Human SystemsHuman Systems

Digestive SystemDigestive System

1.1. SalivaSaliva contains contains amylaseamylase to begin to begin digestiondigestion of of sugarssugars; ; begins in begins in mouthmouth..

2.2. EsophagusEsophagus tube carries out tube carries out peristalsisperistalsis to push food to push food into into stomachstomach..

3.3. StomachStomach mixes food with mixes food with waterwater, , hydrochlorichydrochloric acidacid and and gastric juicesgastric juices making it a making it a soupsoup mixture. mixture.

4.4. Small intestinesSmall intestines complete complete digestiondigestion. . LipidsLipids, , proteinsproteins and and sugarssugars are completely broken down; leaves out are completely broken down; leaves out small intestines and enter bloodstream by small intestines and enter bloodstream by absorptionabsorption..

4.4. No digestionNo digestion takes place in the takes place in the largelarge intestinesintestines. . Undigested food enters large intestines where Undigested food enters large intestines where excess water is removed and will be recycled in excess water is removed and will be recycled in body.body.

5.5. Gall bladderGall bladder helps digestion by helps digestion by storage of bilestorage of bile..

7.7. LiverLiver produces produces bilebile which will be used to digest which will be used to digest fatsfats..

8.8. AppendixAppendix is a is a vestigialvestigial organ. (no known purpose) organ. (no known purpose)

9.9. PancreasPancreas produces insulin to digest produces insulin to digest sugarsugar..

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System1.1. AirAir enters enters nosenose and and mouthmouth..2.2. Air travels down Air travels down tracheatrachea. (. (wind pipewind pipe))3.3. TracheaTrachea splits into splits into bronchial tubesbronchial tubes- one tube goes - one tube goes

to the right lung and one tube goes to the left lung.to the right lung and one tube goes to the left lung.4.4. Air enters lungs and is carried into Air enters lungs and is carried into alveolialveoli: (: (air sacsair sacs

where gas exchange occurs) COwhere gas exchange occurs) CO22 leaves out of leaves out of blood by blood by diffusiondiffusion and O and O22 enters into the enters into the bloodstream by bloodstream by diffusiondiffusion..

5.5. EpiglottisEpiglottis- flap over - flap over tracheatrachea so choking does not so choking does not happen.happen.

6.6. Pathway of airflow: nose → trachea → bronchial Pathway of airflow: nose → trachea → bronchial tubes → lungs (bronchioles- small tubes into tubes → lungs (bronchioles- small tubes into lungs) → alveolilungs) → alveoli

Structures of a NerveStructures of a Nerve3 Kinds of Nerve Cells3 Kinds of Nerve Cells

1.1.Sensory NeuronsSensory Neurons- pick up impulses from the - pick up impulses from the environment and carry them to the brain.environment and carry them to the brain.

2.2.InterneuronsInterneurons- receive impulse (located in the brain and - receive impulse (located in the brain and spinal cord) and determine what response needs to spinal cord) and determine what response needs to occur.occur.

3.3.Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons- carry impulses from brain or spinal - carry impulses from brain or spinal cord to an effector (muscle or organ) that needs to carry cord to an effector (muscle or organ) that needs to carry out the response.out the response.

4.4.Automatic responseAutomatic response in a in a reflexreflex which has been sent to which has been sent to the spinal cord for a quick reaction, then the brain the spinal cord for a quick reaction, then the brain translates what has happened.translates what has happened.

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Blood Circulation Blood Circulation = Flow= Flow

1.1. Blood is returned to the heart by Blood is returned to the heart by vena cavavena cava and enters and enters the the right atriumright atrium (RA) and the RA sends the blood into (RA) and the RA sends the blood into the the right ventricleright ventricle (RV). The RV pumps blood into the (RV). The RV pumps blood into the pulmonary arterypulmonary artery which leads to the which leads to the lungslungs to pick up to pick up O2 and the O2 and the pulmonary veinpulmonary vein carries blood back to the carries blood back to the heart and enters the heart and enters the left atriumleft atrium (LA) and LA pumps (LA) and LA pumps blood into the blood into the left ventricleleft ventricle (LV) which will pump the (LV) which will pump the blood up into the blood up into the aortaaorta (largest artery) which breaks (largest artery) which breaks into 3 branches.into 3 branches.

2.2. Veins return blood to heart (Veins return blood to heart (deoxygenateddeoxygenated) except for ) except for pulmonary vein (pulmonary vein (oxygenatedoxygenated).).

3.3. ArteriesArteries carry blood from heart (oxygenated) except carry blood from heart (oxygenated) except for for pulmonarypulmonary artery (deoxygenated). artery (deoxygenated).

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

1.1. Production of Production of hormoneshormones are to maintain are to maintain homeostasishomeostasis..

2.2. Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland- - master glandmaster gland- its hormone triggers - its hormone triggers other glands to produce hormones needed in the other glands to produce hormones needed in the body- located at the base of the brain.body- located at the base of the brain.

3.3. Thyroid glandThyroid gland- needs iodine to function properly. - needs iodine to function properly. Its hormone controls your metabolism and growth.Its hormone controls your metabolism and growth.

4.4. Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland- (neck) controls mineral - (neck) controls mineral regulation- controls calcium, magnesium, and regulation- controls calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels inside the body.phosphate levels inside the body.

5.5. Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland- (Top of kidneys) works during - (Top of kidneys) works during stress; releases stress; releases steroidssteroids, , adrenalinadrenalin..

6.6. PancreasPancreas- produces - produces insulininsulin (hormone) that controls (hormone) that controls sugar levels. Helps digest sugar and control sugar sugar levels. Helps digest sugar and control sugar levels in the body. Cells are levels in the body. Cells are islets of langerhanislets of langerhan..

7.7. OvariesOvaries- (female only) Production of egg and - (female only) Production of egg and hormone hormone estrogenestrogen which causes breast to increase which causes breast to increase in size, hips to widen and trigger the onset of the in size, hips to widen and trigger the onset of the menstrual cyclemenstrual cycle..

8.8. TestesTestes- (male only) production of - (male only) production of spermsperm. Produce the . Produce the hormone hormone testosteronetestosterone which causes the voice to which causes the voice to deepen and hair to grow on face and chest.deepen and hair to grow on face and chest.

(Lymphatic) Immune System(Lymphatic) Immune System

*** *** AIDS is a pathogen (disease germ) that AIDS is a pathogen (disease germ) that destroys the T-Cells.destroys the T-Cells.

A.A. Pathogens enter tissues through a wound.Pathogens enter tissues through a wound.

B.B. They are attacked by macrophages at the infection They are attacked by macrophages at the infection site.site.

C.C. Antigens of the pathogens are displayed on the Antigens of the pathogens are displayed on the surface of the of the macrophage.surface of the of the macrophage.

D.D. Helper T-cells have receptor sites that recognize and Helper T-cells have receptor sites that recognize and bind to the antigens on the macrophage.bind to the antigens on the macrophage.

E.E. B-cells can bind to antigens directly.B-cells can bind to antigens directly.

F.F. Helper T-cells bind to antigens on B-cells.Helper T-cells bind to antigens on B-cells.

G.G. T-cells release chemicals that cause B-cells to T-cells release chemicals that cause B-cells to produce clones of plasma cells.produce clones of plasma cells.