Hydrocarbon Derivatives molecular compounds of carbon and

hydrogen that contain at least one other element.

ex) alkyl halide, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ester

Alkyl Halidesone or more hydrogen atoms are

replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).

Many of these are carcinogenic or toxic.

Compounds include CFC’s, Teflon coatings and insecticides.

Naming Organic Halidesnumber parent chain from end closest

to halogen, for a cycloalkane, start numbering at halogen

use shortened names, put in alphabetical order and use prefixes as needed: bromo, chloro, fluoro, and iodo.

name and number alkyl groups

Ex. 1,2-dichloroethane

Alcoholscontain an hydroxyl (-OH) functional group-is

polar

higher boiling point than alkanes because of hydrogen bonds. Chains up to 12 C are liquid.

short chain alcohols (methanol,ethanol) are very soluble in water due to polarity

Longer chains become more non polar and do not dissolve in water but with non polar compounds

Naming Alcoholsname alkanes but replace the ending –e

with the ending –ol unless there is a prefix then leave the –e and add –ol after prefix

number closest to the OH

the position of the OH group(s) is indicated with a number(s) before the –ol.

use prefixes to indicate the number of OH groups

name and number alkyl groups

Examplesethanol

2-methylpropan-2-ol

propane-1,2,3-triol

rubbing alcohol propan-2-ol

Carboxylic Acids

contain a carboxyl (- COOH) carboxyl is polar, easily form hydrogen

bonds.

higher boiling points than other hydrocarbons and derivatives

short chains are liquids and soluble in water, longer chains are waxy solids and not soluble

hydrogen on the hydroxyl is acidic.

found in sour fruits and vinegar Ex. Ethanoic acid = vinegar

Naming Carboxylic AcidsReplace the alkane ending, –e, with the

ending -oic acid. Carboxyl is position 1

Name and number alkyl chains

Ex. butanoic acid

Some carboxylic acids have more than one carboxylic acid group, so they are given common names

Ex) oxalic acid and citric acid.

Estersfunctional group is similar to carboxyl except

that the hydrogen on the hydroxyl is replaced with a carbon chain.

responsible for the smells of many fruits and vegetables (volatile so create aromas)

without an –OH group, can not make hydrogen bonds so boiling points are lower than carboxylic acids

Small esters are liquids, larger are waxy solids

4 carbons or fewer are soluble, larger are not soluble in water

formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

Naming EstersTwo parts:The name from the acid (contains C=O)

is changed from –oic acid to –oate and is the main chain (name last)

The name of the alkyl group from the alcohol ends in –yl and is given first.

Example: ethyl ethanoate