Humans have many of the same kinds of bones that dinosaurs ... Fish amphibians reptiles 2016... · 5/1/15 4 Fish – Basic Facts ! Fish live in nearly every single aquatic habitat

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copyright cmassengale

! Humans have many of the same kinds of bones that dinosaurs had; ours are just smaller.

! Your backbone is very much like the one in a dinosaur skeleton.

! Animals with a backbone are called vertebrates.


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Vertebrates belong to the phylum:�Chordata�…………

! Most chordates are vertebrates. Their backbones are segmented into columns of bones called vertebrae. The skeletons of all vertebrate embryo are made of cartilage. But as we grow, the cartilage is replaced by bone.

! Only 4 – 5 % of animals are chordates. ! Examples include: fish, amphibians, reptiles,

mammals, and birds ! Brainpop: "Vertebrates"

•  Hot or Cold? Which is it?

•  Birds and mammals are able to warm their bodies by capturing energy released by the chemical reactions in their cells. Because of this unique feature, they are able to maintain a constant body temperature even if the temperature of the environment changes.

•  For this reason they are called endotherms (--or warm-blooded animals).

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! No, Lizards are cold-blooded animals (ectotherms) These are vertebrates that can not control their body temperature. Instead it rises and falls with the temperature of the environment. As they become warm they become more active and are able to hunt for food (even escape predators)

Lamprey – Jawless Fish

Catfish – Bony Fish

Sea Ray – Cartilaginous Fish

Whale Shark – Cartilaginous Fish

3 Types of FISH

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Fish – Basic Facts ! Fish live in nearly every single aquatic habitat

imaginable They �are the most numerous� of all vertebrates.

! Fish are aquatic vertebrates characterized by having fins, scales, and gills

! Fish were the first vertebrates to �evolve�. ! Fish take in oxygen rich water through gills and

remove oxygen poor water through gill slits

�ALL� fish have a…………….

! Closed circulatory system ! Four chambered heart ! Swim bladder that controls buoyancy ! Most are egg laying ! Most move by contracting opposite

muscles.

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Three Adaptative features of some fish: •  Fish are able to float because they have a �swim bladder� that

has the ability to trap gas inside their body in order to regulate their vertical position and help them float.

•  Ability to swim: a streamlined shape and muscular tail enables them to move rapidly through the water; pairs of fins allow them to maneuver easily left or right, up or down, and backward and forward.

•  Have a Lateral line system: consists of a row of sensory structures that run the length of the body and connected by nerves to the brain; detects vibrations

! There are three existing classes of fish today:

!  A) Jawless Fish !  B) Cartilaginous Fish !  C) Bony Fish

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•  These were the �first fish�.

•  They haves mouths with soft tissue and no “true teeth”.

•  Jawless fish are eel-like, and have smooth, slimy skin, and a round �jawless mouth�.

•  These fish have a skull, brain, and eyes. But •  they do not have a lateral line system.

•  Examples include: lampreys, and hagfish.

Lampreys: - free living or parasitic; adapted for

sucking blood and body fluids of other fish

- does not have a stomach: mouth, esophagus, nor a straight intestine.

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• Hagfish

•  Technically, these DO NOT HAVE a backbone like other vertebrates. BUT … they are classified in this group because they do have a skull just like the other vertebrates do.

•  Bottom dwellers in cold marine waters •  Scavengers of dead and dying fish on ocean bottom •  Feed by sawing the fish with its toothed tongue from the

inside out – Yuck!! •  Extremely flexible to avoid capture or to clean the slime off

after self-defense secretions •  When not feeding they remain hidden in burrows on the

ocean floor

•  Examples include sharks, skates, and rays. •  They have skeletons that consist entirely of cartilage, not bone •  They are “ectotherms” that have movable jaws and skeletons with

paired fins Sharks •  Sharks are scavengers that eat injured fish, carrion, garbage and

other waste from ships as well as animals such as seals, turtles, birds, whales, crabs, and a wide range of fishes.

•  The shark’s mouth has 6 to 20 rows of backward-pointing teeth. They can detect blood from an injured animal as far as 500 miles away.

•  They swim with a side-to-side motion of their asymmetric tail fins. Sharks are covered with small triangular teeth-like “denticles”. They feel like sand paper. If you rub your hand in the opposite direction (back to front) it can cut your hand very badly!!

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•  Cartilaginous fish such as the shark do swim just to keep from sinking!

•  They also have to keep moving to maintain the flow of water over their gills. If they stop moving, they will suffocate!

•  So …. how do they sleep? Or do they? •  Some studies show that a shark�s brain simply slows down for

periods of time. Others suggest that sharks sleep in ocean •  currents where water is constantly flowing across •  their gills.

•  Skates are a family of “ectothermic” flat-bodied rays found in warm and temperate seas. They have eyes located on the upper surface of the body while the mouth and gills are located on the lower surface.

•  Their color makes them almost invisible because when another animal looks down on them, they are camouflaged with the darkness of the sea bottom. When looked up from underneath, the animal is camouflaged with the light from the sun.

•  Water is drawn over their gills through two openings called spiracles on top their heads. Most feed on mollusks and crustaceans.

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This man caught a skate measuring an incredible 8 ft long by 6 ft wide and weighing in at a mighty 222 lbs. It set a record for the biggest common skate caught in the Irish Sea – 5 lbs off the British record!!

make up most of the vertebrate population in fresh water and in salt water (about 95% to be exact).

These include goldfish, trout, catfish, tuna, and cod. Unlike cartilage fish, bony fish can float because they

have a swim bladder which traps oxygen and other gases in the blood stream. This also allows them to remain still or float in water for long periods of time.

Brainpop: "Fish"


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"   "Amphibian" comes from the Greek word meaning �double life". Amphibians can live in water and on land (have a �double life�).

"   Scientist think that amphibians evolved from bony fish particularly the “Lobe-finned fish”.

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Copyright Cmassengale

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Section 30-3

Adult Frog

Young Frog

Fertilized Eggs

Tadpoles

Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years.

Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

The Life Cycle of Frog

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Amphibians enter a state of dormancy when conditions are unfavorable. They often bury themselves in mud or leaves, emerging when conditions are better. Such inactivity is called:

! Hibernation when it occurs in the winter ! Estivation when it occurs in the summer


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" Anuras--Frogs & Toads " Caudata--Salamanders " Heterenchelyidae— " Mud eels and sirens " Gymnophiona--Caecilians


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Some frogs and toads are climbers that dwell in trees or burrowers that live underground.

DIFFERENCES: SIMILARITIES:

!  Some basic differences between them are: toads have dry, warty skin, while frogs have smooth, wet skin.

!  Both frogs and toads return to water to reproduce. In nearly all species eggs are fertilized externally. The fertilized eggs hatch into swimming larval forms called tadpoles

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!  Salamanders and other amphibians with legs and tails make up the group of "visible tail��amphibians. Salamanders, have elongated bodies, long tails, and smooth, moist skin

!  , salamanders are less able to remain on dry land, although some can live in dry areas by remaining inactive during the day

Some aquatic species (mud eels & sirens) are referred to as "rough mouthed� amphibians.


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Spotted Salamander Poison Dart Frog

Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian Brainpop: "Amphibians"

Reptiles – Basic Facts

! All reptiles have: • Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of

body water in dry environments •  Terrestrial eggs – first animals to develop

amniotic eggs that didn�t need to be deposited in water

! Breathe using lungs !  Internal Fertilization; Most are egg-laying

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All reptiles are …………. ! Ectotherms – cannot internally regulate

body temperature; cannot live in cold climates

! Behavior controls body temp. (swimming, burrowing, basking, etc.)

! Closed circulatory system; double loop; ! Heart (two atria/one or two ventricles)

4 Groups of Reptiles !  1) Lizards and Snakes

•  Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable eyelids

•  Highly evolved specialized forms (venom) !  2) Crocodiles and Alligators

•  Long, typically broad snout and squat appearance •  All are carnivorous •  Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouth •  Live in tropics and subtropics •  Alligators live in freshwater •  Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater

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Groups of Reptiles (con.) ! 3) Turtles and Tortoises –

• All are shelled •  Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial

! 4) Tuatara – •  Primitive reptiles found on small, remote

islands

Coral Snake Sea Turtle

Galapagos Tortoise Tuatara

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Nile Crocodile North American Alligator

Reptiles

Birds – Basic Facts ! Nearly 10,000 modern bird species ! Birds are closely related to reptiles ! How???????(scales on legs) ! Have outer covering made of feathers, two legs

used for walking or perching, and forelimbs modified into wings

! Feathers separate birds from all other animal species

! Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body heat

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Three characteristics of Birds:

Variety of Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat. Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only exposed to Oxygen rich air Internal fertilization; amniotic eggs; many mate for life

Section 31-2

which are that also that power that provide that ensure

have the following adaptations to flight

Birds

Homologous to front limbs in other

vertebrates Provide warmth

Upward and downward wing

strokes One-way flow of O2-rich air

O2 distribution to body tissues

Wings Feathers Strong chest muscles

Efficient respiratory

system

Efficient circulatory

system

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Groups of Birds !  More than thirty orders of birds !  Some of the most common

•  Perching Birds – largest order; many are songbirds (sparrows, crows, cardinals, etc.)

•  Birds of Prey – fierce predators with hooked bills; large talons (condors, hawks, owls, eagles, etc.)

•  Herons & Relatives – Wade in aquatic habitats (storks, herons, cranes)

•  Ostriches & Relatives – flightless birds move by running or swimming (ostriches, emus, etc.)

•  Brainpop: "Birds"

Purple Finch

Red-Tailed Hawk

Stork

Emu

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Mammals – Basic Facts

! First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago

! Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct – 65 million years ago

! Six Basic characteristics • Hair • Mammary glands – produce milk to nourish

young

Mammal characteristics (continued….)

•  Breathe air •  Four chambered heart •  Endotherms – can generate own body heat •  Internal fertilization; care for young

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Mammals

Orders of Placental Mammals

Order

Insectivores

Sirenians

Cetaceans

Chiropterans

Rodents

Section 32-2

Characteristics Examples

Long, narrow snouts, sharp claws

Water-dwelling, slow-moving

Live and breed in ocean, come to surface to breathe

Winged, capable of true flight

Single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws

Shrews, hedgehogs, moles

Manatees, dugongs

Whales, dolphins

Bats

Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, chinchillas

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Order

Perissodactyls

Carnivores

Artiodactyls

Proboscideans


Section 32-2

Hoofed, with an odd number of toes on each foot

Sharp teeth and claws

Hoofed, with an even number of toes on each foot

Trunks

Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, zebras

Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses

Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels

Asian and African elephants, mastodons and mammoths


Order

Lagomorphs

Xenarthrans

Primates


Section 32-2

Two pairs of incisors in upper jaw, hind legs allow leaping

No teeth (or very small teeth in the back of the jaw)

Highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors

Snowshoe hares, rabbits

Sloths, anteaters, armadillos

Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans

Brainpop: "Mammals"

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Humans have many of the same kinds of bones that dinosaurs ... Fish amphibians reptiles 2016... · 5/1/15 4 Fish – Basic Facts ! Fish live in nearly every single aquatic habitat