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Hydrogen storage amp distribution in a Power to H2 context
April 2014 l Air Liquide Nordic Countries
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide - Our activities
Production Storage and Distribution Applications
Natural resources
N2
O2
Pipeline
Trailers
Cylinders
Large industries
Small Medium industries
Electronics
Healthcare
H2 Mobility Silane
He
CO
Acetylene
Ar
H2
Air
World leader in gases for industry health and the environment
2
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
European Power Mix
3
(Installed capacity In 2013 source EWEA 2014)
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Germanyrsquos energy transition
4
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The challenge of intermittent renewable power
How can hydrogen production fit into this picture
5
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Final energy consumption EU-27 2010
( of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent)
Per sector
Electricity system Transport market
Source Eurostat
Per energy form
6
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide - Our activities
Production Storage and Distribution Applications
Natural resources
N2
O2
Pipeline
Trailers
Cylinders
Large industries
Small Medium industries
Electronics
Healthcare
H2 Mobility Silane
He
CO
Acetylene
Ar
H2
Air
World leader in gases for industry health and the environment
2
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
European Power Mix
3
(Installed capacity In 2013 source EWEA 2014)
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Germanyrsquos energy transition
4
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The challenge of intermittent renewable power
How can hydrogen production fit into this picture
5
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Final energy consumption EU-27 2010
( of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent)
Per sector
Electricity system Transport market
Source Eurostat
Per energy form
6
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
European Power Mix
3
(Installed capacity In 2013 source EWEA 2014)
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Germanyrsquos energy transition
4
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The challenge of intermittent renewable power
How can hydrogen production fit into this picture
5
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Final energy consumption EU-27 2010
( of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent)
Per sector
Electricity system Transport market
Source Eurostat
Per energy form
6
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Germanyrsquos energy transition
4
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The challenge of intermittent renewable power
How can hydrogen production fit into this picture
5
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Final energy consumption EU-27 2010
( of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent)
Per sector
Electricity system Transport market
Source Eurostat
Per energy form
6
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The challenge of intermittent renewable power
How can hydrogen production fit into this picture
5
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Final energy consumption EU-27 2010
( of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent)
Per sector
Electricity system Transport market
Source Eurostat
Per energy form
6
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Final energy consumption EU-27 2010
( of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent)
Per sector
Electricity system Transport market
Source Eurostat
Per energy form
6
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions
SOURCE FORES
7
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector
Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport
Electrolysis
Storage
Transport
HRS
FCEV
8
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Electrolysis and intermittent power supply
Over-consumption Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy
Curtailment Electrolysis stand-by
Power price
Power load Wind power generation
9
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Interest of flexible electrolysis operation
Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels
bull Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid
bull Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation bull Increase consumption - down regulation
From renewables Carbon-free Hydrogen
CA
PE
X
H2 p
rod
uctio
n c
ost
10
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications
gt 50 H2 zero emission
lt 50 H2 ldquogreyrdquo - SMR type
Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV
CO2 emissions simple calculations
For FCEV the target is to reduce of at least 50 the GHG emissions ICEV
H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 kg H2
FCEV
1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km
With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 km
Zero emission from tank to wheels
Electrolysis typical efficiency 60 kWhe kg H2
Hypothesis wind power 10 g CO2 kWhe
06 kg CO2 kg H2
With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 km
11
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Power to H2 ndash distributed or semi-centralized
Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station
Semi-centralized electrolysis
Electrolysis
Renewable
H2
H2
Combined heat and power
Stationary FC
H2
FCEV
Industrial customers Storage and
distribution
e -
Natural gas grid 5 agrave 20 vol H2
H2
e - Mix e -
H2 Fueling
Buffer tank H2 FCEV
Cars
Forklifts
Buses
Surplus RE
Power control
e -
12
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Liquid
Gaseous form (30-700 bar)
Solid (metal hydrides)
H2 950 km
13
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen storage
Energy density (kWhm3)
Energy required ( of LHV)
Status
Gas ndash 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space
Gas ndash 200 bar 600 11 Widely used in industry (cylinder amp tube-trailer)
Gas ndash 350 bar 1050 14 Current standard for FCEV busses
Gas ndash 700 bar 2100 18 Current standard for FCEV cars
Liquid (-253 oC) 2360 37 Expensive limited liquefaction capacity in EU
Solid metal hydrides lt3650 16-34 Early deployment good for low pressure output
14
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Source KBB underground
Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
(MW)
Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern) 600 000 MWh
Source GM presentation
Freese May 13 lsquo09
Pumped hydro storage potential
CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern
H2 promising solution for large scale energy storage
15
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Hydrogen distribution
16
Volume capacity
Distrib OPEX
Distrib CAPEX
Cost upstream
Cost point of use
Constraints
H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Dense H2 consumption eg chemical industry clusters
Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Only small quantities - limited distances
Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Limited quantities
Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Liquefaction capacities limited
Distributed SMR
Variable Low (methane)
Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free
Distributed electrolysis
Variable Low (electricity)
Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up
Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane)
Low Mid Variable ~5 volume Framework End use
Methanation High Low (methane)
Low High Mid End use as methane
Upstream costs eg compression liquefaction injection
Costs at point of use eg compression
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide Biogas technologies renewable gas from waste
17
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Integrated hydrogen production amp distribution system
00002012
Wind power
Mobility
Industry
Injection into grid
Grid balancing services
Electrolysis
H2
18
Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The German experiment
19
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Thank you for your attention
Benjamin Berg
Business Developer
Hydrogen amp Biogas
Air Liquide Gas AB
Lundavaumlgen 151
SE-212 24 Malmouml - Sweden
Phone +46 40 38 11 60
Mobile +46 70 61 04 799
benjaminbergairliquidecom
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
H2 mobility
21 00002012 Doc title
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
The Air Liquide Group
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Experience in integrating installing operating and maintaining a range of
electrolyzers
Air Liquide know-how Electrolyzers
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HRS standard offer
80 kgday mobile station
200 kgday small size
400 kgday medium size
1 000 kgday large size
Comprehensive solutions
350 bar fast filling
700 bar fast filling
H2 supply chain management
More than 55 systems deployed
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Product Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
Air Liquide world leader in gases for industry health and the environment
Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage
