HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE

• PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY = 630 GW

• POWER = DELTA P x FLOW RATE

• POWER (W) = QgH

H =METRES, Q = CUSECS

WORLD TOTAL = 630GW

More than 100mPelton wheel or Impulse turbine

Francis turbine vary output by QRadial inflow

Kaplan turbine, propeller, large Q, low HCan change blade angle

Need to run at constant speed

TIDAL TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

POWER CONTROLLED BY FLOW RATE, Vcup = Vjet/2

18 SETS OF 700 MW =12.6 GW, H=120M, FLOW = 9000 TONNES/S

CRUACHAN PUMPER STORAGE SCHEME

CRUACHAN RESERVOIR AND LOCH AWE

DINORWIG PUMPED STORAGE IN WALES

TIDAL POWER

GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CAUSED BY THE EARTH-MOONINTERACTIONTOTAL UK POTENTIAL = 17% OF CURRENT ELECTRICTY GENERATION

12.5 HRS50 MINS LATEREACH DAY29.5 DAY CYCLE14 DAYS BETWEENSPRING & NEAPSUN PULL IS 177 BIGGER THAN MOONMID OCEANTR=0.5MNEAR COASTSTR AMPLIFIEDUP TO 15M

MUTUAL ROTATION ABOUTCOMMON CENTRE GIVESLARGE OUTWARD G FORCEON SEA ON FAR SIDE & SMALLG FORCE ON NEAR SIDE.PULL OF MOON STRONG ON NEARSIDE, WEAKER THAN AVERAGEON FAR SIDESUM APPROX SAMEON BOTH SIDES

2 miles of permanent mud at Weston – super - Mare

R

AREA = A

MASS OF TRAPPED WATER = ARC OF G = R/2 ABOVE LOW WATER MARK

MAX PE IF ALL WATER FALLS R/2 = 2

..R

gAROver tidal period ‘t’ average PE =

T

gAR

2

2

Reversible pumps/turbines better than sluice gates

Turbines 6000MW between high & low basins, 2500 MW high & seaPumps 2500MW

WAVE ENERGY

UP TO 2MW/mAverage 80kW/mTwice as much available in UK territorial watersAs current installed generating capacitySeasonal peak in the winterStorms a problem

ANNUAL AVERAGE WAVE POWER IN KW/M

SALTER DUCK WAVE POWER CONVERTER

SALTER DUCK WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER