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Huxley's Brave New WorldRafeeq O. McGiveron aa Lansing Community CollegePublished online: 30 Mar 2010.

To cite this article: Rafeeq O. McGiveron (1998) Huxley's Brave New World, TheExplicator, 57:1, 27-30, DOI: 10.1080/00144949809596803

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And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night (emphasis added).

Arnold may have lost his faith, but he seems not to have forgotten the cadences of the King James Bible. In Romans 8.38-39 Paul writes:

For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, [nlor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God. . . (emphasis added).

These italicized lists-brief but sweeping-provoke comparison, especial- ly in the strikingly similar phraseology derived from their negative correlative conjunctions. But their sense is pointedly opposed. In the verses from Romans, Paul is affirming faith in the sure and unceasing love of God, where- as Arnold itemizes the emptinesses that imply the Divine absence and the impossibility of faith.

Indeed, it is likely that Arnold, who knew the Bible well, deliberately con- structed the grammar of his lines to echo Romans and, through the contrast of the evoked contexts, attempted to intensify the pathos of the modem condi- tion. Certainly, the allusion, whether conscious or not, adds richness to one of the great poems in the English canon.

-H. WAYNE SCHOW. Idaho State Universiry

WORK CITED

Arnold, Matthew. “Dover Beach.” The forruble Marrhew Arnold. Ed. Lionel Trilling. New York: Viking Press, 1949.

Huxley’s BRAVE NEW WORLD

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) “is told with a perfect balance of wit and humor” (Aldiss 185), and an important part of Huxley’s wit is his choice of character names, for they subtly support his novel’s themes. R. H. Super notes that Huxley’s work is “loaded . . . with literary allusions . . . ” (427), and although James Sexton remarks that “all the names Huxley used . . . can be traced to actual or literary eponyms” (“Aldous” 85) , many do not seem to have been explicated in print. This should be remedied. for with iron-

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ic incompatibilities, double meanings, and allusions emphasizing frustrated potential, Huxley’s use of names reiterates his warning against the destruction of the individual in the modern world.

One level of Huxley’s irony, that of incompatibilities, occurs when his World State invokes the names of leftists such as Marx (35), Engels (SO), Trot- sky (31), and Bakunin (80) along with the names of prominent historical sup- porters of capitalism such as the deified Ford, Benito Mussolini (57), Diesel (SO), Rothschild (79), Hoover (whether appliance-maker, president, or direc- tor of the FBI) (57), and, as Sexton reminds us, the “important industrialist- politician” Alfred Mond (“Aldous” 85; “Rationalization” 429-36). Clearly, such names are incompatible without a strange twisting of ideologies. Rather than taking the best aspects of both capitalist Right and socialist Left, the World State has taken the worst: from the former the subordination of the indi- vidual to the supremacy of the collective State, and from the latter the reduc- tion of the individual to compulsive consumer.

References to Rousseau (87), Darwin (260), Napoleon (260), and Habibul- lah (the pliable pro-British ruler of Afghanistan early in the twentieth centu- ry) (87) also contain double meanings. Each name could reflect a positive quality, yet, as is the case with the apparently incompatible names from Left and Right, in Huxley’s society each reflects a negative just as easily. The World State values not childlike simplicity but childish hedonism, not scien- tific inquiry or progress but iron determinism, not idealism or revolutionary vigor but dictatorship, not political prudence but mere complacency.

Just as these state-sanctioned names reflect a society that blithely crushes individuality at every opportunity, the frustrated potentials of specific charac- ter names reflect the co-opting of individuality. For example, Darwin Bona- parte, Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and John the Savage all possess names alluding to rebellion or intellection. All such allusions are ironic, however, their possibilities firmly frustrated by an intellectually stifling society. In addi- tion to these fairly obvious allusions to frustrated potential, Huxley uses oth- ‘ers that are rather more subtle or obscure.

Bernard’s friend, Helmholtz Watson, is a writer of hypnopaedic propagan- da who has begun to realize “that sport, women, communal activities [are] only . . . second best” (67). In English helm suggests the place of steering or control, whereas in German it means “helmet”; moreover, in German holtz means “wooden,”’ with its connotations of antiquity. This name suits Helmholtz, for like the banned writers of the pre-Fordian era of seven cen- turies earlier, he is intellectual rather than hedonistic, sensing, “[w]ords can be like X-rays, if you use them properly . . . ” (70). Unlike the nineteenth-centu- ry German scientist Helmholtz, however, he does nothing to advance knowl- edge. Further, although a wooden helmet may hark back to the freer past, it is also more fragile; though Helmholtz is moved by the linguistic artistry of

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Shakespeare, the emotional content he finds “irresistibly comical” (188), and his abortive rebellion thus is undermined from its beginning.

A more minor character, Po@, an enemy from John’s childhood, also is given a name with unfulfilled potentials. Whereas the seventeenth-century Pop6 led a highly successful revolt against the Spanish of New Mexico, the lover of young John’s mother is simply a mescal-besotted lecher with braids like sinister “black snake[s]” (134). Though he is named by family and cus- tom on the Savage Reservation rather than by the World State, the irony of his name still reiterates the difficulty of transcending the limitations of a hide- bound society.

The names of Mustapha Mond, the “Resident Controller for Western Europe” (33), reveal unfulfilled potential just as do the others. The reference to the Frenchman Alfred Mond that Sexton notes is straightforward, if now unfortunately obscure, but ironic allusions exist as well. In Arabic musrupha means “the chosen one,”2 and in French, of course, m o d e means “world.”Yet, although Mond is one of the ten most powerful people in the world, to read- ers he scarcely seems “the chosen one.” Although intelligent and inquisitive enough as a young man to risk being exiled, he chose instead to uphold ortho- doxy (232-33); he may study his Bible and other banned works (236-37) and may “almost envy” those malcontents he banishes (233), but he wryly sup- ports the system of “[u]niversal happiness [that] keeps the wheels steadily turning” (234). He has kept himself from threatening a world that “prefer[s] to do things comfortably” (247)-without the worries of art, science, or reli- gion (236)-and clearly he will keep others from threatening it as well.

Just as the incompatibilities and double meanings of state-selected names prepare readers for a society that takes the worst of both worlds-whatever they happen to be in any particular allusion-the ironies of the unfulfilled potentials of specific characters’ names reiterate the difficulty of freeing the individual from the tyranny of the collective and from the seductions of hedo- nism. Though many names allude to rebellion and intellection, all characters fail to make any positive change in society, thus reinforcing the more overt themes of Brave New World. The grimly witty ironies of Huxley’s name choices remind us that only by preserving our humanity and individuality can we avoid the same failure.

-RAFEEQ 0. McGIVERON, Lansing Cornrnuniry College

NOTES

I . I am indebted to Mr. Norbert M. Kurtz, Lead Faculty for Foreign Languages. Lansing Corn-

2. I am indebted to Mr. John C. Hutchinson of Lansing, Michigan, and Mr. Fuad Al-Kabour of munity College, Lansing, Michigan.

Okemos, Michigan.

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WORKS CITED

Aldiss, Brian W., and David Wingrove. Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction. New

Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. 1932. New York: Harper, 1989. Sexton, lames. “Aldous Huxley’s Bokanovsky.” Science-Fiction Studies 16 ( 1989): 85-89. -. “Brave New World and the Rationalization of Industry.” English Studies in Canada I2

Super, R. H. “Aldous Huxley’s Art of Allusion-The Arnold Connection.” English Studies: A

York: Atheneum, 1986.

(1986): 424-39.

Joumul of English Langwge and Literature 12 ( I 991): 42&4 I .

Dickinson’s THE TINT I CANNOT TAKE-IS BEST-

The Tint I cannot take-is best- The Color too remote That I could show it in Bazaar- A Guinea at a sight- The tine-impalpable Array- That swaggers on the eye Like Cleopatra’s Company- Repeated-in the sky- The Moments of Dominion That happen on the Soul And leave it with a Discontent Too exquisite-to tell- The eager look-on Landscapes- As if they just repressed Some Secret-that was pushing Like Chariots-in the Vest- The Pleading of the Summer- That other Prank-of Snow- That Cushions Mystery with Tulle, For fear the Squirrels-know Their Graspless manners-mock us- Until the Cheated Eye Shuts arrogantly-in the Grave- Another way-to see-*

-Emily Dickinson

*Reprinted by permission of the publisher and the Trustees of Amherst College from The Poems of Emily Dickinson, Thomas H. Johnson, ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The Bel- knap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright 0 1951, 1955, 1979, 1983 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

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