HYPERTENSIONHYPERTENSION

BY BY CINDY MENDEZCINDY MENDEZ

BASICSBASICS Blood pressure is the Blood pressure is the

force of blood force of blood pushing against pushing against blood vessel walls. blood vessel walls. The heart pumps The heart pumps blood into the blood into the arteries (blood arteries (blood vessels), which carry vessels), which carry the blood the blood throughout the throughout the body.body.

BASICSBASICShypertension is dangerous because it hypertension is dangerous because it

makes the heart work harder to makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body and it pump blood to the body and it contributes to hardening of the contributes to hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis.arteries or atherosclerosis.

Basics Basics What Is "Normal" Blood Pressure?What Is "Normal" Blood Pressure? There are several categories of blood There are several categories of blood

pressure, including:pressure, including: Normal:Normal: Less than 120/80 Less than 120/80 Prehypertension:Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 120-139/80-89 Stage 1 hypertension:Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 hypertension:Stage 2 hypertension: 160 and above/100 160 and above/100

and aboveand above

What Causes What Causes Hypertension?Hypertension?

The exact causes of hypertension are not The exact causes of hypertension are not known. Several factors and conditions may known. Several factors and conditions may play a role in its development, including: play a role in its development, including: Smoking Smoking Obesity Obesity Lack of physical activity Lack of physical activity Too much salt in the diet Too much salt in the diet Too much alcohol consumption (no more than Too much alcohol consumption (no more than

1 to 2 drinks per day) 1 to 2 drinks per day) Stress Stress Older age Older age GeneticsGenetics

Etiology & Pathophysiology Etiology & Pathophysiology COMMONN DISORDER THAT IS KNOWN AS COMMONN DISORDER THAT IS KNOWN AS

A CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE RISK A CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTOR FACTOR IS PRESSURE EXCERTED BY THE CIRCULATING IS PRESSURE EXCERTED BY THE CIRCULATING

VOLUME OF BLOOD, ON THE WALLS OF THE VOLUME OF BLOOD, ON THE WALLS OF THE ARTERIES, VEINS AND ON THE CHAMBERS OF ARTERIES, VEINS AND ON THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART. THE HEART.

AND PRESSURE IS REGULATED BY AND PRESSURE IS REGULATED BY HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS, LUMEN SIZE OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS, LUMEN SIZE OF ARTERIES, AND ARTERIOLES,AND THE FORCE ARTERIES, AND ARTERIOLES,AND THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION. OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION.

What Are the Symptoms of What Are the Symptoms of Hypertension?Hypertension?

There are usually no symptoms or signs of There are usually no symptoms or signs of hypertension. In fact, nearly one-third of those hypertension. In fact, nearly one-third of those who have it don't know it. who have it don't know it.

If your blood pressure is extremely high, there If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, may be certain symptoms to look out for, including:including: Severe headache Severe headache Fatigue or confusion Fatigue or confusion Vision problems Vision problems Chest pain Chest pain Difficulty breathing Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Irregular heartbeat Blood in the urine Blood in the urine

Diagnostic Test Diagnostic Test Brain, heart and kidney function test.Brain, heart and kidney function test.CBCCBCSerum levels of sodium, potassium, Serum levels of sodium, potassium,

calcium, hemoglobin, and hematocrit calcium, hemoglobin, and hematocrit Lipid profile; fasting blood glucose levelLipid profile; fasting blood glucose levelCreatinine, BUN, urinalysis, iv Creatinine, BUN, urinalysis, iv

pyelography (efect on kidneys)pyelography (efect on kidneys)Chest x-rayand echocardiography Chest x-rayand echocardiography

Medical Management Medical Management Drug therapy including:Drug therapy including:

Beta-adrenergic blocker Beta-adrenergic blocker lopressor, corgard, inderal, lopressor, corgard, inderal,

Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE)Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE)Captopen, vasotec, prinivil, zestril Captopen, vasotec, prinivil, zestril

Angiotensin II receptor blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers Diovan, cozaar, avaproDiovan, cozaar, avapro

Calcium channel blockers Calcium channel blockers Cardizem, norvasc, procardia Cardizem, norvasc, procardia

Alpha agonistAlpha agonistClonidine Clonidine

DiureticsDiuretics

Medical ManagementMedical Management Non pharmacologic therapyNon pharmacologic therapy

Loss of excess weight Loss of excess weight Reduce saturated fat Reduce saturated fat Limit alcohol intake Limit alcohol intake Exercise regularly Exercise regularly Reduce sodium intake Reduce sodium intake Consume enough potassium, calcium, and Consume enough potassium, calcium, and

magnesiummagnesium Stop smokingStop smoking Relaxation techniques and stress management Relaxation techniques and stress management

What Health Problems Are What Health Problems Are Associated With Associated With Hypertension?Hypertension?

Stroke, heart failure, haert attack, Stroke, heart failure, haert attack, kidney failure and vision problems. kidney failure and vision problems.

PrognosisPrognosisUntreated hypertension results in Untreated hypertension results in

loss of elasticity in arterioles and loss of elasticity in arterioles and replaced by fibrous tissue. Resulting replaced by fibrous tissue. Resulting in decreased tissue perfussion in decreased tissue perfussion especially in the heart, kidneys, and especially in the heart, kidneys, and the brain. the brain.

With treatment the prognosis is With treatment the prognosis is usually good. usually good.