XoIo OmZo dmbo {d{dY CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE VWm dhm± V¡¶ma

H$s OmZo dmbr dñVwAm| (CËnmX) H$mo MmQ>© ‘| àX{e©V H$s{OE&

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 11

^maV H$s àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmE±

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&

• àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| H$m AW©&• ^maV H$s AmdVu hdmE±, ~mT>, ^yñIbZ VQ>r` {Kgmd VWm ^yH$ån Ho$

H$maU, n[aUm‘ VWm {dVaU&

AW© : àmH¥${VH$ XþK©Q>ZmAm| go hmoZo dmbo ì¶mnH$ {dZme H$m n[aUm‘ hr àmH¥${VH$ {dnXm h¡& {dnXmAm| Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ AWdm ‘mZd {Z{‘©V Xmo àH$ma h¡:- 1) ^yH$ån, Ádmbm‘wIr, gwZm‘r, ^yñIbZ VWm {h‘nmV Am{X ^y{‘ H$s Am§V[aH$ {H«$¶m go hmoZo dmbr àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmE± h¡& Bgr àH$ma AmdVr© hdmE± (gmBH$bmoZ) AH$mb, ~mT> VWm g§H«$m{‘H$ amoJ Obdm¶w g§~§Yr àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmE± h¡& àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| ‘| H$B© {dnXmE± H$^r-H$^r VWm AH$m{bH$ hmoVr h¢& Bg ~mao ‘| nyd© OmZH$mar hmo& Vmo hmoZo dmbr hm{Z H$mo gr{‘V {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

^maV {demb Xoe hmoH$a ^r H$B© àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aVm h¡& CXm: AmdVu hdmE±, ~m‹T>, ^yñIbZ, VQ>r¶ {Kgmd, ^yH$ån Am{X&1. AmdVu hdmE± : (MH«$dmV)

H$‘ X~md dmbo H|$Ð H$s Amoa hdmE± O~ MH«$mH$ma ê$n‘| MbVr h¡ CÝh| AmdVu hdmE± ¶m MH«$dmV H$hVo h¢& ¶h àmH¥${VH$ {dnXm Obdm¶w g§~§Yr h¡& MH«$dVr ‘| - CîUH$[a~§Yr¶ VWm g‘erVmoîU joÌ Ho$ MH«$dmV XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& ^maV ‘| A{YH$Va CîUH$[a~Yr¶ MH«$dmV AmVo h¢&

H$maU : CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ MH«$dmVm| H$m CX²J‘ ñWmZ VWm AmJo ~T>Zo H$s n[apñW{V ¶o h¢ : 1) A{YH$ CîUVm 2) àem§V dm¶w 3) A{YH$ Z_r ¶w³V dm¶w&

¶o pñW{V¶m± H$‘ X~md H$m joÌ ~ZmVr h¢& H$‘ X~md Ho$ joÌ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa gmno{jH$ ê$n go A{YH$ X~md ahVm h¡& Bg àH$ma Mmam| Amoa Ho$ A{YH$ X~md àXoe go H$‘ X~md Ho$ joÌ Ho$ H|$Ð H$s Amoa MH«$mH$ma ê$n ‘| MbZo dmbr AmdVu hdmE± AWdm gmBŠbmoZ H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡& Eogr n[apñW{V¶m± gm‘m¶V… CîUH$[Q>~§Yr` g‘wÐr ^mJ ‘| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¢&

n[aUm‘ : CîUH${Q>~§Yr` AmdVu hdmE± ~hþV {dZme H$mar h¡& ¶h OZ-YZ H$s Anma j{V H$aVr h¢& B‘maVm| H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MmVr h¡& ¶mVm¶mV Am¡a g§nH©$ gmYZm| H$mo

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AñV-ì¶ñV H$a XoVr h¡& {dÚwV g§Mma ‘| éH$mdQ>, ’$gb, ñdm^m{dH$ dZñn{V àm{U g§Hw$b Am{X H$mo Anma hm{Z hmoVr h¡&

{dVaU : ^maV ‘| CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdVu hdmE± A{YH$Va ~§Jmb H$s ImS>r go MbVr h¢& Bg àH$ma Xoe H$m nydu g‘wÐr VQ> MH«$dmV go nr{S>V hmo& n[aUm‘m| H$mo PobVm h¡& BZ‘| V{‘bZmSw>, Am§Y«àXoe, CS>rgm VWm npíM‘ ~§Jmb amÁ¶m| Ho$ VQ> em{‘b h¡&

^maV Ho$ CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdVu hdmE± (MH«$dmV) A{YH$Va CÎma nydu ‘mZgyZr hdmAm| Ho$ g‘¶ MbVr h¢& A³Vy~a VWm Zd§~a ‘mg ‘| ¶h A{YH$ Vrd« hmo OmVr h¡& H$^r-H$^r ¶h ‘B© VWm OyZ ‘| ^r MbVr h¢&

{Z¶§ÌU Ho$ Cnm¶ : AmdVu hdmE± (MH«$dmV) àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmE± h¢& BÝh| h‘ amoH$ Zht gH$Vo& qH$Vw bmoJm| H$mo gVH©$ H$aZo H$s Amoa Ü¶mZ {X¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& bmoJ AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Z VWm AÝ¶ g§nH©$ gmYZm| Ûmam gmdYmZr g§~§Yr gyMZm H$s Amoa Ü¶mZ Xo gH$Vo h¢& MH«$dmV Ho$ g‘¶ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE VËH$mbrZ Aml¶ H$s ì¶dñWm H$s OmZr Mm{hE& MH«$dmV H$s ‘ma VWm VQ>r¶ {Kgmd H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo ‘o§ ‘oJ«mod (gXm~hmar) dZ VWm JhamB© VH$ OmZo dmbr O‹S>m§o dmbo d¥jm| H$mo g‘wÐr VQ> na CJmZm Mm{hE&

~m‹T> : H$^r H$^r Z{X¶m§ AnZo {H$Zmao VmoS> H$a ~hZo bJVr h¢& V~ AJb ~Jb Ho$ àXoer

^mJ Obmd¥V hmo OmVo h¢& Bgo ~m‹T> H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶h ^maV ‘| O~-V~ hmoVm ahVm h¡& àË¶oH$ df© Xoe Ho$ {H$gr Z {H$gr ^mJ ‘| Eogo ~m‹T> AmVo ahVo h¢&

H$maU : ~m‹T> àmH¥${VH$ hr Zht ‘mZd Ho$ H$m¶m] na ^r {Z^©a hmo àmH¥${VH$ ê$n ‘| AË¶{YH$ dfm©, {h‘nmV, AmdVu hdmE± (MH«$dmV) ‘oKa’$moQ> (~mXbm| H$mñ\$moQ>) ZXr Ho$ gabVm go ~hmd ‘| ê$H$mdQ>, ZXr nmÌm| ‘| VbN>Q> H$m â OmZm BË¶m{X à‘wI h¡&

‘mZd H¥$V H$maUm| ‘o§ dZ {dZme, Ad¡km{ZH$ qgMmB© ì¶dñWm VWm H¥${f nX²Y{V, nwb VWm ~m±Ym| ‘o§ Xama VWm VoOr go ZJar H$aU à‘wI h¡&

n[aUm‘ : ~m‹T> go hmoZodmbo à‘wI n[aUm‘ h¢ : OZ-YZ H$s hm{Z, ZwH$gmZ, ’$gbm| Am¡a dZñn{V¶m| H$m Zme, ¶mVm¶mV g§nH©$ ‘| Aì¶dñWm, {‘Q²>Q>r H$m H$Q>md, à‘wI gw{dYmAm| ‘| A‹S>MZ Am{X&

~m‹T> nr{S>V àXoe : 1) J§Jm VWm ~«h²‘nwÌ ZXr H$m ‘¡XmZ& ¶h n§Om~, h[a¶mU, CÎma àXoe, {~hma, npíM‘ ~§Jmb VWm Ag‘ amÁ¶m| ‘| {dñV¥V h¡& 2) gVbO, ì¶mg, amdr Am¡a {MZm~ H$m ‘¡XmZ& ¶h Oå‘y-H$í‘ra VWm {h‘mMb àXoe Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| ‘| ’¡$bm h¡& 3) àm¶…Ûrnr¶ nR>ma - ZXr ÐmoUm (‘wIO) ^y{‘ CXm: ‘hmZXr, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm VWm

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H$mdoar ZXr H$m ‘wIO ^mJ& ¶o CS>rgm, ‘Ü¶àXoe, N>Îmrg JT>, V{‘bZmSw> VWm Am§Y«àXoe Ho$ mJm| ‘| h¡& BZ mJm| ‘o§ ~m‹T> H$s g§^mdZm H$‘ h¡& ¶hm± H$^r-H$^r AË¶{YH$ dfm© hmoZo na ~m‹T> g§^{dV hmoVm h¡& 4) Z‘©Xm VWm VmnVr ZXr H$m T>bmD$ ^mJ - CXm : JwOamV&

~m‹T> {Z¶§ÌU Ho$ Cnm¶ :

i) ObZ¶Z (~m‹T>) àXoem| ‘| dZ d¥{Õ H$s OmE VWm Ob Ho$ Vrd« ~hmd na {Z¶§ÌU H$a|&

ii) ~m±Y {Z{‘©V H$a Obme¶m| ‘| Ob g§J«h H$a ZXr Ob H$s ‘mÌm H$mo H$‘ H$a|& g§J«hrV Ob H$mo qgMmB© Am{X H$m¶m] ‘| Cn¶moJ H$ao&

iii) {Zdmg àXoe VWm H¥${f ^y{‘ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE nwb Am{X {Z{‘©V H$a|&iv) ~m‹T> H$s nyd© gyMZm VWm nyd© gmdYmZr H$m à~§Y hmo& ¶h OZ-àmUr, ‘¥Ë¶w,

XþK©Q>Zm VWm Om¶XmX g§~§Yr hm{Z H$mo amoH$Zo H$m A{Zdm¶© gm‘{¶H$ Cnm¶ h¡&

^yñIbZ : nd©V AWdm nhmS>m| Ho$ T>bmD$ VamB© ^mJ H$mo ^y{‘ H$m {IgH$Zm hr ‘‘^yñIbZ’’ ¶h ^y{‘ H$s JwéËdmH$f©U ep³V go {‘Q²>Q>r, nËWa VWm ^¾mdeofm| H$mo ZrMo H$s Amoa {JaZo ¶m {I>gH$Zo go g§~§{YV h¡&

H$maU : àmH¥${VH$ VWm ‘mZdr¶ ep³V XmoZm| hr ^yñIbZ Ho$ H$maU h¡&

‘mZdr H$maU : dZ {dZme, aob‘mJ©, ~m±Y, Obme¶ VWm Ob {dÚwV ¶moOZm Am| H$m {Z‘m©U, Vrd«J{V go IwXmB©, H$mo¶bo H$s ImZ§o Am{X&

àmH¥${VH$ H$maU : VQ>r¶ joÌm| ‘| nËWam| Ho$ gVhr (Vb) ^mJ na g‘wÐr bham| Ûmam {Kgmd CËnÞ hmoVm h¡& Am¡a gVh {KgVr OmVr h¡& AË¶{YH$ dfm© VWm ^yH$ån Am{X&

n[aUm‘ : ^yñIbZ ^r àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| ‘| EH$ h¡& BZgo hmoZo dmbo n[aUm‘ ¶o h¢& aob‘mJ©, g‹S>H$m| H$s éH$mdQ>, {Zdmg ñWmZ VWm dZñn{V H$m bwá hmo OmZm& XþK©Q>ZmE± Ed§ ‘¥Ë¶w VWm Om¶XmX H$s hm{Z& BZ‘| go O~ V~ gS>H$mo§ H$s éH$mdQ> Am_ ~mV h¡&

{dVaU : ^maV ‘| ^yñIbZ nhmS>r-nd©Vr¶ amÁ¶m| ‘o§ g§^{dV hmoVo h¡§& CXm - Oå‘y H$í‘ra {h‘mMb àXoe VWm CÎma nydu amÁ¶&

{Z¶§ÌU Ho$ Cnm¶ : T>bdm± àXoe H$mo g‘Vb H$aZm& amO‘mJm] VWm AÝ¶ T>bmD$ jÌm| ‘| MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo {JaZo go amoH$Zm& VQ>r¶ joÌ Ho$ H$Q>md dmbo ^mJm| VWm OZ{Zdmg ñWmbm| ‘| IwXmB© VWm H$mo¶bo H$s ImZm| Ho$ H$m¶© H$bmnm| na {Z¶§ÌU {H$¶m OmE&

dZ {dH$mg Am{X Cnm¶ ^yñIbZ H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{Zdm¶© h¢&

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4) g‘wÐr VQ> H$m H$Q>md : g‘wÐr bha| {Za§Va VQ>m| na doJ nyd©H$ MmoQ> H$aVr ahVr h¢& {Za§Va Bggo VQ>r¶ ^mJm| ‘| H«$‘e…& H$Q>md hmoZo bJVm h¡& Bg àH$ma g‘wÐr bham| H$s A{daV g§Kf©U à{H«$¶m VQ>r¶ H$Q>md VWm dñVwAm| Ho$ bo OmZo H$mo g‘wÐr VQ> H$m H$Q>md H$hVo h¢&

H$maU Am¡a {dVaU : g‘wÐr VQ> Ho$ H$Q>md Ho$ {bE ‘w»¶ H$maU g‘wÐr bha| VWm ~m‹T> H$m hmoZm h¡& ^maV Ho$ VQ>r¶ H$am~ BV VrZ à‘wI H$ma>Um| go hmoVo h¢ -

i) X{jU npíM‘r ‘mZgyZr hdmE± : ¶h ^maV Ho$ npíM‘r g‘wÐ VQ> H$mo Vrd« J{V go H$mQ>Vr h¢& dV©‘mZ ‘| JwOamV, ‘hmamîQ´>, Jmodm, H$Zm©Q>H$, Ho$ab VWm V{‘bZmSw> Ho$ VQ> A{YH$ H$Q>md dmbo h¢&

ii) CîUH${Q>~§{Y¶ AmdVu hdmE± : CÎma nydu ‘mZgyZr hdmAm| Ho$ g‘¶ ~§Jmb H$s ImS>r ‘| ¶h g§^{dV hmoVm h¡& ¶h AË¶{YH$ {dZmeH$mar h¡& ^maV Ho$ nydu g‘wÐr VQ> Ho$ Vrd« H$Q>m~ H$m H$maU ¶h h¡& V{‘bZmSw>, Am§Y«àXoe VWm CS>rgm Ho$ VQ> Bgr H$Q>md Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢&

iii) gwZm‘r : g‘wÐr Vb ‘| hmoZo dmbo ^yH$ån go CR>Zo dmbr X¡Ë¶mH$mar bhao§ ‘‘gwZm‘r’’ H$hbmVr h¢& ¶h ^r ^maV Ho$ VQ>r¶ H$Q>md H$m H$maU h¢& {deofH$a nydu g‘wÐr VQ> VWm A§S>‘mZ-{ZH$mo~ma Ûrn Ho$ VQ>m| Ho$ H$Q>md A{YH$ à^md S>mbVo h¢&

‘mZd Ho$ Hw$N> H¥$Ë¶ ^r g‘wÐr VQ> Ho$ H$Q>md H$m H$maU h¡& CXm: AË¶{YH$ ~mby VWm nËWam| H$s IwXmB©, bham| H$s amoH$ Ho$ {bE {Z‘m©U Am{X&

n[aUm‘ : g‘wÐ VQ>r¶ {Kgmd EH$ kmV aho g‘wÐr ~mYm - ~S>o AmH$ma Ho$ MQ²>Q>mZ ¶m H§$H«$sQ> Ho$ D$~S> joÌ g‘wÐr VQ> na g‘H$moU na T>oa ~ZmH$a H$Q>md na {Z¶§ÌU &g‘wÐr amoH$ Xrdma - g‘wÐr bham| Ho$ H$Q>md go VQ>m| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE g‘wÐr {H$Zmamo§ na {Z{‘©V H$s OmZo dmbr Xrdma&

àmH¥${VH$ {dnXm h¡& BgH$m à‘wI n[aUm‘ h¡ - i) VQ>r¶ àXoem| H$s B_maVm| VWm d¥jm| H$m ~hOmZm ii) VQ>r¶ àXoem| H$s gS>H|$ VWm aob‘mJm] H$mo ~mYm iii) A{YH$ g‘¶ VH$ VQ>r¶ joÌm| ‘| Ob â OmZo go dhm| Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo nwZAm©dmg CnbãY H$amZo H$s g‘ñ`m&{Z¶§ÌU Ho$ Cnm¶ : i) g‘wÐr bham| H$s MmoQ>m| H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE g‘wÐr Xrdma, amoH$ VWm bham| na amoH$ hoVw {Z‘m©U ii) {H$Zmam| na ~mby VWm IwXmB© na {ZfoY iii) g‘wÐr {H$Zmao VWm ~mby Ho$ T>>oa ~MmE aIZo VWm gwpñWaVm Ho$ {bE ~mby H$m g§J«h H$aVm&^yH$ån : ^y{‘ H$s gVh na hmoZo dmbo Vrd« H§$nZ H$mo ^yH$ån H$hVo h¢& ¶h àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| ‘| go EH$ h¡&

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H$maU : yH$ån ynQ>b$ H$s J{V, Ádmbm‘wIr, e¡b ñVam| H$m ^§J VWm naVm| Ûmam ^yñIbZ, A§Vgw©a§Jm| Ho$ D$nar N>V H$m ~¡R> OmZm, ‘mZd {Z{‘©V Obme¶m| Ho$ Ob ma VWm Eogo hr AÝ¶ H$maUm| go hmoVm h¡& ^maV ‘| A~ VH$ hþE ^yH$ånm| ‘| H$m’$s hmW ^ynQ>b H$s J{V go g§^d hþAm h¡&

n[aUm_ : ^yH$ån Ûmam hmoZo dmbr hm{Z go hmoZo dmbo n[aUm‘ h¢ - ^y{‘ na nS>Zo dmbr Xama| B‘maVm|, aob‘mJm], gS>H$m|, {dÚwV g§Mma, g§nH©$ gmYZ, nwb, ~m±Y Am{X H$m Qy>Q>Zm, H$maImZm| H$s hm{Z, ‘mZd VWm OmZdam| H$s ‘m¡V, Om¶XmX H$s hm{Z gmW gmW A{½Z g§~§Yr ZwH$gmZ, ^yñIbZ, A§VOm©b ñVa na {^ÞVm, ZXr ì¶dñWm ‘| A§Va ¶m ~mYm Am{X&

i) {h‘mb¶ àXoe (joÌ) : ¶h ^maV H$m AË¶{YH$ Vrd«Vm dmbm ^yH$ån àXoe h¡& ¶h Oå‘y H$í‘ra {h‘mMb àXoe, CÎmam§Mb VWm {~hma Ho$ joÌm| ‘| {dñV¥V h¡& ¶hm± ^ygVh H$s J{V Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ^yH$ån hmoVm h¡& CXm: M‘mobr VWm CÎmaH$mer&

ii) qgYw-J§Jm loÌ : ¶h {h‘mb¶ joÌ Ho$ X{jUr ^mJ ‘| h¡& Bg‘| amOñWmZ, n§Om~, h[a¶mUm, CÎma àXoe VWm npíM‘ ~§Jmb Ho$ ‘¡XmZ em{‘b h¢& ¶h ‘Ü¶‘ Vrd«Vm dmbm ^yH$ån joÌ h¡&

iii) àm¶…Ûrnr¶ nR>ma : ¶h bjÛrn, A§S>‘mZ VWm {ZH$mo~ma Ûrnm| VWm H$ÀN> àXoem| ‘| {dñVwV h¡& ¶o ^maV Ho$ àm¶…Ûrnr¶ Ûrnm| H$m AMb^y^mJ h¡&

Bg joÌ ‘| ^yH$ån H$‘ hr AmVo h¢& Bg àH$ma dV©‘mZ ‘| Bg joÌ H$mo {ZåZ Vrd«Vm dmbm ^yH$ån joÌ ‘mZm J¶m h¡&

gmdYmZr Ho$ Cnm¶ : (gVH©$Vm)• ^yH$ån Ho$ joÌm| ‘| Amdmgr¶ {Z‘m©U H$m {ZfoY&• ^yH$ån {ZamoYH$ B‘maVm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U {H$E OmE&• CÎm‘ ñVa H$s B_maVm| H$m {Z‘m©U hoVw CÎm‘ dñVw H$m Cn¶moJ VWm ~hþ‘§{Obr

B‘maVm| H$mo Z {Z{‘©V H$a|&

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• A§VO©b Ho$ {bE Jhao Hw±$E H$s IwXmB© H$m {ZfoY&• ^yH$ån H$s Vrd«Vm dmbo nhmS>r - nd©Vr¶ àXoem| H$m {dH$mg amoH$Vm&• ~hþV ~S>o ~m±Y VWm Obme¶ Ho$ {Z‘m©U na {ZfoY&• dZ {dZme VWm Vrd« IwXmB© H$m¶© H$bmnm| na amoH$&• BgHo$ A{V[a³V ^yH$ån joÌ ‘| ^yH$ån hmoZo Ho$ ~mX g‘ñ¶m g‘mYmZ H$s Amoa

Ü¶mZ XoZm Amdí¶H$ h¡&CXm : ImÚ Amny{V©, nwZdm©g ñWmZ H$s ì¶dñWm, g§H«$m{‘H$ amoJm| na {Z¶§ÌU,

{M{H$Ëgm ì¶dñWm Am{X&Aä¶mg

I. [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© ghr eãXm| go H$s{OE :- 1. AË¶§V {dZmeH$mar dm¶w‘§S>br¶ {dn{Îm h¡&2. ^maV H$m nydu g‘wÐr VQ> A{YH$ nr{S>V àXoe h¡&3. ^maV Ho$ àm`…Ûrnr¶ nR>ma ‘| Ho$ hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ~hþV H$‘ h¡&4. ^maV ‘| O~-V~ nhmS>r amÁ¶m| ‘| hmoVo ahVo h¢& 5. VQ>m| H$m H$Q>md A{YH$Va {H«$¶m Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡&

II. g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$a àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :- 1. àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| go ³¶m VmËn`© h¡?2. ‘~mT>’ go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¡? ‘~mT>’ AmZo H$m àmH¥${VH$ H$maU ³¶m h¡?3. AmdVu hdmE± {H$go H$hVo h¢? BZHo$ à‘wI n[aUm‘ ³¶m h¢?4. ^yñIbZ hmoZo Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IV VWm BgHo$ n[aUm‘ H$m ^r {ddaU Xr{OE&5. ^maV ‘| VQ>r¶ H$Q>md hmoZo H$m H$maU ³¶m h¡? VWm n[aUm‘ Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&6. ^yH$ån Ho$ n[aUm‘ ³¶m h¡? n[aUm‘m| H$mo H$‘ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amn {H$g àH$ma

H$s gmdYmZr ~aV|Jo?

III. {H«$¶m H$bmn :- 1. ^maV H$m Z³em ~ZmH$a Cg‘| AmdVu ‘mZgyZ hdmAm| H$mo nr{S>V àXoem| H$mo

Zm‘m§{H$V H$s{OE&2. {nN>bo 100 dfm] ‘| ^maV ‘| hþE AË¶§V {dZmeH$mar ^yH$ånm| H$s Vm{bH$m V¡¶ma

H$s{OE&IV. àXÎm H$m¶© :-

1. àmH¥${VH$ {dnXmAm| H$m {MÌ g§J«h H$a CgH$m EH$ Eb~‘ ~ZmBE &

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 12^maV H$s OZg§»¶m

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&• ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m H$m n[a‘mU& • maV H$s OZg§»¶m H$m {dH$mg(d¥{Õ)• OZg§»¶m d¥{X²Y Ho$ H$maU& • OZg§»¶m {dVaU VWm KZËd&• OZg§»¶m {dVaU na AmYm[aV VËd&

OZg§»¶m n[a‘mU : {ZpíM àXoe ‘| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo OmZm| H$s Hw$b g§I¶m ‘OZg§»¶m’ h¡& {díd ‘§o MrZ Ho$ ~mX maV Xÿgam A{YH$ OZg§»¶m dmbm Xoe h¡& 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV H$s Hw$b OZg§»¶m 121.01 H$amoS> h¡& Omo {díd Ho$ ^y-^mJ H$m 2.4 à{VeV ^mJ dmbo àXoe ‘| ’¡$br h¡& ¶hm± {dídH$s Hw$b OZg§»¶m H$m 17.5 à{VeV ^mJ h¡&

OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y : {nN>br eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| AWm©V² gZ² 1901 go 1921 VH$ ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m ‘| d¥pX²Y Yr‘r J{V go hþ¶r Wr& BgH$m à‘wI H$maU AË¶{YH$ ‘¥Ë¶wXa h¡& OmZbodm ~r‘m[a¶m| VWm {M{H$Ëgm H$s gw{dYm Ho$ A^md ‘| ‘¥Ë¶wXa ~T> JB© Wr& 1921 go 1951 H$s Ad{Y ‘| OZg§»¶m H$s d¥pX²Y gm‘mÝ¶ ‘mZr JB© h¡& BgHo$ {bE ^¶§H$a amoJ {Z¶§ÌU, {M{H$Ëgm gw{dYmAm| ‘| gwYma VWm ‘bhrZVm {Zd©hU hr H$maU h¡ {OZgo ‘¥Ë¶w Xa H$‘ hmo JB©&

gZ² 1951-1991 H$s Ad{Y ‘| OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y XaerK« ~T> JB©& bJ^J VrZ JwZr OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y hþB© Wr& BgH$m H$maU ‘¥Ë¶wXa H$m {ZåZ hmoZm Wm& BgHo$ {dnarV OÝ‘ Xa ‘| d¥pX²Y hmoVr ahr& 1981 Ho$ ~mX OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y ‘| {JamdQ> Am¶r& ¶h 1981 ‘o§ 24.7 à{VeV go 2011 ‘| 17.64 à{VeV KQ> J¶r&

OZg§»`m (X.b._|)OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y Ho$ H$maU : ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y Ho$ AZoH$ H$maU h¢& CZ‘o à‘wI {ZåZ{b{IV h¢ -

1) A{YH$ OÝ‘Xa : ¶h ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m ‘| erK« ~T>moÎmar H$m à‘wI H$maU h¡& ~mb{ddmh, Ym{‘©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ A§Y{dídmg, ~hþnËZrËd, Jar~r, {ZajaVm, CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ Obdm¶w Am{X OÝ‘ Xa ‘| d¥pX²Y Ho$ H$maU h¢&

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2) ({ZåZ) H$‘ ‘¥Ë¶w Xa : ¶h ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y H$m Xÿgam à‘wI H$maU h¡& {M{H$Ëgm gw{dYmAm| ‘| gwYma, OmZbodm g§H«$m‘H$ amoJm| na {Z¶§ÌU, {eew‘aU H$m KQ>Zm, e¡{jH$ {dH$mg Am{X ‘¥Ë¶wXa H$mo KQ>mZo Ho$ H$maU h¢&

OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y Ho$ n[aUm‘ : OZg§»¶m Ho$ kmV aho -OZJUZm : OZg§»¶m H$s A{YH¥$V {JZVr&OÝ‘ Xa : EH$ df© ‘| EH$ hOma OZg§»¶m ‘| OÝ‘ boZodmbo H$a Or{dV {eewAm| H$s g§»¶m h¡&‘¥Ë¶wXa : EH$ df© ‘| EH$ hOma OZg§»¶m ‘| ‘¥V hþE bmoJm| H$s g§»¶m h¡&

erK« J{V go ~T>Zo go H$B© g‘ñ¶mE± CËnÞ hmoVr h¢& CZ‘| à‘wI h¢ - {ZéÚmoJ (~oamoOJmar) ImX²¶ H$s H$_ VWm Anm¡{ï>H$Vm, A{YH$ gm‘m{OH$ {Oå‘oXmar VWm àmW{‘H$ gw{dYmAm| H$s H$‘r, H$‘ Am¶, Yr‘r J{V go Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, Jar~r, OrdZ ñVa ‘| {JamdQ>, n¶m©daU àXÿfU, amOZ¡{VH$ AamOH$Vm BË¶m{X&

OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y ‘| {Z¶§ÌU Ho$ Cnm¶ : ^maV gaH$ma Zo Xoe H$s OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y na {Z¶§ÌU Ho$ AZoH$ Cnm¶ Omar {H$E h¢& CZ‘| à‘wI h¡ - n[adma {Z¶moOZ, ‘{hbm H$ë¶mU ¶moOZmE±, àMma Ed§ {dkmnZ, J«m‘rU àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo OZg§»¶m H$s g‘ñWmAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar XoZm BË¶m{X&

12.4) OZg§»¶m {dVaU

^maV ‘| OZg§»¶m H$m {dVaU Ag‘mZ h¡& BgHo$ {bE {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ VWm g§mñH¥${VH$ VËd H$maU h¢& amÁ¶m| ‘| CÎma àXoe A{YH$ OZg§»¶m dmbm (1995 H$amoS>) amÁ¶ h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV {g{¸$‘ AË¶§V H$‘ OZg§»¶m (6.1 bmI) dmbm amÁ¶ h¡& H|$Ðem{gV àXoem| ‘| {X„r AË¶{YH$ OZg§»¶m dmbm (1.67 H$amoS>) joÌ h¡& qH$Vw bjÛrn AË¶§V H$‘ OZg§»¶m dmbm joÌ h¡&

^maV Ho$ {dab (H$‘ AË¶ën) OZg§»¶m dmbo àXoe ‘o§ h¢ - {h‘mb¶ nd©Vr¶ àXoe& H|$Ð CÀM àXoe, Wma ‘éñWb VWm Ûrn& BgHo$ {dnarV A{YH$ OZKZËd dmbo àXoe - J§Jm ZXr H$m ‘¡XmZr ^mJ, g‘wÐ VQ>r¶ àXoe VWm CÚmoJ-YÝYm| Ho$ ZJa àXoe h¢&

OZKZËd :

àË¶oH$ dJ© {H$.‘rQ>a ‘| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbr OZg§»¶m H$mo ‘OZKZËd’ H$hm OmVm h¡& gZ² 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV H¡$ OZKZËd à{V dJ© {H$.‘r. 382 bmoJ Wm& {~hma amÁ¶ AË¶{YH$ OZKZËd dmbm àXoe h¡& Bg amÁ¶ H$m OZKZËd à{V dJ© H${.‘r. 1102 bmoJ h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV AéUmMb àXoe ‘| H$‘ OZKZËd à{V dJ© {H$.‘r. 17 bmoJ

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h¡& H|$Ðem{gV àXoe ‘| à{V dJ© {H$.‘r. 11,297 bmoJ (OZVm) dmbm {Xëbr AË¶m{YH$ OZKZËd H$m àXoe h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV A§S>‘mZ VWm {ZH$mo~ma Ûrnm| ‘o§ H$‘ OZKZËd (463 dJ© {H$.‘r.) h¡&

OZKZËd Ho$ AmYma na ^maV H$mo VrZ ^mJm| ‘| {d^³V {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ -1) A{YH$ OZKZËd dmbo àXoe&2) gmYmaU OZKZËd dmbo àXoe&3) H$‘ OZKZËd dmbo àXoe&

1) A{YH$ OZKZËd dmbo àXoe : CÎmar ‘¡XmZ, npíM‘ VWm nydu g‘wÐr VQ>r¶ àXoe A{YH$ OZKZËd dmbo h¢& BZ àXoem| ‘o§ {~hma (1102), npíM‘ ~§Jmb (1030), Ho$ab (859), CÎma àXoe (828), h[a¶mU (573), n§Om~ (550), VWm V{‘bZmSw> (555) amÁ¶ à‘wI h¢& ¶hm± Ho$ A{YH$ OZKZËd H$m H$maU CnOmD$ {‘Q²>Q>r, qgMmB©, ¶mVm¶mV g§nH©$ {dH$mg à‘wI h¡& H|$Ð em{gV àXoem| ‘| {Xëbr, M§S>rJT> (9252), nm§{S>Moar (2598), X‘Z-Xrd (2169), bjÛrn (2113), XmXam ZJa hdobr A{YH$ OZKZËd dmbo joÌ h¢&

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BgHo$ A{V[a³V Hw$N> CÚmoJ YÝKm| VWm dm{UÁ¶ ZJam| ‘| ^r OZKZËd A{YH$ h¡& O¡go-‘w§~B©, ~|Jbyé, MoÞ¡, H$mobH$Îmm, nyZm (nwUo) Am{X&

2) gmYmaU OZKZËd dmbo àXoe : ¶h à{V dJ© {H$.‘r.251-500 bmoJm| dmbm ^mJ h¡& ¶h A{YH$Va àm¶…Ûrnr¶ nR>mar ^mJm| ‘| h¡& do h¢ - PmaIÊS> (414), Ag‘ (397), Jmodm (394), ‘hmamîQ´> (365), {Ìnwam (350), H$Zm©Q>H$ (319), Am§Y«àXoe (308), JwOamV Am¡a CS>rgm (269)& ¶hm± Ho$ gmYmaU OZKZËd H$m H$maU I{ZO g§nXm VWm bm¡h {Z^©a CÚmoJm| H$m {dH$mg h¡&

3) H$‘ OZKZËd dmbo àXoe : à{V dJ© {H$.‘r. 250 go ^r H$‘ OZg§»¶m H$m ^mJ Bg joÌ ‘o§ AmVm h¡& CXm : ‘Ü¶àXoe (136), amOñWmZ (201), CÎmam§Mb (189) NËVrgJT> (189), ‘oKmb¶ (132), {h‘mb¶ àXoe (123), ‘{Unwa (122), ZmJmb¢S> (119), Oå‘y H$í‘ra (124), {g{³H$‘ (86), A§S>‘mZ {ZH$mo~ma Ûrn (46), VWm AéUmMb àXoe (17), nd©Vr¶, nhmS>r ^mJm|, dZ àXoem| H$‘ CîUVm dmbo joÌ ¶m AY© ‘éñWbr¶ Obdm¶w BZHo$ H$‘ OZKZËd H$m H$maU h¢&

OZg§»¶m {dVaU na {Z¶§ÌU Ho$ H$maH$ : ^m¡Jmo{bH$, amOZ¡{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{X H$maH$ VËd ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m Ho$ Ag‘mZ {dVaU H$m H$maU h¡& ¶o BZ na à^md S>mbVo h¢& BZ‘| à‘wI h¢ :-

1. gVhr {deofVmE± : nd©Vr¶, nhmS>r àXoem| ‘| OZg§»¶m {dab h¡& CXm: CÎma Ho$ nd©Vr¶ VWm CÎma nydu nhmS>r D$~S>> Im~S> àXoe& qH$Vw CÎma Ho$ ‘hm‘¡XmZr ^mJ VWm ZXr ÐmoUr (‘w»O) ^mJm| ‘| OZKZËd A{YH$ hmoVm h¡&

2. Obdm¶w : CÎm‘ Obdm¶w dmbo àXoem| ‘o§ OZg§»¶m A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV AË¶m{YH$ R>§S> (erV) VWm ewîH$ hdm dmbo ^mJm| ‘| OZg§»¶m H$‘ ¶m {dab hmoVr h¡& CXm - {h‘mb¶ VWm Wma ‘éñWb&

3. {‘Q²>Q>r : CnOmD$ {‘Q²>Q>r dmbo ^mJm| ‘| A{YH$ OZg§»¶m hmoVr h¡& CXm: CÎma ^maV H$m ‘¡XmZr ^mJ, npíM‘r Am¡a nydu g‘wÐr VQ>r¶ ^mJ& BgHo$ {dnarV AZwnOmD$ ‘é^y{‘ ‘| OZg§»¶m H$‘ hmoVr h¡&

4. g§gmYZ : g‘¥X²Y I{ZO VWm e{º$ g§gmYZ dmbo àXoem| ‘| OZg§»¶m A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& CXm: npíM‘ ~§Jmb, CS>rgm Am{X&

5. CÚmoJ YÝYo VWm dm{UÁ¶ CÚ‘ : A{YH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg, dm{UÁ¶ VWm ZJa H|$Ðm| ‘| OZg§I¶m A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& CXm: ZB© {Xëbr, ~|Jbyé, ‘w§~B©, MoÞ¡, H$mobH$Îmm, h¡Xam~mX Am{X&

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Ob Amny{V©, àdmg CÚ‘ {dH$mg, OZ VWm Om¶XmX Ho$ {bE CnbãY gwajm Am¡a {Z^©`Vm, ajm ^r OZg§»¶m {dVaU na à^md S>mbVr h¡&


1. 2011 H$s OZJUZmZwgma ^maV H$s Hw$b OZg§»¶m ______ H$amoS> Wr&2. {díd H$s Hw$b OZg§»¶m H$m ______ à{VeV ^mJ ^maV ‘| h¡&

3. ^maV H$s AË¶{YH$ OZg§»¶m dmbm amÁ¶ ______ h¡&4. H|$Ðem{gV àXoem| ‘| ______ AË¶§V H$‘ OZg§»¶m dmbm àXoe h¡&

5. ______ ^maV H$m AË¶{YH$ H$‘ OZg§»¶m dmbm amÁ¶ h¡&

II. g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$a àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :-

1. OZg§»¶m go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡?2. OZKZËd H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE&3. ^maV ‘| OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y Ho$ H$maU ³¶m h¡?4. ^maV ‘| OZg§»¶m d¥pX²Y Ho$ n[aUm‘ ³¶m ³¶m h¡?5. ^maV ‘| OZg§»¶m {dVaU na {Z¶§ÌU H$aZo dmbo à‘wI H$maH$ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¢?6. ^maV Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| ‘| OZKZËd H$m H$maU ³¶m h¡? {ddaU Xr{OE&


1. ^maV ‘| OZg§»¶m Ho$ Ag‘mZ {dVaU H$mo àX{e©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ Z³em V¡¶ma H$s {OE&

IV. àXÎm H$m¶© :-1. AnZo {Obo H$s OZg§»¶m go g§~§{YV gyMZmAm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE Am¡a g§{já

{Q>ßnUr {b{IE &

* * * *

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AW©emóAÜ¶m¶-3

YZ Am¡a CYma (F$U)

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{bpIV VÏ¶m| go AdJV hmo gH|$Jo…

• YZ H$m AW©, CÒ‘ Am¡a H$m¶©&

• ~¢H$m| H$m ‘hËd

• ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ Ho$ H$m`©&

• YZ H$s ny{V© Am¡a CgH$m ‘mnZ

• ^maVr` [aOd© ~¢H$ go ì¶öV CYma Am¡a {Z¶V H«$‘…

YZ H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËd…YZ EH$ ‘yb^yV Am{dîH$ma h¡& dh h‘mao X¡Z§{XZ ì¶dhma gwJ‘H$Vm© h¡& gm‘mZ Am¡a

godmAm| H$m ‘yë¶ {ZU©¶ H$aVm h¡& g§n{Îm H$m g§J«h Am¡a ì¶mnma H$s ‘XX H$aVr h¡&

Amn H$s OmZH$mar hoVw :-ha EH$ {df¶ H$m AnZm AZwemgZ h¡ AV…CgH$m AnZm ‘yb^yV Am{dîH$ma h¡& ¶§Ìemó

MH«$, {dkmZ ‘| AmJ, amOZr{V emó ‘| ‘V Am¡a AW©emó ‘| YZ -¶o ‘yb^yV Am{dîH$ma h¡& ‘mZd g^r dm{UÁ¶ Ho$ OrdZ ‘| YZ EH$ Amdí¶H$ emoY h¡& AÝ¶ g^r Cg na {Z^©a h¡&

- Om’$ar H«$m¡Wa

YZ go gm‘mZ Am¡a godmE± IarX gH$Vo h§¡& dh ^wJVmZ H$m ‘mÜ¶‘, ‘yë¶ H$m ‘mnZ Am¡a g§J«h H$m ‘mÜ¶‘ hmoH$a gd©‘mÝ¶ h¡& am~©Q> gZ Ho$ AZwgma "gm‘mZ Ho$ ^wJVmZ H$aZo ‘| AWdm AÝ¶ ì¶dhmam| Ho$ CYma MwH$mZo ‘| ì¶mnH$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH¥$V {H$gr dñVw YZ h¡&"

YZ H$m {dH$mg… AmO h‘ g^r H$mJµO go V¡¶ma ZmoQ>m| Ho$ Abmdm {g¸$m| H$mo ^r YZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ H$aVo h¢ bo{H$Z AmOH$b h‘ {Og YZ H$m Cn¶moJ H$a aho h¢& dh YZ H$B© gmbm| H$s Ad{Y ‘| {dH${gV hþAm h¡& Bg {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZm| na h‘ ¶hm± {dMma H$a|Jo&

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dñVw{d{Z‘¶ nÕ{V… àmMrZ H$mb ‘| bmoJ YZ H$m Cn¶moJ Zht H$a, gm‘mZ Ho$ Ûmam nañna dñVwAm| H$m {d{Z‘¶ H$a gH$Vo Wo& dñVw {d{Z‘¶ AË¶§V H${R>Z ì¶dhma Wm& CXmhaUmW©- Amn Ho$ nmg EH$ Jm¶ h¡, CgHo$ ~Xbo ô‹S> H$m {d{Z‘¶ Mmho Vmo ô‹S> nmbZodmbm| H$mo Ty>±‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡& BVZm hr Zht ô‹S> Ho$ ~Xbo Jm¶ MmhZodmbo ì¶{º$ H$mo Ty>±‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡& AmpIa ‘| Eogo ì¶{º$ H$mo Ty>±‹T>Zo na ^r ‘yë¶ {ZU©¶ àý CR>Vm h¡& AWm©V² EH$ Jm¶ Ho$ Xm‘ Ho$ {bE {H$VZr ô‹S> g‘mZ h¡? V~ Jm¶ Am¡a ô‹S>m| H$m {d{Z‘¶ H¡$go H$a gH$Vo h¢? Bg {bE dñVw {d{Z‘¶ nÕ{V nañna BpÀN>V dñVwAm| H$m {d{Z‘¶, gmd©{ÌH$ ‘yë¶m§H$Z g‘mO Ho$ {d^mOZ H$s g‘ñ¶m ‘yë¶ g§J«h H$s g‘ñ¶m Am{X Agw{dYmE± Wt&

dñVw ê$n ‘| YZ… ‘mZd ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mX gmonmZ ‘| {Z{üV ‘mÌm Am¡a dµOZ H$s EH$ dñVw H$mo YZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$a Cg dñVw Ho$ Ûmam AÝ¶ EH$ dñVw H$m ‘mnZ {H$¶m OmVm Wm & {d{^Þ Xoem| ‘| {d{^Þ dñVwAm| H$mo YZ ‘mZH$a Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm Wm& CXmhU Ho$ {bE J«rH$ ‘| OmZda, amo‘ ‘| ô‹S>, MrZ ‘| Xm±V Am{X bo{H$Z YZ H$m ¶h ê$n dñVw{d{Z‘¶ nÕ{V H$s g^r g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m g‘mYmZ Zht H$a gH$m&

bmoho H$m YZ… H$s‘{V bmohm O¡go gmoZm, Mm±Xr, {H«$¶mH$bmn: B{Vhmg ‘| {d{dY amOmAm|

go Cn¶moJ {H$¶o J¶o {gH²$H$m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Om{Z¶o&

Vm§~m, H$m±ñ¶m| H$mo YZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm Wm& à‘m{UV dµOZ Am¡a {deofV… gmoZm Am¡a Mm±Xr go V¡¶ma H$a CgHo$ D$na àemg{ZH$ ‘moham| H$mo {g¸$m| na bJmH$a {d{Z‘¶ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm Wm& ¶o {d{dY {ZYm©[aV ‘yë¶ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {d^m{OV H$aZm AmgmZ Wm& CZH$m ¶mVm¶mV Am¡a ^wJVmZ ^r gab Wm&

H$mJµO H$m YZ… bmoho Ho$ YZ H$mo EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgar ñWmZ bo OmZm gwa{jV Zht Wm& Bg{bE ì¶mnmar go n[a{MV ‘hmOZ Vmo {bpIV XñVmdoO XoVo Wo& do {ZYm©[aV YZ H$mo YZ Ho$ g‘mZ ‘yë¶ ‘mZH$a AnZo gmW bo OmVo Wo& ¶o {bpIV XñVmdoO Agbr YZ Zht Wo& bo{H$Z ‘m±J Ho$ AZwgma YZ Ho$ ~am~a {d{Z‘¶ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do gm§Ho${VH$ YZ {dnwb ‘mÌm ‘| ñdrH¥$V hmoVo Wo& H$mbmZwH«$‘ ‘| bmoJ ~¢H$ go XoZodmbo H$mJµO Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$mo Agbr YZ g‘PH$a Cn¶moJ H$aVo Wo& Hw$N> g‘¶ ‘| gaH$ma Zo EH$ H|$Ðr¶ ~¢H$ H$s ñWmnZm H$a Cgo ZmoQ> ‘w{ÐV H$aHo$ Omar H$aZo H$m EH$m{YH$ma Xo {X¶m& ¶h YZ emgZ~Õ YZ ‘mZm J¶m& AnZo-AnZo Xoe Ho$ ì¶dhma ‘| Cg YZ H$mo H$moB© ^r AñdrH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vo Wo& Bgr àH$ma h‘mao Xoe ‘| ê$n¶m A‘o[aH$m ‘| S>m°ba,B§½b¢S> ‘| ’$m¢S>, OmnmZ ‘| EZ, MrZ ‘| ¶wAmZ, Am{X Zm‘m| go àM{bV h¡&

~¢H$ YZ… ì¶mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ¶ H$s A{^d¥{Õ hmoVo-hmoVo ~¢H$ H$m YZ ApñVËd ‘| Am J¶m& MoH$, S´>m°âQ>, H«o${S>Q> Am¡a S>o{~Q> H$mS>© Cn¶moJ ‘| Am¶o& BZHo$ Ûmam YZ H$m ^wJVmZ

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Am¡a ñWmZm§VaU {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& MoH$, gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| Ho$ ì¶dhma ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

ßbm°pñQ>H$ YZ… ¶h AmO Ho$ {XZm| H$mo Am{dîH$ma h¡& ~¢H$m| Zo AnZo J«mhH$m| Ho$ H«o${S>Q> AWdm S>o{~Q>H$mS>© Ûmam ì¶dhma H$aZo H$s gw{dYm àXmZ H$s h¡& H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© H$mo BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ ¶§Ì Ho$ D$na ~b XoH$a ItMZo go IarXZodmbo Ho$ CYma Ho$ ImVo go ~oMZodmbo Ho$ ImVo H$mo YZ H$m ^wJVmZ hmoVm h¡& S>o{~Q> H$mS>© ^r {H$gr Bgr Vah H$m¶© H$aVm h¡& bo{H$Z S>o{~Q> H$mS>© ‘| IarXZodmbm| H$s ~MV ImVo go ^wJVmZ hmoVm h¡& BÝh| ßbm°pñQ>H$ go V¡¶ma H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ßbm°pñQ>H$ YZ H$hVo h¢&

2. YZ Ho$ H$m¶©…YZ Ho$ H$m¶m] H$m| VrZ {d^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& 1. àmW{‘H$ AWdm ‘w»¶ H$m¶© 2. nyaH$ H$m¶©3. AÝ¶H$m¶©

2.1. àmW{‘H$ AWdm ‘w»¶ H$m¶©…A. {d{Z‘¶ ‘mÜ¶‘ AWdm ^wJVmZ H$m gmYZ… gm‘mZ IarXZo Am¡a {dH«$¶

H$aZo ‘| YZ H$mo ~rM Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ H$aVo h¢& YZ Ho$ Cn¶moJ Ho$ ì¶dhma H$mo Xmo ^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& àW‘V… ~mµOma ‘| gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| H$mo ~oMZo go YZ àmá hmoVm h¡& Xÿgam Cg YZ Ho$ Ûmam gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| H$mo IarX gH$Vo h¢&

~. ‘yë¶m§H$Z… YZ Zo dñVw {d{Z‘¶ H$s nÕ{V H$s ~hþV ~‹S>r Agw{dYmAm| H$mo gwbPm¶m h¡& CgZo gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| Ho$ ‘yë¶ H$mo Xm‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ì¶º$ {H$¶m h¡& g^r gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| H$m ‘yë¶ YZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ì¶º$ H$aZo go ì¶dhma gwJ‘ hmoVm h¡&

2.2 nyaH$ H$m¶© - YZ nyaH$ H$m`© H$m AW© h¡…A. Xoa ^wJVmZ H$m à‘mU…

A. YZ ^{dî¶ Ho$ ^wJVmZ Ho$ {bE ^r ghm¶H$ h¡& CYma boZodmbo {Z{X©ï> à‘mU ‘| YZ H$mo ^{dî¶ Ho$ {Z{üV {XZm§H$ VH$ aIH$a {’$a àmá H$aZo Ho$ H$ama Ho$ AmYma na àmá H$aZo CYma ^r bo gH$Vo h¢& Cgr àH$ma EH$ ì¶{º$ gm‘mZ IarX H$a CgH$m ‘yë¶ Ho$ {Z{üV {XZm§H$ H$mo ^wJVmZ H$a gH$Vm h¡&

~. ‘yë¶ AWdm IarX Zo H$s e{º$ H$m g§J«h…

gm‘mZ ‘| jrU hmoZo H$m JwU h¡& AV… dñVw {d{Z‘¶ nÕ{V ‘| g§n{Îm H$s ~MV AWdm g§J«h ~‹S>m H${R>Z Wm& qH$Vw YZ Ho$ àM{bV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX gm‘mZ H$mo CgHo$ ‘yë¶ ê$n ‘| ~MV ¶m g§J«h ~hþV AmgmZ hþAm h¡&

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H$. ‘yë¶ AWdm IarXZo H$s e{º$ H$m ñWmZm§VaU…YZ Ho$ Ûmam gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| H$mo EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ H$mo ñWmZm§VaU H$a

{d{Z‘¶ H$aZm gab h¡& Bggo ì¶mnma H$s d¥{Õ hþB© h¡& ì¶{º$ Am¡a ì¶{º$ Ho$ ~rM H$m ñWmZm§VaU ^r gwb^ h¡&

3. ~¢H$… ~¢H$ {dÎmr¶ A{^d¥{Õ ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVo h¢& 1949 dm± ^maVr¶ ~¢qH$J {Z¶§ÌU H$mZyZ bmJy hþAm& CgHo$ AZwgma "^maV ‘| AnZo ~¢qH$J ì¶dhma H$aZodmbm H$moB© H§$nZr ~¢qH$J H§$nZr H$hbmVr h¡& ~¢qH$J H$m VmËn¶© h¡ {H$ CYma XoZm AWdm aH$‘ O‘m H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go gmd©O{ZH$ bmoJ Omo YZ J[adr Ho$ ê$n ‘| aIVo h¢& Cgo ñdrH$ma H$a ‘m±J AWdm AÝ¶ AmYmam| na YZ XoZo H$m MoH$, S´>m°âQ>-AmXoe Am{X Ho$ Ûmam YZ J«mhH$ {’$a àmá H$aZo H$s à{H«$¶m h¡& Bgr H$mo ~¢qH$J H$hVo h¢&

^maV Ho$ ~¢qH$J ì¶dñWm ‘| 20 gmd©O{ZH$ joÌr¶ ~¢H$ Ho$ Abmdm (1969 ‘| Mm¡Xh dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$m| H$m amï´>r¶H$aU hþAm h¡&{’$a 1980 ‘| 6 ~¢H$m| H$m amï´>r¶H$aU hþAm h¡&) ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ ‘| n§OrH¥$V, àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~¢H$ (1976 ‘| ñWm{nV) J¡a gaH$mar joÌm| ~¢H$, ghH$mar ~¢H$/g§K VWm CgHo$ {Z¶§ÌU ‘| ahZodmbo AÝ¶ ~¢H$ ^r h¢&

~¢H$m| H$m _hËd : Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ _| ~¢H$mo H$s ^y{_H$m ~hþV hr _hËdnyU© h¡& do gmd©O{ZH$ ~MV H$mo g§J¥hrV H$aHo$ CÝh| O_mH$Vm©Am| H$mo XoVo h¢& BZHo$ X²dmam ny±Or g§J«h Am¡a g§M`Z _| à_wI ^y{_H$m h¡& {d{dY gmYZm| Ho$ X²dmam J«hH$m| H$mo YZ Ho$ ^wJVmZ H$m _mJ© gy{MV H$aVm h¡& {ZpíMV Ad{Y _| {Z{Y H$mo gyX H$m Xa XoZo Ho$ Abmdm H¥${f, CX²`_ Am¡a godm joÌm| H$s A{^d¥{X²Y Ho$ {bE CYma XoVo h¢& BVZm Zht do {Z{Y H$mo g§J¥¥{hV H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm S´>mâQ>, H«o${S>Q> VWm S>o{~Q>-H$mS>m] H$mo XoH$a AnZo ì`dhma Ho$ {bE AmgmZ ~Zm XoVo h¡&

^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$…1 Aà¡b, 1935 H$mo ^maV Ho$ H|$Ðr¶ ~¢H$

g_PZo Ho$ {bE :^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| CgHo$

H$m¶m] H$mo Bg àH$ma dU©Z {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ""~¢H$ ZmoQ>m| H$mo XoZo Ho$ {Z¶§ÌU H$aZm Am¡a ^maV H$m YZ H$s pñWaVm H$mo nmbZ H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí¶ go gwa{jV aIZo Ho$ Abmdm Xoe Ho$ {hV nmbZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE YZ Am¡a H$O© H$s ì¶dñWm {Z^mZm''&

Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Cgo 1 OZdar, 1949 H$mo amï´>r¶H$aU {H$¶m J¶m&

Ama~rAmB© Ho$ H$m¶©… 1. ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo H$m EH$m{YH$ma… Ama ~r AmB© H$mo 2,5,10,20,50,100,500 Am¡a 2000 én¶o Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$mo ‘w{ÐV H$aZo H$m EH$m{YH$mar 1 én¶o Ho$ ZmoQ> H$mo ^r gaH$ma Ho$ nj ‘| ‘w{ÐV H$a Omar H$aZo H$m A{YH$mar &

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2. gaH$ma Ho$ ~¢H$ ~ZH$a H$m¶© {Zd©hU… Ama~rAmB© H|$Ð Am¡a amÁ¶ gaH$ma Ho$ H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡& ¶h gaH$ma

Ho$ nj ‘| {ZYm©[aV H$a Am¡a YZ O‘mZm ñdrH$ma H$a gaH$ma Ho$ AmXoemZwgma YZ XoVm h¡&, IOmZo Ho$ {Z{YnÌ Abmdm gaH$ma {dÎmr¶ gbhH$ma H$m¶© H$aVr h¡& gaH$mar Amdí¶H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma Aënmd{Y CYma H$s ì¶dñWm ^r H$aVm h¡&

3. ~¢H$m| H$m ~¢H$ ~ZH$a H$m¶© {Zd©hU…~¢H$m| H$m ~¢H$ ~ZH$a Ama~rAmB© H$m¶© {Zd©hU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Xoe Ho$ g^r ~¢H$m| H$m

{Zd©hU H$aVm h¡& g^r ~¢H$ AnZo H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y Ho$ {Z{X©ï> ^mJ H$mo AmajU Ho$ ê$n ‘| Ama~rAmB© ‘| aIZm Mm{hE& ~¢H$m| H$mo A{YH$ YZ H$s Amdí¶H$Vm hmoVmo Ama~rAmB© CYma XoVm h¡& dh ~¢H$m| Ho$ {dÎmr¶ {Zd©hU Ho$ ~mao ‘| ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVm h¡&

4. amï´>r¶ ^wJVmZ H$m H|$Ð ~ZH$a H$m¶© {Zd©hU…~¢H$m| Ho$ ~rM H$m ì¶dhma ghr T>§J go gwbPmZo Ho$ {bE Ama~rAmB© ^wJVmZ H$m H|$Ð

~ZH$a H$m¶© H$aVm h¡&

5. CYma Ho$ à‘mU H$m {Z¶§ÌH$…Xoe ‘| Ano{jV {dÎmr¶ n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$ àXÎm CYma à‘mU H$m

{Z¶§{ÌV H$aVm h¡&

6. {dXoer {d{Z‘¶ g§J«h H$m {Zar{jH$…Ama~rAmB© {dXoer {d{Z‘¶ g§J«h H$m {ZarjH$ ~ZH$a H$m¶© H$aVm h¡& ¶h H$m¶© h‘mam

YZ AÝ¶ Xoem| H$mo ñWmZm§VaU H$a {d{Z‘¶ H$s Xa Ho$ {Z¶§ÌU ‘| ghm¶H$ h¡& {dXoer {d{Z‘¶ H$m Xa Ho$ AZno{jV CVma-M‹T>md H$mo H$‘ H$aZo Ho$ {bE n[apñW{V Ho$ AmYma na Ama~rAmB© {dXoer YZ IarXZo Am¡a {dH«$¶ H$aZo H$m H$m‘ H$aVm h¡&

7. ~¢qH$J boZ XoZo H$s A{^d¥{Õ… OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE :

~¢H$ gZ² 1668 ‘| ñWm{nV ñdrS>Z Ho$ [aŠg-~¢H$ AË¶§V àmMrZ ~¢H$ h¡& {~«Q>Z H$m H|$Ð ~¢H$, ~¢H$ Am’$ B§½b¢S§> H$s ñWmnZm gZ-1664 ‘| hþB©& A‘o[aH$m H$m H|$Ð ~¢H$ ’o$S>ab [aOd© {gñQ>‘ H$s ñWmnZm gZ² 1913 ‘| hþB©&

Ama ~r AmB© bmoJm| ‘| ~¢qH$J ì¶dhma Ho$ boZ-XoZ H$s A{^d¥{Õ Ûmam ~MV H$mo gm§ñWrH$aU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ~¢H$ H$s gw{dYmAm| H$mo g^r joÌm| ‘| {dñV¥V H$aZo H$m à¶ËZ ^r H$a MwH$m h¡& ^maV H$s {dÎmr¶ A{^d¥{Õ H$mo VoO H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ama~rAmB© ‘hËdnyU© y{‘H$m {Z^m ahm h¡&

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boIm-OmoIm g§J«h Am¡a à^mdH$mar AZwg§YmZ VWm ~¢qH$J g§~§Yr kmZ H$m ~±Q>dmam H$s g‘¥Õ na§nam H$mo àmá H$a MwH$m h¡& Xoe Ho$ H$B© {dÎmr¶ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo gwbPmZo Ho$ {bE Ama~rAmB© Ho$ {Z¶‘ AË¶§V ghm¶H$ h¡&

5. YZ H$s ny{V© H$m {Z¶§ÌU…Xoe Ho$ {dÎmr¶ àm{YH$ma àXÎm H$a|gr ZmoQ> Am¡a {g¸o$ Cg Xoe Ho$ {dÎmr¶ H$s ny{V©

H$aVo h¢& BgHo$ Abmdm amï´>r¶ ~¢H$ H$s ~MV Am¡a àM{bV ImVo ‘| ahZodmbr ~MV H$mo ^r YZ H$hm OmVm h¡& BZH$m ImVmAm| ‘| Omo YZ h¡, ~¢H$m| go Aënmd{Y gyMZm XoH$a AWdm ‘m±J Ho$ AmYma na ~mha {ZH$mbZo Ho$ àmdYmZ ahZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| ‘m±J Am¡a {S>‘m§S> {Z{Y ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& ~MV H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y H$mo {Z{üV g‘¶md{Y Ho$ H$maU do H$mbmd{Y h¡& AV… bmoJm| Ho$ nmg Omo H$a|gr h¢ Am¡a ~MV H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y Cg g‘¶ H$m nyam YZ ‘mZm OmVm h¡&

^maV ‘| YZ H$s ny{V© H$s Mma n[aH$ënZmE± àM{bV h¢-M1, M2, M3 Am¡a M4, BZH$s ì¶»¶m Bg àH$ma H$s OmVr h¡&

M1= ZmoQ> Am¡a {gŠHo$ + dm{UÁ` ~¢H$mo Hw$b _m±J {Z{Y&M2= M1+S>mH$ H$m¶m©b¶ H$s ~MV H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y&M3 = M1+dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$m| ‘H$s H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y&M4 = M3+S>mH$ H$m¶m©b¶ H$s Hw$b H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y&

{dÎmr¶ {Zd©hU H$s Ñ{ï> go M1 Am¡a M2, bKw H$mbmd{Y YZ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& M3 Am¡a M4 {dñV¥V H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Bg YZ H$s ny{V© Ho$ Abmdm dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$ ñdrH¥$V H$mbmd{Y {Z{Y Ho$ AmYma na AË¶{YH$ à‘mU ‘| CYma H$s g¥{ï> H$a dm{UÁ¶ Am¡a AÝ¶ Xoem| H$mo {X¶m OmVm h¡& ¶h ^r {dÎmr¶ ì¶dñWm ‘| àM{bV T>§J Ho$ à‘mU na à^md S>mbVm h¡& EH$ Amoa Bg YZ H$s ny{V© hmoVmo Xÿgar Amoa gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAmo± H$s ny{V© Xoe Ho$ YZ Ho$ CVma-M‹T>md H$mo ^r à^m{dV H$aVr h¡& YZ H$s ny{V© A{YH$ hmoH$a CgHo$ ~am~a gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAmo± H$s ny{V© Z hmoVmo ‘yë¶ Vrd« ê$n go ~‹T>o Vmo n¶m©¶ g‘ñ¶mE± àma§^ hmoVr h¡&

‘yë¶ ‘| bKw ~‹T>Vr H$m à‘mU {dÎmr¶ e{º$Xm¶H$ no¶ Ho$ ~am~a h¡& ‘yë¶ H$s AË¶{YH$ ~‹T>Vr hmo Vmo bmoJm| H$mo IarXZo H$s e{º$ Am¶ H$m ~±Q>dmao H$s AË¶{YH$ ~mYm CnpñWV hmoVr h¡& J«mhH$m| H$s Amem H$mo PyR> {gÕ H$aHo$ {dÎmr¶ A{^d¥{Õ H$mo amoH$ XoVr h¡&

Eogo àg§Jm| ‘| n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma Ama~rAmB© YZ H$s ny{V© ‘| n[adV©Z H$aVm h¡& qH$Vw ~¢H$ CYma XoZo H$s gm‘Ï¶© H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Z{X©ï> {Z¶‘m| H$mo AnZmVm

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h¡& Bggo CYma Ho$ Ho$db IM© Ho$ Abmdm CYma XoZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ ^r ~Z OmVo h¡& YZ H$s ny{V© Am¡a CYma Ho$ à‘mU Ho$ {Z¶§ÌU Ho$ {bE Omo {Z¶‘ h¡ CÝh| {dÎmr¶ Zr{V H$hVo h¢&

A~ Ama~rAmB© Ho$ CYma XoZo Ho$ H«$‘ na {dMma H$a|Jo&

6. CYma Am¡a {Z¶§ÌU H«$‘…

BÝh| Xmo ^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

1. n[a‘mUmË‘H$ H«$‘ 2. JwUmË‘H$ H«$‘

n[a‘mUmË‘H$ CYma Ho$ {Z¶§ÌU H$m H«$‘…

¶h gmYZ, ì¶dhma Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ AZwHy$b YZ H$m à‘mU h¡& ‘w»¶ ê$n go Bg àH$ma h¡&

i. ~¢H$ Xa… H|$Ð ~¢H$ AÝ¶ ~¢H$mo§ Ho$ {bE AZw‘mo{XV gwajVm AWdm C{MV {d{Z‘¶mW© {Z{Y Ho$ {bE {ZYm©[aV gyX H$m Xa h¡& ¶h ~¢H$ AnZo J«mhH$m| H$mo gyX Xa {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡& Bggo ~¢H$ Omo CYma XoVm h¡& CgH$m à‘mU à^m{dV h¡& O~ ~¢H$m| H$m Xa ~‹T>Vm h¡ V~ Hw$b CYma H$m IM© Á¶mXm hmoH$a CYma XoZm H$‘ hmoVm h¡& O~ ~¢H$m| H$m Xa H$‘ hmoVm h¡& IM© H$‘ hmoH$a CYma XoZm ^r H$‘ hmoVm h¡&

ii. ‘wº$ ~mµOma H$m H$m¶m©MaU… {dÎmr¶ ì¶dhma ~mµOma ‘| ‘wº$ ê$n go gaH$ma H$s gwajVm H$mo H|$Ð ~¢H$ IarXZo Am¡a {dH«$¶ H$aZo H$m H«$‘ hr ‘wº$ ~mOma H$m H$m¶m©MaU H$hbmVm h¡& gaH$mar gwajVm H$m ~mµOma, gmd©O{ZH$m| Am¡a ~¢H$ nmg Ho$ YZ H$mo H|$Ð ~¢H$m| ñWmZ§VaU H$ao Vmo gwajVm H$s Ñ{ï> go IarXr Ho$ YZ H$mo H|$Ð ~¢H$ go gmd©O{ZH$m| Am¡a ~¢H$m| H$mo ñWmZm§VaU H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma CYma H$m à‘mU Ama~rB© {Z¶§ÌU H$aVm h¡&

iii. AmajU Ho$ AZwnmV H$s Amdí¶H$Vm H$m CVma-M‹T>md… dm{UÁ¶ Am¡a AÝ¶ ~¢H$ Ama~rAmB© Ho$ gyMZmZwgma Xmo àH$ma Ho$ AmajU H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& EH$ ZH$X AmajU AZwnmV Am¡a Xÿgam emgZ~Õ Ðì¶ AZwnmV& emgZ~Õ Ðì¶ AZwnmV ~¢H$ h‘ AnZo Hw$b {Z{Y Ho$ {ZYm©[aV à‘mU H$mo ZH$X Ho$ ê$n ‘| aIZo H$m emgZ~Õ à‘mU h¡& ZH$X AmajU H$m AZwnmV ~¢H$ AnZo Hw$b {Z{Y H$mo {ZYm©[aV à‘mU Ho$ Ama~rAmB© ‘| à‘mU Ho$ ê$n ‘| O‘m H$aZm h¡& Bg XmoZm| AZwnmVm| H$mo ~‹T>mZo Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ~¢H$m| Ho$ X¡Z§{XZ ì¶dhma Ho$ {bE YZ H$‘ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| H$‘ H$aZo na Á¶mXm à‘mU H$m YZ àmá hmoVm h¡&

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JwUmË‘H$ CYma {Z¶§ÌU H«$‘…JwUmË‘H$ AWdm M¶Z {H$¶m hþAm {Z¶§ÌU H«$‘ CYma àmá H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ Am¡a CgHo$

Cn¶moJ H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& à‘wI JwUmË‘H$ CYma {Z¶§ÌU H«$‘ Bg àH$ma h¡-

I. ‘m{O©Z à‘mU H$m n[adV©Z… CYma àmá H$aZo Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| ~¢H$ gwajVm Ho$ AmYma nyN>Vm h¡ AWdm CYma Ho$ {Z{üV à‘mU H$mo CYma àmá H$aZodmbo ì¶{º$ hr ‘m{O©Z YZ H$mo MwH$mZm n‹S>Vm h¡& {H$gr CÔoí¶ Ho$ {bE XoZodmbo CYma H$mo {dÀN>o{XV H$aZo ‘m{O©Z YZ H$m à‘mU H$‘ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Cgr àmH$a CYma XoZo H$s ì¶dñWm H$mo {ZíVo{OV H$aZo ‘m{O©Z YZ Ho$ à‘mU H$mo ~‹T>m¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

II. CYma H$s J[að> gr‘m H$m {Z{ü¶ H$aZm AWdm CYma {dVaU H«$‘… {Z{üV CÔoí¶m| Ho$ {bE àXÎm CYma H$m à‘mU H$s J[að> gr‘m H$mo Ama ~r AmB© {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡& {H$gr CÔoí¶ hoVw AË¶§V Á¶mXm CYma XoZo ‘| amoH$ bJmVm h¡&

III. Z¡{VH$ X~md… H$B© CÔoí¶ hoVw Hw$b XoZo Ho$ CYma AWdm H$B© CÔoí¶ hoVw CYma H$m à‘mU H$‘© H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ama~rAmB© dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$m| na n[anÌ Ho$ Ûmam Z¡{VH$ X~md H«$‘ S>mbZo H$m H«$‘ AnZm¶m h¡&

IV. grYm H«$‘… O~ g^r H«$‘ Ag’$b hmo OmVo h¢& V~ Ama~rAmB© dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$ Am¡a AÝ¶ {dÎmr¶ g§ñWmAm| H$mo grYo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVm h¡& ¶h EH$ àH$ma go X§S> H$m ê$n h¡& BgH$m à¶moJ A§{V‘ AdñWm na {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

Bg àH$ma H|$Ð ~¢H$ ^maV ‘| Ama~rAmB© , H$B© H«$‘m| Ho$ Ûmam YZ H$m à‘mU {Z¶§ÌU H$a AnZr Amoa go ‘yë¶ n[apñW{V Am¡a Hw$b A{^d¥{Õ H$s J{V H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡&

Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{O¶o…1. dñVw {d{Z‘¶ nÕ{V ‘| dñVwAm| Ho$ ~Xbo ‘| {d{Z‘¶ {H$¶m OmVm

Wm&

2. MoH$$ YZ H$m gmYZ h¢&

3. ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ H$s ñWmnZm H$m df© h¡&

4. OmnmZ Xoe Ho$ YZ H$mo H$hVo h¢&

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5. ^maV gaH$ma 14 dm{UÁ¶ ~¢H$m| H$mo ‘| amï´>r`H¥$V {H$¶m&

6. bKw ê$n go YZ H$s ny{V© H$mo Am¡a Ûmam ‘mnZ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

7. YZ H$m CÎma M‹T>md YZ H$s ny{V© gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| H$s ny{V© Vmo J{R>V hmoVm h¡&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpI¶o…1. dñVw {d{Z‘¶ nÕ{V {H$go H$hVo h¢?

2. YZ H$m AW© Am¡a H$m`m] H$m {ddaU Xr{Oò&

3. Ama~rAmB© Ho$ H$m¶m] H$m {ddaU Xr{O¶o&

4. ^maV ‘| Cn¶moJ H$aZo Ho$ YZ H$s ny{V© H$s {d{^Þ n[aH$ënZmAm| H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

5. Ama~rAmB© CYma H$m {Z¶§ÌU {H$g àH$ma H$aVm h¡? g‘PmBE&

III. J{V{d{Y¶m±-Cn¶wº$ {MÌm| H$m Cn¶moJ H$a YZ Ho$ {dH$mg H$m {ddaU Xr{O¶o&

IV. n[a¶moOZm H$m¶©…1. dm{UÁ¶ ~¡±H$m| Ho$ H$m¶m] na Ü¶mZ XoH$a CZ H$m¶m] H$m {ddaU Xr{O¶o&

2. {ZH$Q> ~¢H$ ‘| OmH$a CgHo$ H$m¶m] Ho$ ~mao ‘| EH$ [anmoQ>© V¡¶ma H$s{O¶o&

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶-4

gmd©O{ZH$ YZ Am¡a Am¶-ì¶¶

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{bpIV VÏ¶m| go AdJV hmo gH|$Jo&• gmd©O{ZH$ YZ H$m AW© Am¡a ‘hËd

• Am¶-ì¶¶

• gmd©O{ZH$ ì¶¶ Am¡a Am¶

• An¶m©á YZ Am¡a {dÎmr¶ H$‘r

1. n[aM`:

AmnH$mo AnZo n[adma Ho$ {H$Z-{H$Z òmoVm| go {H$VZr Am¶ àmá hmoVr h¡? BgH$s OmZH$mar h¡? ha EH$ n[adma Ho$ gXñ¶ H¥${f, CÚ‘ AWdm AÝ¶ gmodmAm| ‘| AnZo H$mo bJmH$a AWm©V² H$m‘ H$aVo-H$aVo Am¶ àmá H$aVo h¢& ì¶{º$ nÅ>m AWdm {H$a¶m (^y{‘, O‘rZ, Am¡µa AÝ¶ pñWa ^yg§n{Îm na) ‘µOXÿar ({d{^Þ Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y¶m| ‘| ^mJm boH$a AnZo n[al_ Ho$ Ûmam) gyX({dÎmr¶ g§ñWmAm| ‘| YZ bJmH$a AWdm Xÿgam| H$mo CYma XoZo Ho$ Ûmam) Am¡a bm^m| Ho$ (EH$ CËnmXH$ J{V{d{Y ‘| YZ bJmZo Ho$ Ûmam) ê$n ‘| Am¶ àmá H$aVm h¡&

gm‘mÝ¶V¶m Am¶ H$mo EH$ gmb H$s Ad{Y Ho$ AmYma na {hgm~ bJm¶m OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma àmá Am¶ Ho$ AZw^moJ Am¡a A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ CÔoí¶m| go IM© {H$¶m OmVm h¡ AWdm n[adma AnZr Am¶ Am¡a IM© H$mo C{MV T>§J go {Zd©hU H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam A{^d¥{Õ H$aZm EH$ H$bm h¡& Am¶ go IM© A{YH$ hmo Vmo CYma boZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Bg àH$ma ì¶{º$ Am¡a n[adma H$s Am¶ Am¡a IM© Am¡a CYma H$m {Zd©hU Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar XoZm ì¶{º$JV YZ H$hVo h¢& Cgr àH$ma gaH$ma AnZo YZ H$m {Zd©hU H$aVr h¡& dhr gmd©O{ZH$ YZ h¡& Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| gaH$ma AnZo YZ H$m {Zd©hU H¡$go H$aVr h¡ ? BgH$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo&

gmd©O{ZH$ YZ H$m AW© Am¡a ‘hËd…S>mëQ>Z H$s ì¶m»¶mZ Ho$ AZwgma gaH$mar Am¶, IM© VWm CYma H$m {Zd©hU Am¡a CZ‘|

g§VwbZ H$aZo H$s à{H«$¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm hr gmd©O{ZH$ YZ h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ YZ gaH$ma H$s Am¶, IM© Am¡a CYma Ho$ {Zd©hU H$m g‘J« {MÌ àñVwV H$aVm h¡&

‘hËd… Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a Am{W©H$ pñWaVm gm{YV H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go gaH$ma AnZr Am¶, IM© Am¡a CYma go g§~§{YV H$mbmZwH«$‘ ‘| AZwH$aU H$aZo H$s Zr{V H$mo

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H$moer¶ Zr{V AWdm {dÎmr¶ Zr{V H$hVo h¢& Am{W©H$ -àJ{V Am¡a pñWaVm H$mo gm{YV H$aHo$ Am¶ H$m g‘mZ H$aZm {dÎmr¶ Zr{V Ho$ ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ h¡&

àJ{Verb H$a Zr{V H$mo AnZm H$a gaH$ma A‘ra bmoJm| H$s Am¶ na A{YH$ H$a bJmH$a Am¡a g§J¥hrV Am¶ H$mo Jar~ bmoJm| Ho$ H$ë¶mU Ho$ {bE IM© H$aZo go Ag‘mZVm H$‘ hmoVr h¡& BVZm hr Zht h¡ {H$ Cg Am¶ H$mo A{^d¥{Õ H$m ñVa A{YH$ hmoH$a g~ H$m bm^ hmoVm h¡& Cgr àH$ma Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$‘ hmoZo Ho$ g§X^© ‘| IM© ~‹T>mH$a Am{W©H$Vm ~‹T>mZo Ho$ g§X^m] ‘| IM© H$‘ H$aHo$ gaH$ma Am{W©H$ pñWaVm H$m {Zd©hU H$a gH$Vr h¡& Am¶ IM© Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM g§VwbZ dm{f©H$ Am¶-ì¶¶ AWdm A{J«‘ nÌm| H$m ^mJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gmd©O{ZH$ YZ H$m AÜ¶¶Z Am¶-ì¶¶ Ho$ {dûcofU ‘| ghm¶H$ hmoVm h¡&

2. Am¶-ì¶¶ AWdm A{J«‘ nÌ…gaH$ma ha EH$ gmb AnZo {dÎmr¶ df© H$m Am¶-ì¶` H$mo nhbo hr V¡¶ma H$aVm h¡&

^maV ‘| {dÎmr¶ df© Aà¡b EH$ go àma§^ hmoH$a CgHo$ AJbo gmb Ho$ ‘mM© 31 H$mo g‘má hmoVm h¡& AJbo df© Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$mo gaH$ma Cg df© ‘| V¡¶ma H$aHo$ g§g{X H$m AZw‘moXZ àmá H$aVr h¡& Bg Am¶-ì¶¶ Ho$ Ûmam AnZr H$moer¶ Zr{V Ho$ CÔoñ¶ H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aVr h¡& V~ Vmo Am¶-ì¶¶ {H$g H$hVo h¢?

gaH$ma EH$ df© H$s Am¶ Am¡a ì¶¶ Ho$ ~mao ‘| V¡¶ma H$s J¶r A§XmO Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ nÌ H$mo A{J«‘ nÌ H$hVo h¢& ¶h gaH$ma Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$mo ~VmZo H$m EH$ XñVmdoO h¡& H|$Ð Am¡a amÁ¶ gaH$ma AnZo-AnZo Am`-ì¶¶ H$mo AbJ-AbJ V¡¶ma H$aVr h¡& ^maV ‘| H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$mo H|$Ð H$m {dÎmr¶ ‘§Ìr Am{W©H$ {d^mJ Ho$ gh¶moJ go V¡¶ma H$aVo h¢& gm‘mÝ¶V¶m {dÎmr¶ ‘§Ìr ha EH$ gmb ’$adar Am¡a ‘mM© ‘hrZo Ho$ A{YdoeZ ‘| bmoH$g^m ‘| H|$Ð Am¶-ì¶¶ àñVwV H$aVo h¢& bmoH$g^m Am¡a amÁ¶ g^m XmoZm| ‘| Am¶-ì¶¶ nÌ na gwXrK© MMm© hmoH$a ‘mM© 31 Ho$ A§Xa XmoZm| gXZm| H$m AZw‘moXZ àmá H$aVm h¡&

Am`-ì¶¶ Ho$ nÌ VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢-

1. Am¶-ì¶¶ nÌ ‘| gaH$ma H$s Am¶, gaH$ma Ho$ IM} go A{YH$ hmoVmo Cgo ~MV Am¶ì¶¶ H$hVo h¢&

2. Am¶-ì¶¶ nÌ ‘| gaH$ma H$s Am¶ go IM© A{YH$ hmo Vmo Cgo KmQ>m Am¶-ì¶¶ H$hVo h¢& gaH$ma Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ ~am~a hmo Vmo Cgo g§VwbZ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$hVo h¢&

3. A{^d¥{Õ ‘| AJ«ga ^maV O¡go amï´> H$s gaH$ma KmQ>m-Am¶-ì¶` àñVwV H$a AnZo IM© Á¶mXm H$a {dÎmr¶ A{^d¥{Õ H$aZo H$m à¶ËZ H$aVo h¢&

2.1 gmd©O{ZH$ ì¶¶(IM©)- gaH$ma amï´> H$s gwajm, àemgZ {Zd©hU, {dÎmr¶ A{^d¥{Õ VWm bmoJm| Ho$ {hV H$s Ñ{ï> go {d{^Þ H$m¶m] Ho$ {bE YZ IM© H$aVr h¡& Bgo gmd©O{ZH$

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ì¶¶ (IM©) H$hVo h¢& AWm©V² àOm Ho$ {hV H$s Ñ{ï> go Omo IM© {H$¶m OmVm h¡ dh gmd©O{ZH$ ì¶¶ h¡& 20dt gXr ‘| H$ë¶mU-amÁ¶m| Ho$ CX¶ Ho$ gmW AmYw{ZH$ gaH$ma H$m H$m¶©joÌ Am¡a CgH$s ^y{‘H$m {dñV¥V hþE h¢& gmd©O{ZH$ IM© ^r Á¶mXm h¡& ^maV ‘| H|$Ð Am¡a amÁ¶ gaH$ma Ho$ AnZo-AnZo IM© go g§~§{YV {df¶ hmoVo h¢&

~rgdt gXr ‘| gaH$ma H$s ^y{‘H$m ì¶mnH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU IM© ^r A{YH$ h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ IM© Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZodmbr gw{dYmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& dh ny±Or bJmZo àñVwV dmVmdaU H$m gwYma H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& ~MV ny±Or bJmZm Am¡a Z¶o CÎmoOH$m| H$mo XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& BVZm hr Zht Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$mo Vrd« H$a pñWaVm H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& AWm©V² gmd©O{ZH$ IM© H$m CÔoí¶ Bg àH$ma h¡…

i. Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$mo Vrd« H$aZm&ii. CÚ‘,ì¶dhma Am¡a dm{UÁ¶m| H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZm&iii. H¥${f VWm J«m‘rU A{^d¥{Õ H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZm&iv. g§Vw{bV àmXo{eH$ àJ{V H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZm&v. gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ‘yb^yV gw{dYmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U&vi. gm‘y{hH$ ê$n ‘| Cn¶moJ hoVw gm‘mZ XoH$a gm‘m{OH$ H$ë¶mU H$mo ~‹T>mZm&vii. g§nyU© ê$n go CÚmoJm| H$m {Z‘m©U&

2.2 gmd©O{ZH$ Am¶…

gmd©O{ZH$ Am¶, {d{^Þ Am{W©H$ H$m¶© Am¡a OZVm na bmJy {H$¶o J¶o H$a, gaH$ma Ho$ CÚ‘m| go àmá Am¶ Am¡a AZwXmZ go àmá hmoVr h¡& bmoJm| H$s Am¶ H$s Am{YH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Am¡a gaH$ma H$ Amdí¶H$Vm ^r A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gaH$ma g§J¥hrV Am¶ H$m à‘mU ^r ~‹T> ahm h¡& g§{dYmZ H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$ma Ho$ H$m¶m] H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW CZH$s Am¶ Ho$ òmoVm| H$mo ^r {ZYm©[aV H$a ¶wH$m h¡& H|$Ð gaH$ma H$s Am¶ Ho$ òmoVm| H$m g§{já n[aM¶ àmá H$a|Jo&

A. amOñd H$s Am¶… (Revenue Receipts): gaH$ma {d{^Þ H$a Am¡a H$a Ho$ Abmdm AÝ¶ òmoVm| go g§J¥hrV Am¶ H$mo amOñd Am¶ H$hVo h¢& ¶h gaH$ma H$s dmñV{dH$ Am¶ h¡& amOñd Am¶ ‘w»¶ ê$n go Xmo àH$ma H$s h¡& EH$ H$a H$s Am¶ & Xÿgar H$a Ho$ Abmdm AÝ¶ Am¶&

1. H$a H$s Am¶… (Tax Revenue): àOm {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ à{Vnbmnoj {~Zm gaH$ma H$mo XoZo H$s A{Zdm¶© én¶o H$mo H$a H$hVo h¢& H|$Ð gaH$ma AnZr àOmAm| na AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ H$a {Z{üV H$a Am¶ H$m g§J«h H$aVr h¡& H$a gaH$mar H$s ~hþ‘w»¶H$ AmXm¶ H$m òmoV h¢. gaH$ma Am¶ H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aVo g‘¶ A{YH$ Am¶dmbo bmoJm| na A{YH$ H$a, Am¡a

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H$‘ Am¶dmbo bmoJm| na H$‘ H$a {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡& Jar~m| H$s Am¶ H$‘ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$a ‘| Ny>Q> Xr J¶r h¡& A‘ra bmoJ Cn¶moJ H$aZodmbo gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| na Á¶mXm H$a S>mbVo h¢& Am‘ OZVm Cn¶moJ H$aZodmbo-gm‘mZ godmAm| na H$‘ H$a S>mbVo h¢& gaH$ma H$a bJmZo Ho$ g‘¶ {Og Zr{V H$m à¶moJ H$aVr h¡ Cgo àJ{V na H$a H$s Zr{V H$hVo h¢& H|$Ð gaH$ma Xmo àH$ma Ho$ H$a bJmVr h¡& A. àË¶j H$a Am. namoj H$a

A. àË¶j H$a…(Direct Taxes) gaH$ma {H$g na H$a bJmVr h¡ do hr Cg H$a {X¶o Vmo Eogo H$a H$mo àË¶j H$a H$hVo h¢& Eogo H$am| H$mo AÝ¶ bmoJ§ H$mo ñWmZm§VaU {H$¶m OmVm& gm‘mÝ¶V¶m ì¶{º$ Am¡a g§ñWmE± àmá Am¶ Am¡a g§n{Îm na bJmZodmbo H$a àË¶j H$a H$hbmVo h¢& Am¶ na {ZYm©[aV H$a H§$nZr na {ZYm©[aV H$a,g§n{Îm na {ZYm©[aV H$a {Q>H$Q> na {ZYm©[aV H$a Am{X&

Am. namoj H$a…(Indirect Taxes) gaH$ma {ZYm©[aV H$a AÝ¶m| na ñWmZm§VaU H$aZo H$m àmdYmZ hmo Vmo Eogo H$am| H$mo namoj H$a H$hVo h¢& gm‘mÝ¶V¶m namoj H$a H$mo gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| na {ZYm©[aV {H$¶m OmVm h¡& CXm-gaH$ma gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| Ho$ CËnmXZ Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| CËnmXZ Ho$ g‘¶ ‘o CËnmXH$ na H$a {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡& Bg H$a H$mo CËnmXH$ ì¶mnm[a¶m| na ñWmZm§VaU H$aVm h¡& ì¶mnmar A§{V‘ ê$n go H$a H$s ~moP J«mhH$m| na ñWmZm§VaU H$aVm h¡& H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ {ZYm©[aV ‘w»¶ namoj H$a Bg àH$ma h¢-O¡go H|$Ð A~H$mar H$a, Am¶mV-{Z¶m©V H$a Am¡a godm H$a Am{X& 2017-18 dm± Am{W©H$ gmb go gaH$ma Zo g^r namoj H$a Ho$ ~Xbo gm‘mZ Am¡a godm H$a H$mo (Or Eg Q>r) EH$ hr ê$n go {ZYm©[aV {H$¶m h¡&

gm‘mÝ¶ Am¡a godm H$a (Goods and Services Tax, GST)

OrEgQ>r nyao ^maV ‘| CËnmXZ ì¶dhma VWm Cn¶moJ na EH$ g‘J« namoj H$a h¡& H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$ma àñVwV {Z{üV H$aZo H$mo g^r namoj H$a Ho$ ~Xbo OrEgQ>r bmJy {H$¶m OmVm h¡ ? Cgo gm‘mZ Am¡a godmAm| H$m ì¶mnma AWdm IarXr Ho$ g^r ñVa na {ZYm©[aV {H$¶m OmVm h¡, bo{H$Z CËnmXH$ AWdm ì¶mnmar VËg§~§{YV gm‘mZ AWdm godmAmo± H$mo nhbo hr {X¶o J¶o H$a Ho$ à‘mU H$mo aX² H$aZo H$s ì¶dñWm h¡&

OrEgQ>r namoj H$a Ho$ gwYma ‘| EH$ ‘hËdnyU© H$X‘ h¡& ~hþ àH$ma Ho$ H$a Am¡ CgHo$ n[aUm‘m| H$mo amoH$H$a nyao ^maV ‘| EH$ hr àH$ma Ho$ ~mOma H$m H$a ñWm{nV H$aZo ‘| ghm¶H$ h¡& H$a Ho$ gbbrH$aU go CgH$m àemgZ Am¡a Omar H$aZm AmgmZ h¡& J«mhH$ H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIo Vmo AË¶§V à‘wI bm^ ¶h h¡ {H$ H$a H$‘ hmoVm h¡& gm‘mZ ‘wº$ ê$n go EH$ amÁ¶ go Xÿgao amÁ¶ H$mo admZm H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡µa XñVmdoOrH$aU H$‘ hmoVm h¡&

2. H$a a{hV Am¶ (Non-Tax Revenue) : gaH$ma Ho$ H$am| Ho$ Abmdm AÝ¶ òmoVm| go Am¶ g§J¥hrV hmoVr h¡& Bgo H$a a{hV Am¶ H$hVo h¢& H|$Ð gaH$ma g§J¥hrV à‘wI H$a a{hV Am¶ Bg àH$ma h¡&

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1. ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ go àmá Am¶ (g^r IM© H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ~Mm YZ)2. ^maVr¶ aoëdo go àmá Am¶&3. S>mH$ Am¡a Xÿa^mf godmAm| go àmá Am¶&4. gmd©O{ZH$, ‘wÐUmb¶ Am¡a EH$ gmb go àmá Am¶&5. {g¸o$,‘wÐUmb¶ Am¡a Q>H$gmb go àmá Am¶&6. {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ewëH$ Am¡a X§S> Am{X&

B. ny±Or Am¶… (Capital Receipts)¶h ‘yë¶ Am¶ gaH$ma H$mo ^ma hmoVm h¡ AWdm CgH$s AÝ¶ g§n{Îm H$mo H$‘ H$aVr h¡&

CXm… gaH$ma Ûmam {H$¶o J¶o CYma H$mo Á¶mXm H$ao Vmo gmd©O{ZH$ CÚ‘m| Ho$ foam| go ~oMZo go CgH$s g§n{Îm H$m à‘mU jrU hmo OmVm h¡& BZH$mo ny±Or Am¶ H$hVo h¢&2.3 gmd©O{ZH$ CYma …

gaH$ma ny±Or Am¶ H$mo AË¶§V ‘w»¶ ê$n go Am§V[aH$ VWm {dXoer òmoVm| go CYma Ho$ Ûmam g§J¥hrV H$aVr h¡& Xoe H$s àOmAm|,~¢H$mo,{dÎmr¶ g§ñWmAm| CÚ‘ g§ñWmAmo± Am{X Ho$ Ûmam g§J¥hrV CYma H$mo Am§V[aH$ CYma H$hVo h¢& {dXoer gaH$mam|, {dXoer {dÎmr¶ g§ñWmAmo§ Am¡a A§Vamï´>r¶ {dÎmr¶ g§ñWmAmo± go àmá CYma H$mo {dXoer CYma H$hVo h¢&

gaH$ma CYma Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ¶ òmoVm| go ^r ny±Or H$s Am¶ g§J¥hrV H$aVr h¡& dh gmd©O{ZH$ CÚ‘m| ‘| bJm¶r J¶r AnZr ny±Or H$mo dmng bo boVr h¡& BgHo$ {bE bJr hþB© ny±Or H$m dmngr H$hVo h¢& amÁ¶ gaH$ma H|$Ð gaH$ma go àmá CYma VWm {dÎmr¶ ghm¶Vm H$mo H$mbmZwH«$‘ ‘| dmng Xo XoVr h¡& Bg bJm¶r hþB© ny±Or Am¡a CYma H$mo bm¡Q>mZo go g§J¥hrV YZ H$mo CYma Ho$ AÝ¶ ny±Or Am¶ H$hVo h¢&{ZåZ{bpIV {MÌ ^maV gaH$ma H$s 2014-15 dm± gmb H$m Am¶-ì¶¶ H$m {ddaU Xem©Vm h¡&

Am o hþE énE (n¡gm| _|) Om o hþE énE (n¡gm| _|)

H$a _| amÁ` H$m {hñgm 18

`moOZoVa ì``

11

H|$Ð `moOZm 11

amÁ`m| H$mo `moOZoVa ghH$ma 3

gyX ^wJVmZ 20ajU ì``m 10

amÁ`m| H$mo Y§V H$m

ghH$ma, 15

ghH$ma YZ 12

CYma 24

Am` H$a , 13

H$mnm©oaofZ H$a, 21

H$aoVa - Am` 10

H|$Ð A~H$mar H$a 10

Am`mV {Z`m©V H$a 9

CYmaaoVa ny§Or

Am`, 3

godm Am¡a AÝ` H$a

10

J{V{d{Y… Cn¶w©º$ {MÌ H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$s{O¶o Am¡a CgH$m AW© {bpI¶o&

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3. KmQ>m-{dÎm… (Deficit Financing )nhbo ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ gaH$ma nhbo H$m AnZm IM© A§XmO H$a VËg§~§{YV Am¶ H$mo

g§VwbZ H$aVm h¡& Eogm H$aVo g‘¶ gm‘mÝ¶V¶m AnZr Am¶ go A{YH$ IM© H$aVr h¡& ¶h Xoe H$s A{^d¥{Õ H$s Ñ{ï> go CÎm‘ h¡& gaH$ma AnZr Am¶ Am¡a IM© Ho$ ^rVa H$m A§Va H$mo ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ ‘| AnZr ZH$X g§J«h H$mo dmng bo boVr h¡& Am§V[aH$ Am¡µa {dXoer òmoVm| go CYma g§J«h H$aZm, ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ go CYma àmá H$aZm-Am{X H«$‘m| Ho$ Ûmam YZ H$m g§VwbZ H$aVr h¡& ¶{X Oê$aV hmoVmo A{YH$ à‘mU Ho$ ZmoQ>m| Ho$ ‘w{ÐV H$aZm ^r Bg‘| {‘bm h¡& Bg àH$ma KmQ>m {dÎmr¶ H$m AW© ^maVr¶ [aOd© ~¢H$ go CYma boZm Am¡a Z¶m YZ H$s g¥{ï> H$aZm& Bgo KmQ>m {dÎmr¶ Zm‘m| go H$hm OmVm h¡& BZ g^r H«$‘m| go YZ H$m MbZ A{YH$ go A{YH$ ê$n go A{^d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡&

^maV ‘| Mma àH$ma Ho$ KmQ>m n[aH$ënZm ‘m¡OyX h¡ Am¡µa CZH$mo {ZåZ{bpIV T>§J go boImOmoIm {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

I. {dÎmr¶ KmQ>m (Fiscal Deficit) : Am¶-ì¶¶ ‘| gaH$ma amOñd H$s Am¶ Am¡a CYma Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` ny±Or H$s Am¶ go r gaH$ma H$s Hw$b IM© Á¶mXm hmoVmo Cgo {dÎmr¶ KmQ>m H$hVo h¢& CgH$m boImOmoIm {ZåZ{bpIV àH$ma {H$¶m OmVm h¡&{dÎmr¶ KmQ>m = (amOñd Am¶ Am¡a CYma go {^Þ ny±Or H$s Am¶)-Hw$b IM©

II. amOñd KmQ>m … amOñd ImVm H$m IM© amOñd ImVm H$s Am¶ A{YH$ hmoVmo amOñd KmQ>m hmoVm h¡& CgH$m gyÌ Bg àH$ma h¡&

amOñd KmQ>m = amOñd ImVm H$s Am¶- amOñd ImVm H$m IM©III. àmW{‘H$ KmQ>m … àñVwV {dÎmr¶ KmQ>m go {nN>bo df© H$s gyX ^wJVmZ H$mo KQ>mZo

go àmW{‘H$ KmQ>m {‘bVr h¡& àmW{‘H$ KmQ>m = {dÎmr¶ Km¶m-eyX-^wJVmZ

IV. A{J«‘ nÌ AWdm Am¶ ì¶¶ H$s KmQ>m … ¶h Hw$b Am¶ VWm IM© Ho$ ~rM H$m A§Va h¡& CgH$m {hgm~ Bg àH$ma h¡&

A{J«‘ AWdm Am¶-ì¶¶ H$s KmQ>m= Hw$b Am¶-Hw$b IM©bo{H$Z A{YH$ à‘mU H$s KmQ>m Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm H$s Ñ{ï> go CÎm‘ Zht h¡ Š¶m|{H$ do

amï´> Ho$ {bE ^ma ñdê$n h¡& A{Z¶§{ÌV KmQ>m {dÎmr` AZZwegZ {XImVr h¡& dh YZ Ho$ CVma-M‹T>md H$mo ^r A{YH$ H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE Eogr àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gZ² 2003 ‘| ^maV gaH$ma H$moer¶ {Oå‘oXmar Am¡a A{J«‘ nÌ {Zd©hU H$mZyZ bmJy {H$¶m Jm¶ h¡&(Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, FRBMA) ¶h à‘wI ê$n go {dÎmr¶ AZwemgZ Am¡a KmQ>o H$mo H$‘ H$aVr h¡& Am{W©H$ {Zd©hU H$mo CÎm‘ H$aVr h¡ Am¡µa gmd©O{ZH$ {Z{Y¶m| go Cn¶wº$ {Zd©hU Ho$ Ûmam A{J«‘ nÌ ‘| g§VwbZ gmYZo H$s bú¶ àmá H$aVr h¡&

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{ZåZ{bpIV -2017-18 d| gmb Ho$ H|$Ð gaH$ma H$m A{J«‘ nÌ H$m {ddaU {ZåZ{bpIV h¡&

A.H«$ {df¶ {ddaU H$amoS>m| ê$n¶o

1 amOñd ImVm Ho$ Am¶ 15,15,771

2 H$a Am¶(H|$Ð H$m {hñgm) 12,27,014

3 H$aEVa Am¶ 2,88,757

4 ny±Or ImVm Am¶(5+6+7) 6,30,964

5 CYma dgyb H$aZm 11,932

6 AÝ¶ dgyb 72,500

7 CYma Am¡a AÝ¶ ~mÜ¶ 5,46,532

8 Hw$b dgyb(1+4) 21,46,735

9 ¶moOZm na ì¶¶ 9,45,078

10 amOñd ImVm 6,74,057

11 ny±Or ImVm 2,71,021

12 ¶moOZoVa ì`` (13+15) 12,01,657

13 amOñd ImVm 11,62,877

14 gyX ^wJVmZ 5,23,078

15 ny±Or ImVm 38,780

16 Hw$b IM©(9+12) 21,46,735

17 amOñd ImVm na IM©(10+14) 18,36,934

18 CZ‘| go AZwXmZ Am¡a g§n{Îm H$s g¥{ï> Ho$ {bE 1,95,350

19 ny±Or ImVm IM© 3,09,801

20 amOñd KmQ>m (17-1) 3,21,163

21 àmW{‘H$ KmQ>m (20-18) 1,25,813

22 {dÎmr¶ KmQ>m (16-(1+5+6) 5,46,532

23 àmW{_H$ KmQ>m (22-14) 23,454

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Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{O¶o…1.gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$ YZ H$mo Ho$ Ûmam {Zd©hU H$aVr h¡&2. Am¶-ì¶¶ ‘| gaH$ma H$s Am¶ CgHo$ IM© go A{YH$ hmoVmo Cgo

H$hVo h¢&3. H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$mo bmoH$g^m ‘| àñVwV H$aZodmbo & >4. Or.Eg.Q>r {XZm§H$ go bmJy hþAm h¡&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ¶ ‘| {bpI¶o…1. gmd©O{ZH$ YZ H$m AW© ~VmB¶o&2. Am¶-ì¶¶ H$m ‘Vb~ Š¶m h¡?3. KmQ>m Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ H$m AW© ~VmB¶o&4. àË¶j H$a H$m AW© Š¶m h¡?5. {dÎmr¶ KmQ>o H$mo gyÌ ê$n ‘| {bpI¶o&

III. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ nm±M-N>… dmŠ¶m| ‘| CÎma {bpI¶o…1. gmd©O{ZH$ ì¶¶ ~‹T>Zo H$m H$maU ~VmB¶o&2. ^maV gaH$ma {H$g àmH$ma Ho$ H$a {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡ ?3. 2017-18 dm± H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ Am`-ì`` _| gyX ^wJVmZ à{VeV {H$VZm h¡?4. H|$Ð gaH$ma H$s H$a a{hV Am¶ Ho$ òmoVm| H$mo ~VmB¶o&5. {dÎmr¶ KmQ>m {H$go H$hVo h¡? CZHo$ Mma àH$mam| H$mo ~VmB¶o&

IV. J{V{d{Y¶m±…1. AmnHo$ ZµOXrH$ H$s J«m‘n§M¶V AWdm VmbwH$ n§Mm¶V OmH$a CZHo$ Am¶-ì¶¶

Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar g§J¥hrV H$s{O¶o&2. H|$Ð Am¡a amÁ¶ gaH$ma Ho$ Am¶-ì¶¶ àñVwVrH$aU H$mo XÿaXe©Z go XoIH$a CgHo$

~mao ‘| MMm© H$s{O¶o&3. Am¶-ì¶¶ àñVw{V Ho$ ~mX AJbo {XZ g‘mMma nÌ ‘| àH$m{eV gyMZmAm| H$mo

g§J¥hrV H$aHo$, H$jm ‘| àX{e©V H$s{O¶o&4. AnZo$ Ka Ho$ Am`-ì`` H$s V¡`mar H$s{Oò&

* * * *

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ì`mdhm[aH$ AÜ``ZAÜ`m`-3

ì`dhm[aH$ gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm

Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{b{IV Aem| H$s OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$m AW© &

• gmd ©^m¡{_H$Vm _| {Z{hV VËd&

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm Ho$ à_wI {deofVmE± &

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$s gw{dYmE± &

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$s Agw{dYmE± &

• A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnm[aH$ g§ñWmE± (WTO) &

gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm ì`mnma joÌ _| Z`r Zht h¡& 1870 go 1913 VH$ Bg joÌ _| gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$s EH${deof ^y{_H$m ahr h¡& {H$Vw 1980 _| gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$m àgma VoOr go hwAm Am¡a àJ{Verb ({dH$mgerb) amï´>m| H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| gwYma Am`m& dV©_mZ _| {díd go VH$ZrH$s VWm gånH©$_mÜ`_ VWm B§Q>aZoQ> g§àgma {dñV¥V ì`dhma BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$m CXmhaU h¡& AWm©V² BZHo$ {H«$`m-H$bmn BZH$s ñWmnZm joÌ VH$ _mÌ gr{_V Z hmoH$a {dídì`mnr ê$n _| àM{bV h¡& Bggo {díd H$o$ g^r Xoem| Ho$ ~rM {ZH$Q> g§~§Y VWm nmañn[aH$Vm ~T>Vr h¡ Am¡a ì`dhma VWm ~mOma ì`dñWm {dídì`mnr hmo ahr h¡&

gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$m AW© : A§Vam©ï´>r` YZam{e (IMF) ny§°Or Zo gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$s Bg àH$ma ì`m»`m H$s h¡- ""gm_[J«`m| VWm godmAm| Am¡a A§Vam©ï´>r` ny§Or H$m boZ-XoZ (~hmd) Vrd« VWm ì`mnH$ VH$ZrH$s àgma Ûmam {dídì`mnr ê$n go AË`{YH$ _mÌm _| {d{dYVm H$s gr_mnma H$a ì`dhmamo§ _o§ AmJo ~T>Zo dmbo Xoem| H$s AÝV©ñdmdb§[~Vm h¡&''

Bg ì`m»`m go ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ -

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm - gm_J«r VWm godmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$s gr_ma{hV à{H«$`m h¡& • ny±Or H$m VH$ZrH$s Am¡a gyMZm g§~§Yr A§Vam©ï´>r` boZ-XoZ& • gånyU© {díd H$mo EH$ ~mOma Ho$ én _| H$ÀMm _mb Am¡a AÝ` g§gmYZm| H$mo {díd

Ho$ gñVo ~mOmam| go CnbãY hmoVm h¡&

• {díd Ho$ {H$gr ^r àXoe _| H$_ IM© _| gm_J«r CËnmXZ H$amZm&

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gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm _| {Z{hV VËd : • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm gånyU© {díd Ho$ AmYw[ZH$ g§nH©$ Omb, g§Mma gw{dYm, H$mZyZ

H$s _yb^yV [ñWaVm VWm kmZmË_H$ ê$n go Am[W©H$, VH$ZrH$s, amOZ¡[VH$ VWm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ [d[Z_` H$mo àñVwV H$aVr h¡&

• amOZo¡{VH$ g§~§Ym| go gr_mdVu àXoem| Ho$ g§~§Ym| Ûmam A§Vam©îQ´r` ny§Or VWm ì`mnma H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bVm h¡&>

• Am`mV VWm [Z`m©V g§~§Yr éH$mdQ>m| H$mo g_máH$a _wŠV joÌmo§ H$s g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡& • gmd©^m¡[_H$Vm, g_wÐr`mZ Ûmam H§$Q>oZa godm H$m Cn`moJ H$a `mVm`mV H$o$ì``

H$mo H$_ H$aVr h¡& • ny§Or g§~§Yr {Z`§ÌU H$mo H$_ H$aZm `m gw[dYmOZH$ ~ZmZm& • {dídì`mnr g§ñWmAm| H$mo àmoËgmhZ YZ H$s ì`dñWm H$aZm& • AZoH$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM ~m¡{ÕH$ gån[ËÎm g§~§Yr {Z`_m| H$mo {Z~ª[Y ê$n go g_mZVm

CËnÞ H$aZm&(CXm: MrZ H$s HwN> g_mZ dñVwE± A_o[aH$m H$s Hw$N à_wI XþH$mZm| _| CnbãY h¡§&>

gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$s à_wI {deofVmE± : • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm {díd H$s Am{W©H$ [ñW{V H$mo D±$Mm CR>>mZo Ho$ [bò Vrd«Vm go

A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnma H$mo ~T>mdm XoVm h¡& • A§Vam©ï´>r` ny§Or d¥[Õ H$a ny§Or {dñVma VWm ny§Or H$mo grYm O_m H$aZo _| _XX

H$aVm h¡& • A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnm[aH$ dmXo H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& Bggo hr {díd ì`mnm[aH$ g§ñWm

H$m àma§^ hwAm & • {díd H$s gån[ËÎm g§~§Yr Zr{V`m| H$m {dH$mg H$aVm h¡& • A§Vam©ï´>r` {díd ì`mnm[aH$ g§KQ>Z (WTO) VWm A§Vam©ï´>r` O_m YZam{e H$s

à_wI ^y[_H$m h¡& • Hw$N> Am{W©H$ ì`dhma nÕ{V H$m ~mh²` g§gmYZm| Am{X H$m ~hþamîQ´r` g§ñWmAmo

Ûmam [dH$mg hmoVm h¡& > • A§Vam©ï´>r` g§mñH¥${VH$ {d{Z_` H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bVm h¡& • {d{dY g§mñH¥${VH nÕ{V`m| Ho$ àgma _| ghm`H$ h¡&

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• A§Vam©ï´>r` g§Mma Ed§ n`©Q>Z Ho$ Adga CnbãY H$amZm& • Xoem| Ho$ ~rM Amdm Omhr (EH$ Xÿgao Xoe _| AmZm OmZm) H$mo ~T>mVm h¡& `h

H$mZyZZ ñdXoe Ë`mJ Ho$ Adga CnbãY H$amVm h¡& • ñWmZr` ImX²` nXmW© Xÿgao Xoem| H$mo nh±þMmZo _| gw{dYm hmoVr h¡& • {dídì`mnr g§dhZ, B§Q>aZoQ> VWm g§nH©$ _mÜ`_ AnZo àmW{_H$ gmYZm| Ho$ gmW

gr_m nma OmZo _| _XX H$aVo h¢& • gyMZmAm| H$m {d{Z_` VH$ZrH$s, gob\$moZ, A§Vam©ï´>r` Xya g§nH©$ àjonU ì`dhmaJV

hmoVm h¡§&

gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go bm^ - (gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_) • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm Am[W©H$ (gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_) {dH$mg H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoVr h¡&

A{YH$V__mb VWm godm Ho$ AË`{YH$ CËnmXZ _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡& • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm OZ-OrdZ Ho$ ñVa H$mo D±$Mm CR>mZo _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡& • gmd© m¡{_H$Vm go {dídì`mnr ñVa na EH$ àH$ma H$s dñVwE± CnbãY hmo gH$Vr h¡& • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm Xoe Ho$ amï´>r` CËnmX H$mo ~T>mVr h¡& • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm EH$ Xoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$s Am` ~T>mVr h¡& • Xÿgao Xoem| H$s dñVwE± ^r ~mOma _| CnbãY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJm| H$mo dñVwAm| Ho$

M`Z _| {dembVm {XImB© XoVr h¡& • ñWmZr` ì`mnma g§ñWmAm| Ho$ ~rM à{VñnYm© n¡Xm hmoH$a gm_m[J«`m§o H$m _yë` H$_

hmoVm h¡& • gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm gm_[J«`m§o Ho$ CËnmXZ _| {ZnwUVm CËnÞ H$a {d{dY Xoem| Ho$

{d{dY àH$ma H$s dñVwAm| H$mo V¡ ma H$amVr h¡& o dñVwE± CÎm_ XO} H$s hmoVr h¡§& • {díd Ho$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM Am{W©H$ {Z^©aVm CËnÞ hmoH$a CZ_| gm_m[OH$ VWm

amOZ¡{VH$ g_mZVm CËnÞ H$aZo _| gw{dYm hmoVr h¡&

gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm Ho$ ZH$mamË_H$ à^mdgmd©^m¡{_H$Vm {díd _| Hw$N> ZdrZ Am`m_m| H$mo bmJy H$aVr h¡ Am¡a bmoJm| H$mo A{YH$

go A{YH$ nañna H$m`© H$aZo H$mo ào[aV H$aVr h¡& {\$a ^r Hw$N> ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ H$mo Bg ZdrZ {Xem _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ VWm BÝh| _mZZm Amdí`H$ h¡& ò ZH$mamË_H$ n[aoUm_ h¡§ • IM© H$_ H$aZo H$s {Xem _| {dH$[gV Xoe AnZo CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$mo ~mø

òmoVm| go ào[aV hmo Zm¡H$aemhr H$m`m] H$mo àoaUm XoVo h¢& Bggo {dH$mgerb amï´>m| _| Jwbm_m| Am¡a ~mbl{_H$ nÕ{V H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡&

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• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go {díd Ho$ ~mOma _| Vrd« à{VñnYm© Ho$ H$maU AZoH$ AZ¡{VH$ àH$ma Ho$ ì`dhma H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡&

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm ^`moËnmXZ VWm AnamY Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ h¡& gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm gr_mAm| go nao _mZd, dñVw, ImX² , gån[Îm Am{X Ho$ _wº$ g§Mma H$s àoaUm XoVm h¡&

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go ZJam| Ho$ {dH${gV hmoH$a Hy$S>oXmZ H$s Vah n[ad{V©V hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡& CÚmoJm| H$m Hy$S>m O_m hmoH$a àXÿfU \¡$bmVm h¡& BZHo$ O_m Hy$S>m| H$m T>oa bJOmVm h¡&

• \$mñQ> \y$S> MoZ (erK« ImÚ H$s H$S>r) H$m VoOr go {dH$mg hmo ahm h¡& O¡go- KFC, MC Doland Am{X& Bggo (Jank food) ~oH$ma Ho$ ImÚ nXmWm©| H$m godZ ~T> ahm h¡ Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ ñdmñÏ` H$m nVZ hmo ahm h¡& [Oggo AZoH$ ~r_m[a`m± \¡$bVr h¢& na§namJV ImX² ` godZ H«$_e: g_má hmoVm Om ahm h¡&

• EH$ AÝ` KmVH$ n[aUm_ `h h¡ {H$ YZdmZ Am¡a YZdmZ hmoVo Om aho h¢ Am¡a {ZY©Z Am¡a {ZY©Z& Jar~m| H$mo EH$ dº$ H$s amoQ>r Ho$ {bE ^r _ohZV H$aZm nS> ahm h¡&

• AZoH$ hm{ZH$maH$, AZ¡{VH$ ì`dhmamo§ go \¡$bZo dmbr KmVH$ ~r_m[a`m± O¡go- ES²>g, H¢$ga nyao {díd _| \¡$b ahr h¢&

• gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm n`m©daU Ho$ Zme H$m H$maU ~Z ahr h¡&

• CÚmoJm| Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ H$ÀMm _mb àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| go àmá hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^y-^mJ na _[bZVm (àXÿfU)~T> ahm h¡& h_mao Ûma ídmg _| br OmZo dmbr dm`w ^r àXÿ{fV hmo ahr h¡ {Oggo Or{dV ahZm ^r H$ï>Xm`H$ hmo ahm h¡&

• gñVr dñVwAm| Ho$ Am`mV go A{^d¥Õ hmo aho amîQ´>m| _| CËnmXZ H$s H$_r hmoZo go ~oamoOJmar H$s g_ñ`m ~T> ahr h¡&>

• ~T>Vr à{VñnYm© go A{^d¥Õ hmo aho amîQ´>m| _| ZdrZ CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm Zht hmo gH$Vr Am¡a A{YH$ go A[YH$ dñVwAm| H$s A{^d¥{Õ dmbo Xoe Cgo bmVo h¢ {Oggo dñVwAm| H$s Xa Ho$ KQ>Zo go ñWmZr` dñVwAm| Ho$ {bE ~mOma R>ßn nS> OmVm h¡&

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{díd ì`mnma g§JRZ> (WTO){díd ì`mnmag§JR>Z {díd H$m EH$ emídV g§JR>Z h¡ Omo {díd Ho$ ì`mnma ì`dhma go

g§~§{YV g^r {dMmam| Ho$ à{V H$V©ì` {Z^mVm h¡& `h 1995, 1 OZdar H$mo àH$me _| Am`m & AmO 149 Xoe Bg g§JR>Z H$s gXñ`Vm aIVo h¢& BgH$m Ho$ÝÐr` H$m`m©b` pñdQ>Oab¡ÊS> Ho$ O¡Zodm _| h¡& `h à{V Xmo df© _| EH$ ~ma gå_obZ H$m Am`moOZ H$aVm h¡&{dídì`mnma g§JR>Z Ho$ CÔoí` - • ~hþnjr` ì`mnma Ho$ g_Pm¡Vmo§ H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡&

• ~hþnjr` ì`mnma ì`dhma Ho$ ~rM _Ü`ñWVm H$aVm h¡&

• nyao {díd _| _wº$ VWm ñdV§Ì A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnma na Omoa XoVm h¡&

• {d{dY Xoem| Ho$ ~rM CËnÞ hmoZo dmbr ì`mnm[aH$ {^ÞVmAm| H$m g_mYmZ H$aVm h¡&

• A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnma _| H$am| H$s H$Q>m¡Vr H$aVm h¡&

• {díd g§gmYZm| H$mo ghr T>§J go Cn`moJ H$a CËnmXZ VWm ì`mnma {dñVma VWm godm Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo ÑT> Ed§ ~bembr ~ZmVm h¡&

• A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnma H$mo H$mZyZ Ho$ Xmào _| gr{_V H$aVm h¡&

• A§Vam©ï´>r` ì`mnma _| {nN>S>o amï´>>m| H$mo bm^/Cn`moJ àmá H$aZo Ho$ g§^dZr` à`mg H$aVm h¡&

{díd ì`mnma g§JR>Z Ho$ AÝ` CÔoí` : • OrdZ Ho$ IM© H$mo H$_ H$a gXñ` amï´>m| Ho$ OrdZñVa H$mo ~T>mZm&

• gXñ` amï´>m| Ho$ ~rM CÚmoJ H$aZo dmbo ì`mnm[aH$ {ddmXm| H$mo gwbPmZm&

• gXñ` amï´>m| Ho$ Am{W©H$ ñVa H$mo ~T>mH$a A{YH$ CÚmoJ Ho$ Adga àXmZ H$aZm&

• A§Vam©ï´>r` ñVa na ì`mnma Ho$ IM© H$mo H$_ H$aZm&

• gXñ` amï´>m| _| CÎV_ gaH$ma ~ZmZo _| ghm`Vm H$aZm&

• gXñ` amï´>m| _| em§{V, pñWaVm(ñWm{`Ëd) `m ÑT>Vm ~Zmò aIZo _| gh`moJ XoZm&

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :- 1. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go Š`m VmËn`© h¡?

2. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm {díd _| Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE H¡$go ghm`H$ h¡?

3. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go hmoZo dmbo bm^ Š`m h¢?

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4. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm _| Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` ~mV| H$m¡Z gr h¢?

5. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go hmoZo dmbo ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_m| H$m {ddaU CXmhaU g{hV {b[IE&

6. {dídì`mnma g§JR>Z Ho$ CÔoí` Š`m h§¡?II {H«$`m-H$bmn :

1. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go àH$me _| AmE CÚmoJm| H$s Vm[bH$m ~ZmBE&

2. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go CnbãY hmoZo dmbr dñVwAm| Ho$ {ddaU H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&

3. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go àma§^ hþ`r EH$ dm{UpÁ`H$ g§ñWm Am¡a na§namJV pñWV dm{UÁ` g§ñWm _| OmH$a BZHo$ A§Va H$mo g_P| Am¡a BgH$s EH$ gyMr ~ZmE±&

III àXÎm H$m`© :

1. gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm Ho$ à^md Ho$ ~mao _| B§QaZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go {MÌ g[hV gyMZmE± EH$Ì H$a [anmoQ>© V¡`ma H$s[O>E&

2. MMm© H$s{OE {H$ ‹""gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm go Amhma nÕ{V _| n[adV©Z Am`m h¡&''

* * * *

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AÜ¶m¶ - 4J«mhH$m| H$s {ejm Am¡a ajm

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo :-

• J«mhH$, J«mhH$m| H$m A{YH$ma, emofU VWm Jm«hH$m| H$s OmJ¥{V&• J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ à_wI A§em| VWm CgHo$ _hËd H$mo OmZZm&• dñVw VWm godmAm| H$mo àmá H$aVo g_` gmdYmZr H$m Aä`mg&• J«mhH$ {ejm H$m _hËd OmZH$a J«mhH$ Ý`m`mb` _| {eH$m`V XO© H$amZo H$m

VarH$m Am¡a CZH$m H$m`m©Ýd`Z&

Cn^moŠVm Am¡a CËnmXH$ (CnbãY H$amZodmbm)

godm Am¡a dñVwAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo dmbm| H$mo ñd`§ godr g§ñWmE± ""Cn^moº$m'' H$hVr h¡& Cn^moº$m Ûmam YZàmá H$a dñVw AWdm godmE± àXmZ H$aZo dmbm ""CËnmXH$'' J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ _| Cn^moº$m H$mo Jm«hH$ H$hm J`m h¡& J«mhH$m| Ûmam {XE OmZo dmbo YZ Ho$ \$bñdê$n CÎm_ ñVa H$s dñVw `m godmE± CnbãY H$amZodmbo ì`mnmar AWdm CËnmXH$ J«mhH$m| H$m AZoH$ àH$ma go emofU H$aVo h¢& Bgo amoH$Zo `m ~MZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ñd`§godr g§ñWAm| Zo Hw$N> Am§XmobZ H$mo àma§^ {H$`m& Jm«hH$ gwajm Am§XmobZ gd©àW_ A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§`wº$ g§ñWmZ _o§ àma§^ hþAm& ^maV _| `moOZm Am`moJ go ^maV Ho$ J«mhH$ g§K H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE gZ² 1956 _| Omoa {X`m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go `h ""Adoa'' (Aware) (CâVo bmJV Ho$ {déX²Y _{hbmAm| H$s g§ñWm) Ho$ ê$n _| Ama§^ hþ`r& `h Am§XmobZ Xoe Ho$ {d{dY ^mJm| _| amï´>r` ñVana godm g§ñWmAm| Ho$ àma§^ H$m H$maU ~Zm& BZ_| à_wI Wm - "amîQ´>r` J«mhH$ g§KQ>Z' VWm "amîQ´>r` J«mhH$ gwajm H$m¡pÝgb' Am{X&

Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$ emofU H$m H$maU -

EH$ ñVa na CËnmXH$ - godm Am¡a gm_J«r J«mhH$m| H$mo grYo nh±wMmVo Wo& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE : XÿY, \$b, gpãO`m± Am{X& `hm± {~Mm¡{b`m| H$mo AdH$me Zhr Wm& ì`dgm` Ho$ CÚmoJ {d{dY àH$ma go O¡go O¡go ~‹T>o ~oMZo H$m VarH$m ^r ~Xbm& J«mhH$ Am¡a CËnmXH$ Ho$ ~rM H$m A§Va ~T>J`m Am¡a BgHo$ ~rM grYo ì`dhma g_má hmo J`m& CËnmXH$ Am¡a J«mhH$m| Ûmam {ZYm©{aV {H$E OmZo nmbo _yë` H$mo {~Mm¡{b`m| Ûmam {ZYm©[aV {H$`m OmZo bJm& Bggo J«mhH$m| H$mo H${R>ZmB©, ZwH$gmZ Am¡a g_ñ`mE± hmoZo bJt& gyMZm E§d VH$ZrH$s Ho$

{dH$mg go AmO Ka ~¡R>o dñVwE± IarXr Om gH$Vr h¢& Bgo ""Q>o{bem°qnJ'' H$hm OmVm h¡&

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Q>o{bem°qnJJ«mhH$ dñVwAm| H$mo IarXZo Ho$ {bE ì`mnmar XþH$mZm| _| OmZo H$s ~Om` XÿaXe©Z `m

AÝ` _mÜ`_m| go àH$Q> hmoZo dmbo {dkmnZm| na Ü`mZ Xo H$a, A§VOm©b Eg.E_.Eg. `m XÿadmUr Ûmam {dkmnZ H$Vm©Am| go g§nH©$ H$a Amdí`H$ gm_J«r H$m M`ZH$a àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE _m±J H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& dñVwE± àmá hmoZo Ho$ ~mX _yë` MwH$m`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg àH$ma {H$E OmZo dmbo ì`dhma H$mo "Q>o{b emqnJ' H$hVo h¢&

J«mhH$ :

J«mhH$ H$m VmËn`© - dñVwAm| H$mo IarXZo dmbm AWdm godmAm| H$mo _yë` Ho$ ê$n _| YZ `m doVZ à{V\$b XoH$a H$m`© H$admZo dmbo `m nXmWm] H$mo Cn`moJ H$aZo dmbm| go h¡& {H$gr ^r ì`dhma H$mo bm^ Ho$ CÔoí` go {H$E OmZo H$mo ì`mnma H$hVo h¢& J«mhH$ AnZr _m±J H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE dñVwE± IarXVo h¢& CËnmXH$ H$m H$V©ì` J«mhH$m| H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$aZm h¡& h_mao hm§ _wº$ Am{W©H$ Zr{V H$m àMbZ J«mhH$m| H$mo ""~mOma H$m amOm'' H$hZm AmH$f©H$ Zmam h¡& AV… J«mhH$ AË`§V à_wI ñWmZ na Ab§H¥$V h¡& qH$Vw AZoH$ g§X^m] _o ~oMZo dmbo J«mhH$ H$s Cnojm H$aVo h¢& CZH$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Am¡a YmoIm H$aVo h¢&

J«mhH$ gwajm :

J«mhH$m| H$s CËnmXH$ VWm ì`mnm[a`m| Ho$ emofU go gwajm Ho$ {bE AnZmE JE H$m`© H$mo ""J«mhH$ gwajm'' H$hVo h¢& emofU go _wº$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE J«mhH$ gwajm Amdí`H$ h¡& J«mhH$m| Ho$ {hV H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE AZoH$ A{YH$mam| Am¡a {dídmg H$mo {Xbm`m J`m h¡& Bg {dídmg H$mo J«mhH$m| H$m A{YH$ma H$hVo h¢&

J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ :

{Za§Va emofU go V§J AmH$a Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo Cn^moº$mAm| H$s Aghm` pñW{V H$mo g_P J«mhH$m| Ho$ nj _| g§Kf©, Am§XmobZ Am{X Ama§^ {H$`m (Hw$N> A§e Bg AÜ`m` go nyd© Ho$ AZwÀN>oX _| {XE JE h¢&) Bg àH$ma Ho$ X~md go gaH$ma Zo OmJ«V hmoH$a J«mhH$m| Ho$ nj _| A{Y{Z`_ ZdrZ H$s aMZm H$s& {nN>bo nm±M XeH$m| _o bJ^J Vrg go A{YH$ A{Y{Z`_m| H$mo bmJy {H$`m J`m h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE - Amdí`H$ dñVwAm| H$m {Z`_, Vm¡b VWm _mn H$m {Z`_, ImX²` _| {_bmdQ> na à{V~§Y H$m {Z`_ Am{X& ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam 1986_| J«mhH$ gwajm H$m A{Y{Z`_ bmJy {H$`m J`m A{Y{Z`_ Bg {Xem _| AË`§V _hËdnyU© H$X_ h¡&

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""{díd J«mhH$ {Xdg''

{díd J«mhH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| 15 _mM© gZ² 1962 EH$ _hËd nyU© {XZ h¡& Bg {XZ CZ {XZm| Ho$ A_o[aH$m Ho$ AÜ`j Om°Z.E\$. Ho$ZoS>r Zo dhm± Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$s gwajm, gyMZm, {ZdoXZ VWm g_mYmZ Zm_H$ Mma A{YH$ma XoZo dmbo {dYo`H$m| H$mo A§JrH¥$V {H$`m J`m& Bg H$maU à{V df© _mM© 15 H$mo {díd J«mhH$ A{YH$ma {Xdg H$m AmMaU {H$`m OmVm h¡&

A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ à_wI CX²Xoí`

• J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ gwajm Am¡a JwUdËZm H$mo àW_ ñWmZ XoZm&

• IVaZmH$ dñVwAm| H$mo ~ZmZo VWm ~oMZo H$mo amoH$Zm&

• ~mOma _| g§^dZr` AZw{MV ì`dhma nX²Y{V na amoH$ bJmZm&

• JwUdÎmm, Zmn, Vm¡b, _yë` Am{X na Ü`mZ XoZm&

• Cn^moº$m ñd`§ IarXr OmZo dmbr dñVw `m godm go g_ñ`m hmoZo na CÝh| C{MV g_mYmZ {XbmZm&

• J«mhH$ {ejm {XbmZo Ho$ Ûmam bmoJm| _| OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$aZm&

Hw$b {_bmH$a ñdmñÏWH$a ñnYm© Ûmam ghr _yë` _| CÎm_ JwUm| dmbr dñVw `m godm CnbãY H$amZm hr CÔoí` h¡&

J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ Oå_y Am¡a H$í_ra amÁ` H$mo N>moS>H$a ^maV Ho$ g^r àXoem| _| bmJy hmoVm h¡& `h A{Y{Z`_ AmJo {XE JE J«mhH$ CnH$mar VËdm| H$s ajm H$aVm h¡&

• J«mhH$m| Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a BÀN>m Ho$ {bE IVaZmH$ (ZwH$gmZ àX) gm_m{J«`m| Ho$ {dH«$` Ho$ {déX²Y gwajm XoZo H$m A{YH$ma&

• gyMZm àmá H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma - gm_{J«`m| Am¡a godmAm| H$s JwUdÎmm, _mÌm, e{º$ gm_Ï`©, n[aewX²YVm VWm _yë`m| Ho$ {déX²Y gyMZm nmZo H$m A{YH$ma&

• dñVwAm| Ho$ MwZmd (M`Z) H$m A{YH$ma - ñnYm©Ë_H$ _yë`m| _| {d{dYVm nyU© gm_J«r H$m M`Z H$aZo `m MwZZo H$m A{YH$ma&

• dñVwAm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZo H$m A{YH$ma - J«mhH$m| H$s BÀN>m OmZH$a, nyN>H$a g_PH$a Cgo R>rH$ àH$ma go {dMma H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma&

• emofU Ho$ {déX²Y g_mYmZ _m±JZo H$m A{YH$ma - J«mhH$m| H$m YmoIo `m ~oB_mZr Ho$ AmMaU Ho$ {déX²Y A{YH$ma nmZm&

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• J«mhH$ {ejm A{YH$ma - J«mhH$m| H$mo AnZo A{YH$ma Ho$ ~mao _| ghr OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma&

• ~oB_mZr `m YmoIo Ho$ {déX²Y A{YH$ma&

• J«mhH$m| H$mo CÎm_ ñdmñÏ` Am¡a ^m¡{VH$ dmVmdaU CnbãY H$aHo$ CZH$mo OrdZ e¡br H$mo CÎm_ ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma&

J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ H|$Ð Zo gwajm _§S>br H$s ñWmnZm H$m Adga {X`m& Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma amîQ´>r` ñVa na amîQ´>r` J«mhH$ gwajm _§M, amÁ` ñVa na amÁ` J«mhH$ gwajm _§M VWm {Obm ñVa na {Obm J«mhH$ gwajm _§S>br ñWm{nV H$s JB© h¡& H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ J«mhH$ H$ë`mU {d^mJ Ho$ _§Ìr amîQ´>r` J«mhH$ gwajm _§M Ho$ AÜ`j hmoVo h¢& Bgr àH$ma amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ J«mhH$ g§~§Yr {d^mJ Ho$ _§Ìr amÁ` J«mhH$ gwajm_§M Ho$ A{YH$mar AÜ`j hmoVo h¢& J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma J«mhH$m| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{b{IV _§M {Z{_©V {H$`m J`m h¡ -

i) {Obm _§M (Forum)

ii) amÁ` Am`moJ (State Commission)

iii) amîQ´>r` Am`moJ (National Commission)

BZ _§Mm| `m Am`moJm| Ho$ H$m`© Bg àH$ma h¢ -

i) {Obm _§M : àËòH$ {Obm| _| EH$ _§M hmoVm h¡& {Obm _§M Ho$ Ý`m`nrR> na amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam Zm_m§{H$V {Obm Ý`m`mYre H$s `mo½`Vm aIZo dmbm ì`{º$ AÜ`j nX na AmgrZ hmoVm h¡& `h _§M ~rg bmI ê$n`m| go A{YH$ IM© Z hmoZo dmbo J«mhH$m| H$s {eH$m`V| XO© H$amVm h¡& Bg_| Xmo gXñ` hmoVo h¢& {OZ_| EH$ _{hbm hmoVr h¡&

ii) amÁ` Am`moJ : Bg Am`moJ Ho$ amÁ` Ho$ Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ {Zd¥Îm Ý`m`mYre `m dV©_mZ Ý`m`mYre AÜ`j hmoVo h¡& Bg_| gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ _| gm_Ï`© (j_Vm) `wº$ Xmo gXñ` hmoVo h¢& BZ_| EH$ _{hbm hmoVr h¡§& `h Am`moJ ~rg bmI én`m| go A{YH$ VWm EH$ H$amoS> VH$ Ho$ IM© Ho$ J«mhH$m| H$s {eH$m`V XO© H$aVm h¡&

iii) amîQ´>r` Am`moJ : Bg Am`moJ _| H|$Ð gaH$ma Ûmam {Z`wº$ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` H$m EH$ Ý`m`mYre AÜ`jVm aIVm h¡& `hm± BZHo$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` Mma gXñ` hmoVo h¢& ò gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dhma `m àemg{ZH$ joÌ _| Xj hmoVo h¡& BZ_| go EH$ _{hbm gXñ`m hmoVr h¡& `h Am`moJ EH$ H$amoS> ê$n`m| go A{YH$ _yë` (IM©) go `wº$ Eogr {eH$m`V| XO© H$a CZH$m \¡$gbm H$aVm h¡&

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J«mhH$ Ûmam Ý`m`mb` _| XO© H$amE OmZo dmbr gyMZmE± :

• {eH$m`V| hñV{b{IV `m hñV{b{IV à{V _| hmoZr Mm{hE&

• Bg gyMZm _| {eH$m`V XO© H$amZo dmbo H$m Zm_, nVm Am¡a g§nH©$ g§»`m ñnï> ê$n go {b{IV hmo&

• {Og ì`mnmar `m CËnmXH$ Ho$ {déX²Y {eH$m`V Xr OmZr h¡ CgH$m ñnï> Ed§ nyU© {ddaU hmo&

• {Og dñVw Ûmam ZwH$gmZ hþAm h¡ `m YmoIm hþAm h¡ CgH$m VWm ZwH$gmZ H$s YZam{e H$m ñnîQ> {ddaU hmo&

• ZwH$gmZ H$s C{MV g_mYmZ (ânmB©) YZam{e Am¡a VËg§~§Yr agrX `m {~b O_m H$a|&

• {eH$m`V Ho$ {bE H$moB© ewëH$ `m Zm_m§H$Z ewëH$ Zht hmoVm&

• J«mhH$ grYo AnZr {eH$m`V AÜ`j Ho$ g_j àñVwV H$a gH$Vm h¡& dH$sb H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr&

Aä¶mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :-

1. "J«mhH$' go Š`m VmËn`© h¡?

2. J«mhH$ Am§XmobZ H$m _yb Ame` Š`m h¡?

3. àËòH$ J«mhH$ Ho$ A{YH$ma Š`m h¢?

4. ^maV _| J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ H$~ bmJy hþAm?

5. {Obm J«mhH$ Ý`m`nrR> H$s AÜ`jVm H$m¡Z H$aVm h¡?

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :-

1. J«mhH$m| Ûmam AZw^d {H$`m Om ahm g§H$Q> Š`m h¡?

2. Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$ emofU H$m H$maU Š`m h¡?

3. J«mhH$ gwajm A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ Mmaà_wI CX²Xoí`m| H$mo {b{IE&

4. J«mhH$ gwajm n[afX Ho$ à_wI H$m`© Š`m h¢?

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5. VrZ ñVam| Ho$ J«mhH$ Ý`m`mb`m| H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

6. J«mhH$m| Ûmam Ý`m`mb` _| {eH$m`V XO© H$amZo Ho$ {bE {H$Z à_wI gyMZmAm| H$m hmoZm Oéar h¡?

III. {aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE :-

1. J«mhH$ H$mo ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&

2. YZ àmá H$a dñVw `m godm àXmZ H$aZo dmbm hmoVm h¡&

3. à{Vdf© {díd J«mhH$ {Xdg H$mo _Zm`m OmVm h¡&

4. g_mYmZ (ânmB©) H$m YZ 20 bmI én`m| go A{YH$ hmo Vmo {eH$m`V Am`moJ _| XO© H$am`r OmZr Mm{hE&

IV. {XE JE {MÌ H$mo XoIH$a ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE:-

1. n¡Ho$Q> na A§{H$V CËnmXH$ g§ñWm H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

2. A§{H$V A{YH$V_ ~oMZo H$m _yë` {H$VZm h¡?

3. Bg dñVw H$mo V¡`ma {H$`m J`m {XZm§H$ Š`m h¡?

4. {H$g {XZm§H$ Ho$ A§Xa BgH$m Cn`moJ hmoZm Mm{hE ?

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V. {H«$`m H$bmn :-

1. AmnHo$ {Obm H|$Ð Ho$ {Obm J«mhH$ _§M _o§ AnZo {ejH$ Ho$ gmW OmBE& dhm± Ho$ H$m`© {dYmZ na Ü`mZ XoVo hþE gyMZm EH${ÌV H$s{OE &

2. J«mhH$ _| OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$aZo dmbo Mma Zmam| H$mo V¡`ma H$s{OE &

3. "{díd J«mhH$ {Xdg' H$mo à^mV \o$ar H$m Am`moOZ H$a J«mhH$ OmJ¥{V H$s {Xem _| ñd`§ H$m`©aV a{hE &

4. {d{dY àH$ma H$s agrX ({~b) g§J«h H$s{OE &

VI. {H«$`m `moOZm :-

1. EH$ dñVw H$s IarXmar _| {X AmnZo YmoIm Im`m h¡ Vmo CgH$s H$ënZm H$a {Obm J«mhH$ _§M H$mo {eH$m`V XO© H$amZo Ho$ {bE {eH$m`V H$m Z_yZm V¡`ma H$s{OE& Amdí`H$ XñVmdoOm| H$mo Amn ñd`§ V¡`ma H$a| &

* * * *

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H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma g mO {dkmZ republished textbooks/class10/10th standard/10th-hindi...II H«$_m§H$ AÜ`m` n¥ð> g§»`m B{Vhmg 7. ñdV§ÌVm g§Kf© 1 8. Jm±Yr¶wJ Am¡a amîQ´>r¶