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Hybrid and Pure Electric Vehicles for Land, Water and Air 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players
Contents Page 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
1.1. The value market for electric vehicles EVs of all types 1
1.2. Market sectors and technology trends 2
1.3. Small and Medium Enterprises SME come to the fore 6
1.4. Numbers of manufacturers 23
1.5. Stronger value growth, hybrids gain value share 23
1.6. Mark ups through the value chain 24
1.7. Electric cars – the most unpredictable market 25
1.7.1. Pure electric cars 26
1.7.2. Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars 27
1.7.3. The most unpredictable market 29
1.7.4. Market drivers 30
1.8. Market by territory 34
1.8.1. Global 34
1.8.2. China 35
2. INTRODUCTION 39
2.1. Definitions and scope of this report 39
2.1.1. Learning from the past 39
2.1.2. Organisations involved in the EV industry value chain 40
2.1.3. Commonality 41
2.1.4. Key components and systems 42
2.2. Pure electric vehicles 42
2.3. Hybrid electric vehicles 44
2.3.1. Largest sector by value 45
2.3.2. Here come range extenders 46
2.3.3. Hybrids at no price penalty 53
2.4. Born electric – in-wheel electric motors 54
2.5. Born Electric – smart skin 60
2.6. Objectives 62
2.7. Benefits 62
2.8. Electric vehicles become less poisonous 63
2.8.1. How green are electric vehicles really? 65
2.8.2. Contrast global automotive production 2012: major polluter 68
3. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS 71
3.1. What is included 71
3.2. Challenges 71
Hybrid and Pure Electric Vehicles for Land, Water and Air 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players
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3.3. Listing of manufacturers 72
3.3.1. Statistics for all types of industrial lift truck 72
3.3.2. Manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs 75
3.4. Market size 76
3.5. Market forecasts 2012-2023 76
4. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL, BUSES AND OTHER COMMERCIAL EVS 77
4.1. What is included 77
4.1.2. Sub categories 78
4.1.3. Buses 79
4.1.4. Trucks 81
4.2. Market drivers 87
4.2.1. Governments get involved 88
4.3. Important initiatives 88
4.4. EVs for local services 89
4.5. Airport EVs: Ground Support Equipment GSE 89
4.6. Small people-movers 90
4.7. Light industrial aids 91
4.8. Listing of manufacturers 92
4.9. Market forecasts 2012-2023 95
5. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED 99
5.1. Compelling and enduring need 99
5.2. The demographic time-bomb 99
5.2.1. Ageing population, obesity and the dependent elderly 100
5.2.2. Laws make mobility easier 101
5.3. Types of mobility vehicle 101
5.3.1. Growth by new market segments 102
5.3.2. Interchina Industry Group China 104
5.4. Market drivers 105
5.4.1. Geographical distribution 105
5.4.2. Needs creating new segments 106
5.4.3. What is driving regional differences? 107
5.4.4. Zhejiang R&P Industry China 108
5.4.5. Pride Mobility, USA 109
5.5. Listing of manufacturers 109
5.6. Market forecasts 2012-2023 112
5.6.1. Growth by creating new markets 112
6. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES 115
6.1. What is included 115
6.1.1. China - unprecedented growth of electric two wheelers 115
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6.1.2. Other countries 116
6.2. Prices and performances compared 117
6.3. Electric two wheeler companies 119
6.3.1. Yamaha Japan 120
6.3.2. Eko Vehicles hybrid scooters India 121
6.3.3. Interchina Industry Group foldable electric bike China 122
6.3.4. Honda Japan 122
6.3.5. Suzuki fuel cell bike Japan 123
6.4. Market drivers 124
6.4.1. Bicycles and electric bicycles 124
6.4.2. Hybrid motorcycles 125
6.5. Statistics for all bicycles 126
6.6. Listing of manufacturers 127
6.6.1. China 128
6.7. Market forecasts 2012-2023 130
7. CAR-LIKE VEHICLES NOT HOMOLOGATED AS CARS: MICROEV, QUADRICYCLE,
E-TRIKE, NEV, GOLF CAR 133
7.1. Many names, common factors 133
7.2. Car-like vehicles that evade restrictions, taxes and other costs 136
7.3. Philippines: big new commitments to e-trikes 138
7.4. Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars 139
7.5. Golf cars 142
7.5.1. What is included 142
7.5.2. Market drivers 143
7.5.3. Listing of manufacturers 146
7.5.4. Market forecasts 2012-2023 147
8. CARS 149
8.1. Adoption of electric cars 149
8.2. Rapid increase in number of manufacturers 154
8.3. Providing charging infrastructure 159
8.3.1. Recharging points 159
8.3.2. Battery changing points 160
8.3.3. Can the grid cope? 160
8.4. Market 2012-2023 161
8.5. National targets for plug-in (PHEV, BEV) on road vehicle sales 2010-2020 163
8.5.1. United Kingdom 165
9. PURE ELECTRIC CARS 167
9.1. Déjà Vu 168
9.1.1. Pure electric cars are a necessary part of the range? 173
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9.2. Examples of pure EV cars 173
9.2.1. Renault-Nissan Alliance France, Japan 173
9.2.2. China 174
9.2.3. High performance pure EVs – Tesla USA 174
9.2.4. Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar France, Italy 175
9.2.5. REVA India 176
9.2.6. Club Car USA 177
9.2.7. Toyota Japan 178
10. HYBRID CARS 181
10.1. Construction and advantages of hybrids 181
10.2. Evolution 181
10.3. Chevrolet Volt USA 182
10.4. Ford hybrids USA 183
10.5. Market drivers 183
10.5.1. Leading indicators 183
10.6. History of hybrids and planned models 184
11. MILITARY 193
11.1. Examples of military EVs 193
11.1.1. Hummer USA / China 194
11.1.2. Quantum Technologies USA Aggressor AMV 194
11.1.3. US Army trucks etc – ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA 195
11.1.4. Oshkosh Truck Corp USA 195
11.1.5. Plug-in trucks – BAE Systems UK 197
11.1.6. Electric robot vehicles USA 198
11.1.7. UQM unmanned combat vehicle USA 198
11.1.8. Balqon Corporation 198
11.2. Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 199
11.2.1. Small electrical UAVs 200
11.2.2. SUAV batteries 200
11.2.3. The most successful electric UAV 201
11.2.4. Micro nano air vehicles 203
11.2.5. Large electrical UAVs 204
11.2.6. COM-BAT robot bat USA 205
11.3. Examples of military EVs – in the water 206
11.3.1. US Naval Undersea Warfare Center 206
11.4. Manufacturers of military EVs 207
11.5. Market forecasts 2012-2023 208
12. MARINE 211
12.1.1. Hybrid and pure electric tugboats 211
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12.2. Market segments 214
12.2.1. Total market 214
12.2.2. Underwater 214
12.2.3. On the water 215
12.3. Commonality with land EVs 216
12.3.1. Grants for land and water 216
12.3.2. Effect of land EV manufacturers entering marine 216
12.4. Market drivers 216
12.4.1. Pollution laws back electric boats – India, Europe, USA 217
12.4.2. Energy harvesting superyacht UK 217
12.4.3. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) – Europe, USA 219
12.5. Manufacturers by country and product 219
12.6. Selling prices 221
12.7. Market forecasts 2012-2023 221
12.7.1. Outboard motor market size 222
13. AIRCRAFT, MOBILE ROBOTS AND OTHER EVS 223
13.1. Definition 223
13.2. Market drivers 223
13.3. Listing of other manufacturers by country and product 224
13.4. Market size and trends 224
13.4.1. Aircraft – Renault, Piccard 225
13.4.2. Solar Impulse 226
13.4.3. Non-military mobile robots – USA, UK, Japan 227
13.4.4. The Electrolux Automower Sweden 229
13.4.5. Rescue robots in Germany 230
13.4.6. Robots on Mars 230
13.4.7. Leisure on land 232
13.4.8. Research and hobbyist 233
13.4.9. Electric aircraft for civil use 233
13.4.10. Robotic lawn mowers 233
13.5. Market forecasts 2012-2023 235
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY 239
Hybrid and Pure Electric Vehicles for Land, Water and Air 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players
Tables Page
Table 1.1 Categories of electric vehicle, saturating and growth subsectors within these categories and
technology trends by size/ duty cycle. 9
Table 1.2 Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector 11
Table 1.3 Explanation of trends in market numbers by sector and background statistics and forecasts
by other analysts of future numbers by sector and country 13
Table 1.4 Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by
applicational sector, rounded 18
Table 1.5 Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational
sector, rounded 20
Table 1.6 Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2013 by application
with numbers for China 23
Table 1.7 Main market drivers 2013-2023 24
Table 1.8 The value of the electric vehicle market by territory % East Asia, Europe, North America,
Other 2013 and 2023 % 34
Table 1.9 NEV output in China for 2011 and 2012 including exports 36
Table 2.1 Energy, number of riders and energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road
travel options. 44
Table 2.2 Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs 63
Table 2.3 Global automotive production by country 2012 69
Table 3.1 27 examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country 75
Table 3.2 Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks 76
Table 3.3 Global sales of heavy industrial EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-
2023, rounded 76
Table 3.4 Sales of heavy electric vehicles by region by percentage of units 76
Table 4.1 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and
examples of their products 93
Table 4.2 Global sales of buses, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded 95
Table 4.3 Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs excluding buses by numbers thousands,
ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023,
rounded 95
Table 4.4 Approximate number of light industrial and commercial vehicles by type in 2013 in thousands
excluding buses 96
Table 4.5 Sales of light electric/commercial vehicles by region 2013 and 2023 by percentage of units 96
Table 5.1 Statistics relevant to the challenge to society caused by ageing population 100
Table 5.2 Evolution of three families of powered vehicles for the disabled to 2013 103
Table 5.3 Evolution of power chairs 1980 to 2013 104
Table 5.4 Evolution of scooters for the disabled 1980 to 2013 104
Table 5.5 The continental percentage split of markets for vehicles for the disabled by value in 2013 105
Table 5.6 The percentage split of market for vehicles for the disabled by country within Europe 105
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Table 5.7 The numbers in thousands of scooters plus power chairs that were and will be sold in Europe
2005 to 2015 106
Table 5.8 Features of mobility vehicles that may hold up the price by offering more in future 107
Table 5.9 The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of
vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015 110
Table 5.10 Market for EVs for the disabled by geographical region, ex works pricing and percentage split
in 2005, 2010 and 2020 110
Table 5.11 82 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country 110
Table 5.12 Global sales of EVs used as mobility aids for the disabled by number, ex-factory unit price in
thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2012-2023, rounded 113
Table 6.1 Prices and performance of electric two wheelers 117
Table 6.2 70 examples of manufacturers of two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes 127
Table 6.3 Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order) 128
Table 6.4 34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry 129
Table 6.5 Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but
there is a move to lithium-ion batteries 130
Table 6.6 Global sales of two wheel and allied EVs number, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars
and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded 131
Table 6.7 Sales of Light Electric Vehicles LEVs (two wheelers and allied eg electric quad bikes and on
road three wheel micro cars) by region by percentage of units2013 and 2023 131
Table 7.1 Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars 139
Table 7.2 MicroEV quadricycle forecasts 2012-2023 142
Table 7.3 19 examples of golf EV manufacturers 147
Table 7.4 Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised caddies in number thousands, ex-factory unit
price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 147
Table 7.5 Geographical split of golf EV sales by value 2010, 2015 and 2020 148
Table 8.1 Global stimulus for fuel efficient cars in 2009 149
Table 8.2 121 examples of manufacturers of EV cars 155
Table 8.3 Global sales of car hybrid number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars
and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 161
Table 8.4 Global sales of car pure electric number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of
dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 161
Table 8.5 Global sales of micro EV quadricycle number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of
dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 161
Table 10.1 Major market drivers for growth in hybrid sales 183
Table 10.2 Hybrid electric vehicles and associated events 1876-2013 184
Table 11.1 Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven 202
Table 11.2 27 suppliers of military EVs 208
Table 11.3 Global sales of electric military vehicles in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in
thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 208
Table 11.4 Military electric vehicle sales by region 2013 and 2023 in percentage units 209
Table 12.1 44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft 219
Table 12.2 Leading manufacturers of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles for sale 220
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Table 12.3 Indicative prices for marine EVs in 2013 221
Table 12.4 Global sales of electric marine craft in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands
of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 221
Table 12.5 Forecast for trolling electric outboard motors 2013-2023, numbers k, $k ex-factory price,
$million market value 222
Table 12.6 Forecast for medium sized electric outboard motors (500W-10kW) 2013-2023, numbers k, $k
ex-factory price, $ million market value 222
Table 12.7 Forecast for large sized electric outboard motors (10kW-150kW ) 2013-2023, numbers k, $k
ex-factory price, $ million market value 222
Table 13.1 36 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by
country and product 224
Table 13.2 Global sales of other electric vehicles (including civil aircraft and robot) in number thousands,
ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023,
rounded 236
Hybrid and Pure Electric Vehicles for Land, Water and Air 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players
Figures Page Fig. 1.1 Breakdown of the electric vehicle market in 2023, land water and airborne, hybrid and pure
electric 2
Fig. 1.2 Basic schematic of pure EV power train 3
Fig. 1.3 Size of vehicle, broadly indicated by price and battery kWh, related to when up-front cost
becomes competitive with a conventional version 5
Fig. 1.4 SMEs have more opportunity 6
Fig. 1.5 FlyNano pure electric flying jet ski Finland 7
Fig. 1.6 Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector 12
Fig. 1.7 Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by
applicational sector, rounded 19
Fig. 1.8 Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector,
rounded 21
Fig. 1.9 Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2013, percentage by applicational sector 22
Fig. 1.10 Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2023, percentage by applicational sector 22
Fig. 1.11 The various types of car, the precise definitions, regulations and user preferences varying
greatly between countries 25
Fig. 1.12 kWh per passenger for conventional or electric on-road vehicles related to type of vehicle and
showing cars to be uniquely inefficient 26
Fig. 1.13 The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas
the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure
electric car in the UK for ten years with sales of only hundreds yearly 27
Fig. 1.14 Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The
standard model has no windows 27
Fig. 1.15 Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels 28
Fig. 1.16 Cumulative and monthly plug-in on-road vehicle sales in the USA through 2012 according to
trade association EDTA 32
Fig. 1.17 The tiny sales of pure electric on-road vehicle sales in Europe showing carrier goods EVs/ light
industrial and commercial vehicles outselling pure electric passenger EVs, according to trade
association AVERE 33
Fig. 1.18 Adoption of different car power trains past and present 33
Fig. 1.19 Unit sales in China 2008-2012: total autos, total passenger cars and buses and BEV and
HEV/PHEV 35
Fig. 2.1 EV sectors with the largest gross sales value and profits over the years 40
Fig. 2.2 Electric vehicle value chain 41
Fig. 2.3 Increasing inefficiency of private vehicles with size, even when fully occupied 43
Fig. 2.4 Increasing efficiency of buses with size when fully occupied 43
Fig. 2.5 Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options 44
Fig. 2.6 The Bladon Jets microturbine range extender is the size of two cans of beans 49
Fig. 2.7 Boeing fuel cell plane trial 50
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Fig. 2.8 Principle of a PEM fuel cell 51
Fig. 2.9 Toyota hybrid fork lift for heavy outdoor duty 51
Fig. 2.10 Tyrano Big Rig 52
Fig. 2.11 Ford MKZ Hybrid 54
Fig. 2.12 The Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle of 1898 showing its two in-wheel electric motors. Another
version had four 55
Fig. 2.13 Mitsubishi in-wheel motor 55
Fig. 2.14 Mine resistant ambush protected – All Terrain Vehicle MATV 57
Fig. 2.15 MATV structure 57
Fig. 2.16 Volvo ReCharge concept hybrid 58
Fig. 2.17 Fraunhofer in-wheel motor on an Artega GT 58
Fig. 2.18 SIM Drive in wheel traction 59
Fig. 2.19 EMRAX 222 Duplex Motor 60
Fig. 2.20 The dream of smart skin for land, sea and air vehicles 61
Fig. 2.21 Competing electric drive train technologies and their targets by market sector 62
Fig. 2.22 Carbon Intensity CO2 kg/kWh and % Fossil fuel in power sector 66
Fig. 2.23 LCA greenhouse emissions of a compact car with different drive trains 67
Fig. 2.24 Carbon emissions, in grams CO2 per km, of a selection of cars for sale in the UK 68
Fig. 3.1 Caterpillar CAT series hybrid diesel electric bulldozer 72
Fig. 3.2 Mitsubishi diesel electric hybrid lifter 72
Fig. 3.3 Top 20 industrial lift truck suppliers in 2011 73
Fig. 3.4 Lift truck market demand increase in 2012 73
Fig. 3.5 World industrial truck statistics/orders and shipments 74
Fig. 4.1 The tiny sales of pure electric on-road vehicle sales in Europe showing carrier goods EVs/ light
industrial and commercial vehicles outselling passenger EVs, according to trade association
AVERE 78
Fig. 4.2 Orion VII hybrid electric bus USA 80
Fig. 4.3 Nova RTS hybrid electric bus USA 80
Fig. 4.4 Gillig low floor hybrid bus in USA 80
Fig. 4.5 Two buses in Brazil using the locally made Eletra hybrid power trains 80
Fig. 4.6 Kent electric city bus from China 81
Fig. 4.7 Hino Blue Ribbon hybrid diesel electric bus in China 81
Fig. 4.8 Balqon Pure Electric Trucks and Bus Drive 82
Fig. 4.9 PG&E and VIA Motors displayed a new SUV version of its extended-range electric vehicle at the
Detroit auto show 85
Fig. 4.10 The full-size pickup and a cargo van introduced by VIA Motors in 2012, in use by PGE 86
Fig. 4.11 Electric bus in Nepal 91
Fig. 4.12 Mobile electric scissor lift by Wuhan Chancay Machinery and Electronics 92
Fig. 4.13 Garbage collecting electric car 92
Fig. 4.14 Sales of light electric/commercial vehicles by region 2013 by percentage of units 96
Fig. 4.15 Sales of light electric/commercial vehicles by region 2023 by percentage of units 97
Fig. 5.1 Percentage of dependent elderly 1970 to 2040 100
Fig. 5.2 New Pihsiang Shoprider pure electric mobility vehicle for the disabled 103
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Fig. 5.3 The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group 104
Fig. 5.4 Zhejiang R&P Industry ES 413 108
Fig. 5.5 Pride Jazzy – making new things possible 109
Fig. 6.1 Gasoline two wheelers G2W and electric two wheelers E2W sales compared to passenger
vehicles 1991-2006 in China 116
Fig. 6.2 Yamaha EC-f and EC-fs concept electric scooters 120
Fig. 6.3 Yamaha EC03 121
Fig. 6.4 Eko Vehicles ET-120 hybrid scooter 121
Fig. 6.5 Foldable Electric Bike (LNEB-9601 122
Fig. 6.6 Honda EV Cub sports twin, front and rear electric drive motors. 122
Fig. 6.7 Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter powered by Intelligent Energy 123
Fig. 6.8 e-bikes parked in Yangzhou China 124
Fig. 6.9 Electric mopeds parked in Cheghdu China 124
Fig. 6.10 World bicycle and automoblie production, 1950-2007 126
Fig. 7.1 IMAs “Colibri” Micro EV presented at the Geneva Motorshow 2013. 134
Fig. 7.2 Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars, in the context of two wheelers and Europe. Love
them or hate them? 135
Fig. 7.3 The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas
the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure
electric car in the UK for ten years with sales of only hundreds yearly 136
Fig. 7.4 Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The
standard model has no windows 137
Fig. 7.5 Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels 137
Fig. 7.6 E-trikes 139
Fig. 7.7 Tonaro golf and general purpose vehicle from China 144
Fig. 7.8 Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China 145
Fig. 7.9 Yongkang Fourstar golf vehicles from China 145
Fig. 7.10 Shadong Wuzheng golf cars from China 146
Fig. 7.11 Jinhua Ryder golf car from China 146
Fig. 8.1 Features of leading electric cars in 2012 150
Fig. 8.2 Projections of lithium-ion traction battery price 151
Fig. 8.3 A summary of the theoretical energy density of advanced rechargeable battery chemistries
compared with theoretical graphene supercapacitor 152
Fig. 8.4 Distribution of cars made in Europe 153
Fig. 8.5 Detailed breakdown of car parameters by type 154
Fig. 8.6 Geographical distribution of 120 companies making or intending to make electric cars in 2013 159
Fig. 8.7 Number (thousands) of hybrid cars, pure electric cars and MicroEV/Quadricycles 2013-2023 162
Fig. 8.8 Total market value (US$ billion) of hybrid cars, pure electric cars and MicroEV/Quadricycles
2013-2023 162
Fig. 8.9 National targets for plug-in on road vehicle sales of EVI members in number of vehicles
purchased yearly 163
Fig. 8.10 Planned PEV vehicle stock by year 2010-2020 in national targets 164
Fig. 8.11 Government targets and sales by company of PEV (PHEV/BEV on-road vehicles) 164
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Fig. 8.12 Early sales of new EVs by year superimposed showing comparative early adoption 165
Fig. 9.1 Trouvé pure EV car in 1881 169
Fig. 9.2 Red Bug pure EV in 1930 170
Fig. 9.3 Sinclair C5 170
Fig. 9.4 Aptera 171
Fig. 9.5 Gemcars 172
Fig. 9.6 Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car 174
Fig. 9.7 Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar showing solar panels on roof and hood 175
Fig. 9.8 Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar cross section 176
Fig. 9.9 REVA pure EV car 177
Fig. 9.10 The Club Car street legal car 178
Fig. 9.11 Toyota pure EV city car 179
Fig. 10.1 Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles 182
Fig. 10.2 Chevrolet Volt battery, generator and drive unit positioning 183
Fig. 11.1 Oshkosh truck 196
Fig. 11.2 Balqon Mule M150 199
Fig. 11.3 SPI electrical SUAV 200
Fig. 11.4 Examples of SUAV rechargeable lithium batteries. Top: Flight Power "EVO 20" Lithium Polymer
battery. Bottom: Sion Power lithium sulfur 201
Fig. 11.5 AeroVironment Raven 202
Fig. 11.6 AeroVironment Aqua Puma UAV completes Royal Australian Navy Sea trials in 2007 203
Fig. 11.7 AeroVironment Helios 204
Fig. 11.8 Aurora Flight Sciences solar plane that takes off in parts and self-assembles at altitude 205
Fig. 11.9 COM-BAT 205
Fig. 11.10 Robotic Bat 206
Fig. 11.11 Large autonomous robot jellyfish 207
Fig. 12.1 Hybrid tugboat 212
Fig. 12.2 Engine room of the hybrid tugboat 212
Fig. 12.3 Bratt electric tugboat 213
Fig. 12.4 Electric deck boat by Leisure Life 215
Fig. 12.5 Electric launch 215
Fig. 12.6 Solar powered boats for tourism cruising at 12 kph on Lake Geneva 217
Fig. 12.7 The rigid-wing superyacht concept called 'Soliloquy' 218
Fig. 13.1 "Zep'lin"s 225
Fig. 13.2 "Zep'lin" photovoltaic sail adjustment 226
Fig. 13.3 Solar Impulse 226
Fig. 13.4 The Electrolux Automower 230
Fig. 13.5 Robots for Mars 231
Fig. 13.6 LawnBott 234