Hygiene of the inhabited places.Hygiene of the inhabited places.Soil and health. Problems of Soil and health. Problems of

protecting the soil. protecting the soil. Hygiene of dwelling.Hygiene of dwelling.

Microclimate, heating, Microclimate, heating, ventilation.ventilation.

Hygiene of natural and artificial Hygiene of natural and artificial illumination in apartmentsillumination in apartments ..

..

1. Introduction.1. Introduction.2. Soil and health. Problems 2. Soil and health. Problems

of protecting the soil. of protecting the soil. 3. Hygiene of dwelling. 3. Hygiene of dwelling.

Microclimate, heating, Microclimate, heating, ventilation. ventilation.

4. Hygiene of natural and 4. Hygiene of natural and artificial illumination in artificial illumination in apartmentsapartments

Soil may be defined as the fine earth covering land surfaces that has the important function of serving as a substratum of plain, animal, and human life. Soil essence of our being. Soil by volume, on the average consists of 45% mineral, 25% water, 25% air and 5% organic matter (both living and dead organisms).

Soil may be defined as the fine earth covering land surfaces that has the important function of serving as a substratum of plain, animal, and human life. Soil essence of our being. Soil by volume, on the average consists of 45% mineral, 25% water, 25% air and 5% organic matter (both living and dead organisms).

Soils are composed of mineral matter, air, water, organic matter, and organisms. There are two general types of soils, mineral soils and organic soils. Mineral soils form from decomposed rocks or sediment derived from rocks. Organic soils form from the accumulation of plant material, usually in water-saturated, anaerobic conditions that retard decomposition. Mineral matter is described as texture and comprises half the volume of mineral soils. The other half of the soil volume is composed of voids or holes. These voids fill with water as the soil soaks up rain or flood waters, then are displaced with air as the water drains away, evaporates, or is absorbed by roots.

The Composition of Soils

The Composition of Soils

Both plants and animals help to Both plants and animals help to create a soil. As they die, organic matter create a soil. As they die, organic matter incorporates with the weathered parent incorporates with the weathered parent material and becomes part of the soil.material and becomes part of the soil. Living animals such as moles, Living animals such as moles, earthworms, bacteria, fungi and nematodes earthworms, bacteria, fungi and nematodes are all busy moving through or digesting food are all busy moving through or digesting food found in the soil. All of these actions mix and found in the soil. All of these actions mix and enrich the soil.enrich the soil. Here is a creature from each Here is a creature from each major group of soil organisms. major group of soil organisms.

Eastern MoleEastern Mole

Night CrawlerNemotode (Round Worm)

Root Fungus

AmoebaAmoeba Bacteria

Beetle Mite

There are many functions provided by soil that are important to human beings.

Soil is necessary for:

dwellingshighways airports recreation areas it also provides road fill material for water retention structures and fulfils many other essential functions.

                                                                                                                                           

SSoil pollution is associated mainly oil pollution is associated mainly with:with:

• 1.1. The use of The use of chemicals, such chemicals, such as fertilizers and as fertilizers and growth-growth-regulating regulating agents, in agents, in agriculture;agriculture;

4. The soil is thus becoming increasingly polluted with chemicals, including heavy metals and products of the petroleum industry, which can reach the food chain, surface water, or ground water, and ultimately be ingested by man.

2. The dumping on land of large masses of waste materials from the mining of coal and minerals and the smelting of metals. Toxic or harmful substances can be leached out of such materials and enter the soil;

3.  The dumping on land of domestic refuse and solids resulting from the treatment of sewage and industrial wastes.

SOIL MAN

SOIL AIRMAN

SOIL water

Plants

MAN

planctoneFISHES

Animals

MAN

MAN

SOIL

The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible

The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible

Biological agentsBiological agents

animal-soil-mananimal-soil-man pathogenic organisms of animals, transmitted to man pathogenic organisms of animals, transmitted to man by direct contact with soil contaminated by the by direct contact with soil contaminated by the wastes of infected animalswastes of infected animals

man-soil-manpathogenic organisms excreted by man and transmitted to man by direct contact with contaminated soil or by the consumption of fruit or vegetables grown in contaminated soil

soil-manpathogenic organisms found naturally in soil and transmitted to man by contact with contaminated soil

Man-soil-man

Enteric bacteria and protozoa can contaminate the soil as a result of:

unsanitary excreta disposal practices; the use of night soil or sewage sludge as a

fertilizer,the direct irrigation of agricultural crops with

sewage.

Soil and crops can become contaminated with the bacterial agents of cholera, salmonellas, bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) and typhoid and paratyphoid fever, or with the protozoan agent of amoebiasis.

Parasitic worms (helminthes)Soil-transmitted parasitic worms or geo-helminthes

are characterized by the fact that their eggs or larvae become infective after a period of incubation in the soil.

LeptospirosisOther diseases

lymphocytic choriomenin

gitis

visceral larva migrans listeriosis,

South American types of haemorrhagic fever,

tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and tularemia

Clostridium perfringens infections

Animal-soil-manIn a number of zoonoses (diseases of animals

transmissible to man), the soil may play a major part in transmitting the

infective agent from animal to man.

Anthrax

Soil-manSoil-man

• TetanusTetanus • is an acute disease of man induced by the toxin of the is an acute disease of man induced by the toxin of the

tetanus bacillus growing an aerobically at the site of an tetanus bacillus growing an aerobically at the site of an injury. The infectious agent, injury. The infectious agent, clostridium tetani, clostridium tetani, is excreted by is excreted by infected animals, especially horses. The immediate source of infected animals, especially horses. The immediate source of infection may be soil, dust, or animal and human faces.infection may be soil, dust, or animal and human faces.

Mycoses Fungi and actinomycetes that grow normally as saprophytes in soil or vegetation cause most of the serious subcutaneous, deep-seated and systemic mycoses.

Botulism a frequently fatal type of poisoning caused by bacterial toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. The reservoir of the organism is soil and the intestinal tract of animals. The toxin is formed by the anaerobic growth of spores in food, which is the immediate source of poisoning.

Mechanic content of soil and it’s hygienic meaning

Sanitary condition of soil depends greatly on its structure.

Mechanic analysis data make available the following divisions of soils:

stony, gravel, cartilage, sandy (>80% sand and <10% of clay); sandy loam soil (50-80% of clay), lesser loamy soil (30-50% of clay), loamy soils (50-80% of clay), clay soils (>80% of clay), lime soils (>80% of clay), chalk soils, lessic soils (mixture of small sand particles with lime clay), black

earth (>20% of humus), turf soils etc.

According to cleanness the soil is divided on

Clean Low polluted

Polluted Heavily polluted

According to cleanness the soil is divided on

Clean Low polluted

Polluted Heavily polluted

Sewage

Dwelling influences a man’s health by

volume area microclimate other indexes

The dwelling includes the work place, the place for rest and sleep.

Absences of necessary sanitary-hygienic standards in apartment are negatively reflected on such physiological organism functions

Breathing Heat exchange Higher nervous activity.

The death rate among inhabitants of apartments with a great

number of people is in 1,5 - 2 times higher than among people residing spacious apartments.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most typical illness of very small apartments.

Very easily can spread such infections as: grippe measles scarlet fever diphtheria coughing chicken pox

The dwelling, which corresponds to hygienic norms, is :

• ought to be sufficiently spacious,• dry, • to have a favorable microclimate, • clean air,• to be well lighted by sunrays.

The dwelling functions for people are: satisfaction of physiological needs

(sleeping, personal hygiene, eating, physical training and sport)

communication and cultural activity (rest,

entertainments, communication of family members)

education and bringing up of children housekeeping (cooking, cleaning, washing)

professional activity, self-education, amateur

activities.

Microclimate of dwelling places

Temperature In winter temperature in apartment has to be 18-20 0C (for moderate latitude).

Relative humidity (with air temperature 18-200С) has to be 40-60 %.

Speed of air has to be not more then 0,2-0,3 m/s

Acceptable microclimate - person can wear light clothes and shoes, stay for a long time without many moves and have no unpleasant feelings such as freezing or overheating.

Chemical structure of air

The most important part of air for man is Oxygen.

Carbon dioxide

Contents of carbon dioxide gas in atmospheric air is relatively permanent - 0,03-0,04 %.

СО2 does not congest in air and excludes from it with

rainfalls (1l of rain-water contains about 1-2 ml СО2), reacts

with seawater, forming carbon dioxide salts and, usually, collapses by chlorophyll plants.

A concentration of СО2 in air in closed, badly ventilated

dwellings rises up because of peoples’ breathing.

Change of content and properties of air while breathing

Atmospheric Atmospheric airair

Breathed out Breathed out airair

OxygenOxygen 21 %21 % 15,5-16 %15,5-16 %

СОСО22

0,03-0,04 %0,03-0,04 % 2,5-5 %2,5-5 %

TemperatureTemperature differentdifferent 35-3735-3700

Maximum admissible concentration of СО2 in

dwelling air is 0,1%.

Air ventilation can be considered: good if the concentration of СО2 in air is lesser

than 0,07 %; satisfactory when concentration of СО2 in air is

0,1 % the concentration of 0,15 % is admissible only

for short time staying (for example, in cinemas).

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless and toxic gas.

At lower levels of exposure, CO causes mild effects that are often mistaken for the flu.

These symptoms include: headaches, dizziness,

disorientation, nausea fatigue.

Levels CO in HomesLevels CO in Homes

• Admissible concentration of carbon oxide gas in Admissible concentration of carbon oxide gas in house is house is 0,002 mg per liter of air. 0,002 mg per liter of air.

• Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air attached to attached to yellow flameyellow flame is 0,045 mg per litre of is 0,045 mg per litre of air. Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air air. Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air attached to attached to blue flameblue flame is 0,001 mg per litre of air. is 0,001 mg per litre of air.

Natural and artificial Natural and artificial lightinglighting

This phenomenon depends upon percentage of light absorption by walls of different coloring.

• white wallpapers absorb only 8% of light,

• yellow – 10%;

• blue – 15%

• dark brown from 87% to 96%.T

The white color and light tone are mirrored by sun rays on 70-90 of %, yellow color - on 50 %, green - on 50-60 of %, blue, violet -

on 10-11 of %, black - on 1 %.

Types of insolation mode of locationsTypes of insolation mode of locations

              

        

Insolar Insolar mode mode

Orientation Orientation windows on windows on the world the world sidessides

Time of Time of insolationinsolation(hour)(hour)

% % insolation insolation square in square in roomroom

MaximuMaximumm

South-EastSouth-EastSouth-WestSouth-West

5-6 5-6 80 80

ModerateModerate South, South, East East

3-5 3-5 40-50 40-50

MinimumMinimum North-East North-East North-West North-West

< 3 < 3 < 30 < 30

Curves of light climateCurves of light climate

Insolation control scaleInsolation control scale

Orientation of the windows on Orientation of the windows on the world sides in some rooms:the world sides in some rooms:

hospital wardshospital wards ( (patient roompatient room) - on ) - on the South or South-East ;the South or South-East ;

operation roomoperation room - on the North; - on the North;

reanimationreanimation roomroom - on the North, - on the North, North -West, North-East; North -West, North-East;

classroomclassroom-on the South, South- East -on the South, South- East or Eastor East

The day lighting in room depends on:

distance between buildingsheight of the building

proximity of green plantations

height of green plantations

Factors that influences on Factors that influences on intensity and duration of daylight intensity and duration of daylight of rooms are: of rooms are:

1.1.The The size of the windowssize of the windows, ,

2.2.Form of the windowsForm of the windows, ,

3.3.Disposition of the windows. Disposition of the windows.

The upper edge of windows is necessary to be The upper edge of windows is necessary to be as higher as it is possibleas higher as it is possible..

Diagram for determination of the angle of incidence and the angle of

opening

The angle of opening calculation:tg =BC/AB (see table of tangents), - the angle of incidence;tg =BD/AB (see table of tangents), - the angle of shading;

, is the angle of opening.

Description of natural illumination

of dwellingIndexIndex RatesRates

Coefficient of Coefficient of day lighting day lighting (DLC)(DLC)

not less 0,75 %not less 0,75 %

Light coefficient Light coefficient (LC)(LC)

not less 1/6-1/8not less 1/6-1/8

Angle of Angle of incidence of light incidence of light raysrays

not less 27not less 27 0 0

Angle of opening Angle of opening not less 5not less 5 0 0

Depth Depth Coefficient (DC)Coefficient (DC)

not greater 2not greater 2

The sources of artificial lighting.

incandescent bulb luminescent lamp

Incandescent Lamp

Components of a Fluorescent Lamp

A fluorescent lamp consists of a phosphor-coated tube, starter, and ballast.

luminescence lamps

There are 3 types of luminescence lamp:

 

daylight luminescence lamp

white-light luminescence lamp

warm-white-light luminescence lamp

Important advantages of Fluorescent lamps

The light from such lamps can be made to approximate the

quality of daylight

The efficiency of the fluorescent lamp is

high

Fluorescent tube taking 40 watts of energy produces

as much light as a 150-watt incandescent bulb.

Fluorescent lamps produce less heat than incandescent bulbs for comparable light

production

The defect of luminescence lamp

cyanotic skin “evening effect” stroboscopic effect

Fluorescent lamps

The defect of the daylight luminescence lamp is that human skin in this light looks unhealthy, cyanotic

That`s why they are not used in hospital and school rooms.

Comparing with daylight lamps the spectrum of white-light luminescence lamps is richer with yellow rays.

During lighting with such lamps high workability of an eye is kept and skin looks better.

Used at schools, apartments, hospitals.

Spectrum of warm-white-light lamps is rich with yellow and pink rays and decreases eye`s workability, but

considerably improves colour of skin. Used for illumination of stations, cinemes, underground

Description of artificial light for dwelling

Living placeLiving place Level of least Level of least illumination (lux) illumination (lux) By By incandescencincandescence lampse lamps

By By luminescent luminescent

lampslamps

Dwelling Dwelling roomroom

7575 100100

KitchenKitchen 100100 100100

Closet, Closet, bathroombathroom

3030 5050

HallHall 5050 5050

StairsStairs 1010 5050

MMееthodsthods of determination of determination artificial illuminationartificial illumination

Instrumental methodInstrumental methodCalculation method Calculation method (method (method Watt)Watt)

LUXMETR

Standards of general artificial illuminationStandards of general artificial illumination

Premises

The Smallest illumination, lx

Luminescent lamps Incandescent lamps

Rooms and kitchens of dwelling 75 30

Classrooms 300 150

Rooms for technical drawing 500 300

School workshops 300 150

Public reading halls 300 150

Operating room 400 200

Divery room, manipulation room 500 200

Pre-operative room 300 150

Surgeon`s, gynecologist`s, pediatrician`s, dentist`s room 500 200

Functional diagnostics room - 150

X-ray room - 150

Patient room 150 75

Thank you for your attention!