Husted,t Fay - NFPA

C O M M I T T E E O N G E N E R A L S T O R A G E 367 GS-1

e

Report of Committee on

General Storage

General Storage W. R o b e r t Powers , Chairman

The New York Board of Fire Underwriters 85 John St., New York, NY 10038

Joe l Husted,t 8ecr~ary Bayley, Mart in & Fay

99 John St., New York, N Y 10038

Robe r t E. Bean , Trail Park Fire Control S. t l . B l n g h a m , National At~ociation of

Refrigerated Warehouse8 J . B. Bishop , Continental Can Company |.. M. Bolz, Improved Risk Mutuals M a r t i n M. Brown, American International

Group, Inv. J , P. Car ro l l , Society of Piastic~ Industry,

lee. Rober t E. D u k e , National Automatic

8prinider & Fire Control Association J o h n E. E c h t e r n a c h t , The Sierra Group R. C. Everaon, Marsh & McLennan, Inc. ~ u l D. G e r m o n d , Industrial Truck Aeen. T h o m a s E. G o o n a n , General Serv3cce Ad-

ministration Phi l ip M. H a m l i n , Railroad Transportation

Insurers

E d w a r d Jef ferson , UniRoyal, Inc. R. S. J o h n s o n , Owena, Illinois Glass Co. cHacrrY W. Klasme le r , Anne Arundel

ounty Fire Dept. A. M. L o w n s b u r y , American Warehouse-

men's Assn. C. Be r t Nixon, National-American Whale-

sale Grocers Assn. A. E. S h e p p a r d , Factory Mutual Research

Corp. J . P. Spol len , Western Eleetrie R o b e r t L. TuH, National Furniture Ware-

housemen'e Assn. P. R. Val le t , American Insuranus Assn. Ch ie f R o b e r t Wa i t e r s , Chicago Heights, IL H. V. Wi l l l a rnson , Fire Equipment Manu-

faeturem Asso. F red J . Ze ieny , Faetory Insuranee Assn.

A l t e r n a t e s N o r m a n M. F rance , National Furniture

Warehousemen's Assn. (Alternate to Robert L. Tall)

A, J . Mercu r lo , Factory Insurance Assn. (Alternate to Fred J. Zeleny)

lint 'old E. Nelson , General Services Ad- ministration (Alternate to Thomas E. Gsonan)

Poter S m i t h , Improved Risk Mutuals (Alternate to L. M. Bole)

|Nonvoting

W. P. T h o m a s , J r . , Factory Mutual Re- search Corp. (Alternate to A. E. Sheppard)

Al len D. W a i t e r s , American Warehouse- men's Assn. (Alternate to A. M. Lowns- bury)

K e n n e t h Zube r , Fire Equipment Manu- isctursrs Assn. (Alternate to H. V. Wdliam- 8On)

~ Aio list repr~cete the memberehlp at the time the Committee was balloted on the tezt oS thie edition. nee that time, chan0ee in the membership may ha~e occurred.

Robert E. B e a n R. E. D u k e R. C. Evarson R. N. J o h n s o n

S u b c o m m i t t e e o n R u b b e r T i re S t o r a g e

E d w a r d Je f fe r son , Chairman UniRoyal. Inc.

Oxford Management & Reae~ch Center Middlebury, CT 06749

D. L. Lockwood M . E . R o a s n m n A. M. L o w n a b u r y A . E . S h e p p a r d J a m e s R. O 'Nei l l W a l t e r Swing ie r W. R. Powers

368 GS-2 ~ X P L A N A T I O N O F R E P O R T

The report of the Committee on General Storage is in three parts:

Part I proposes official adoption of a complete revision of the Standard for Indoor General Storage, NFPA No. 231.

Part I has been submitted for ballot of the Committee, which consists oJ 25 voting members, of whom 20 have voted affzrmatively. Mr. Zeleny voted negatively, objecting to considering encapsulated storage the same as non. encapsulated. Messrs. Bean, Binghara, E~hternacht, and Goonan have not returned ballots.

Part H~ prepared by the Subcommittee on Rubber Tire Storage, proposes tentative adoption of the Standard for Storage of Rubber Tires, NFPA No. 231D-T.

Part II has been submitted for ballot of the Committee, which consists oJ 25 voting members, of whom 21 have voted afftrmatively. Messrs. Bean~ Bingham, F_.chternaght, and Goonan have not returned ballots.

Part HI proposes reconfirmation of the Standard for Storage of Cellular Rubber and Plastics Materials, NFPA No. 231B.

Part HI has been submitted for ballot of the Committee, which consists of 25 voting members, oJ whom 19 have voted affirmatively. Messrs. 07efferson and Spollen voted negatively, feeling that the entire standard should be rewritten. Messrs. Bean, Bingham, Echternaght, and Goonan have not returned ballots.

369 INTRODUCTION 2 3 1 - 3

Part I

Standard for

Indoor General Storage

N F P & N o . 2 3 1 - - 1 9 7 4

I An asterisk (*) following the NOTICE [

i

number or letter designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A. I

Chapter 1 Introduction

1-1. Application and Scope.

"1-1.1 This standard applies to storage of materials, represent- Ing the broad range of combustibles, 30 feet or less in height. This standard applies only to buildings protected by automatic sprinklers.

1-1.2 Storage piled higher than 30 feet is not within the scope of this standard and requires special consideration.

1-1.3 This standard does not apply to:

1-1.3.1. Storage of commodities which, with their packaging and storage aids, would be classified as noncombustible.

1-1.3.2 Unpackaged bulk materials such as grain, coal or similar commodities.

1-1.3.3 Commodities covered by other NFPA Standards except where specifically mentioned herein.

1-1.3.4 Commodities presenting special fire hazards not covered by specific NFPA Standards, e.g. polymeric materials (rubber and plastics), roll paper, wax coated cartons, etc.

1-1.3.5 Storage on racks.

1-1.4 This standard applies to new buildings and where con- vcrting existing buildings to storagc occupancy. It may be used as a basis for evaluating existing storage facilities.

1-2. Definitions. Unless expressly stated elsewhere, the following terms will, for the purpose of this manual, have the meanings indicated below.

370 231-4 INDOOR GENERAL STORAGE

*Available He igh t for Storage means the maximum height n! which commodities can be stored above the floor and still maintain adequate clearance from structural members and the required clearance below sprinklers.

Bin Box Storage means storage in five-sided wood, metal or cardboard boxes not more than 6 ft. x 6 ft. x 6 ft. in dimensions with open face on the aisles. Boxes are self-supporting or supported by structure so designed that little or no horizontal or vertical space exists around boxes.

Commodi ty means combinations of products, packing material and container.

Encapsula ted means a method of packaging consisting of a plastic sheet completely enclosing the sides and top of a pallet load containing a combustible commodity or a combustible package or a group of combustible commodities or combustible packages. Totally noncombustible commodities on wood pallets enclosed only by a plastic sheet as described above are not considered to fall under this definition.

Noncombustible means commodities, packaging or storage aids which will not ignite, burn or liberate f lammable gases when heated to a temperature of 1380~ for five minutes.

*Packaging means commodity wrapping, cushioning or container.

Palletl--ed Storage means storage of commodities on pallets or other storage aids tha t form horizontal spaces between tiers of storage.

Shelf Storage means storage on structures less than 30 inches deep with shelves usually two feet apart vertically and separated by approximately 30 inch aisles.

Storage Aids means commodity storage devices, such as pallets, dunnage, separators and skids.

Chapter 2 Classification of Storage

2-1. Commodi ty Classification.

2-1.1 The classification of commodities applies to both encapsulated and noneneapsulated commodities.

2-1.2 Class I commodity is defined as essentially noncombustible products on combustible pallets, or in ordinary corrugated cartons with or without single thickness dividers, or in ordinary paper wrappings with or without pallets.

t

CLASSIFICATION OF STORAGE 371 231-5

Examples of Class I products are :

Metal Products. Metal disks with plastic tops and trim; dectrical coils; electrical devices in their metal enclosures; pots and pans; electric motors; dry cell batteries. Metal parts, empty cans, 6loves, washers, dryers, and metal cabinets.

Class Products. Glass bottles, empty or filled with noncombustible liquids; mirrors.

Foods. Noncombustible foodstuffs and beverages. Foods in II0ncombustible containers; frozen foods; meats; fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers; liquid dairy products in nonwax-coated paper containers or in plastic-coated paper containers; beer and wine, up to 20 percent alcohol, in metal, glass or ceramic containers in ordinary corrugated cartons.

Others. Oil-filled and other types of distribution transformers; cement in bags; electrical insulators; gypsum board; inert pigments; dry insecticides.

2-1.3 Class II commodity is defined as Class I products in slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes, multiple thickness paperboard cartons or equivalent combustible packaging material with or without pallets.

Examples of Class II products are: thinly coated fine wire such as radio coil wire on reels or in cartons; incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs; and Class I products if in small cartons or small packages placed in ordinary paperboard cartons; book sig- natures and beer or wine up to 20 percent alcohol in wood containers.

2-1.4 Glass I I I commodity is defined as wood, paper, natural fiber cloth or products thereof with or without pallets. Products ,nay contain a limited amount of plastics. Metal bicycles with plastic handles, pedals, seats and tires are an example of a commodity with a limited amount of plastic.

Examples of Class I I I products are :

Paper Products. Books; magazines; stationery; plastic-coated paper food containers; newspapers; paper or cardboard games; tissue products.

Leather Products. Shoes; jackets; gloves and luggage.

Wood Products. Doors; windows, door and window frames; combustible fiberboard; wood cabinets, furniture and other wood products.


Textiles. Natural fiber upholstered nonplastic furniture; wood or metal furniture with plastic padded and covered arm rests; mattresses without expanded plastic or rubber; absorbent cotton in cartons; natural fiber and viscose yarns, thread, and productsl synthetic thread and yarn, natural fiber clothing or textile products,

Others. Tobacco products in paperboard cartons; non. flammable liquids such as soaps, detergents and bleaches in plastic containers; non-negative producing film packs in sealed tin foil wrappers in paperboard packages, combustible foods or cereal products and nonflammable pharmaceuticals.

2-1.5 Glass IV commodity is defined as Class I, II or I I l products containing an appreciable amount of plastics in ordinary corrugated cartons and Glass I, II, and I I l products in ordinary corrugated cartons with plastic packing with or without pallets. An example of packing material is a metal typewriter in a foamed plastic cocoon in an ordinary corrugated carton.

Examples of Class IV products are:

Small appliances, typewriters, and cameras with plastic parts; plastic backed tapes and nonviseose synthetic fabrics or clothing.

Telephones; vinyl floor tiles; wood or metal frame upholstered furniture or mattresses with plastic covering and/or padding; plastic/padded metal bumpers and dashboards; insulated con- ductor and power cable on wood or metal reels or in cartons; inert solids in plastic containers; and building construction insulating panels of polyurethane sandwiched between nonplastic material.

Chapter 3 Building Construction

3-1 Construction

"3-1.1 Buildings used for storage of materials, which are stored and protected in accordance with this standard, may be of any of the types described in Standard Types of Building Construaion, XFPA .No. 220.

*3-2 Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting. (See A-3-2)

3-2.1 Protection oudined in this standard applies to buildings with or without roof vents and draft curtains.

STORAGE ARRANGEMENT 373 231-7

Chapter 4 Storage Arrangement

4-1 Piling Procedures and Precautions.

"4-1.1 Any commodities which may be hazardous in combination with each other shall be stored so they cannot come in contact with each other.

"4-1.2 Safe floor loads shall not be exceeded. For water absorbent commodities, normal floor loads shall be reduced to take Into account the added weight of water which can be absorbed during fire fighting operations.

4-2 Commodi ty Clearance.

"4-2.1 The clearance between top of storage and sprinkler deflectors shall conform to JVFPA .No. 13, Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

4-2.2 I f the commodity is stored above the lower chord of roof trusses, at least one foot clear space shall be maintained to permit wetting of the truss unless the truss is protected with one-hour fireproofing.

4-2.3 Storage clearance from ducts shall be maintained in accordance with Blower & Exhaust Systems, .NFPA .No. 91 q 1972, Subsection 240.

4-2.4 The clearance between stored materials and unit heaters, radiant space heaters, duct furnaces and flues shall not be less than three feet in all directions or shall be in accordance with the clearances shown on the approval agency label.

*4-2.5 Clearance shall be maintained to lights or light fixtures to prevent possible ignition.

4-2.6 Sufficient clearance shall be maintained around the path of fire door travel to assure proper operation and inspection.

4-3 Aisles.

"4-3.1 Wall aisles shall be at least 24 inches wide in warehouses used for the storage of commodities which expand with the absorp- tion of water.

*4-4 Storage of Empty Pallets. (See A-4-4) "4-4.1 Wood pallets shall be stored in areas meeting the pro-

tection requirement of Table 4-4.1.

2 3 | - - 8 INDOOR STORAGE STORAOE

Table 44.1

Height Sprinkler. Density Area of Sprinkler of Wood Requiremexits ' Operation (sq. ft.)

Pallet Storage (GPM-Min-Sq. Ft.) 286 ~ 16.5 ~

Up to 6 ' .20 2,000 3,000

6 ' to 8 ' .30 2,500 4,000

8 ' to 12' .60 3,500 6,000

12' to 20' .60 4,500 - -

*4-4.2 In buildings with exposed steel roof structures where wood pallets are stored in excess of eight feet in height, maximum sprinkler spacing shall not exceed 50 square feet per sprinkler with

inch orifice and 70 square feet per sprinkler with 17/31 inch orifice in order to provide protection for roof steel.

44.3 Empty plastic pallets shall be stored outdoors.

375 F I R E P R O T E C T I O N 231-9

C h a p t e r 5 Fire Protec t ion

5-1 Automatic Spr inkler Systems .

5-1.1 Sprinkler systems installed in buildings used for solid Bile, bin box, shelf, or paUetized storage shall be in accordance with the Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems, .NFPA .No. 13, except ~m modified by this Chapter.

6 0 0 0 ,

d I

<

z ~ 4 0 0 0 - <

W

o ~ 3ooo- w

z

~ 2 0 0 0

\

\ 0.~5 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3S

�9 S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - G P M / S Q . F'T.

Fig. 5-1.2 Sprinkler System Design Curves

0 .4

Twenty Foot-High StoraKe - - 165 ~ Sprinklers. For 286 ~ sprinklers, reduce ,prinkler operating area 7;0 percent when design density is greater than .20 gpm/sq, ft. but to not less than 2,000 sq. ft.

"5--1.2 Sprinkler design criteria for solid pile storage over 15 feet high, palletized and bin box storage over 12 feet, and shelf storage 12 feet to 15 feet high shall be in accordance with Figures 5-1.2 and 5-2.2. The density provided for the area of application may be selected from any point on the curve applicable to the commodity, classification and arrangement of the stored commodities. It is not necessary to meet more than one point on the selected curve.

5--1.3 Bin Box and Shelf Storage over 12' and provided with walkways at not over 12' vertical intervals shall be provided with automatic sprinklers under the walkways as well as at the ceiling. The design density for ceiling and walkway sprinklers may be in accordance with the height adjustment of Figure 5-2.2.


2 5 0 -

Z W 200- r~

w >

nr 150

U

Z

u') I O 0 - laJ D

It_ 0

50- Z ILl L) Sf

W n

0

I0

/ f /

/ /

15 2 0 2 5

S T O R A G E H E I G H T - F T .

Figure 5-2.2

30

5-1.4 The minimum discharge from any sprinkler in the design area shall be not less than 15 gpm from any commodity class.

5-1.5 Where palletized or solid pile storage is placed on top of racks, the provisions of ArFPA No. 231C, Rack Storage of Materials, shall apply to the entire height of storage with regard to sprinkler requirements and water supplies for ceiling and rack sprinklers.

5-1.6 In warehouses that have portions containing rack storage and other portions containing palletized solid pile bin box or shelf storage, the standard applicable to the storage configuration shall apply.

377 F I R E P R O T E C T I O N 231-11

"5-2 Water Supplies .

5-2.1 Sprinkler water demand for 20-ft-high palletized storage, t~)lid pile and bin box storage shall be in accordance with Figure ~-1.2.

5-2.2 Where storage height is less than 30 feet high, but more Ihan 15 feet high in solid piles and 12 feet high for palletized or bln box storage, ceiling densities indicated in the design curves, ba~ed on 20-foot nominal storage height, shall be modified in accordance with Figure 5-2.2.

5-2.2.1 For shelf storage 12 feet to 15 feet high, ceiling densities indicated in the designed curves in Figure 5-1.2 shall be modified in accordance with Figure 5-2.2.

5-2.3 Where dry pipe systems are used, the areas of operation Indicated in the design curves shall be increased by 30 percent. Densities shall be selected so that areas of operation, after the 30 percent increase, do not exceed the upper area limits given in the design curves.

5-2.4 Where sprinkler design density and water demand are determined by 5-1.2 and 5-2.2 at least 500 gpm shall be added to the sprinkler demand for large and small hose stream demand.

5-2.5 Water supply duration shall be:

[,

Durat ion (hours)

Storage Commodity Class Height (ft) Class I, H, & HI Class IV

Up to 20 1 ~ 2

20 to 30 2 2~

5-3 Manual Inside Protection.

5-3.1 Por table Fire Extinguishers.

5-3.1.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with JVFPA .No. 70, Standard for the Installation of Portable Fire Extinguishers. In locations where small (11/~ inch) hose is provided, portable fire extinguishers for Class A fires may be omitted in storage areas.


5-3.2 Small Hose Systems.

5-3,2.1 Small hose lines (1 ~ inch) shall be available to reach all portions of the storage area. Such small hose may be supplied from:

(a) Outside hydrants.

(b) A separate piping system for small hose stations. (c) Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where such connections are made upstream of sprinkler control valve&

(d) Adjacent sprinkler systems.

5-4 Hydrants. "5-4.1 At locations without public hydrants, or where hydrants

are not within 250 feet, private hydrants shall be installed in accordance with Standard for Outside Protection, NFPA No. 24.

5-5 Fire Organization.

"5-5.1 Arrangements shall be made to permit rapid entry into the premises by the municipal fire department, police department, or other authorized personnel in case of fire or other emergency.

5-5.2 Plant emergency organizations where provided shall be instructed and trained in the following procedures:

(a) Maintaining the security of the premises.

(b) Means of summoning outside aid immediately, in an emergency. (c) Use of hand extinguishers and hose lines on small fires and non-up operations. (d) Operation of sprinkler system and water supply equipment.

(e) Use of material handling equipment while sprinklers are operating to effect final extinguishment. (f) Supervision of sprinkler valves after system is turned off so that system can be reactivated if rekindling occurs.

Information on emergency organization is given in the following publications:

Recommendations for Organization of Industrial Fire Loss Prevention, NFPA No. 6.

Recommendations for Management Control of Fire Emer- gencies, NFPA No. 7.

379 B U I L D I N G MAINTENANCE AND O P E R A T I O N S 231-13

Suggestions for the Organization, Training and Equipment of Private Fire Brigades, NFPA No. 27.

Recommended Practice on Salvaging Operations, NFPA No. 604.

5-5.3 A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler System is not in service.

5-6 Alarm Service.

"5-6.1 Central station, auxiliary, remote station, or proprietary sprinkler waterflow alarm shall be provided. Local waterflow alarm is acceptable where standard recorded guard service is provided. (See .NFPA .Nos. 71, 72A, 72B, 72C and 72D.)

Chapter 6 Building Equipment, Maintenance and Operations

"6-1 Mechanical Handling Equipment. "6-1.1 Industrial truck. Power operated industrial trucks shall

comply with .NFPA .No. 505, Standard Jor Type Designations, Areas of Use, Maintenance and Operation of Powered Industrial Trucks.

6-2 Building Service Equipment 6-2.1 Electrical equipment shall be installed in accordance

with thc provisions of the .National Electrical Code, .NFPA .No. 70.

6-2.2 Heating, air-conditioning, lighting and other service equipment shall be installed in accordance with applicable NFPA Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Manuals.

6-3. Cutting and Welding Operations. "6-3.1 When welding or cutting operations are necessary, the

precautions contained in Cutting and Welding Processes, .NFPA .No. 57B shall be followed. When possible, work shall be removed to a safe area.

380 231-14 I N D O O R G E N E R A L S T O R A G E

6-3.2 Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutting may be per. formed on building components which cannot be removed, pro. vided no storage is located below and within 25 feet of the workin 8 area, and flameproof tarpaulins enclose this section. During any of these operations the sprinkler system shall be in service. Ex. tinguishers suitable for Class A fires with a minimum rating of 2A and charged and manned inside hose lines where provided shall be located in the working area. A fire watch shall be maintained durin 8 these operations and for not less than 30 minutes following com. pletion of open flame operation.

6-.4 Waste Disposal. Rubbish, trash, and other waste material shall be disposed of at regular intervals, (See Standard for Incinerator~ and Rubbish Handling, ArFPA Aro. 8 2 - 1 9 7 2 Section 80).

6-5 Smoking. Smoking shall be "strictly prohibited, except in locations prominently designated as smoking areas. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prohibited areas.

6-6 Maintenance and Inspection.

6-6.1 Fire walls, firc doors, and floors shall be maintained in good repair at all times.

6-6.2 The sprinkler system and the water supplies shall be checked and maintained in accordance with Care and Maintenance oJ Sprinkler Systems, aVFPA .No. 73.4.

6-7 Fumigation operations shall comply with the Fumigation Standard, aVFPA No. 57.

*6-8 Refrigeration systems, if used, shall conform to the recommendations of Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ASHRAE 15--70, AaVSI B9.7 - - 7977.

A P P E N D I X A 251-15

Appendix A

'r~i~ Appendix is not part of this N.F.P.A. Standard but is included for information t~,~us o~y.

Ao1-1.1 Buildings of noncombustible construction having non- ~0mbustible storage do not require automatic sprinkler protection. Unsprinklered buildings of combustible construction or containing r storage should comply with sections of the Standard 0dter than those applying specifically to sprinkler protection.

A-1-2 For new sprinkler installations, maximum height of storage {~ the height at which commodities can be stored above the floor when the minimum required unobstructed space below sprinklers is |ftaintained. For the evaluation of existing situations, maximum height of storage is the maximum existing if space between sprinklers and storage is equal or greater than required.

A-1-3 Containers. Designates cartons, wrappings, etc. Ap-

~ oved containers or tote boxes do not of themselves create a need r automatic sprinklers unless coated with oil or grease. Con-

lalners may lose their fire-retardant properties if washed. For obvious reasons, they should not be exposed to rainfall.

A-3-1.1 With protection installed in accordance with this 4ttmdard, fire protection of overhead steel and steel columns is not necessary.

Consideration should be given to subdividing large area warehouses in order to reduce the amount of merchandise that would be MTected by a single fire.

It is desirable to provide walls or partitions to separate the storage ~rea from mercantile, manufacturing or other occupancies to prevent the possibility of transmission of fire or smoke between the two occupancies.

A-3-2 Smoke removal is important to manual fire fighting and Overhaul. Since most fire tests were conducted without smoke ttnd heat venting, protection specified in Section 4-1 was developed without the use of such venting. However, venting through eaveline windows, doors, monitors gravity or mechanical exhaust systems is essential to smoke removal after control of the fire is achieved. See guide for Smoke and Heat Venting, .~FPA No. 20d.

A-4-1.1 Where commodities of different commodity classifications t~re stored in the same building, the protection should be adequate for the most hazardous material. Proper protection may be also obtained by piling the more hazardous material only as high as can be properly protected by the sprinkler system. In certain eases, it may be desirable to provide walls or partitions to enclose the most


hazardous material and design the sprinkler system in the enclosure to meet the requirements of Chapter 6.

In unsprinklered buildings, pile sizes, excluding surrounding clear space should be limited as follows:

Noncombustible No limit

Class I & I I 15,000 square feet

Class I I I 10,000 " "

Class IV 5,000 " "

Piles should be separated by a clear space of not less than eight feet.

A-4--1.2 Commodities that are particularly susceptible to water damage should be stored on skids, dunnage, pallets, or elevated platforms in order to maintain at least four inches clearance from the floor.

A-4-2.1 Clearance of at least 36 inches should be maintained between the top of storage and of the roof or ceiling construction in order to allow sufficient space for effective use of hose streams, unless the building is equipped with automatic sprinklers, or the storage is completely noncombustible.

A--4-2.5 Incandescent light fixtures should have shades or guards to prevent ignition of commodity from hot bulbs where possibility of contact with storage exists.

A--4-5.1 Storage should be separated by aisles so that piles are not more than 50 feet wide or 25 feet wide if they abut a wall.

Main and cross aisles should be located opposite window or door openings in exterior walls. This is of particular importance in buildings where exterior openings are few.

A-4-4 Idle pallet storage introduces a severe fire condition. Stacking idle pallets in piles is the best arrangement of combustibles to promote rapid spread of fire, heat release and complete combustion. After pallets are used for a short time in warehouses, they dry out and edges become frayed and splintered. In this condition, they are subject to easy ignition from a small ignition source. Again, high piling increases considerably both the challenge to sprinklers and the probability of involving a large number of pallets when fire o c c u r s .

A-4--4.1 A fire in stacks of idle wooden pallets is one of the greatest challenges to sprinklers. The undersides of the boards of the

APPENDIX" A 231-17

pallets create a dry area on which a fire can grow and expand to other dry or partially wet areas. This process of jumping to other dry, closely located, parallel combustible surfaces continues until the fire bursts through the top of the stack. Once this happens, very little water is able to reach the base of the fire. The only practical method of stopping a fire in a large concentration of pallets with ceiling sprinklers is a great amount of prewetting. In high stacks, this cannot be done without abnormally high water supplies.

A--4-4.2 The storage of empty wood pallets should not be per- mitted in an unsprinklered warehouse containing other storage.

A-5-1.2 As an example of the use of curves, Figure 5.1.2, a warehouse containing cereal storage on pallets 20 feet high would be a Class I I I commodity. Using the Class I I l curve in Figure 5.1.2, any point on the curve can be selected. I f 165 ~ heads are to be used on a wet pipe system, the sprinkler system could be designed to provide a density of .25 gpm over an area of 2500 square feet. This requires a water supply of 625 gpm at the proper pressure to supply the area and density selected. To this water supply must be added the quantity required for hose streams in Section 6.2.5. Total water supply would then be 1125 gpm for a duration of at least 90 minutes.

Wet systems are recommended for storage warehouses except where it is impractical to provide heat. I f a dry system is to be used in the previous example, a density of .25 can still be used but the area of application must be increased to 3,250 sq. ft. This means the water supply for sprinklers should be 812 gpm.

A-5-2 Recommended water supplies contemplate successful sprinklers operation. Because of the small but still significant number of uncontrolled fires in sprinklered properties because of various reasons, there should be an adequate water supply available for fire depar tment use.

A-5.-4.1 At windowless warehouses and where windows are scant, hydrants should be located at or in vicinity of entrances.

A-5-5.1 Manual fire fighting operations in a storage warehouse are not a substitute for sprinkler operation. The sprinkler system should be kept in operation during manual fire fighting operations until visibility has cleared so that the fire can be clearly seen and the extent of fire reduced to a stage requiring only mopping up. it is essential that charged hose lines be available before venting is started because of a possible increase in fire intensity. When a sprinkler valve is closed, a responsible person should remain at the valve so it can be opened prompdy if necessary. The water supply for the sprinkler system should be augmented where possible and


care exercised that the water supply for the sprinkler system is not rendered ineffective by the use of excessive hose streams.

Where a private fire brigade is provided, sufficient large hose (21/~"), and related equipment should be available.

A-5-6.1 In unsprinklered buildings the provision of automatic fire detection systems, proprietary or central station is recommended,

A-6-1 Locomotives should not be allowed to enter storage areas.

A-6-1.1 Industrial trucks using gas or liquid fuel should be re- fueled outside of the storage building at a location designated for that purpose.

A-6-3.1 The use of welding, cutting, soldering, or brazing torches in the storage areas introduces a severe fire hazard. The use of mechanical fastenings and mechanical saws or cutting wheels is recommended.

A-CT4 American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway) New York, NY 10018.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 385

231D-5

Part II

Tentative Standard for

Starage of Rubber Tires NFPA No. 2 3 1 D - T - - 1974

Chapter I Introduction

1-1 SCOPE.

1-1.1 This standard applies to the storage of rubber tires When |toted indoors.

1-1.2 The provisions contained in this standard apply to new facilities for tire storage and when converting existing buildings to tire storage occupancy. I t may be used as a basis for evaluating existing storage facilities.

1-1.3 This standard is not intended to apply to small scale ttorage as defined in 1-2.

1-2 DEFINITIONS.

Available Height for Storage. The maximum height at which tires can be stored above the floor and still maintain adequate clearance from structural members and the required clearance below 0prinklers.

Horizontal Channel . Any uninterrupted space in excess of five ket in length between horizontal layers of stored tires. Such channels may be formed by pallets, shelving, racks or other storage arrange- iltcnts.

Noncombust ible . This term designates commodities, packaging 0r storage aids which will not ignite, burn or liberate flammable

~ ases when heated to a temperature of 1,380 degrees Fahrenheit for vc minutes.

Rack means any combination of vertical, horizontal and diagonal iltembers which support stored materials. Racks may be fixed or portable. (See Figure 1-2. 7.)

Pallet lzed means storage on portable racks of various types utilizing a conventional pallet as a base.

Convent ional Pallet means a material handling aid designated to support a unit of load with stringers to provide support for material handling devices.

386 231D-(~ . '~TORAGE O F R I ' B B E R TII{E~'

2 � 9 qk~ -'='~..:

- . , J

Figure I-2.1. Pnrla|~|e Rark~

387 DEvmrrloNs 231D-7

Storage Aids means commodity storage devices such as shelves, pallets, dunnage, separators and skids. (see Figure I-2.2.)

R u b b e r Tares means pneumatic tires for passenger automobiles, aircraft, light and heavy trucks, trailers, farm equipment, construction equipment (off-the-road) and buses.

On-~de Storage means tires stored horizontally or fiat. (See Figurt 1-2.3.)

On-tread Storage means tires stored vertically or on their treads. (See Figure I-2.4.)

On-floor Storage means tires stored direcdy on the floor without horizontal channels. Such storage may uulize boards, cardboard tubes or similar storage aids, but not pallets or racks.

Pyramid Storage means on-fioor storage in which tires are pyra- mided to provide pile stability.

Bundled Tires means a storage method in which a number of tires are strapped together. (See Figure I-2.5.)

*Units (equivalent passenger) means one average size passenger tire weighing approximately 25 pounds.

Small Scale Storage means storage of less than 10,000 units.

u 1-2.2. Conventional Pallet

388 231D-8

Figure 1-'2.; . P a l l e t i / e d { ) n - s i d e : ~ t ~ r , ~ r

Fi~,ure 1=2 t ( ) n - l r e a d ~t , , r : l~e in P , , r t : l hh" l { a t k s

DEFINITIONS 389

231D-.~

Figu re 1-2.5 B u n d l e d T i r e s - - Pa l l e t i z ed

390 251D-10 STORAGE OF R U B B E R T I R E S

Chapter 2. Building Arrangement

2-1 Construct/on.

"2-1.1 Buildings used for the storage of tires, which are pro, tected according to this standard may be of any of the types de* scribed in Standard Types oJ Building Construclion, .NFPA .No. 220.

2-1.2 When storage height exceeds 15 feet, steel columns shall be protected by one of ~ e following:

(a) One hour fireproofing, or

(13) One sidewall sprinkler head directed to one side of the column at 15 foot level.

2-1.3 Where protection in accordance with Section 4-1 is provided, stored tires shall be segregated from other combustible storage b y aisles at least eight feet wide. Where not so protected, stored tires shall be cut off by fire walls.

2-1.4 When tires are stored up to 15 feet high, walls between adjacent warehouse areas and between manufacturing and warehouse areas shall have not less than a four hour fire rating. When tires are stored over 15 feet high, walls shall have not less than a six hour fire rating.

*2-2 Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting

Chap t e r 3. Storage A r r a n g e m e n t

3-1. Pi l ing Procedures. 3-1.1 Piles shall be not more than 50 feet in width except tha t

piles along a wall shall not be more than 25 feet in width.

Exception: Where tires are stored on tread, the dimension of the pile in the direction of the wheel hole shall be not more than 50 fect.

3-1.2 The width of main aisles between piles shall be not less than eight feet.

3-2 Clearances.

3-2.1 The clearance from the top of storage to ~prinlder deflectors shall be not less than three feet.

3-2.2 Storage clearance from ducts shall be maintained in accordance with Blower and Exhaust Systems, .NFPA .No. 91 ~ 1972, Subsection 240.

391 FIRE PROTECTION 2 3 1 D - 1 1

3-2.3 Storage from unit heaters, radiant space heaters, duct t'~rnaces and flues shall not be less than three feet in all directions, or 43~11 be in accordance with the clearances shown on the approval r~ency label.

3-2.4 Clearance shall be maintained to lights or light fixtures t'~ prevent possible ignition.

3-2.5 Not less than 24 inches clearance shall be maintained 4found the path of fire door travel unless a barricade is provided.

3-2.6 Not less than 24 inches clearance shall be maintained tO walls.

Chapter 4. Fire Protection

4-1. Automatic Sprinkler Systems.

4-1.1 Automatic sprinklers, where provided, shall be installed in accordance with the Standard .for Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA .No. 13, except as modified in this chapter.

"4-1.2 Sprinkler discharge densities and areas of application thall be in accordance with Table 4-1.2.

4-1.3 System Requirements.

4-1.3.1 Sprinkler spacing may exceed 100 square feet but not more than 130 square feet in systems hydraulically designed for densities below 0.25 gallons per minute per square foot.

4-1.3.2 For the purpose of selecting sprinkler spacings in hydraulically designed sprinkler systems, to obtain a stipulated density, 60 pounds per square inch shall be the maximum discharge pressure used at the calculation starting point.

4-1.3.3 In buildings which are occupied in part for tire storage, where only a portion of the sprinkler system is hydraufically designed, the design area shall extend not less than 15 feet beyond the area occupied by the tires.

4-2 High Expansion Foam Systems.

"4-2.1 High expansion foam systems installed in accordance with Standard for High Expansion Foam Systems, .NFPA .No. 71A, as modified herein, may be installed in addition to automatic sprinklers. When so installed, a reduction in sprinkler discharge density to one half the density specified in Table 4-1.2 or 0.24 gallons per minute per square foot, whichever is higher will be allowed.

TABLE 4-1.2

Piling Method

Sl~rlnkler Discharge Den- Areas of Application Piling Height mty Gallons Per Minute Square Feet

Feet Per Square Foot Ord. Temp. Heads High Temp. Heads

1. On Floor a. Pyramid piles Up to 5

b. Other arrangement such that 5 + to 7 no horizontal channels are 7 -k to 8 formed 8 -[- to 10

c. Tires piled on floor on tread 10 -k to 12 (SeeNote 3)

d. Off the road tires

2. PaUefized Racks a. On side b. On tread, bundled and corn- 9 to 20

pressed ~ 20 + to 30

See NFPA//13, Standard For Installation of Sprinkler Systems

0.24 2,000 2,000 0.26 2,000 2,000 0.28 2,000 2,000

0.32 2,000 2,000

See Figure 4-1.2 0.30 plus High Expansion Foam 3,000 3,000

Notes: I. Sprinkler discharge densities and areas of application are based on a maximum clearance of 10 feet between sprinkler deflectors

and the maximum available height .of storage.

2. Densities in table are based on standard sprinklers. In buildings where "old style" sprinkler heads exist, discharge densities shall be increased by 25%.

3. Piles not to exceed 25 feet in direction of wheel holes.

r O

t~

F I R E P R O T E C T I O N

393 2 3 1 D - 1 3

I

g 0

0'3

I

O. 0

t_ O.

O0

20

15

I0

5 0 0 0 - - - - ~ - - - . . . . . . . . . i

4000

3000

2000 0.3

.,7 J

/

/ /

- - [ - - -

, r I

f / . . . . . . . . . . . I I t !

I

- , - - ~ 1 7 6 - ~ . . . L 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! d

I 1

I I Ord. Temp. I Heads / I , / , / f

. . . . . . . . . I - - /

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jl- . . . . , ]

..... -r- f " . . . . . . ~ / . . . . lj._ High Temp. -- I - Hea~s , ~ /

/ I / �9 I I

0.4 0.5 0.6

Sprinkler density glJm/~. It.

Figure 4-1.2 Sprinkler System Design Curves - - Palletized Racks To use curves, en te r curve at storage he ight (example 14 ft.); r ead den~ty (0.45) t hen down to spr inkler opera t ing area; 3200 sq. ft. for ord i - nary heads, 2000 sq. ft. for h | gh t empora ry heads.

394 231D-14 STORAGE OF R U B B E R TIRES

4-2.2 High expansion foam systems shall be automatic in operation.

4-2.3 Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed at ceiling one-half listed spacing.

4-2.4 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, generators and other system components essential to the operation of the system shall have an approved stand-by power source.

4-3 Water Supplies.

4-3.1 The rate of water supply shall be sufficient to provide the required sprinkler discharge density over the required area of application plus provision for generation of high expansion foam when used.

4-3.2 Total water supplies shall include provision for not less than 750 gallons-per-minute for hose streams, in addition to that required for automatic sprinklers and foam systems. Water supplies shall be capable of supplying the demand for sprinkler systems and hose streams for not less than three hours.

*4-3.3 Where dry pipe systems are used, the area of sprinkler application shall be increased by not less than 30 percent.

4-4 Manual Inside Protection.

44.1 Where automatic sprinkler protection is provided, small hose (11/~ inch) shall be provided to reach any portion of the storage area. Small hose may be supplied from

a. Hydrants, or b. A separate piping system for small hose stations, or c. Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where such con nections are made upstream of sprinkler control valves~ or d. Adjacent sprinkler systems.

*4--4.2 Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in ac cordance with StandardJor the Installation oJ Portable Fire Extinguisher ArFPA No. 7 0 - - 1972.

Exception: In locations where small hose is provided, portable fire extinguishe for Class A fires may be omitted in storage areas.

4-5 Hydrants.

4-5.1 At locations without public hydrants, or where hydra~ are not within 250 feet, private hydrants Shall be installed in a cordance with Standard for Outside Protection, XFPA No. 24.

395 FIRE PROTECTION 231D-15

4-6 Alarm Service.

4-6.1 Automatic sprinkler systems and foam systems where provided shall have approved central station, auxiliary, remote ~tlltion or proprietary waterflow alarm service.

F~r Local watertlow alarm service may be provided where recorded auard service is also provided. (See ArFPA .No. 601.)

4-6.2 Alarm service shall comply with one of the following: ~VFPA Nos. 71, 72.4, 72B, 72(2 or 72D.

'4-7 Fire Emergency Organization. '1-7.1 Arrangements shall be made to permit rapid entry into

lhe premises by the municipal fire department, police department, or other authorized personnel in case of fire or other emergency.

4-7.2 Plant emergency organizations where provided shall be h~strueted and trained in the following procedures:

a. Maintaining the security of the premises.

b. Means of summoning outside aid immediately in an emergency.

c. Use of portable extinguishers and small hose lines on small fires and mop-up operations.

d. Operation of the sprinkler system and water supply equipment.

e. Use of material handling equipment while sprinklers are still operating to effect final extinguishment.

f. Supervision of sprinkler valves after the system is turned off so that the system can be reactivated if rekindling occurs.

4-7.3 A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler tystem is not in service.

396 231D-16 S T O R A G E O F R U B B E R T I R E S

Chapter 5. Building Equipment, Maintenance and Operations

5-1 Mechanical Handling Equipment. 5-1.1 Industr ial Trucks. Power operated industrial truckt~

shall comply with JVFPA 505, Standard.lot Pawned Industrial TruckJ, Including Type Designations and Areas o[ Use.

5-2 Storage of Empty Wood Pallets. 5-2.1 Wood pallets shall be stored in accordance with the

requirements of Inside General Storage, NFPA .No. 23? ~ 7972o Section 3d.

5-3. Cutting and Welding Operations. 5-3.1 When welding or cutting operations are necessary, the

precautions contained in Cutting and Welding Processes, .ArFPA Xo, 51B shall be followed. When possible, work shall be removed to n safe area.

5-3.2 Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutting may be per. formed on rack or building components which cannot be removed, provided no storage is located below and within 25 feet of the work. ing area, and flameproof tarpaulins enclose this section. During any of these operations the sprinkler system shall be in service. Ex, tinguishers suitable for Class A fires with a minimum rating of 2A and charged inside hose lines where provided shall be located in the working area. A fire watch shall be maintained during these operations and for not less than 30 minutes following completion of open flame operation.

5--4 Waste Disposal. Rubbish, trash, and other waste material shall be disposed of at regular intervals. (See Standard Jar Incinerator: and Rubbish Handling, NFPA No. 82 ~ 1972, Section 80.)

5-5 Smoking. Smoking shall be strictly prohibited, except in locations prominently designated as smoking areas. "No Smoking a' signs shall be posted in prohibited areas.

5-6. Maintenance and Inspection.

5-6.1 Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be maintained in good repair at all times.

5-6.2 The sprinkler system and the water supplies shall be checked and maintained in accordance with Care and Maintenance oJ Sprinkler Systems, NFPA No. 73A.

397 APPENDIX A 2 3 1 D - 1 7

Append i x A

T~is Appendix is not a part of this NFPA Standard, but is included for information ~tposes only.

A-I-2 One H78-14 passenger tire weighs about 25 pounds. One heavy service (truck) tire, size 10.00-20 weighs about 100 pounds and is equivalent to four passenger units. Light heavy service Ilres v~ry in size and weight from passenger size to heavy service ~lze - - on the average being abom 21/~ equivalent passenger units. Other types of tires are found in a broad range of sizes. Except in large warehouses they are not likely to be encountered in fig- ,lificant quantities.

A-2-1.1 Building codes and iusurance requirements may affect 1he type of construction selected.

A-2-2 Smoke removal is important to manual fire-fighting and overhaul since most fire tests were conducted without smoke and heat venting, protection specified in Section 4-1 was developed without the use of such venting. However, venting through eaveline windows, doors, monitors gravity or mechanical exhaust #Dtems is essential to smoke removal after control of the fire is ~chieved. (See Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting, N F P A No. 204.)

A-4-1.2 Tires stored as indicated in Table 4-1.2 have been tested and densities and area of application data have been developed from these tests. Tires stored by other methods either have not been tested or test data is inconclusive. These storage methods include Storage on plastic pallets, storage on shelves or in bins, storage on

~g rtable metal racks, storage on permanent racks, or other con- urations. Suggested protection for storage on portable metal

racks is shown in Table A-4-1.2.

TABLE A-4-1.2

Sprinkler Discharge Areas of Application Piling Density Gallons Per Square Feet

Piling Height Minute Per Square Ord. Temp. High Temp. Method Feet Foot Heads Heads

$. Portable Metal Racks

on tread 2 racks high 12 (approx.) 0.60 5,000 3,000

3 racks high 18 (approx.) 0.30 pl.us high 3,000 3,000 expanmon foam

J #8 231D-18 STORAGE OF RUBBER TIRES

A-4-2.1 In existing buildings to be used' for tire storage, high eL pansion foam might be used to augment an existing sprinklf~ system whose calculated density was below that required for Ih~ proposed storage height. For example, an existing system calculalf() to provide 0.25gpm/sq. ft. could be used for storages requiring tl~ to 0.50 with the addition of a high expansion foam system. Ac~ alternative may be to reinforce or redesign the sprinkler syste,n,

A-4..3.3 Wet systems are recommended for tire storage cupancies. Dry systems are acceptable only where it is impracticab~r to provide heat.

A-4..4.2 Extinguishers should be provided for adjacent areas sufh as offices, shops, boiler rooms, electrical switch rooms, truck servlff areas, etc. I f cutting or welding is contemplated, extinguishers will also be needed.

A-4-7 (See also Appendix B.) Information on emergency organl, zation is given in the following publications:

Recommendations for Organization of Industrial Fire Loss Preventl0~ h NFPA No. 6.

Recommendations for Management Control of Fire Emergencies, NFPA No. 7.

Recommendations for Organization, Training and Equipment of Private Fi,r Brigades, NFPA No. 27.

Recommended Practice on Salvaging Operations, NFPA No. 604.

399 APPENDIX B 2 3 1 D - 1 9

Appendix B

*fhis Appendix is not a "part of this NFPA Standard, but is included for information reposes only.

B-I Suggestions for Fighting Rubber Tire Fires in Sprinklered Buildings.

Introduction

Observations at tire fire tests have indicated that while automatic sprinklers with adequate discharge densities can control a fire, extinguishment by sprinklers alone is not to be expected. I t is essential that the behavior of this type of fire be understood if control Is not to be lost in the overhaul stage.

Incipient Stage

If caught in the incipient stage control can often be effected. Dry chemical type extinguishers have been found effective since the powder will pass into the mass of tires and knock down flame tem- porarily. I t is necessary to back up extinguishers with small hose, lind to remove affected tires from the pile. Tires thus removed should be taken out of doors, thoroughly soaked and left where they do not expose other combustibles. The area in which the fire occurred should be constantly attended for several hours to watch for rekindling.

Automatic sprinklers can be expected to operate within two to �9 five minutes of ignition. At this point, the fire has generally pro- gressed beyond the stage where extinguishers are effective and within a few minutes, smoke will make the area untenable and vision will be completely obscured.

Active Stage

At this point, the building is untenable and obscured vision makes the use of hose streams questionable. I t is best to allow the sprinklers to take control of the fire. Most sprinklers will have operated within 15 to 20 minutes of ignition if control is to be effected. Sprinklers should be allowed to operate at least 60 and preferably 90 minutes. During the period the building is best left unventilated. As control of the fire is gained, smoke will tend to change from black to gray and diminish in intensity. During this period at least 6 charged 1 l~ inch hose lines should be laid out preparatory to entering the building. Portable floodlights should be secured as well as rain- coats, boots, helmets, breathing apparatus, etc., for the overhaul crew.

q~UWU 231D-20 S T O R A G E O F R U B B E R T I R E S

Critical Stage

After 60 to 90 minutes and when smoke intensity has diminished, the building should be ventilated around the periphery of. Ihf suspected fire location. During this period close observation should be made of smoke conditions. If smoke generation increases, cea.~ ventilating and close up building if possible.

Overhaul

As soon as smoke clears to the extent that the building can be entered, entry should be made with small hose streams which should be directed into burning tires. Sprinklers should remain in operatioll unless the fire chief is certain that hose can control the fire.

Fork trucks and other means should be employed to remove tires from the fire area. It will usually be necessary to keep sprinklert and/or hose streams in operation during this procedure at leas! until all evidence of flame is gone. Patrols .4hould be made ill affected area for 24 hours following the fire.

In the event that control of the fire is lost as evidenced by in, creasing smoke generation, loss of pressure at fire pump discharge indicating massive sprinkler operation, collapsing roof etc., efforll should be directed towards preventing the spread of the fire beyond the area bounded by the fire walls. At this point, consideratioll should be given to shutting off sprinklers in the fire area to provide water for protecting the exposures.

Use of High Expansion Foam

If a high expansion foam system is used in connection with auto~ matic sprinklers, sprinklers may be shut off one hour after ignitioll and an additional one hour soaking time foi fo.am allowed before the building is opened up and overhaul begun. Limited tests with high expansion foam indicate that fire extinguishment is largely corn, plete after a period of soaking in foam. As a precautionary measure. charged hose streams should be available when foam is drained away.

After the initial fill, foam generators should be operated periodl. tally during the soaking period to maintain the foam level. This it necessary since sprinklers and products of combustion will cause partial foam breakdown,

401 ApPEt~nlx c 231D-21

Appendix C

Other NFPA Standards

f~is Appendix is not a part o l this NFPA Standard, but is included for information •a, poses only.

No. 6, Industrial Fire Loss Prevention, Organization of No. 7, Fire Emergencies, Management Control of No. 10, Portable Fire Extinguishers, Installation ~o. 11A, High Expansion Foam Systems No. 13, Sprinkler Systems, Installation ~o. 13A, Sprinkler Systems , Care and Maintenance ~o. 24, Outside Protectio,l ~o. 27, Private Fire Brigades NO. 51B, Cutting and Welding Processes No. 71, Central Station Protective Signaling Systems No. 72A, Local Protective Signaling Systems NO. 72B, Auxiliary Protective Signaling Systems No. 72C, Remote Station Protective Signaling Systems No. 72D, Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems ~o. 82, Incinerators, Rubbish Handling So. 91, Blower and Exhaust Systems ~o. 204, Smoke and Heat Venting No. 220, Building Construction, Standard Types ~o. 231, Indoor General Storage ~o. 231C, Rack Storage of Materials NO. 505, Powered Industrial Trucks ~r 601, Guard Service in Fire Loss Prevention ~o. 604, Salvaging Operations

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