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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Irkutsk State Medical University»
of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Department of General Hygiene
R. S. Мanueva
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT
OF MICROCLIMATE
Study guide
Irkutsk
ISMU
2019
2
УДК 613.646(075.8)=111
ББК 51.218я73
М24
Recommended by the CCMС of FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia
as a study guide for foreign students, mastering educational programs of higher
education by the educational program of the specialty of General Medicine
(Protocol № 2 of 18.12.2019)
Author:
R. S. Мanuevа – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Department of General Hygiene, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia
Translator:
O. V. Antipina – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor,
Department of Foreign Languages with Latin and «Russian for Foreigners»
Programs, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia
Reviewers:
L. P. Ignatieva – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department
of Specialized Hygienic Disciplines, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia
S.V. Makarov – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Department Public Health and Healthcare, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia
Manueva, R. S.
М24 Hygienic assessment of microclimate : study guide / R. S. Manueva ; FSBEI HE
ISMU MOH Russia, Department of General Hygiene. – Irkutsk : ISMU, 2019. –
54 p.
The study guide contains information on the physiological and hygienic significance of the
microclimate, methods for assessing the microclimate of rooms. The basic hygienic requirements
for microclimate indicators in premises for various purposes are presented: residential, industrial,
medical organizations. In order to assimilate the material studied and self-control, situational tasks,
theoretical questions, and test tasks are also included.
This edition can be used by foreign students mastering educational programs for specialists
in General Medicine, in the course of studying Hygiene as an academic discipline.
УДК 613.646(075.8)=111
ББК 51.218я73
© Manueva R. S., 2019
© FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia, 2019
3
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS 4
INTRODUCTION 5
1. HYGIENIC VALUE OF THE MICROCLIMATE 6
2. WEATHER AND CLIMATE. THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
14
3. HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROCLIMATE 21
3.1. Determination of barometrical pressure 22
3.2. Determination of air temperature 23
3.3. Determination of humidity 24
3.4. Determination of air mobility 27
4. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES 30
5. HYGIENIC VALUE OF MOBILITY OF AIR 32
QUESTIONS 35
SAMPLE TASKS 35
TEST 38
SOLUTION PATTERNS 41
KEYS 43
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE 44
GLOSSARY 45
APPENDIX 48
4
ABBREVIATIONS
BP – blood pressure
HR – heart rate
GPA – hectopascal
ICD – International Classification of Diseases
CVS – cardiovascular system
CNS – central nervous system
WHO – World Health Organization
5
INTRODUCTION
The microclimate of the premises is the most important physical
environmental factor, on which the state and performance of people
largely depends. In practical conditions, situations often arise related to the
need for people to stay in rooms with adverse microclimatic conditions. In
this regard, the tasks of hygienic research of the basic laws of
microclimate formation, adaptation of the organism, ways to accelerate or
facilitate this process, hygienic assessment of the microclimate as the basis
for predicting the state and performance of people are always relevant.
As a result of studying the topic, the student should know the
concept of microclimate and its physiological and hygienic significance,
the main ways of heat transfer, their dependence on microclimate
parameters, methods for assessing the microclimate of rooms, hygienic
requirements for microclimate indicators in rooms for various purposes.
To be able to give a hygienic assessment of all microclimate parameters in
accordance with hygienic standards and draw up a sanitary conclusion
about the microclimate in the room. To give recommendations to the
public on improving health in an uncomfortable microclimate.
As a result, they should handle a hygienic assessment of all
microclimate parameters.
6
1. HYGIENIC VALUE OF THE MICROCLIMATE
The human body has perfect mechanisms of thermoregulation –
physical and chemical, which allow it to adapt to various temperature
conditions and for a short time to suffer significant temperature
fluctuations for health damage. In accordance with the external
temperature, both the heat generation mechanism and the mechanism
regulating its loss come into effect.
Chemical thermoregulation – the production of heat by the body
due to oxidative processes. The body’s heat production at rest is for a
“standard person” (weight 70 kg, height 170 cm, body surface 1.8 m2) up
to 293 kJ per hour, with light physical work – up to 628, moderate – up to
1256, heavy – 1256–2093 and more. Metabolic heat is a kind of excretion
and must be continuously removed from the body.
Physical thermoregulation provides an increase or decrease in heat
transfer. At a high external temperature, the skin vessels expand, the
secretion of water by the sweat glands increases, the temperature of the
skin rises, and as a result of this, the heat transfer from the body surface
increases; at low temperature, the skin vessels narrow, the blood moves to
the internal organs, the skin cools and therefore the difference between the
temperature of the skin and air becomes smaller, the heat transfer
decreases.
Normal vital activity and a high efficiency of the human being are
only possible if there is a balance between heat production and its impact
on the environment. Heat exchange depends on microclimate conditions.
Most of all, microclimate conditions influence physical thermoregulation
7
by reducing or increasing the surface body temperature. They indirectly
affect chemical thermoregulation, reducing or increasing the intensity of
metabolic processes in the body (heat production).
To keep the body temperature constant, the heat in the body gained
must be equal to heat lost from the body surface.
There are several ways of heat transfer:
1) radiation of heat towards the colder surfaces and objects;
2) evaporation of moisture through perspiration;
3) convection – heating the layer of air adjacent to the surface of the
body, followed by its displacement;
4) conduction – heat conduction due to the difference in temperature
of the body surface and the contacting surfaces with him.
In normal conditions (room temperature 18 ° C man loses about 85%
of the heat through the skin, and 15% of the heat for heating food intake,
drinking, and the inhaled air for evaporation of water in the lungs. Of the
85% of the heat given off by the skin, about 45% lost by radiation, 30% –
holding, and 10% – due to the evaporation of moisture from the skin
surface. These ratios vary considerably depending on microclimate
conditions.
1. Radiation 45–50%, as a result of the difference between
temperature of the surrounding and body temperature.
2. Evaporation 10 %, the amount of heat lost by evaporation depends
on the air velocity and relative humidity.
3. Convention 15%, the air temperature and air velocity are the two
factors treat loss of temperature by convection.
4. Conduction 30%, the heat loss by convection is directly
8
proportional to the difference between skin temperature and the air
temperature.
The heat balance provides thermal comfort of human. The heat
balance ensures the temperature constancy of the organism (36,1–37,2°С)
and thermal equilibrium with the environment. It is achieved by the ratio
of heat production and heat output of the body. Heat production occurs
during the oxidation of nutrients, the reduction of skeletal muscle.
The drier the air the more water vapor it can absorb. If the humidity in
the air is high, there is a corresponding reduction in cooling power.
If air temperature is between 24–37°C, heat loss by radiation and
convection falls but evaporation loss increases. High temperature with
high relative humidity decreases the evaporation through the skin, and
cause over heat of the body. Low temperature with high relative humidity
causes coolness of the body. The high air velocity cause increases the heat
loss by evaporation, and convention.
The loss of heat by radiation according to the Stefan-Boltzmann
law depends on the difference between the temperature of the skin of the
human body and the radiation temperature. The radiation balance is
positive when a person receives more heat radiation from walls or other
objects located at a distance from him than he gives them. A similar
situation is often in hot shops and contributes to overheating. In an open
atmosphere, heat loss by radiation depends on solar radiation, soil
temperature and building walls. Temperature, humidity and air velocity do
not affect heat loss by radiation.
Heat loss is carried out by contact of the human body with the
surrounding air – convection or with objects (floor, wall) – conduction.
9
Most of the heat is lost by convection. Loss of heat by convection is
directly proportional to the difference between skin temperature and air
temperature - the larger the difference, the greater the heat transfer. If the
air temperature rises, then the heat loss by convection decreases, and at a
temperature of 35–36° C it stops. Loss of heat by convection also increases
with increasing speed of air movement, but air having a high speed of
movement does not have time to heat up in the body and therefore slightly
enhances heat transfer. At the same time, acting on baroreceptors, it has an
irritating effect. Therefore, in hot shops, where artificially created blowing
is used to increase heat transfer, air velocities exceeding 2–3 m / s are not
used.
Loss of heat by evaporation depends on the amount of moisture
(sweat) that evaporates from the surface of the body. When 1 g of moisture
is evaporated, the body loses 2.43 kJ of heat (latent heat of evaporation).
At room temperature, about 0.5 l of moisture per day evaporates from the
surface of human skin, with which about 1200 kJ is released. With
increasing temperature of air and walls, heat loss by radiation and
convection decreases, a person sweats and heat loss by evaporation sharply
increases. If the temperature of the environment is higher than body
temperature, then the only possible is the loss of heat due to evaporation.
In particularly difficult conditions (during hard work and high ambient
temperature), the amount of sweat released reaches 5–10 liters per day (hot
shops, deserts). Upon evaporation, his body can lose 12142–24284 kJ of
heat. This type of heat transfer is very effective, but only if there are
conditions for the evaporation of sweat. With profuse sweating, when
sweat flows down the body, not having time to evaporate, the cooling
10
effect is small.
The possibility of heat loss by evaporation increases with decreasing
humidity and increasing air velocity. Air temperature and radiation
temperature do not affect heat loss by evaporation.
Thus, the air velocity enhances the loss of heat by convection and
evaporation and, therefore, at high ambient temperatures is a favorable
factor. Therefore, in hot weather, fanning, fan blowing, etc. improve well-
being, and calmness, worsening heat transfer, contributes to overheating.
At low temperatures, the movement of air, which increases the heat
transfer by convection, should be considered as an unfavorable factor. It
increases the risk of frostbite and colds. Even at a high ambient
temperature, if a person’s clothing is wet or his skin is covered with sweat,
a strong movement of air (draft), dramatically increasing the heat loss by
evaporation, can lead to a catarrhal disease.
High air humidity (over 70%) adversely affects heat transfer at both
high and low temperatures. If the air temperature is high (more than 30°
C), then high humidity, making evaporation of sweat more difficult, leads
to overheating. At low temperatures, high air humidity contributes to
stronger cooling. This is because in humid air, heat loss is increased by
convection. As stated earlier, very dry air also acts adversely. Therefore,
the optimum humidity is in the range of 30–60%.
The microclimate is a set of physical properties of air that affect the
heat exchange of a person with the environment, its thermal state in a
limited space (in separate rooms, a city, a forest, etc.) and determine its
well-being, performance, health and labor productivity.
The indicators characterizing the climate or the physical condition of
11
the air include:
1) air temperature,
2) relative air humidity,
3) air mobility,
4) intensity of heat radiation.
The microclimate has an effect upon physical activity, health and
mental state of the body.
The sanitary-hygienic conclusion about the microclimate of the room
is based on a comparison of the measurement results of microclimatic
parameters with their hygiene standards, as well as subjective and
objective indicators of thermoregulation of people present in the room.
The microclimate can be assessed as optimal (comfortable); valid and
uncomfortable.
The comfort (optimal) conditions is the physical state of the air
environment, which determines the optimal thermal and functional condition
of the person, provides general and local sensation of thermal comfort (for
production facilities – for an 8-hour shift) with a minimum voltage of the
thermoregulatory mechanisms, does not cause abnormalities in health, a
prerequisite for a high level of efficiency.
The acceptable microclimate conditions are set according to criteria
allowable thermal and human functional state for a period of 8-hour work
shift. They do not cause damage or state of health disorders, but may give rise
to general and local thermal sensations of discomfort, tension
thermoregulatory mechanisms, poor health and a decrease in efficiency. If
you exceed the allowable values of microclimatic parameters person
experiences discomfort, there is overheating or hypothermia.
12
Conditions under which the normal thermal state of a person is
violated are called uncomfortable. Uncomfortable microclimate can be
heating and cooling.
The heating microclimate is a combination of microclimate
parameters (temperature, humidity, speed of motion, relative humidity,
thermal radiation), in which there is a violation of human heat exchange
with the environment, reflected in the accumulation of heat in the body
above the upper boundary of the optimal value (> 0.87 kJ / kg) and / or
increasing the proportion of heat by evaporation of sweat loss (> 30%) in
the overall structure of the heat balance, the appearance of common or
local discomfort heat sensations (slightly warm, warm, hot).
The cooling microclimate is a combination of microclimate
parameters, in which there is a change of the body heat, leading to the
formation of a general or local heat deficiency in the body (> 0.87 kJ / kg)
as a result of lowering the temperature of deep and superficial layers of
tissues.
For thermal injury, according to the International Classification of
Diseases (ICD), Injuries and Causes of death include the following
diseases: heat and sunstroke, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion
due to dehydration, heat exhaustion due to the reduction of salt content in
the body, heat exhaustion, unspecified, thermal fatigue, transient , heat
edema, other manifestations of exposure to heat, unspecified. There are
acute and chronic forms of violation of thermoregulation.
Heat stroke is caused by an acute insufficiency of thermoregulation
of the body. There is a high level of deaths in this form. The most common
heat stroke occurs in young healthy individuals during intense muscular
13
work in the heat. Decompensation of thermoregulation under the influence
of exogenous and endogenous heat is occupied leading place in the
mechanism of thermal shock that is not promptly given to the organism to
the environment due to lack of sweating. Excessive heat accumulation
causes early and strong rise in temperature of tissue and organs, and this,
in turn, – changes in the central nervous system (CNS), electrolyte shifts in
the exchange. The big role in the pathogenesis of heat stroke during
physical work in the heat playing hypokalemia due to potassium leaving
the muscles in the blood plasma and the excessive loss of his sweat. Heat
stroke is accompanied by loss of consciousness, increase in body
temperature to 40–41 ° C, a weak, rapid pulse. A sign of a heavy defeat
when heat stroke is a complete cessation of sweating.
Sunstroke. Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of sunstroke are
similar to those of heat stroke, in which the leading factor causing the heat
accumulation in the body above the physiological limit is an infrared
radiation of the Sun, and to a lesser extent – the heat convection of the
ambient air.
Heat cramps (cramping disease). This form of heat injury is most
often observed in severe muscular work, sweating, accompanied by
plentiful drinking water. This defeat is an extracellular dehydration with
intracellular hyperhydration (water intoxication). Heat cramps are caused
by hot climates, a rapid shift of acid-base balance in the direction of
alkalosis, leading to muscle spasms. There are a variety of seizures,
especially the calf muscles, blood viscosity increases.
The transient thermal fatigue, or asthenic reaction. The basis of this
form of heat injury is nervous and mental exhaustion. Asthenic reaction to
14
heat is manifested slow to work, irritability when communicating, fatigue,
decreased attention and memory. Heat exhaustion is one of the most
common heat-related illnesses.
Heat edema is associated with moderate and sustained violation of
water-salt metabolism in the body. The heating microclimate leads to an
increased release of salt from the body, dehydration, and also a violation of
the salt balance of the body leads to decreased immunity, a significant loss
of attention, a significant increase in the probability of an accident at work.
Chronic forms of violation of thermoregulation lead to changes in the
state of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems of a person,
forming production-related (occupational) diseases.
2. WEATHER AND CLIMATE. THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE
HUMAN ORGANISM
Weather is a physical state of the low level of the atmosphere
(troposphere) that is characterized with the complexity of meteorological
elements simultaneously observed at a certain place of the earth and
formed under the influence of sun radiation and properties of the earth
surface.
A comprehensive weather profile is called a weather type. There are
several types of weather: hot, dry, warm, cloudy, rainy.
The weather regime that lasts for years or the totality of its typical
properties is called the climate of the given place. Climate is defined by a
certain consequence of meteorological elements and characterizes average
indexes of the meteorological state of the given place according to results
15
of continuous observation.
From the point of view of medicinal climatology the way a person is
influenced by any weather factors has its own peculiarities. Weather
factors can be divided into 2 groups:
1. Meteofactors (weather factors). These are the temperature, intensity
of sun radiation, soil temperature, etc.
2. More complicated physical phenomena at the earth level of the
atmosphere are caused by helioactive, geographic and cosmic
factors like:
manifestations of the sun activity (sun spots, etc.);
electromagnetic fields;
the geomagnetic field;
air ionization which can be characterized with the notion of
coefficiency of unipolarization of ions (the ratio of positively
charged ions to the ones negatively charged);
atmospheric electricity;
oxygen content in the air;
intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation;
the gravitational effects (caused by interaction of the moon, the
sun, and the earth).
Besides, such processes as atmospheric circulation and weather
changes influence formation of meteolability.
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. Weather formation is influenced
by two atmospheric processes called cyclonic and anticyclonic.
Cyclone weather is characterized with increased mobility of the air, a
decrease of the atmospheric pressure and the temperature coefficient.
16
In anticyclone the weather is calm, without rain, sunny, with
increased atmospheric pressure and temperature coefficient or with a
decrease of the latter.
Besides, the weather is characterized with changes. A weather
change can be periodic and non-periodic.
A periodic weather change manifests itself in seasonal changes. For
example, in the middle of the north hemisphere of the earth it is cold in
winter, and then a slow transition of the weather towards warmth can be
observed. At other latitudes a transition from dry and hot weather to rainy
and cool one is observed. These changes are natural for a man. His
biological biorhythms depend on the periodic weather rhythms. Moreover,
meteothropal states do not reveal themselves.
A nonperiodic change is connected with sudden weather changes at
the background of its periodic changeability (e.g. thaw in winter, etc.) and
leads to deviations in a smooth flow of physiological rhythms of the
organism. Such deviations are considered to be meteothropal reactions.
Metheothropal reactions are typical both of healthy and sick people.
Without taking into consideration the mechanisms of development of
meteothropal reactions, it should be mentioned that, first of all,
meteofactors of the second, and not of the first group, are more important
from the viewpoint of their development. Second, not weather conditions
themselves, but their oscillations, especially sharp and non-typical of the
given climatic conditions, are important.
To characterize the influence of weather factors on a man, it is
necessary to classify weather. There are a great number of weather
classifications. But hygienists, climatologists and other specialists in the
17
medical field think that classifications made from the point of view of
complex climatology which take into account physiological reactivity of
the organism are more acceptable. From a hygienic point of view (effects
on human health), a clinical classification of weather types is convenient:
optimal, irritating and acute ones (we should pay more attention to the
clinical classification of weather that differentiates between three types).
According to the given classification, optimal weather is the one
influencing the human organism positively. Here we can speak about
weather complexes with a small amount of wind, dry, sunny with the daily
temperature change within 2°C, and the atmospheric pressure within 4
GPa (GigaPasca) (equal to 3 mm of mercury).
To the irritating type we can refer weather with a violation of a
smooth flow of one or two meteorological elements: sunny or cloudy, dry
or humid (with relative humidity up to 90%), when daily the variability of
the atmospheric pressure does not increase 8 GPa (6 mm of mercury), the
temperature is more than 4°C and the wind is up to 9 m / sec.
To the acute type of weather we refer the one with a sharp difference
in meteorological meanings when the atmospheric pressure rises and then
falls more than 8 GPa (6 mm of mercury), the temperature is equal to 4°C
and relative humidity is more than 90%. Such weather is rainy, windy, and
cloudy, of the cyclone type.
But such a classification brings the whole variety of weather and its
influence just to dynamics of some meteofactors like temperature,
humidity, and mobility (for the air), atmospheric pressure. While such
factors as geomagnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, electric state of the
atmosphere (electric field and air ionization, electric charges of clouds and
18
precipitations), gravitational factors play a very important role in
formation of meteotropal reactions of the organism. Taking into
consideration all the facts mentioned above, a modern classification of
weather is used in practice now. This classification singles out 3 following
types: favorable, moderately favorable, and unfavorable.
Sensitivity towards weather influences is widely spread. For different
contingents of the population it deviates from 10 to 90%. Besides, almost
30% of healthy people are sensitive towards the weather. Common
manifestations of meteopathogenity are expressed in headaches, a feeling
of anxiety, a decrease of working capacity, etc.
More than 20% of meteosensitive people say that their relatives have
the same sensitivity, which proves the fact of a possible hereditary
predisposition to meteothropaty.
Meteosensitivity of those people who live in cities is 1.5–2 times
higher than that of the people who live in countries. It is closely connected
with peculiarities of living conditions in cities and peculiarities of the
character of weather influence on them. City inhabitants spend less time in
the open air. They are less adaptive to deviations of the movement speed,
the air temperature and other meteofactors. They are more inclined to
hypoxic phenomena. Besides, the combination of unfavorable weather
conditions and air pollution is quite possible.
Thus, the weather influence causes a wide range of responses: from
minor deviations of the professional stereotype of behavioral reactions at
healthy people to heavy acute conditions of heart and other diseases.
Let us remember that in the general complex of the weather and
climate on the human organism, weather changeability plays an important
19
role. Sharp deviations of the weather not typical of the given climatic
conditions are dangerous for the human health.
It is also necessary to remember about the notions of adaptation and
adaptive-corrective mechanisms, without whose understanding it is
impossible to understand the essence of appearance and development of
meteothropal reactions.
In medical practice, a gentle and annoying climate is distinguished. A
sparing climate is characterized by insignificant fluctuations in
meteorological factors and minimal requirements for the adaptive
mechanisms of the human body (the climate of central Russia, the southern
coast of Crimea). The annoying climate is characterized by significant
fluctuations in meteorological factors, which require the tension of
adaptation mechanisms (cold climate of the North, high mountain (above
2000 m), hot in the steppes and deserts). The cold continental climate is
also annoying, it causes an overstrain of thermoregulatory mechanisms,
which is important to consider for people with poor health and patients.
The study of the laws of the influence of climatic factors on the
human body is engaged in bioclimatology. The beneficial effects of
climate on human health and well-being are successfully used in
balneology.
It has been noted that a healthy organism adapts more easily to
changing climatic conditions.
Acclimatization is a process of active adaptation of an organism to
unusual climatic conditions.
Physiologically, there is the body’s ability to realize the most
favorable relationships with the new climatic conditions associated with
20
the formation of a new dynamic stereotype that arises by establishing
temporary and permanent reflex connections with the environment through
the central nervous system.
The main adaptive reactions in the north are an increase in heat
production, an increase in the volume of the chest, circulating blood and
hemoglobin, a decrease in the blood of vitamins C, B2, impaired synthesis
of vitamin D. The relative increase in gamma globulins and the level of
mineralization of the skeleton can also be considered as factors that
increase endurance organism at low temperatures.
Acclimatization in the North takes place in 3 phases (according to
Danishevsky G.M.): 1) initial, which is characterized by physiological
changes; 2) the restructuring of the dynamic stereotype, which is
implemented according to favorable or unfavorable options; 3) persistent
acclimatization.
To a hot climate a person adapts harder. The adaptation process also
proceeds in 3 phases:
1) preparatory (protective) – there is an appropriate distribution of
water and salts in the body to meet the needs for thermoregulation;
2) stress – this phase is characterized by a thickening of the blood, an
increase in its viscosity, the number of red blood cells and the content of
hemoglobin;
3) recovery-adaptation – characterized by the restoration or
approximation to the initial values of some blood parameters and a number
of other body functions.
In the process of acclimatization to a hot climate, there are reactions
from the cardiovascular side (slowing of the pulse, decrease in blood
21
pressure by 15–25 mm Hg), a decrease in the frequency of respiratory
movements, an increase in perspiration (more intense and even
evaporation of sweat), a decrease in temperature body and basal metabolic
rate by 10–15%.
Adaptation is one of the fundamental qualities of a living matter. It
is typical of all the known forms of life and is so universal that it is often
identified with the notion of life itself. It is quite correct, because the
processes of life origin and its development both have corrective
properties.
The climate and the geographical environment that surrounds a man
influence his vital activity. It is necessary to mention that this influence is
socially grounded and is formed through such conditions as nutrition,
clothes and labor which ensure the character change of pathological
influence of geliometeothropal factors.
We can differentiate between 2 types of the organism’s reactions to
the influence of weather factors: meteothropal and pathological reactions.
They are connected with the organism’s inability to maintain homeostasis
and physiological adaptation towards unusual climatic factors. This
process is connected with working out a new stable condition.
3. HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROCLIMATE
Giving the hygienic assessment of the impact of physical factors of
the air environment on the human organism, their whole complex should
be taken into account. To create a comfortable well-being for people, it is
necessary to keep to the following parameters of these factors
22
(microclimate) in the dwellings:
– air temperature: 18–20°C;
– relative air humidity: 30–60% (in educational and preschool
institutions 40–60%);
– air mobility: 0.1–0.3 m/s (in preschool institutions).
The standards of microclimate indicators are subdivided into optimal
and acceptable. In industrial dwellings, while providing for optimal
indicators of the microclimate, the air temperature changes in height and
horizontally, as well as those of the air temperature during a shift in the
workplace, should not exceed 2°C.
While providing for acceptable indicators, the air temperature
changes in height should be at least 3°C. The air temperature changes
horizontally and during a shift should not exceed 4–6°C for different
categories of works. Normal air temperature changes between the
temperature of the inside air, and the temperature of the inner surface of
the outer walls should not exceed 4°C in residential dwellings, medical and
educational institutions.
3.1. Determination of barometrical pressure
The barometrical pressure is measured with mercury barometers or
aneroid barometers. Barographs (an aneroid barometer with recording
devices and the tape mechanism) are used for continuous recording. The
pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury or GPas (gigapascas).
Usually, variations of the barometrical pressure can be within 760±20
mmHg or 1013±26.5 GPa (1 GPa = 0.7501 mmHg). The glass of the
aneroid barometer should be tapped on before its readings are taken. It is
23
necessary to overcome inertia of the barometer hand.
3.2. Determination of air temperature
In the dwelling the air temperature is usually measured with
mercury and alcohol thermometers. The thermometer is left at the place
of measurement for 5 minutes. It helps the liquid inside it acquire the
temperature of the ambient air. After that the temperature is recorded. For
this purpose, you can use an aspiration psychrometer, whose dry
thermometer measures the air temperature more accurately because its
container is protected against radiation.
For the purpose of continuous temperature record (within a day,
week, etc.) thermographs are used. They consist of a sensing element (a
curved hollow metal or bimetallic plate filled with toluene) which is
connected with the recorder, and the tape mechanism.
To determine the temperature at the workplace we measure it at three
height levels: 0.1 m 0.6 m and 1.7 m, if a person works mostly in the
sitting position.
To determine the average air temperature in the dwelling, 3 measures
are made horizontally at the height of 1.5 m from the floor (in the middle
of the dwelling – at 10 cm from the outer wall and at the inner wall), and
then the average value is calculated.
According to these values, the temperature uniformity is judged in
the horizontal direction. To determine the temperature changes in the
vertical direction, measures are made at 10 cm from the floor and at the
height of 1.5 m.
24
3.3. Determination of humidity
In hygienic practice it is accepted to normalize relative humidity due
to the fact that by its value it is possible to judge about the impact of
humidity and other environmental factors on heat exchange in human.
It is believed that the optimal value of relative humidity is in the
range of 30–60%, and its permissible level is 65–75%.
To describe the character of humidity the following values are used:
– absolute humidity – water vapor pressure, found in the air at the
time of measurement, expressed in mmHg, or the amount of water vapor,
contained at the time of measurement in 1 m³ of the air, in grams;
– maximum humidity – water vapor pressure at complete moisture
saturation of the air at the given temperature in mm Hg, or the amount of
water vapor, contained in 1 m³ of the air at the time of saturation at the
same temperature;
– relative humidity – the ratio of maximum and absolute humidity,
expressed as a percentage;
– saturation deficit (physical deficiency) – the difference between
maximum and absolute humidity;
– dew point – the temperature at which the air is maximally saturated
with water vapor; the absolute humidity value is equal to the maximum
value.
Modern electronic thermohygrometers and psychrometers,
hygrometers, and a hygrograph are used to determine air humidity
indoors.
Hygrometers record relative humidity of the air directly. They consist
of a sensing element (a lock of low-fat hair), mechanically connected with
25
the recording part (an arrow). The hygrograph constantly registers relative
humidity; it is a combination of the hygrometer with the recording device
and the tape mechanism.
Assmann’s aspiration psychrometer consists of two thermometers,
enclosed in a nickel-plated metal tube through which the analyzed air goes
evenly with the help of the winding fan at the top of the device. Such
construction of the device protects the reservoirs of thermometers from
radiant energy and ensures constant air velocity around devices, equal to 4
m / s. At the positive air temperature the aspiration psychrometer is the
most reliable instrument for measuring air humidity and temperature. Due
to pulling a large air mass, its readings are more accurate than the
readings of August’s stationary psychrometer.
Before working with Assmann’s psychrometer, it is necessary to
moisten the end of the wet thermometer in distilled water with the help of
a special pipette. The end of the wet thermometer should be wrapped in a
thin cloth (cambric). Then, with the help of the key, the fan starts working.
The psychrometer is hung on the stand at the place of moisture
measurement, and in 4–5 minutes its readings are taken. At this time the
fan works at full speed.
When you work with the aspiration psychrometer, absolute humidity
is calculated by the following formula (Shprung’s formula):
755
*5.0 1
BttFK в , (1)
where K is absolute air humidity, mm Hg; Fb is maximum water vapor
pressure at the temperature of the wet thermometer (see the table); 0.5 is a
psychrometric constant factor; t is the temperature of the dry thermometer,
26
°C; t1 is the temperature of the wet thermometer, °C; B is barometric
pressure, mmHg; 755 is the average barometric pressure volume, mmHg.
Conversion of the found value of absolute humidity into relative
humidity is calculated by the following formula:
%100сF
KR , (2)
where R is relative humidity, %; K is absolute humidity, mmHg; Fс is
maximum humidity at the temperature of a dry thermometer (see Table 1).
Table 1
Maximum vapor pressure at different temperatures (mmHg)
°C mmHg °C mmHg °C mmHg °C mmHg
-5 3.16 5 6.54 15 12.79 25 23.76
-4 3.40 6 7.01 16 13.63 26 25.21
-3 3.67 7 7.51 17 14.53 27 26.74
-2 3.95 8 8.04 18 15.48 28 28.35
-1 4.26 9 8.61 19 16.48 29 30.04
0 4.58 10 9.21 20 17.54 30 31.82
1 4.93 11 9.84 21 18.65 31 33.70
2 5.29 12 10.52 22 19.83 32 35.66
3 5.68 13 11.23 23 21.07 33 37.73
4 6.10 14 11.99 24 22.38 34 39.90
Relative humidity can be determined with the help of special tables
(see Table 2).
27
Table 2
Psychrometric table
Temperature
of a dry
thermometer, °С
Difference between the readings of dry and wet
thermometers, °С
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Relative air humidity, %
12 100 89 78 68 57 48 38 29 20 11 -
13 100 89 79 69 59 49 40 31 23 14 6
14 100 89 79 70 60 51 42 34 25 17 9
15 100 90 80 71 61 52 44 36 27 20 12
16 100 90 81 71 62 54 46 37 30 22 15
17 100 90 81 72 64 55 47 39 32 24 17
18 100 91 82 73 65 56 49 41 34 27 20
19 100 91 82 74 65 58 50 43 35 29 22
20 100 91 83 74 66 59 51 44 37 30 24
21 100 91 83 75 67 60 52 46 39 32 26
22 100 92 83 76 68 61 54 47 40 34 28
23 100 92 84 76 69 61 55 48 42 36 30
24 100 92 84 77 69 62 56 49 43 37 31
25 100 92 84 77 70 63 57 50 44 38 33
3.4. Determination of air mobility
To determine low speeds of air mobility in the dwellings (1–2 m / s)
catathermometers are used, and for high speeds (up to 50 m / s) there are
anemometers.
A catathermometer can have a cylindrical or a spherical tank is filled
with colored alcohol. The temperature scale of the cylindrical
catathermometer is divided into degrees from 35 to 38°С, and for the
spherical catathermometer – from 33 to 40°С.
To determine the cooling capacity of the air, a catathermometer is
heated in the water bath until the alcohol fills 1/2–2/3 of the upper
28
expansion of the tank. Then the catathermometer is wiped dry and hung
on a tripod at the place of the speed of air mobility measurement. With the
help of the stopwatch, an analyst matches the time necessary for the
alcohol column to go down from 38 to 35°C. In the process of cooling the
catathermometer loses a certain amount of heat, established for each
device in the laboratory way. This loss of heat off 1 cm² of the tank surface
is expressed in millicalories and marked on the back of each
catathermometer as its constant factor f.
The value of the cooling capacity H is calculated by the formula:
t
fH , (3)
where f is the device factor, a constant value indicating the amount of heat
which is lost off 1 cm2 of the device surface during its cooling from 38 to
35°C, mcal / cm2 * s (the constant value for each device); t is the time for
the device cooling, sec.
Knowing the values of the air cooling capacity and the temperature
of the ambient air, it is possible to calculate the air mobility.
To calculate the air mobility of less than 1 m/s the following formula
is used:
2
40.0
20.0
Q
H
V; (4)
To calculate the air mobility of more than 1 m/s we use the formula:
29
2
47.0
13.0
Q
H
V, (5)
where V is air mobility, m / s; H is the value of the catathermometer
cooling, mcal / cm2 * s; Q is the difference between the average body
temperature of 36.5°C and the ambient temperature, °C; 0.20, 0.40, 0.13,
and 0.47 are empirical coefficients.
A spherical catathermometer, unlike a cylindrical one, has a temperature
scale from 33 to 40°C. Measurements made with it are performed in the same
way as with a cylindrical catathermometer. There is the only one difference
between them. Observation the process of the device cooling is carried out in
the ranges of 40–33, 39–44, 38–35°C, e.g. it is performed when the arithmetic
average values of the maximum (T1) and the lowest (T2) temperatures are
equal to 36.5°C.
When using the intervals of 39–44 and 40–33°C, the value of cooling
is calculated by the formula:
t
TTfH 21 , (6)
where f is the device factor; t is the time during which a catathermometer
gets cooler from the temperature T1 to T2, s.
To determine high speeds of air mobility two types of anemometers
are used: a propeller-type anemometer and a cup-type anemometer. The
first type of anemometers is used for measuring air mobility in the range
from 0.5 to 15.0 m / s, and the second type – for air mobility from 1.0 to
50.0 m / s.
30
Fig 1. Anemometers: a – propeller-type anemometer; b – cup-type anemometer1
4. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
In order to prevent adverse effects on the body microclimate
performed four groups of measures.
The first group is the scientific substantiation of hygienic standards
for the microclimate of premises for different purposes. So, for residential
areas in the cold season the following standards are set: air temperature
18–20 ° C, humidity 30–60%, air velocity of 0.1–0.2 m / s, temperature of
the wall ± 2 ° C compared to the rated air temperature.
The second group of measures is the impact on the environment in
order to bring microclimate to optimal hygienic requirements or, in
extreme cases, to levels that do not produce adverse effects on health and
efficiency. These measures include the heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, sun protection measures (visors, curtains, etc.), elimination
1 Пивоваров Ю. П. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям по гигиене и основам экологии человека
[Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие для студ. высш. учеб. заведений / Ю. П. Пивоваров, В. В. Королик. – 2-е
изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2006. – Режим доступа:
https://studfiles.net/preview/6446222/. – Загл. с экрана.
31
of the causes overheating in the production (changing technology, heat
insulation and so on. P.), The normalization of conditions in the workplace
(air shower, screen et al.).
The third group consists of measures aimed at the human: the
selection of clothing (including electrically heated), hardening, rational
mode of work and rest, good nutrition and drinking regime (special drinks,
salty carbonated water, etc.).
The fourth group includes medical and preventive measures:
medical screening for employment, periodic medical examinations in order
to identify individuals with health problems caused by the uncomfortable
climate, health education for the prevention of overheating or overcooling
and others.
Methods for normalization of the working environment
1. Mechanization and automation of production processes, remote
management. These measures are very important for the protection
against harmful substances, heat radiation, especially during heavy
work.
2. The use of technological processes and equipment, excluding the
formation of harmful substances or hit them in the work area, heat-
and water. Great value for the improvement of air quality has a
reliable sealing of equipment.
3. Protection from sources of heat radiation is important to reduce the
indoor air temperature and thermal radiation workers.
4. The device of effective local and the general exchange ventilation
and heating, that really matter for the improvement of air quality in
industrial environments. The task of ventilation is to provide clean
32
air and given weather conditions in production facilities. Improved
micro-climatic conditions is achieved by removing the polluted or
heated air from the room and feed it fresh air.
5. HYGIENIC VALUE OF MOBILITY OF AIR
The movement of air in the atmosphere is characterized by the
direction of motion and speed.
The direction is determined by the side of the world from where the
wind blows, and the speed is determined by the distance traveled by the
mass of air per unit time (m/s).
A change in air direction serves as an indicator of weather changes. It
is also important to know the prevailing wind direction in a given area in
order to take it into account when planning populated areas, placing
hospitals, child care facilities, residential buildings on their territory, which
should be located on the windward side of industrial enterprises that can
serve as a source of air pollution and other environmental objects.
To clarify the prevailing wind direction for a given place, a wind rose
is built.
The Rose of Wind is a graphic image of repeatability of winds in a
particular locality for a certain period and it is widely used for the rational
distribution of various objects during construction planning.
For the construction of wind rose from the center of the graph on the
main (North, South, West, East) and intermediate compass points lay
lengths to scale. Then the ends of the segments on rhumbs connected by
straight lines. Shtil (no wind, calm) denote the circle from the graph center
with a radius corresponding to the number of days of shtil.
33
The Rose of Wind indicates the dominant northeast wind direction in
the study area during the year, so the residential area (houses, medical
institutions, and childcare facilities should be located on the windward
side- in the north-east direction), while industrial facilities and other
sources of pollution – downwind (in the south-west).
In fig. 2 the wind rose indicates the prevailing northeast direction of
the winds in the study area during the year, so the residential area
(residential buildings, medical organizations and children's institutions
should be located on the windward side – in the northeast direction), and
industrial enterprises and other sources of pollution – on the leeward side,
i.e. in a southwest direction.
Fig. 2. Rose of Wind2
2 Пивоваров Ю. П. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям по гигиене и основам экологии человека
[Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие для студ. высш. учеб. заведений / Ю. П. Пивоваров, В. В. Королик. – 2-е
изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2006. – Режим доступа:
https://studfiles.net/preview/6446222/. – Загл. с экрана.
34
The perception of heat perception by a person depends on
temperature. At high temperatures, thermal health improves due to the
movement of air; there is a feeling of coolness, so the movement of air at
high temperature is regarded as a favorable factor. At a low temperature,
thermal health deteriorates; it seems even colder due to increased heat
transfer, so the movement of air at low temperatures is regarded as an
unfavorable factor.
The movement of air (wind) enhances the metabolic processes: the
heat production increases with decreasing temperature and increasing air
Strong headwinds can interfere with breathing, as in this case,
exhaled air must be given a speed exceeding the wind speed, the normal
act of breathing is disrupted: inhalation becomes passive, and exhalation
becomes active. A strong tailwind makes it difficult to breathe, creating a
rarefaction zone in front of a person. The wind with its pressure can
mechanically impede movement and physical work, causing in this
connection an increase in energy consumption and deterioration in the
coordination of movements, which must be taken into account in certain
works and in sports.
The influence of wind on the neuropsychic sphere of a person can be
very significant. It is known that thermally neutral wind has an
invigorating effect. A strong, prolonged wind can cause both mental
arousal and a depressive state, possibly under the influence of infrasound.
35
QUESTIONS
1. Foundations of human physiology heat exchange and its connection
with the microclimate mode of premises.
2. The microclimate types. The concepts of comfort and discomfort in
relation to the microclimate.
3. Health abnormalities and diseases caused by the influence of
uncomfortable microclimate on the human organism. Prevention of
this condition.
4. The weather and meteotropic reactions.
5. The climate and climatic factors.
6. The wind rose diagram: its hygienic value and drawing method.
7. Acclimatization: its entity and peculiar features on the north and
south.
SAMPLE TASKS
Sample task 1
The traumatology department are allocated wards for patients with
burn disease. The heating in the wards is water. Indicators of Climate
Chamber as follows: air temperature 18 ° C, relative humidity 60%, air
velocity of 0.2 m / s. Are comfortable microclimate conditions wards for
these patients and whether they will contribute to the treatment of the open
method? What is needed for climate improvement?
36
Sample task 2
In the research of the classroom microclimate in the secondary
school the following results were obtained: 1) the average temperature is
+24°C, the temperature changes in the vertical direction make 3°C, in the
horizontal direction – 2.8°C; 2) at determination of air humidity with the
help of Assmann’s psychrometer the temperature of the dry thermometer is
equal to +24°C, and the temperature of the wet thermometer is +18°C; 3)
the barometrical pressure is 753 mmHg; 4) at determination of air mobility
at the height of 1 m from the floor, the time of the alcohol column fall in
the catathermometer is 120 seconds, the device factor is 492 mcal / cm 2 *
s.
Make a hygienic conclusion on the microclimate in the dwelling, and
give recommendations for improving the conditions if necessary.
Sample task 3
In the research of relative humidity in the operating room the
following results were obtained with Assmann’s psychrometer: 1) the
temperature of the dry thermometer is +15°C; 2) the temperature of the
wet thermometer is +10°C; 3) the barometrical pressure is 754 mmHg.
Calculate relative air humidity of the operating room; make a
hygienic assessment of the microclimate parameters and give necessary
recommendations.
Sample task 4
In the research of air mobility in the ward for burn patients at the
height of 1.5 m from the floor the following results were obtained: 1) the
37
time of the alcohol column fall in the catathermometer is 89 seconds; 2)
the device factor is 496 mcal / cm 2 * s; 3) the air temperatures is +25°C.
Make a hygienic conclusion of the microclimate in the ward, and
give recommendations for improving the conditions, if necessary.
Sample task 5
In the research of the three-bed ward microclimate conditions in the
therapeutic department, 21 m2, the following results were obtained: the
readings of the thermometer were equal to: 1) +20.5°C – at 10 cm from the
outer wall; 2) +22°C – at 10 cm from the inside opposite wall; 3) + 21.5°C
– on the inside sidewall. All the measurements were taken at the height of
1.5 m from the floor. The relative air humidity measured with the
aspirating psychrometer is 20%; the air mobility in the center of the ward
is 0.05 m / s.
Make a hygienic conclusion of the microclimate in the ward, and
give recommendations for improving the conditions, if necessary.
38
TEST
Choose the correct answers. Only one correct answer is possible:
1. THE DEVICE FOR MEASURING OF RELATIVE AIR HUMIDITY
IS CALLED
1) barometer
2) anemometer
3) psychrometer
4) actinometer
2. THE HYGIENIC STANDARD OF RELATIVE AIR HUMIDITY IN
THE DWELLING (%) IS
1) 20-30
2) 30-60
3) 70-80
3. AN ACCEPTABLE SPEED STANDARD OF AIR MOBILITY IN
THE DWELLING (M/S) IS
1) 0.1
2) 0.2
3) 0.3
4) 0.5
4. THE DEVICE FOR DETERMINING OF THE LOW SPEEDS OF AIR
MOBILITY IS CALLED
1) propeller anemometer
2) catathermometer
39
3) oscillograph
5. THE RECEIVING ELEMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE
RECORDER (THERMOGRAPH) IS
1) a metal plate
2) an aneroid box
3) a tungsten filament
4) a lock of hair
6. HUMIDITY DEFICIT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1) maximum and absolute humidity
2) absolute and relative humidity
3) absolute and maximum humidity
7. DUE TO MEASUREMENT ACCURACY, THIS DEVICE HAS
SOME ADVANTAGES IN DETERMINING RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
IT IS CALLED
1) August’s stationary psychrometer
2) Assmann’s aspiration psychrometer
Choose several correct answers:
8. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS MEASURED IN
1) mmHg
2) meq / l
3) GPa
40
9. MICROCLIMATE INDICATORS ARE
1) air humidity
2) air temperature
3) barometrical pressure
4) intensity of heat radiation
10. THE STANDARDS OF MICROCLIMATE INDICATORS ARE
DIVIDED INTO
1) minimal
2) optimal
3) acceptable
4) maximal
41
SOLUTION PATTERNS
Solution pattern to Sample task 1
Relative humidity and air mobility are optimal, but the air
temperature is +18°C, which does not meet the hygienic standards, since
the allowable temperature for patients with burn diseases should be
between +21–24°C.
Conclusion: The microclimate parameters in the wards for patients
with burn disease in the traumatology department does not meet the
hygiene standards by the temperature (at the norm of +21–24°C). The
microclimate is uncomfortable; it causes a sensation of cold, and does not
provide with favorable conditions for burn patients treatment with the
open method. The microclimate should be improved: the temperature
should be risen by 3–6°C. It is possible to do by changing the mode of
work of heaters in winter, or with the help of the air conditioning system.
Solution pattern to Sample task 2
1. Since the air temperature is +24°C, it does not meet the hygienic
requirements, as the hygienic temperature standard for the classroom
should be +18°C. The temperature changes vertically and horizontally are
equal to 3 and 2.8°C. They are within the acceptable norms.
2. To calculate relative air humidity it is necessary, first of all, to
calculate absolute humidity by the formula (1):
755
5,0 1
BttFK в ,
where вF is the maximum water vapor pressure equal to 15.48 mmHg
(Table 1) at the temperature of the wet thermometer equal to +18°C. All
42
the parameters are put into the formula:
44.12755
753*1824*5.048.15 K mmHg
3. The relative air humidity is calculated by the formula (2):
%100*сF
KR
In Table 1 we find the value of the maximum water vapor pressure at
the temperature of the dry thermometer +24°C. It is 22.38 mmHg.
We put the values into the formula (2), and we get:
%6.55%100*38.22
44.12%100*
сF
KR
4. To determine the air mobility, first of all, we calculate air cooling
capacity by the formula (3):
1.4120
492
t
fH mcal / s*cm²
Then we calculate 5.120.245.36 Q and 328.0
5.12
1.4
Q
H
As the air speed is less than 1 m / s, all the values are put into the formula (4):
1.04.0
2.0328.0
40.0
20.0 2
2
Q
H
V m / s
Conclusion
1. The parameters of the microclimate in the classroom meet the
hygienic standards: both the temperature (18–24°C), the relative humidity
(40–60%) and air velocity (not more than 0.1 m / s) correspond to the
norms.
2. Improvements of the microclimatic conditions are not required.
43
KEYS
№ 1 – 3 № 2 – 2 № 3 – 3 № 4 – 2 № 5 – 1
№ 6 – 1 № 7 – 2 № 8 – 1, 3 № 9 – 1, 2, 4 № 10 – 2, 3
44
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
Main literature
1. Большаков, А. М. Общая гигиена : учебник / А. М. Большаков. –
Москва : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. – 432 с.
2. Григорьев, А. И. Экология человека : учебник / ред. А. И.
Григорьев. – Москва : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. – 240 с.
3. Мельниченко, П. И. Гигиена : учебник / ред. П. И. Мельниченко. –
Москва : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2014. – 656 с.
4. Pivovaroff, Yu. P. Short textbook of: Hygiene and ecology. For students
using English as a mediator language / Yu. P. Pivovaroff, A. A. Al
Sabounchi. – M. : IKAR Publisher, 2016. – 548 p.
Additional literature
1. Гигиена. Соmреndium [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие /
В. И. Архангельский, П. И. Мельниченко – М. : ГЭОТАР-Медиа,
2012. – Режим доступа:
http://www.studmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970420423.htm.
2. Общая гигиена. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям
[Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие / Д. И. Кича, Н. А.
Дрожжина, А. В. Фомина. – М. : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2015. – Режим
доступа: http://www.studmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970434307.html.
3. Гаврюченков Д. В. Массовые отравления грибами / Д. В.
Гаврюченков, Е. Ю. Лемещенко // Медицинская сестра. – № 2. –
2015. – С. 48–49.
Electronic resources:
1. Консультант студента: электронная библиотека медицинского вуза
[Сайт]. – Режим доступа: www.studmedlib.ru.
2. Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав
потребителей и благополучия человека [Сайт]. – Режим доступа:
www.rospotrebnadzor.ru.
45
GLOSSARY
absolute humidity абсолютная влажность
acclimatization акклиматизация
adaptation адаптация
air humidity влажность воздуха
air ionization ионизация воздуха
air mobility подвижность воздуха
air speed скорость движения воздуха
air temperature температура воздуха
anemometer анемометр
annoying climate раздражающий климат
anticyclone антициклон
atmosphere pressure атмосферное давление
atmospheric circulation атмосферная циркуляция
barograph барограф
barometer барометр
carrying out проведение
cataterometer кататермометр
climate климат
cold climate холодный климат
comfortable conditions комфортные условия
conduction кондукция
convection конвекция
cyclone циклон
dew point точка росы
46
dry air сухой воздух
electromagnetic field электромагнитное поле
gentle climate щадящий климат
geomagnetic field геомагнитное поле
heat высокая температура
heat cramps тепловые судороги
heat damage тепловое поражение
heat fatigue тепловое утомление
heat loss потеря тепла
heat production теплопродукция
heat transfer теплоотдача
heating microclimate нагревающий микроклимат
heatstroke тепловой удар
hot weather жаркая погода
hygiene standard гигиенический норматив
hygrograph гигрограф
hygrometer гигрометр
low temperature низкая температура
microclimate микроклимат
optimal оптимальный
psychrometer психрометр
radiation излучение
relative humidity относительная влажность
rose of wind роза ветров
sunstroke солнечный удар
47
saturation deficit дефицит насыщения
thermal condition тепловое состояние
thermal edema тепловой отек
thermal discomfort тепловой дискомфорт
thermal fainting тепловой обморок
thermal radiation тепловое излучение
thermograph термограф
thermometer термометр
thermoregulation терморегуляция
ultraviolet radiation ультрафиолетовое излучение
weather погода
weather factors метеофакторы
weather sensitivity метеочувствительность
well-being самочувствие
wind ветер
working capacity работоспособность
48
Appendix
Table 3
Standard air temperature values for medical facilities in Russia
Types of dwellings
Acceptable air
temperature
(calculated),
°C
1 2
Operating wards, recovery wards, resuscitation rooms (including
wards for burn patients), intensive care wards, delivery wards,
manipulation and toiletry wards for newborns
21-24 (21)
Postdelivery wards, wards for burn patients, wards for aseptic
patients (including immune-compromised patients)
21-23 (22)
Postdelivery wards with rooming-in, wards for premature borns,
wards for sucklings, wards for babies with birth traumas (the 2nd
stage of nursing)
23-27 (24)
Gateways in isolated or semi-isolated wards of infectious
departments
22-24 (22)
X-ray operating wards, including angiographic rooms 20-26 (20)
Sterilization rooms at operating wards 20-27 (20)
ЦСО:
Clean and sterile areas: areas for control, acquisition and packaging
of clean tools, dwellings for pre-treating of operating materials and
laundry, sterilization and expedition rooms
20-27 (20)
Dirty area: reception, disassembly, cleaning and drying of medical
instruments and medical devices
20-27 (20)
Boxwards of treatment departments, isolated wards 20-26 (20)
Ward sections of infectious departments, including wards for
tuberculous patients
20-26 (20)
Wards for adult patients, rooms for mothers in children's
departments
20-26 (20)
Gateways in front of the wards for newborns 22-24 (22)
Doctors' offices, rooms for day care patients, rooms for functional
diagnostics, endoscopic (except for bronchoscopy) treatment rooms
20-27 (20)
Rooms for therapeutic physical training 18-28 (18)
Procedure rooms for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 20-23 (20)
Procedure and aseptic rooms for dressings (dressing rooms),
procedure rooms for bronchoscopy
22-26 (20)
Procedure rooms for treatment with chlorpromazine 22
Procedure rooms for treatment with neuroleptics 18
Small operating rooms 20-24 (20)
49
Dispatching rooms, staff rooms, lounges for patients after
procedures
20
Procedure rooms and changing rooms for fluorography and X-ray
diagnostics, rooms for electrophototherapy and massage
20-26 (20)
Control rooms of X-ray diagnostics and radiology departments,
photolaboratories
18 (18)
Clipping and washing rooms: artificial kidney, endoscopy, heart-
lung apparatus and mortar (demineralization) rooms
18 (18)
Bathrooms (except radon baths), rooms for paraffin and ozokerite
heating, therapeutic swimming pools;
rooms for patients’ sanitizing, showers
25-29 (25)
Changing rooms in water and mud treatment departments 23-29 (23)
Dwellings for radon baths, mud treatment rooms, rooms for
abdominal procedures, shower rooms
25-29 (25)
Dwellings for mud storage and regeneration 12
Dwellings for making a solution for hydrogen sulfide baths,
dwellings for storage of reagents
20
Dwellings for washing and drying sheets, linen, and canvas cloth;
mud kitchens
16
Storehouses (except storage of reagents), technical dwellings
(compressor rooms, pump stations, etc.), workshops for repairing
equipments, archives
18
Sanitary rooms, dwellings for sorting and temporary storage of dirty
laundry, rooms for washing and keeping stretchers and tablecloths,
rooms for drying clothes and shoes of mobile medical teams
18
Storage rooms for acids, chemicals and disinfectants 18
Registration offices, lobbies, changing rooms, dwellings for
receiving parcels for patients, discharge rooms, waiting rooms,
pantries, dining rooms for patients, milk room
18
Rooms for washing and sterilization of tableware and kitchen
utensils at the buffet and dining rooms; hairdressing rooms for
patients
18
Storage rooms for radioactive materials, rooms for dispensing and
washing in radiological departments
18
Dwellings for X-ray and radiotherapy equipment 20-26 (20)
Rooms for electrotherapy, phototherapy, magnitotherapy,
thermotherapy, ultrasound treatment
20-27 (20)
Dwellings of disinfecting rooms: receiving and loading; unloading (clean)
departments
16
Sectional rooms, museums and preparation rooms of
pathologoanatomic departments
16-22 (16)
Dwellings for corpses’ dressing and their discharge, storage of
funeral accessories, dwellings for processing and preparation for
burial of infected corpses, storage rooms for bleach
14-20 (14)
50
Lavatory rooms for staff and patients 20-27 (20)
Enema rooms 20-27 (20)
Clinical and diagnostic laboratories (dwellings for research) 20-26 (20)
Dwellings for preparation of medicinal agents in aseptic conditions 18
Assistant rooms; procurement and packing rooms; beading, control
and marking rooms; autoclave sterilization rooms, distillation rooms
18
Rooms for control and analytics, washing and unpacking rooms 18
Dwellings for main stock storing:
A) medicinal substances; ready drugs, including heat-labile drugs
and medical supplies; dressing means;
B) mineral waters, medicinal glass and circulating transport
containers, glasses and other items of optics, accessory materials,
clean dishes
18
Dwellings for preparation and packaging of toxic drugs and
narcotics
18
Dwellings for keeping of flammable and combustible liquids 18
Table 4
Optimal and acceptable norms of air temperature, relative humidity
and air mobility in residential buildings in Russia
Types of dwellings Air temperature,
°C
Relative humidity,
%
Air mobility, m / s
optimal acceptable optimal acceptable optimal acceptable
cold season
Living room 20 - 22 18 - 24 45 - 30 60 0.15 0.2
Living room (the areas
with the coldest five-day
week)
(-31°C and below)
21 - 23 20 - 24 45 - 30 60 0.15 0.2
Kitchen 19 - 21 18 - 26 N/N* N/N 0.15 0.2
Toilet 19 - 21 18 - 26 N/N N/N 0.15 0.2
Bathroom, combined
WC
24 - 26 18 - 26 N/N N/N 0.15 0.2
Corridor between flats 18 - 20 16 - 22 45 - 30 60 0.15 0.2
Lobby, staircase 16 - 18 14 - 20 N/N N/N 0.2 0.3
Store-rooms 16 - 18 12 - 22 N/N N/N N/N N/N
warm season
Living room 22 - 25 20 - 28 60 - 30 65 0.2 0.3 * N/N = no norms
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Requirements for the air-heat mode in educational institutions
Depending on the climatic conditions, the air temperature in educational dwellings, rooms, offices of a psychologist and a speech
therapist, laboratories, assembly hall, dining room, recreations, library,
lobby, locker room should be 18–24°C; in the gym, rooms for sports sections and workshops – 17–20°C; in bedrooms, playrooms, indoor
preschool education departments and school boarding – 20–24°C; in
medical offices, locker rooms of the gym – 20–22°C; and in showers – 25°C. During extracurricular time, in children’s absence, the temperature
in dwellings of the educational organization should not be lower than
15°C. For temperature control classrooms and offices should be equipped with household thermometers.
In dwellings of educational institutions the relative air humidity should be 40–60%, the air mobility – no higher than 0.1 m / s.
Requirements for the air-heat mode in preschool organizations in
Russia
In winter, the temperature of the floor in children’s rooms on the first
floor should be at least 22°C. The relative air humidity in children’s rooms should be within 40–
60%, in industrial dwellings, catering and laundry rooms – no higher than
70%. The air mobility in the main areas should not be higher than 0.1 m /
s.
Table 5
Air temperature in the main rooms of preschool educational
institutions in Russia
Dwellings Air temperature, °С Reception rooms, playing rooms for: - nursery groups - junior groups
22-24 22-24
Reception rooms and playing rooms for pre-school group 21-23 Rooms for children, changing rooms: - nursery groups 21-23 - junior and pre-school groups 21-23 Bedrooms for nursery groups 19-20 Bedrooms for junior and pre-school groups 19-20 Toilets for nursery groups 22-24 Toilets for junior and pre-school groups 21-23 Halls for gymnastics and musical lessons 19-20 Walking parlors no less than 12 Swimming pool hall no less than 29 Locker rooms with shower in the swimming pool 25-26
52
Medical rooms 22-24 Heated corridors no less than 15
Optimal and acceptable values of the microclimate in industrial
buildings in Russia
Optimal values of the microclimate at the workplace should conform
to the values used for various categories of work in cold and warm seasons (Table 5).
Vertical and horizontal differences of the air temperature at the workplace, as well as the air temperature changes during the shift, should not exceed 2°C or go beyond the values in Table 5 for certain categories of work.
Table 6
Optimal values of the microclimate at the workplace in industrial
dwellings in Russia
Season
Categories of
work
according to
the level of
energy
consumption,
W
Air
temperature,
°С
Temperature
of surfaces,
°С
Relative air
humidity,
%
Air
mobility,
m/s
Cold Ia (to 139) 22-24 21-25 60-40 0.1
Ib (140-174) 21-23 20-24 60-40 0.1
IIа (175-232) 19-21 18-22 60-40 0.2
IIb (233-290) 17-19 16-20 60-40 0.2
III (over 290) 16-18 15-19 60-40 0.3
Warm Ia (до 139) 23-25 22-26 60-40 0.1
Ib (140-174) 22-24 21-25 60-40 0.1
IIa (175-232) 20-22 19-23 60-40 0.2
IIb (233-290) 19-21 18-22 60-40 0.2
III (over 290) 18-20 17-21 60-40 0.3 Acceptable values of the microclimate (Table 7) are set up in cases
when, according to technological requirements, or by some technical and economic reasons, optimal values cannot be provided.
53
Table 7
Acceptable values of the microclimate at the workplace in industrial dwellings
in Russia
Season
Categories of
work
according to
the level of
energy
consumption,
W
Air temperature range,
°С,
Relative
air
humidity,
%
Air mobility range,
m/s
below
optimal
values
above
optimal
values
below
optimal
values,
no more
above
optimal
values,
no more
Cold Ia (to 139) 20.0-21.9 24.1-25.0 15-75 0.1 0.1
Ib (140-174) 19.0-20.9 23.1-24.0 15-75 0.1 0.2
IIа (175-232) 17.0-18.9 21.1-23.0 15-75 0.1 0.3
IIb (233-290) 15.0-16.9 19.1-22.0 15-75 0.2 0.4
III (more
290)
13.0-15.9 18,1-21,0 15-75 0.2 0.4
Warm Ia (to 139) 21.0-22.9 25.1-28.0 15-75 0.1 0.2
Ib (140-174) 20.0-21.9 21.4-28.0 15-75 0.1 0.3
IIа (175-232) 18.0-19.9 22.1-27.0 15-75 0.1 0.4
IIb (233-290) 16.0-18.9 21.1-27.0 15-75 0.2 0.5
III (more
290)
15.0-17.9 20.1-26.0 15-75 0.2 0.5
For providing with acceptable values of the microclimate at
workplaces the air temperature vertical changes should not be more than
3°C; the air temperature horizontal changes and its changes during the shift should not exceed: 4°C for work categories Ia and Ib; 5°C for categories IIa
and IIb; and 6°C for category III.
When the air temperature at the workplace is 25°C and above the maximum allowable value, the relative air humidity should not go beyond:
70% at the air temperature of 25°C; 65% at the air temperature of 26°C;
60% at the air temperature of 27°C; 55% at the air temperature of 28°C. When the air temperature is 26–28°C, the air mobility for the warm
season (see Table 6), should correspond to the range: 0.1–0.2 m / s for
work category Ia; 0.1–0.3 m / s for work category Ib; 0.2–0.4 m / s for work category IIa; and 0.2–0.5 m / s for work categories IIb and III.
54
Educational edition
Manueva Ruslana Sokratovna
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT
OF MICROCLIMATE
Study guide
