Hunter/Gatherers Hunter/Gatherers and Agriculturistsand Agriculturists

The Paleolithic Age and the The Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution

PrehistoryPrehistory

What would people in the future think of What would people in the future think of American culture based on what we leave American culture based on what we leave behind?behind?

A. Life Before AgricultureA. Life Before Agriculture1.1. Paleolithic EraPaleolithic Era

1.1. paleo meaning “old”paleo meaning “old”2.2. lithos meaning “stone”lithos meaning “stone”

2.2. 2.5 million BCE – 10,000 BCE2.5 million BCE – 10,000 BCE3.3. Greatest accomplishment of Paleolithic Greatest accomplishment of Paleolithic

people was migrationpeople was migration

Evolution of Modern Humans

How would migration affect the Paleolithic way How would migration affect the Paleolithic way of life?of life?

  

B. Paleolithic Way of LifeB. Paleolithic Way of Life

1.1. Adaptation – Ice AgeAdaptation – Ice Age2.2. Use of fireUse of fire3.3. ArtArt4.4. Life after Death – buried Life after Death – buried

their dead with great caretheir dead with great care5.5. Roles of Men and WomenRoles of Men and Women

C. Causes of the Neolithic C. Causes of the Neolithic RevolutionRevolution

1.1. As the ice age ended, population began to growAs the ice age ended, population began to grow2.2. Retreat of large game animals forced hunters to turn Retreat of large game animals forced hunters to turn

to smaller game animalsto smaller game animals Overall yield declinedOverall yield declined

3.3. People needed more reliable ways to get foodPeople needed more reliable ways to get food4.4. By 9000 B.C.E. people became more dependant on By 9000 B.C.E. people became more dependant on

regular harvests of wild grains, berries, and nutsregular harvests of wild grains, berries, and nuts5.5. Led to deliberate plantingLed to deliberate planting6.6. Evidence suggests that hunter/gatherer societies Evidence suggests that hunter/gatherer societies

resistedresisted7.7. Eventually agricultural societies won out – most Eventually agricultural societies won out – most

importantimportant H/G societies killed off by diseasesH/G societies killed off by diseases

Man, we didn’t always look like this,We didn’t have fire, couldn’t cook like this.We didn’t sleep with a pillow,Lived in trees originally, so if you cried you would weep in a willow.But one monkey comes down; it’s cool,When he gets up on his hind legs, he can use tools.Might kill a bird or two, but that’s not happening much,Instead, he’s picking blueberries and he’s gathering nuts.But what’s this, he’s making a stone knife,Now he’s hunting antelope his whole life.But it’s a cold night; with no light it’s dark as cocoa,No home – that could drive a sane man loco.Picture this like Kodak: He roams, he’s a nomad, Following herds of pachyderms wherever they go now.

He rubs two sticks, makes a fire,Now his meat and food is so easy to chew.

This African man was mostly grunting,Couldn’t think in our terms, he didn’t have words.So he makes, a word for fire, a word for water,A word for his son and his daughter.He does another thing that no animal tries,He paints paintings on the cave wall; why? I don't know but he’s an African, he’s an Ethiopian,And guess what kid, so are you…Because he made babies, and they made babies,And they made babies, And they made a baby and that baby is you!Oh, we ain’t got no homes,So all we gonna do is roam.We’re not Romans, but we’re roaming,We’re nomadic, so you know we keep it going. OK, I don’t even need a hand at all,I will bury the dead like a Neanderthal. I’m Cool Herc meets Kirk, your flow captain,I throw spears like a Cro-Magnon.

Livin’ the Paleolithic LifeLivin’ the Paleolithic Life

Livin’ the Paleolithic LifeLivin’ the Paleolithic LifeThat’s the early man, he was going insane, Tired of chasing animals across the plains.His wife’s picking berries and fruit from the trees,She’s like, "We could grow food if we plant these seeds." Now she’s like, "This is sweet, my man,We eating bread from the wheat we plant. Those animals you hunt, let’s domesticate them, Put a fence around them, now we’re baking bacon."We ira-irrigate, control water flows, Plow the land, plant the crops, and watch them grow.Now my brother doesn’t even have to farm no more, The Bronze Age – he’s making bronze arms and swords. Division of labor, that’s the plan,Now my aunt can go and open that frozen yogurt stand.You better know, we trade it like Joe’s, n’ settle down,Like Jericho, kid, we built the cities and towns. You better recognize.

Oh, we ain’t got no homes,So all we gonna do is roam.We’re not Romans, but we’re roaming,We’re nomadic, so you know we keep it going.

As a hunting-gathering society, you As a hunting-gathering society, you have slowly made the shift to have slowly made the shift to

agriculture…..agriculture….. So, now you have some questions to So, now you have some questions to

consider regarding your society.consider regarding your society.– What benefits come from this lifestyle? What What benefits come from this lifestyle? What

disadvantages?disadvantages?– What if your population grows faster than your What if your population grows faster than your

food supply? What do you do?food supply? What do you do?– What if another society wants what you have? What if another society wants what you have?

What do you do?What do you do?– How do you keep your people satisfied and How do you keep your people satisfied and

cooperating?cooperating?

D. Life After AgricultureD. Life After Agriculture1.1.Food SupplyFood Supply

1.1.planted, tended and stored cropsplanted, tended and stored crops2.2.Improvement of key grains through selection of Improvement of key grains through selection of

seeds from the best plantsseeds from the best plants3.3.Animals are domesticated Animals are domesticated

by 9000 B.C.E. goats, sheep, and cattleby 9000 B.C.E. goats, sheep, and cattle4.4.hunting supplemented food supplyhunting supplemented food supply

2.2.ShelterShelter1.1.use of mud bricksuse of mud bricks2.2.eventually stones are quarriedeventually stones are quarried3.3.Settled villages located near fields – farming Settled villages located near fields – farming

communitiescommunities

C. Life After AgricultureC. Life After Agriculture

3.  3.  Social StructureSocial Structure1.1.Complex social structures involved many clans living in Complex social structures involved many clans living in

close proximity close proximity 2.2.Gender separation: Gender separation: 3.3.Men farmed, herded, and huntedMen farmed, herded, and hunted4.4.women did jobs near the home: child-rearing, food women did jobs near the home: child-rearing, food

preparation, etc. preparation, etc. 5.5.Religion is believed to have been developed to explain the Religion is believed to have been developed to explain the

forces of natureforces of nature6.6.And governments developed to organize activities. And governments developed to organize activities.

4.  4.  SpecializationSpecialization1.1.People begin to specialize in various tasks: (tool maker), People begin to specialize in various tasks: (tool maker),

stone cutter, potter, and basket weavingstone cutter, potter, and basket weaving2.2.first potter’s wheel - 6000 B.C.E.first potter’s wheel - 6000 B.C.E.3.3.first bronze tools - 4000 B.C.E.first bronze tools - 4000 B.C.E.4.4.Regional resources are gathered and traded Regional resources are gathered and traded

C. Life After AgricultureC. Life After Agriculture

5.  5.  Art and InnovationArt and Innovation1.1.Carving and statuary, complex tools such as advances in Carving and statuary, complex tools such as advances in

weapons, plows pulled by animals, building techniques, weapons, plows pulled by animals, building techniques, cloth making and weaving cloth making and weaving

2.2.Architecture and building for religious or common use Architecture and building for religious or common use

6.  6.  LanguageLanguage1.1.Development of pictographic languages (Egyptian Development of pictographic languages (Egyptian

Hieroglyphic) or written language. Hieroglyphic) or written language. 2.2.Developed to keep records concerning food storage & Developed to keep records concerning food storage &

trade.trade.

D. Characteristics of CivilizationD. Characteristics of Civilization1.1. Organized GovernmentsOrganized Governments

1.1.Planned, organized, and directed large city projects – Planned, organized, and directed large city projects – irrigation, flood controlirrigation, flood control

2.2.Division of LaborDivision of Labor1.1.Provided goods and servicesProvided goods and services2.2.Enabled people to develop specialized skillsEnabled people to develop specialized skills3.3.Encouraged trade and the development of new Encouraged trade and the development of new

technologytechnology

2.2. Class StructureClass Structure1.1.Defined a person’s place in societyDefined a person’s place in society2.2.reflected distribution of wealthreflected distribution of wealth

D. Characteristics of CivilizationD. Characteristics of Civilization

3.  3.  Organized religionOrganized religion1.1.Formalized religious beliefs, rituals & structureFormalized religious beliefs, rituals & structure2.2.Explained life, death, nature, and spiritsExplained life, death, nature, and spirits

4.  4.  CitiesCities1.1.Urban centers & surrounding farmlandUrban centers & surrounding farmland2.2.Marked the beginning of civilizationsMarked the beginning of civilizations

5.  5.  System of WritingSystem of Writing1.1.Ability to send messages, keep recordsAbility to send messages, keep records2.2.Transmit knowledgeTransmit knowledge

6.  6.  Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

Can you answer these focus Can you answer these focus questions?questions?

Discuss the advances that people made during Discuss the advances that people made during the Old Stone Age.the Old Stone Age.

Examine the benefits and the drawbacks of the Examine the benefits and the drawbacks of the agricultural revolution explaining each fully.agricultural revolution explaining each fully.

How and when did agriculture spread to different How and when did agriculture spread to different areas?areas?

Explain how the first cities emerged.Explain how the first cities emerged. Explain the transition between the Paleolithic Age Explain the transition between the Paleolithic Age

and the Neolithic Age.and the Neolithic Age.

D. Characteristics of CivilizationD. Characteristics of Civilization1.1. Organized GovernmentsOrganized Governments

1.1.Made and enforced laws to keep orderMade and enforced laws to keep order2.2.Exercised authority over an organized stateExercised authority over an organized state3.3.Planned, organized, and directed large city projects – Planned, organized, and directed large city projects –

irrigation, flood controlirrigation, flood control4.4.Standardized the money systemStandardized the money system5.5.Collected taxesCollected taxes6.6.Division of LaborDivision of Labor

1.1.Provided goods and servicesProvided goods and services2.2.Enabled people to develop specialized skillsEnabled people to develop specialized skills3.3.Encouraged trade and the development of new Encouraged trade and the development of new

technologytechnology

2.2. Class StructureClass Structure1.1.Defined a person’s place in societyDefined a person’s place in society2.2.reflected distribution of wealthreflected distribution of wealth

D. Characteristics of CivilizationD. Characteristics of Civilization

3.  3.  Organized religionOrganized religion1.1.Formalized religious beliefsFormalized religious beliefs2.2.Explained life, death, nature, and spiritsExplained life, death, nature, and spirits3.3.Selected a clergySelected a clergy4.4.Established rituals and symbols, shrines and sacred placesEstablished rituals and symbols, shrines and sacred places

4.  4.  CitiesCities1.1.Growing population led to urban centersGrowing population led to urban centers2.2.Included surrounding farmlandsIncluded surrounding farmlands3.3.Marked the beginning of civilizationsMarked the beginning of civilizations

5.  5.  System of WritingSystem of Writing1.1.Ability to send messages, keep recordsAbility to send messages, keep records2.2.Transmit knowledge with far greater accuracy, detail, and Transmit knowledge with far greater accuracy, detail, and

quantityquantity

6.  6.  Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture