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Some of the most visible and egregious human rights offences committed by China occur in Tibet; a country occupied by China for over six decades. Since 1950 China has enacted a series of region-specific measures in Tibet. As a result, the Tibetan people’s human rights have been grossly violated, in spite of the efforts of various concerned governments and civil society organisations to focus attention on the problem. It is vital therefore that China is held accountable to its international obligations. The Human Rights Action Plan for Tibet (HRAP-T) is a tool devised to enable governments, international human rights monitoring mechanisms and civil society organisations to monitor, and evaluate China’s compliance with, and progress towards, the implementation of accepted recommendations and international human rights promises made to the UN. The HRAP-T is compiled by The Tibet Advocacy Coalition; Tibet Justice Center, Students for a Free Tibet and International Tibet Network.
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Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet
2 Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3
Section 1 – China’s Obligations ............................................................................................. 4
Section 2 – China and the UN ............................................................................................... 6
Section 3 – Measuring Implementation ................................................................................ 11
Issue 1 – Cultural Rights................................................................................................. 12
Table 1. Cultural Rights ............................................................................................. 14
Table 2. Language .................................................................................................... 16
Table 3. Religious Freedom ....................................................................................... 18
Issue 2 – Human Rights Defenders ................................................................................ 20
Table 4. Operational space for Human Rights Defenders .......................................... 22
Table 5. Criminalisation of Human Rights Defenders ................................................. 24
Table 6. Arbitrary Detention ...................................................................................... 26
Table 7. Freedom of Expression, Association and Assembly ..................................... 28
Table 8. Enforced Disappearance ............................................................................. 30
Issue 3 – Tibetan Nomads: Non-voluntary Resettlement ................................................ 32
Table 9: Housing ....................................................................................................... 33
Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................... 34
Notes .................................................................................................................................. 36
3Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
Some of the most visible and egregious human rights offences committed by China occur in Tibet1; a country occupied by China for over six decades. Since 1950 China has enacted a series of region-specific measures in Tibet. As a result, the Tibetan people’s human rights have been grossly violated, in spite of the efforts of various concerned governments and civil society organisations to focus attention on the problem. Over the past five years, the situation in Tibet has worsened, and the situation looks set to continue to deteriorate unless effective changes are undertaken.
It is vital therefore that China is held accountable to its international international obligations, human rights commitments – both national and at the UN – and the recommendations made by United Nations (UN) member states, and experts, to press China to adhere to recognised human rights norms in Tibet.
Evidence of positive human rights changes in Tibet would be a positive indication for wider human rights changes in China more generally. As such, the human rights situation in Tibet can be used as the litmus test for China’s overall human rights progress.
Human Rights Action Plan for TibetThe Human Rights Action Plan for Tibet (HRAP-T) is a tool devised to enable governments, international human rights monitoring mechanisms and civil society organisations to monitor, and evaluate China’s compliance with, and progress towards, the implementation of accepted recommendations and international human rights promises made to the UN Human Rights Council, Human Rights Treaty Bodies and UN Special Procedures.
There are a wide range of state-perpetrated human rights issues effecting Tibet. The HRAP-T focus is three of the most critical issues: Nomad resettlement, Cultural rights and Human Rights Defenders.
The HRAP-T includes relevant information starting from October 2013. The tool will be updated at timely intervals as new, relevant information comes to light regarding UN engagement on China, and any changes in the situation in Tibet or Chinese policies.
Overview of the HRAP-TSection one – China’s ObligationsSection one clearly lays out China’s human rights obligations under International Law. It also states China’s human rights commitments relevant to the three issues under Chinese law.
Section two – China and the UNSection two lays out key information about China and the UN, including recent UN engagement on China’s human rights record.
Section three – Measuring ImplementationSection three highlights the three most critical issues in Tibet, and itemises the significant related promises China has made recently at the UN, the relevant recent recommendations that have been made to China by key UN treaty bodies and independent UN experts, and the relevant articles of the Chinese Constitution.
While not all of the promises and recommendations have a direct reference to Tibet, many are entirely relevant to the Tibetan context, and as such we highlight them.
Having identified the promises and recommendations, we lay out very practical indicators of what successful implementation by China of these obligations, promises and recommendations in relation to each issue would look like in the Tibet context.
It is these indicators that will enable users of this tool to rate and measure China’s application of its human rights obligations, promises and recommendations in Tibet.
Introduction
4 Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
Section 1 – China’s obligations
China is obligated by a number of international laws and treaties to provide human rights to its citizens. Below is a table summary of the key obligations that affect Tibet.
1.1 China’s relevant obligations under international law
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsSigned: 27 Oct 1997Ratified: 27 Mar 2001
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Signed: 5 Oct 1998 NOT ratified
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Signed: 17 Jul 1980Ratified: 4 Nov 1980
Slavery Convention Ratified: 22 Apr 1927
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or PunishmentSigned: 12 Dec 1986Ratified: 4 Oct 1988
Convention on the Rights of the ChildSigned: 29 Aug 1990Ratified: 2 Mar 1992
Convention against Discrimination in EducationRatified
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Signed: 20 Jul 1949Ratified: 18 Apr 1983
United Nations Human Rights Council MembershipChina was voted onto the UN Human Rights Council in November 2013 for a three year term, ending 2016. Council members are expected to be committed to promoting and protecting human rights globally, and to implementing their own human rights commitments.
GA Resolution 60/251 states that “when electing members of the Council, Member States shall take into account the contribution of candidates to the promotion and protection of human rights and their voluntary pledges and commitments thereto” (Paragraph 8).
The pledge states that the country will uphold international standards of human rights and enumerates actions undertaken by that state in advancing and protecting human rights. In addition, candidates must accept that they will be subjected to periodic peer-reviews of their human rights record if they gain a seat on the Council.
5Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
Key Missing Obligations: China is yet to ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). In March 2014, China accepted a recommendation from Zambia during the UPR to consider ratifying the ICCPR2. As a key international human rights document that evokes accountability for any abuses of civil and political rights against its citizens, it is crucial that China ratify this Convention as soon as possible.
1.2 China’s Obligations Under Chinese law
China’s Constitution3
China’s constitution contains a number of strong articles for the protection and support of ethnic minorities, and for rights that would enable human rights defenders to carry out their work in safety. In 2004, China made an important addition to the Constitution, in the form of Article 33 which states that “The state respects and guarantees human rights”.
However, these are undone by Articles 51-54, which act as conditioners to the articles that preceded them. In the absence of democracy and rule of law, the State maintains the sole power of interpretation of words and phrases within these articles, such as “interests”, “unity”, and “state secrets” – interpretation that can mean life, death or imprisonment to the Tibetan people, and all others living under Chinese rule.
Where relevant to an issue, we include reference to the specific articles in the Chinese constitution, but it should be borne in mind that most of these are “undone” by articles 51-54 that significantly narrow the application of all preceding articles.
China’s Human Rights Action Plan4
The establishment of China’s National Human Rights Action plan (HRAP-C) in 2009 appears to be a significant commitment towards safeguarding human rights in China, however it lacks specific goals and procedures. There is also no specific reference to the situation in Tibet.
Despite stating in the introduction that the plan is aligned with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the HRAP-C makes clear that economic, social and cultural rights are prioritised over civil and political rights, and that the provision of all rights is dependent upon and conditioned by “national interests”. The plan does not offer clear and universal goals for advancing universal human rights. Existing goals are limited to general and vague definitions with no vision of what success could look like.
Rather than addressing the specific situation in Tibet, the action plan speaks of “ethnic minorities”, for whom it appears basic economic development is China’s key goal.
6 Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
2.1 UN Human Rights Council
China is a member of the UN Human Rights Council. China was reviewed by the rest of the Council in 2013, in a process called the Universal Periodic Review. UN member states made recommendations to China, which China chose to either accept, reject or term ‘already implementing’. The results were formalised in March 2014. The HRAP-T focuses on the ‘accepted’ and ‘accepted and already implementing’ recommendations.
2.2 Relevant Human Rights Treaty Body Provisions
2.2.1 Cultural Rights:
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural RightsPart I, Article 1: All peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.
Part II, Article 2: The States Parties to the present covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Part II, Article 5: Nothing in the present covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights or freedoms recognized herein, or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant.
Part III, Article 15: 1) The States Parties to the present covenant recognize the right of everyone: a. To take part in cultural life; b. To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications; c. To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary, or artistic production of which he is the author. 2) The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture. 3) The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity.
Convention against Discrimination in EducationArticle 5: c) It is essential to recognize the rights of members of national minorities to carry on their own educational activities, including the maintenance of schools and, depending on the educational policy of each State, the use or the teaching of their own language, provided however: That this right is not exercised in a manner which prevents the members of these minorities from understanding the culture and language of the community as a whole and from participating in its activities, or which prejudices national sovereignty; That the standard of education is not lower than the general standard laid down or approved by the competent authorities; and that attendance at such schools is optional.
International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsPart III, Article 27: In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or to use their own language.
Part III, Article 19: 1) Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. (2) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.
Section 2 – China and the UN
7Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
2.2.2 Human Rights Defenders:
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural RightsPart I, Article 1: 1) All peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.
Part II, Article 2: 2) The States Parties to the present covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsPart I, Article 1: 1) All peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.
Part II, Article 2: 1) Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Part II, Article 2: 3) Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes: a. To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity; b. To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy; c. To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted.
Part III, Article 6: 1) Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.
Part III, Article 9: 1) Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. (2) Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of the arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him. (3) Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be a general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the judgment. (4) Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful. (5) Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.
Part III, Article 10: 1) All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.
Part III, Article 18: 1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. (2) No one shall be subject to coercion, which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
Part III, Article 19: 1) Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. (2) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.
8 Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
Part III, Article 21: 1) The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedom of others.
Part III, Article 26: All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Part III, Article 27: In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or to use their own language.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and PunishmentPart I, Article 1: For the purposes of this Convention, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.
Part I, Article 2 : 1) Each State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction. 2) No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture. 3) An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification of torture.
Part I, Article 13: Each State Party shall ensure that any individual who alleges he has been subjected to torture in any territory under its jurisdiction has the right to complain to and to have his case promptly and impartially examined its competent authorities. Steps shall be taken to ensure that the complainant and witnesses are protected against all ill-treatment or intimidation as a consequence of his complaint or any evidence given.
2.2.3 Nomad Resettlement:
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural RightsPart I, Article 1: 1) All peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.
Part III, Article 6: 1) The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this right.
Part III, Article 12: 1) The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsPart III, Article 12: 1) Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.
9Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsPart III, Article 12: 1) Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.
2.3 Recent Treaty Body Reviews of China
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), May 2014 – China was reviewed by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Committee noted in May 2014 “that there are no significant factors and difficulties impeding its [China’s] capacity to effectively implement the Covenant.” The Committee makes concluding observations in the form of recommendations, which China does not officially respond to.
Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Sept/Oct 2013 – China was reviewed by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in Fall 2013.
2.4 UN Special Procedures (Special Rapporteurs)
Over the last decade a significant number of Special Procedures have communicated with China on a variety of human rights issues in Tibet. We record their specific concerns in the tables in Section 3. There are currently 12 pending requests for China visits from Special Procedures, which China is yet to respond to. In addition, China issued an invitation to the Special Rapportuer on Religious Freedom in 2004, following a visit request, but the Special Rapportuer is awaiting a to a reply to a letter sent in 2006 requesting dates.5
2.5 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
China has accepted a UPR recommendation to allow the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit China and Tibet in March 2014. This visit should happen as a matter of urgency during the tenure of the incumbent High Commissioner, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, who took office in September 2014.
The last UN High Commissioner to visit China was Louise Arbour in 2005, she was subsequently denied a visit to Tibet in 2008. Two High Commissioners issued statements addressing the human rights crisis in Tibet: Louise Arbour in the midst of the 2008 mass protests across Tibet and Navi Pillay during China’s leadership change and the peak of the Tibetan self-immolation crisis in 2012.
2008 – UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour reacted to Chinese security force crackdowns on Tibetan protesters by urging restraint and the provision of the right to freedom of expression and assembly.
2012 – UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay urged China to address root causes of Tibetan protests, including self-immolations, and asked that China grant Tibetans freedom of expression and assembly. See Annex 1.
2.6 General Assembly Resolutions
The UN General Assembly (UNGA) has passed a total of three resolutions about Tibet, in 1959, 1961 and 1965 respectively, following several appeals by Tibet’s then spiritual and political leader the Dalai Lama. UN member states used the resolutions to challenge China’s claim that Tibet is part of China and to speak out against China’s invasion of Tibet.
2.6.1 1959 UNGA Resolution 1353 (XIV) on Tibet6
1. Affirms its belief that respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is essential for the evolution of a peaceful world order based on the rule of law;
2. Calls for respect for the fundamental human rights of the Tibetan people and for their distinctive cultural and religious life.
10 Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
2.6.2 1961 UNGA Resolution 1723 (XVI) on Tibet7
1. Reaffirms its conviction that respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is essential for the evolution of a peaceful world order based on the rule of law;
2. Solemnly renews its call for the cessation of practices which deprive the Tibetan people of their fundamental human rights and freedoms, including their right to self-determination;
3. Expresses the hope that Member States will make all possible efforts, as appropriate, towards achieving the purposes of the present resolution.
2.6.3 1965 UNGA Resolution 2079 (XX) on Tibet8
1. Deplores the continued violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the people of Tibet;
2. Reaffirms that the respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is essential for the evolution of a peaceful world order based on the rule of law;
3. Declares its conviction that the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Tibet and the suppression of the distinctive cultural and religious life of its people increase international tension and embitter relations between peoples;
4. Solemnly renews its call for the cessation of all practices which deprive the Tibetan people of the human rights and fundamental freedoms which they have always enjoyed;
5. Appeals to all States to use their best endeavors to achieve the purposes of the present resolution.
11
Sec
tion
3 –
Mea
surin
g Im
plem
enta
tion
12
Issu
e 1
C
ultu
ral R
ight
sC
hina
con
tinue
s a
who
lesc
ale
onsl
augh
t on
Tib
etan
cul
ture
, in
par
ticul
ar v
iola
ting
lang
uage
rig
hts,
art
istic
ex
pre
ssio
n an
d r
elig
ious
free
dom
. The
sp
ace
for
Tib
etan
cul
ture
and
tra
diti
on is
bei
ng p
oliti
cise
d t
hrou
gh
vario
us r
egio
n-sp
ecifi
c p
olic
ies
resu
lting
in t
he c
rimin
alis
atio
n of
act
s of
cul
tura
l exp
ress
ion,
thu
s p
osin
g a
dire
ct t
hrea
t to
Tib
etan
cul
tura
l sur
viva
l.
Full
acce
ss t
o cu
ltura
l rig
hts
for
Tib
etan
s is
cru
cial
, as
thei
r cu
lture
is t
he fo
und
atio
n of
wha
t it
mea
ns t
o b
e Ti
bet
an, p
enet
ratin
g ev
ery
asp
ect
of s
ocie
ty fr
om la
ngua
ge, r
elig
ion
and
ed
ucat
ion.
Sin
ce 2
008,
Chi
na h
as
incr
ease
d it
s at
tack
on
Tib
etan
cul
tura
l ico
ns, a
rres
ting
sing
ers,
writ
ers
and
art
ists
. The
ap
par
ent
dis
man
tling
of
Tib
etan
cul
ture
by
the
Chi
nese
Gov
ernm
ent
in fa
vour
of c
reat
ing
a cu
ltura
lly h
omog
enou
s H
an-C
hine
se
soci
ety
is a
n ou
trig
ht v
iola
tion
of t
he c
ultu
ral r
ight
s of
Tib
etan
s. U
sing
all
dip
lom
atic
too
ls a
vaila
ble
, the
re is
a
need
to
wor
k to
sec
ure
full
acce
ss t
o cu
ltura
l rig
hts
for
Tib
etan
s. A
num
ber
of p
olic
ies
shou
ld b
e im
med
iate
ly
ceas
ed in
ord
er t
o cr
eate
a s
afe
envi
ronm
ent
for
all a
spec
ts o
f Tib
etan
cul
ture
.
Rel
igio
us F
reed
om
: The
rel
igio
us c
omm
unity
and
its
cultu
ral i
nstit
utio
ns a
re in
crea
sing
ly c
ontr
olle
d b
y th
e G
over
nmen
t, p
reve
ntin
g Ti
bet
ans
from
exe
rcis
ing
thei
r rig
ht t
o re
ligio
us fr
eed
om. S
ince
200
8, C
hina
in
tens
ified
con
trol
of T
ibet
an B
udd
hist
pra
ctic
es. G
over
nmen
t w
ork
team
s in
clud
ing
arm
ed p
olic
e an
d
sold
iers
hav
e b
een
dep
loye
d in
sid
e m
onas
terie
s to
mon
itor
and
“re
-ed
ucat
e” m
onks
and
nun
s. M
ajor
rel
igio
us
gath
erin
gs a
re in
crea
sing
ly e
ither
pro
hib
ited
or
put
und
er in
tens
e su
rvei
llanc
e b
y se
curit
y fo
rces
. Som
e re
ligio
us le
ader
s ha
ve b
een
lab
elle
d a
s an
ti-go
vern
men
t an
d d
etai
ned
.
13
Lang
uag
e: C
hina
’s li
ngui
stic
pol
icie
s in
Tib
et p
ose
a se
rious
thr
eat
to t
he T
ibet
an la
ngua
ge. I
n 20
10 a
nd 2
012,
p
rop
osed
cha
nges
to
rep
lace
Tib
etan
with
Man
dar
in a
s th
e la
ngua
ge o
f ins
truc
tion
in s
choo
ls s
par
ked
mas
s p
eace
ful p
rote
sts.
Tib
etan
prim
ary,
sec
ond
ary
and
hig
her
educ
atio
n is
bei
ng r
epla
ced
with
Man
dar
in a
cros
s al
l of
Tib
et. L
ocal
com
mun
ity-b
ased
lang
uage
em
pow
erm
ent
initi
ativ
es p
rom
otin
g Ti
bet
an la
ngua
ge h
ave
bee
n re
por
ted
ly s
hut
dow
n b
y th
e C
hine
se G
over
nmen
t, c
iting
in p
art
that
the
Tib
etan
lang
uage
con
tain
s w
ord
s th
at
can
be
used
to
exp
ress
op
pos
ition
to
Chi
nese
rul
e.9
As
a re
sult,
att
emp
ts m
ade
by
Tib
etan
s to
pre
serv
e th
eir
lang
uage
hav
e b
ecom
e a
pol
itica
l mat
ter,
mak
ing
the
mai
nten
ance
of T
ibet
an la
ngua
ge in
crea
sing
ly d
ifficu
lt.
Det
rimen
tal C
hine
se la
w a
nd p
olic
yP
rohi
bit
ion
of
Rel
igio
us F
esti
vals
– A
pol
icy
imp
osed
by
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
on
a ca
se-b
y-ca
se b
asis
and
fr
eque
ntly
onl
y sh
ortly
bef
ore
the
fest
ival
or
cere
mon
y. F
or e
xam
ple
, and
on
a la
rger
sca
le, c
omm
emor
atin
g S
agad
awa
has
bee
n b
anne
d fo
r th
e la
st fe
w y
ears
in t
he T
ibet
an A
uton
omou
s R
egio
n (T
AR
).
Gre
at S
trat
egy
for
the
Op
enin
g o
f th
e W
est
– A
str
ateg
y os
tens
ibly
des
igne
d t
o b
ring
econ
omic
d
evel
opm
ent
from
eas
tern
Chi
na t
o th
e W
est,
incl
udin
g Ti
bet
. Thi
s ha
s b
een
used
to
just
ify t
he r
eset
tlem
ent
of T
ibet
an n
omad
s, in
crea
sed
inve
stm
ent
from
Chi
nese
Sta
te O
wne
d-E
nter
pris
e (S
OE
), in
crea
sed
mig
ratio
n of
w
orke
rs, i
ncre
ased
tou
rism
, the
unc
omp
ensa
ted
tak
ing
of la
nd, a
nd m
inin
g in
Tib
et.
Pat
rio
tic
Ed
ucat
ion
Cam
pai
gns
(Po
licy)
– A
pol
icy
imp
osed
on
mon
aste
ries
des
igne
d t
o m
ake
them
ob
edie
nt s
erva
nts
of t
he s
tate
firs
t an
d r
elig
ious
pra
ctio
ners
sec
ond
.
Sta
te A
dm
inis
trat
ion
of
Rel
igio
us A
ffai
rs (S
AR
A) –
An
orga
niza
tion
with
in t
he C
CP
em
pow
ered
to
crea
te
pol
icy
rega
rdin
g th
e re
gula
tion
and
con
trol
of r
elig
ions
in t
he P
RC
.
Trul
ku M
anag
emen
t M
easu
res
– A
pol
icy
imp
lem
ente
d b
y S
AR
A r
equi
ring
that
all
rein
carn
ated
lam
as (o
r “l
ivin
g B
udd
has”
) be
offic
ially
rec
ogni
zed
as
such
onl
y b
y th
e C
hine
se g
over
nmen
t.
Info
rmat
ion
Han
db
oo
k fo
r th
e E
nfo
rcem
ent
of
Two
Sep
arat
e R
egul
atio
ns is
sued
by
Dir
u C
oun
ty
Peo
ple
’s G
ove
rnm
ent
– A
reg
ulat
ion
in D
iru c
ount
y, T
ibet
, tha
t p
unis
hes
peo
ple
and
the
ir re
lativ
es fo
r at
tend
ing
the
“Gre
at P
raye
r Fe
stiv
al”
or t
he K
alac
hakr
a E
mp
ower
men
t.10
Hum
an R
ight
s vi
olat
ed: C
ultu
ral R
ight
s, R
elig
ious
Fre
edom
, Rig
ht t
o E
duc
atio
n, R
ight
to
Lang
uage
, Rig
ht t
o A
deq
uate
sta
ndar
d o
f liv
ing,
Rig
ht t
o fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
14
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
A –
186
.185
. Con
tinue
to
pro
vid
e co
mp
rehe
nsiv
e p
rote
ctio
n to
citi
zens
’ ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts
(Dem
ocra
tic P
eop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of K
orea
);
A –
186
.194
. Con
tinue
effo
rts
in
imp
lem
enta
tion
of t
he c
ount
ry’s
Pla
ns o
f A
ctio
n in
par
ticul
ar t
hose
rel
atin
g to
the
sa
fegu
ard
of t
he e
cono
mic
, soc
ial a
nd
cultu
ral r
ight
s of
the
peo
ple
, inc
lud
ing
thos
e of
the
mos
t vu
lner
able
one
s an
d
dis
adva
ntag
ed g
roup
s (C
amb
odia
);
A –
186
.220
. Exe
rt m
ore
effo
rts
to p
rote
ct
cultu
res,
esp
ecia
lly t
hose
of e
thni
c m
inor
ities
, and
to
pro
mot
e th
e p
rote
ctio
n of
cul
tura
l rel
ics
(Iraq
);
A –
186
.221
. Mak
e fu
rthe
r ef
fort
s fo
r se
curin
g al
l hum
an r
ight
s, in
clud
ing
cultu
ral r
ight
s of
min
oriti
es (J
apan
);
A –
186
.222
. Tak
e fu
rthe
r le
gisl
ativ
e an
d p
ract
ical
mea
sure
s to
allo
w e
thni
c m
inor
ities
to
pre
serv
e th
eir
cultu
ral i
den
tity,
to
fully
exe
rcis
e th
eir
hum
an r
ight
s an
d
to e
nsur
e th
eir
par
ticip
atio
n in
dec
isio
n–
mak
ing,
in a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith t
he C
hine
se
Con
stitu
tion
(Aus
tria
)
CE
SC
R 2
014
Non
-dis
crim
inat
ion
(Rel
ated
to
Cul
tura
l R
ight
s an
d fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
and
in
form
atio
n)
The
Com
mitt
ee m
ade
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
for
Chi
na t
o co
mb
at a
ll fo
rms
of
dis
crim
inat
ion
agai
nst
ethn
ic m
inor
ities
, to
upho
ld t
heir
right
to
enjo
y fu
lly t
heir
own
cultu
ral i
den
tity
and
tak
e p
art
in c
ultu
ral
life,
incl
udin
g b
y re
mov
ing
rest
rictio
ns o
n fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
and
info
rmat
ion.
11
CR
C S
essi
on 6
4N
on-d
iscr
imin
atio
n (R
elat
ed t
o La
ngua
ge,
Free
dom
of R
elig
ion,
and
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts)
The
Com
mitt
ee r
aise
d c
once
rn a
bou
t “t
he
cont
inuo
us v
iola
tions
of t
he r
ight
s of
and
d
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t Ti
bet
an a
nd U
ighu
r ch
ildre
n…in
clud
ing
thei
r rig
ht t
o fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
lang
uage
and
cul
ture
”. T
he
Com
mitt
ee u
rged
the
Sta
te p
arty
“to
tak
e im
med
iate
act
ion
in m
ainl
and
Chi
na t
o el
imin
ate
pol
icie
s, p
ract
ices
and
sec
urity
m
easu
res
that
dis
pro
por
tiona
tely
affe
ct o
r d
iscr
imin
ate
agai
nst
Tib
etan
and
Uig
hur
child
ren”
.12
In F
ebru
ary
2014
, the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s on
Arb
itrar
y D
eten
tion;
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts;
D
isap
pea
ranc
es; F
reed
om o
f Exp
ress
ion;
Fr
eed
om o
f Pea
cefu
l Ass
emb
ly a
nd o
f A
ssoc
iatio
n; F
reed
om o
f Rel
igio
n; a
nd
Min
ority
Issu
es s
end
Chi
na a
join
t urg
ent
app
eal r
eque
stin
g in
form
atio
n on
the
whe
reab
outs
and
con
diti
on o
f ten
Tib
etan
m
usic
ians
bel
ieve
d to
be
in a
rbitr
ary
det
entio
n.13
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Min
ority
Issu
es
mad
e a
req
uest
for
a vi
sit o
n 30
Jul
y 20
09
– cu
rren
tly o
utst
and
ing.
14
Art
icle
47
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
hav
e th
e fr
eed
om t
o en
gage
in s
cien
tific
rese
arch
, lite
rary
an
d a
rtis
tic c
reat
ion
and
oth
er c
ultu
ral
pur
suits
. The
sta
te e
ncou
rage
s an
d a
ssis
ts
crea
tive
end
eavo
rs c
ond
uciv
e to
the
in
tere
sts
of t
he p
eop
le t
hat
are
mad
e b
y ci
tizen
s en
gage
d in
ed
ucat
ion,
sci
ence
, te
chno
logy
, lite
ratu
re, a
rt a
nd o
ther
cul
tura
l w
ork.
Tabl
e 1:
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts
15
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
A –
186
.185
. Con
tinue
to
pro
vid
e co
mp
rehe
nsiv
e p
rote
ctio
n to
citi
zens
’ ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts
(Dem
ocra
tic P
eop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of K
orea
);
A –
186
.194
. Con
tinue
effo
rts
in
imp
lem
enta
tion
of t
he c
ount
ry’s
Pla
ns o
f A
ctio
n in
par
ticul
ar t
hose
rel
atin
g to
the
sa
fegu
ard
of t
he e
cono
mic
, soc
ial a
nd
cultu
ral r
ight
s of
the
peo
ple
, inc
lud
ing
thos
e of
the
mos
t vu
lner
able
one
s an
d
dis
adva
ntag
ed g
roup
s (C
amb
odia
);
A –
186
.220
. Exe
rt m
ore
effo
rts
to p
rote
ct
cultu
res,
esp
ecia
lly t
hose
of e
thni
c m
inor
ities
, and
to
pro
mot
e th
e p
rote
ctio
n of
cul
tura
l rel
ics
(Iraq
);
A –
186
.221
. Mak
e fu
rthe
r ef
fort
s fo
r se
curin
g al
l hum
an r
ight
s, in
clud
ing
cultu
ral r
ight
s of
min
oriti
es (J
apan
);
A –
186
.222
. Tak
e fu
rthe
r le
gisl
ativ
e an
d p
ract
ical
mea
sure
s to
allo
w e
thni
c m
inor
ities
to
pre
serv
e th
eir
cultu
ral i
den
tity,
to
fully
exe
rcis
e th
eir
hum
an r
ight
s an
d
to e
nsur
e th
eir
par
ticip
atio
n in
dec
isio
n–
mak
ing,
in a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith t
he C
hine
se
Con
stitu
tion
(Aus
tria
)
CE
SC
R 2
014
Non
-dis
crim
inat
ion
(Rel
ated
to
Cul
tura
l R
ight
s an
d fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
and
in
form
atio
n)
The
Com
mitt
ee m
ade
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
for
Chi
na t
o co
mb
at a
ll fo
rms
of
dis
crim
inat
ion
agai
nst
ethn
ic m
inor
ities
, to
upho
ld t
heir
right
to
enjo
y fu
lly t
heir
own
cultu
ral i
den
tity
and
tak
e p
art
in c
ultu
ral
life,
incl
udin
g b
y re
mov
ing
rest
rictio
ns o
n fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
and
info
rmat
ion.
11
CR
C S
essi
on 6
4N
on-d
iscr
imin
atio
n (R
elat
ed t
o La
ngua
ge,
Free
dom
of R
elig
ion,
and
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts)
The
Com
mitt
ee r
aise
d c
once
rn a
bou
t “t
he
cont
inuo
us v
iola
tions
of t
he r
ight
s of
and
d
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t Ti
bet
an a
nd U
ighu
r ch
ildre
n…in
clud
ing
thei
r rig
ht t
o fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
lang
uage
and
cul
ture
”. T
he
Com
mitt
ee u
rged
the
Sta
te p
arty
“to
tak
e im
med
iate
act
ion
in m
ainl
and
Chi
na t
o el
imin
ate
pol
icie
s, p
ract
ices
and
sec
urity
m
easu
res
that
dis
pro
por
tiona
tely
affe
ct o
r d
iscr
imin
ate
agai
nst
Tib
etan
and
Uig
hur
child
ren”
.12
In F
ebru
ary
2014
, the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s on
Arb
itrar
y D
eten
tion;
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts;
D
isap
pea
ranc
es; F
reed
om o
f Exp
ress
ion;
Fr
eed
om o
f Pea
cefu
l Ass
emb
ly a
nd o
f A
ssoc
iatio
n; F
reed
om o
f Rel
igio
n; a
nd
Min
ority
Issu
es s
end
Chi
na a
join
t urg
ent
app
eal r
eque
stin
g in
form
atio
n on
the
whe
reab
outs
and
con
diti
on o
f ten
Tib
etan
m
usic
ians
bel
ieve
d to
be
in a
rbitr
ary
det
entio
n.13
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Min
ority
Issu
es
mad
e a
req
uest
for
a vi
sit o
n 30
Jul
y 20
09
– cu
rren
tly o
utst
and
ing.
14
Art
icle
47
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
hav
e th
e fr
eed
om t
o en
gage
in s
cien
tific
rese
arch
, lite
rary
an
d a
rtis
tic c
reat
ion
and
oth
er c
ultu
ral
pur
suits
. The
sta
te e
ncou
rage
s an
d a
ssis
ts
crea
tive
end
eavo
rs c
ond
uciv
e to
the
in
tere
sts
of t
he p
eop
le t
hat
are
mad
e b
y ci
tizen
s en
gage
d in
ed
ucat
ion,
sci
ence
, te
chno
logy
, lite
ratu
re, a
rt a
nd o
ther
cul
tura
l w
ork.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• A
ll Ti
bet
an a
rtis
ts, w
riter
s, m
usic
ians
and
com
mun
ity le
ader
s ar
rest
ed fo
r th
e p
rom
otio
n of
cul
tura
l rig
hts
are
rele
ased
and
fu
rthe
r ha
rass
men
t lin
ked
to
cultu
ral p
rom
otio
n is
cea
sed
.•
The
elim
inat
ion
of in
cent
ives
for
Han
Chi
nese
from
eas
tern
Chi
na t
o w
ork
in T
ibet
.•
New
cul
tura
lly s
ensi
tive
pol
icie
s to
sup
por
t no
mad
s in
the
ir lif
esty
le d
evel
oped
.•
The
pol
icy
to r
emov
e Ti
bet
an n
omad
s an
d r
ural
res
iden
ts fr
om t
he g
rass
land
s an
d t
heir
hom
es is
sus
pen
ded
.•
Evi
den
ce is
see
n of
new
and
cul
tura
lly s
ensi
tive
pol
icie
s im
ple
men
ted
tha
t su
pp
ort
the
trad
ition
al T
ibet
an n
omad
s an
d
farm
ers
in t
heir
lifes
tyle
s, in
clud
ing
effe
ctiv
e p
over
ty a
llevi
atio
n m
easu
res.
The
se c
ould
incl
ude:
• E
stab
lishm
ent
of s
elf-
gove
rnin
g p
astu
re u
ser
grou
ps
run
by
and
incl
udin
g lo
cal T
ibet
ans.
• C
reat
ion
of u
rban
mar
kets
for
Tib
etan
dai
ry p
rod
ucts
.•
Fund
ing
pro
vid
ed fo
r Ti
bet
an n
omad
com
mun
ities
to
reha
bili
tate
deg
rad
ed g
rass
land
are
as.
• Tr
aini
ng in
and
pro
visi
on o
f vet
erin
ary
serv
ices
, pes
t m
anag
emen
t, a
nd o
ther
link
ed s
ervi
ces
as a
pov
erty
alle
viat
ion
• an
d in
com
e ge
nera
tion
pro
gram
.•
Dec
entr
alis
atio
n of
hea
lth c
are
and
ed
ucat
ion
to T
ibet
an n
omad
ic c
omm
uniti
es (v
ia m
obile
sch
ools
and
clin
ics)
, and
• p
rovi
sion
of q
ualifi
ed t
each
ers
and
hea
lth c
are
staf
f.•
Acc
ess
to a
pp
rop
riate
sol
ar a
nd w
ind
ene
rgy
is p
rovi
ded
to
Tib
etan
nom
adic
and
rur
al c
omm
uniti
es.
• B
usin
esse
s in
volv
ed in
the
ext
ract
ive
ind
ustr
ies
are
req
uire
d t
o co
nsul
t w
ith t
he lo
cal c
omm
unity
.•
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
in t
he fi
eld
of C
ultu
ral R
ight
s is
allo
wed
to
visi
t Ti
bet
bef
ore
Mar
ch 2
015
(mid
-ter
m o
f Chi
na’s
2nd
• U
PR
).•
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Min
ority
Issu
es is
allo
wed
to
visi
t Ti
bet
bef
ore
Mar
ch 2
015
(mid
-ter
m o
f Chi
na’s
2nd
UP
R).
16
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.219
. Con
tinue
pur
suin
g m
easu
res
and
pol
icy
aim
ed a
t en
surin
g th
e rig
hts
of e
thni
c m
inor
ities
’ lea
rnin
g, w
ritin
g an
d
the
dev
elop
men
t of
the
ir ow
n la
ngua
ges
acco
rdin
g to
the
rel
evan
t la
ws
(Cam
bod
ia)
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee r
ecom
men
ds
that
the
S
tate
par
ty t
ake
all n
eces
sary
mea
sure
s to
en
sure
the
full
and
unr
estr
icte
d e
njoy
men
t b
y m
inor
ities
, inc
lud
ing
Tib
etan
s, U
ighu
rs
and
Inne
r M
ongo
lians
, of t
heir
right
to
enjo
y fu
lly t
heir
own
cultu
ral i
den
tity
and
ta
ke p
art
in c
ultu
ral l
ife, a
nd t
o en
sure
the
us
e an
d p
ract
ice
of t
heir
lang
uage
and
cu
lture
. The
Com
mitt
ee a
lso
reco
mm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty t
ake
adeq
uate
m
easu
res
to p
rote
ct c
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
an
d p
rom
ote
awar
enes
s of
the
cul
tura
l he
ritag
e of
eth
nic,
rel
igio
us a
nd li
ngui
stic
m
inor
ities
.”15
CR
C 2
013
Non
-dis
crim
inat
ion
(Rel
ated
to
Lang
uage
, Fr
eed
om o
f Rel
igio
n, a
nd C
ultu
ral R
ight
s)
The
Com
mitt
ee r
aise
d c
once
rn a
bou
t “t
he
cont
inuo
us v
iola
tions
of t
he r
ight
s of
and
d
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t Ti
bet
an a
nd U
ighu
r ch
ildre
n…in
clud
ing
thei
r rig
ht t
o fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
lang
uage
and
cul
ture
”. T
he
Com
mitt
ee u
rged
the
Sta
te p
arty
“to
tak
e im
med
iate
act
ion
in m
ainl
and
Chi
na t
o el
imin
ate
pol
icie
s, p
ract
ices
and
sec
urity
m
easu
res
that
dis
pro
por
tiona
tely
affe
ct o
r d
iscr
imin
ate
agai
nst
Tib
etan
and
Uig
hur
child
ren”
.16
June
201
3 –
The
SR
for
Arb
itrar
y D
eten
tion;
Fre
edom
of E
xpre
ssio
n;
Free
dom
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
A
ssoc
iatio
n; a
nd H
uman
Rig
hts
Def
end
ers
exp
ress
ed c
once
rn a
bou
t th
e ar
rest
and
se
nten
cing
of a
Tib
et s
tud
ent
who
lead
a
pea
cefu
l pro
test
in N
ovem
ber
201
2 ca
lling
for
“fre
edom
to
stud
y th
e Ti
bet
an
lang
uage
.”17
Art
icle
4 –
All
ethn
ic g
roup
s ha
ve t
he
free
dom
to
use
and
dev
elop
the
ir ow
n sp
oken
and
writ
ten
lang
uage
s an
d t
o p
rese
rve
or r
efor
m t
heir
own
folk
way
s an
d
cust
oms.
Tabl
e 2.
Lan
guag
e
17
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.219
. Con
tinue
pur
suin
g m
easu
res
and
pol
icy
aim
ed a
t en
surin
g th
e rig
hts
of e
thni
c m
inor
ities
’ lea
rnin
g, w
ritin
g an
d
the
dev
elop
men
t of
the
ir ow
n la
ngua
ges
acco
rdin
g to
the
rel
evan
t la
ws
(Cam
bod
ia)
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee r
ecom
men
ds
that
the
S
tate
par
ty t
ake
all n
eces
sary
mea
sure
s to
en
sure
the
full
and
unr
estr
icte
d e
njoy
men
t b
y m
inor
ities
, inc
lud
ing
Tib
etan
s, U
ighu
rs
and
Inne
r M
ongo
lians
, of t
heir
right
to
enjo
y fu
lly t
heir
own
cultu
ral i
den
tity
and
ta
ke p
art
in c
ultu
ral l
ife, a
nd t
o en
sure
the
us
e an
d p
ract
ice
of t
heir
lang
uage
and
cu
lture
. The
Com
mitt
ee a
lso
reco
mm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty t
ake
adeq
uate
m
easu
res
to p
rote
ct c
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
an
d p
rom
ote
awar
enes
s of
the
cul
tura
l he
ritag
e of
eth
nic,
rel
igio
us a
nd li
ngui
stic
m
inor
ities
.”15
CR
C 2
013
Non
-dis
crim
inat
ion
(Rel
ated
to
Lang
uage
, Fr
eed
om o
f Rel
igio
n, a
nd C
ultu
ral R
ight
s)
The
Com
mitt
ee r
aise
d c
once
rn a
bou
t “t
he
cont
inuo
us v
iola
tions
of t
he r
ight
s of
and
d
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t Ti
bet
an a
nd U
ighu
r ch
ildre
n…in
clud
ing
thei
r rig
ht t
o fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
lang
uage
and
cul
ture
”. T
he
Com
mitt
ee u
rged
the
Sta
te p
arty
“to
tak
e im
med
iate
act
ion
in m
ainl
and
Chi
na t
o el
imin
ate
pol
icie
s, p
ract
ices
and
sec
urity
m
easu
res
that
dis
pro
por
tiona
tely
affe
ct o
r d
iscr
imin
ate
agai
nst
Tib
etan
and
Uig
hur
child
ren”
.16
June
201
3 –
The
SR
for
Arb
itrar
y D
eten
tion;
Fre
edom
of E
xpre
ssio
n;
Free
dom
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
A
ssoc
iatio
n; a
nd H
uman
Rig
hts
Def
end
ers
exp
ress
ed c
once
rn a
bou
t th
e ar
rest
and
se
nten
cing
of a
Tib
et s
tud
ent
who
lead
a
pea
cefu
l pro
test
in N
ovem
ber
201
2 ca
lling
for
“fre
edom
to
stud
y th
e Ti
bet
an
lang
uage
.”17
Art
icle
4 –
All
ethn
ic g
roup
s ha
ve t
he
free
dom
to
use
and
dev
elop
the
ir ow
n sp
oken
and
writ
ten
lang
uage
s an
d t
o p
rese
rve
or r
efor
m t
heir
own
folk
way
s an
d
cust
oms.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• P
olic
ies
that
req
uire
Tib
etan
to
be
the
offic
ially
rec
ogni
sed
lang
uage
in T
ibet
are
imp
lem
ente
d.
• Ti
bet
an la
ngua
ge b
ecom
es t
he o
ffici
al la
ngua
ge u
sed
to
teac
h in
sch
ools
at
all l
evel
s.18
• Li
tera
cy le
vels
of T
ibet
ans
in T
AR
and
TA
Ps
incr
ease
to
at le
ast
80%
.19
• E
duc
atio
n an
d t
rain
ing
opp
ortu
nitie
s ar
e p
rovi
ded
to
Tib
etan
s th
at w
ill a
llow
the
m t
o co
mp
ete
for
and
gai
n sk
illed
job
s.
This
sho
uld
invo
lve
clas
ses
taug
ht in
Tib
etan
and
Man
dar
in.
• Lo
cal a
utho
rity
pos
ition
s of
fere
d in
TA
R a
nd T
AP
s ha
ve T
ibet
an la
ngua
ge a
s a
pre
req
uisi
te t
o em
plo
ymen
t, a
nd
recr
uitm
ent
pro
ced
ures
are
con
duc
ted
in T
ibet
an la
ngua
ge.
18
Tabl
e 3.
Rel
igio
us F
reed
om
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.224
. Str
engt
hen
pro
tect
ion
of e
thni
c m
inor
ities
’ rel
igio
us, s
ocio
-ec
onom
ic a
nd p
oliti
cal r
ight
s, e
nsur
ing
rep
orts
of v
iola
tions
are
pro
mp
tly a
nd
tran
spar
ently
inve
stig
ated
(Aus
tral
ia)
A –
186
.136
. Exp
edite
lega
l and
in
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
s to
fully
pro
tect
in la
w
and
in p
ract
ice
free
dom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
asso
ciat
ion
and
ass
emb
ly, a
nd r
elig
ion
and
b
elie
f (A
ustr
alia
);
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
A –
186
.140
. Tak
e ef
fect
ive
mea
sure
s to
p
rote
ct t
he r
ight
to
free
dom
of r
elig
ion
or
bel
ief (
Aus
tria
);
A –
186
.143
. Con
sid
er p
ossi
ble
rev
isio
n of
its
legi
slat
ion
on a
dm
inis
trat
ive
rest
rictio
ns
in o
rder
to
pro
vid
e a
bet
ter
pro
tect
ion
of
free
dom
of r
elig
ion
or b
elie
f (Ita
ly);
A –
186
.144
. Str
engt
hen
the
hum
an r
ight
s fr
amew
ork
to e
nsur
e re
ligio
us fr
eed
oms
(Nam
ibia
);
A –
186
.169
. Con
tinue
str
engt
heni
ng t
he
pro
tect
ion
and
pro
mot
ion
of t
he r
ight
of
all c
itize
ns t
o p
ublic
ly e
xpre
ss t
heir
bel
iefs
an
d o
pin
ions
(Chi
le);
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee…
rec
omm
end
s th
at t
he
Sta
te p
arty
tak
e ad
equa
te m
easu
res
to
pro
tect
cul
tura
l div
ersi
ty a
nd p
rom
ote
awar
enes
s of
the
cul
tura
l her
itage
of
eth
nic,
rel
igio
us a
nd li
ngui
stic
m
inor
ities
”.20
CR
C 2
013
“In
light
of a
rtic
le 1
4 of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
art
icle
36
of t
he S
tate
par
ty’s
C
onst
itutio
n, a
nd r
ecal
ling
its p
revi
ous
reco
mm
end
atio
ns (C
RC
/C/C
HN
/C
O/2
, par
a. 4
5), t
he C
omm
ittee
re
com
men
ds
that
the
Sta
te p
arty
tak
e al
l nec
essa
ry m
easu
res
to e
nsur
e th
e fu
ll im
ple
men
tatio
n of
the
Reg
iona
l Eth
nic
Aut
onom
y A
ct, e
ffect
ivel
y gu
aran
tee
the
right
to
free
dom
of t
houg
ht, c
onsc
ienc
e an
d r
elig
ion
for
thos
e un
der
18…
In
par
ticul
ar, t
he C
omm
ittee
rec
omm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty: (
a) A
bol
ish
crim
inal
an
d a
dm
inis
trat
ive
pen
altie
s, in
clud
ing
re-e
duc
atio
n th
roug
h la
bou
r, w
hich
ta
rget
chi
ldre
n fr
om c
erta
in g
roup
s,
par
ticul
arly
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st…
; (b
) R
epea
l all
mea
sure
s an
d r
estr
ictio
ns
that
pro
hib
it Ti
bet
an c
hild
ren
of a
ny a
ge
from
par
ticip
atin
g in
rel
igio
us a
ctiv
ities
or
rece
ivin
g re
ligio
us e
duc
atio
n, in
clud
ing
mea
sure
s im
pos
ed o
n m
onas
terie
s an
d n
unne
ries…
(d) I
mm
edia
tely
allo
w
an in
dep
end
ent
exp
ert
to v
isit
Ged
hun
Cho
ekyi
Nyi
ma
and
ver
ify h
is h
ealth
and
liv
ing
cond
ition
s.”
21
1 N
ovem
ber
201
1 –
A g
roup
of U
N
exp
erts
, inc
lud
ing
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Fre
edom
of R
elig
ion
or B
elie
f, S
pec
ial
Rap
por
teur
on
the
Rig
hts
to F
reed
om
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
Ass
ocia
tion,
Th
e U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur o
n th
e R
ight
to
Fre
edom
of O
pin
ion
and
Exp
ress
ion,
C
hair-
Rap
por
teur
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enf
orce
d o
r In
volu
ntar
y D
isap
pea
ranc
es,
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n,
the
Gro
up’s
Cha
ir-R
app
orte
ur a
nd
Ind
epen
den
t E
xper
t on
Min
ority
Issu
es,
rais
ed c
once
rn o
ver
crac
kdow
n an
d
rest
rictio
ns in
the
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st K
irti
mon
aste
ry a
nd t
he s
urro
und
ing
area
.22
Chi
na a
ccep
ted
in p
rinci
ple
in 2
004
a vi
sit
from
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Free
dom
of
Rel
igio
n. D
ate
of la
st le
tter
req
uest
ing
dat
es w
as S
epte
mb
er 2
006.
Vis
it re
que
st
pen
din
g.23
Art
icle
36
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
enj
oy fr
eed
om o
f re
ligio
us b
elie
f. N
o st
ate
orga
n, p
ublic
or
gani
zatio
n or
ind
ivid
ual m
ay c
omp
el
citiz
ens
to b
elie
ve in
, or
not
to b
elie
ve in
, an
y re
ligio
n; n
or m
ay t
hey
dis
crim
inat
e ag
ains
t ci
tizen
s w
ho b
elie
ve in
, or
do
not
bel
ieve
in, a
ny r
elig
ion.
The
sta
te p
rote
cts
norm
al r
elig
ious
act
iviti
es. N
o on
e m
ay
mak
e us
e of
rel
igio
n to
eng
age
in a
ctiv
ities
th
at d
isru
pt
pub
lic o
rder
, im
pai
r th
e he
alth
of
citi
zens
or
inte
rfer
e w
ith t
he e
duc
atio
nal
syst
em o
f the
sta
te. R
elig
ious
bod
ies
and
re
ligio
us a
ffairs
are
not
sub
ject
to
any
fore
ign
dom
inat
ion.
19
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.224
. Str
engt
hen
pro
tect
ion
of e
thni
c m
inor
ities
’ rel
igio
us, s
ocio
-ec
onom
ic a
nd p
oliti
cal r
ight
s, e
nsur
ing
rep
orts
of v
iola
tions
are
pro
mp
tly a
nd
tran
spar
ently
inve
stig
ated
(Aus
tral
ia)
A –
186
.136
. Exp
edite
lega
l and
in
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
s to
fully
pro
tect
in la
w
and
in p
ract
ice
free
dom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
asso
ciat
ion
and
ass
emb
ly, a
nd r
elig
ion
and
b
elie
f (A
ustr
alia
);
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
A –
186
.140
. Tak
e ef
fect
ive
mea
sure
s to
p
rote
ct t
he r
ight
to
free
dom
of r
elig
ion
or
bel
ief (
Aus
tria
);
A –
186
.143
. Con
sid
er p
ossi
ble
rev
isio
n of
its
legi
slat
ion
on a
dm
inis
trat
ive
rest
rictio
ns
in o
rder
to
pro
vid
e a
bet
ter
pro
tect
ion
of
free
dom
of r
elig
ion
or b
elie
f (Ita
ly);
A –
186
.144
. Str
engt
hen
the
hum
an r
ight
s fr
amew
ork
to e
nsur
e re
ligio
us fr
eed
oms
(Nam
ibia
);
A –
186
.169
. Con
tinue
str
engt
heni
ng t
he
pro
tect
ion
and
pro
mot
ion
of t
he r
ight
of
all c
itize
ns t
o p
ublic
ly e
xpre
ss t
heir
bel
iefs
an
d o
pin
ions
(Chi
le);
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee…
rec
omm
end
s th
at t
he
Sta
te p
arty
tak
e ad
equa
te m
easu
res
to
pro
tect
cul
tura
l div
ersi
ty a
nd p
rom
ote
awar
enes
s of
the
cul
tura
l her
itage
of
eth
nic,
rel
igio
us a
nd li
ngui
stic
m
inor
ities
”.20
CR
C 2
013
“In
light
of a
rtic
le 1
4 of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
art
icle
36
of t
he S
tate
par
ty’s
C
onst
itutio
n, a
nd r
ecal
ling
its p
revi
ous
reco
mm
end
atio
ns (C
RC
/C/C
HN
/C
O/2
, par
a. 4
5), t
he C
omm
ittee
re
com
men
ds
that
the
Sta
te p
arty
tak
e al
l nec
essa
ry m
easu
res
to e
nsur
e th
e fu
ll im
ple
men
tatio
n of
the
Reg
iona
l Eth
nic
Aut
onom
y A
ct, e
ffect
ivel
y gu
aran
tee
the
right
to
free
dom
of t
houg
ht, c
onsc
ienc
e an
d r
elig
ion
for
thos
e un
der
18…
In
par
ticul
ar, t
he C
omm
ittee
rec
omm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty: (
a) A
bol
ish
crim
inal
an
d a
dm
inis
trat
ive
pen
altie
s, in
clud
ing
re-e
duc
atio
n th
roug
h la
bou
r, w
hich
ta
rget
chi
ldre
n fr
om c
erta
in g
roup
s,
par
ticul
arly
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st…
; (b
) R
epea
l all
mea
sure
s an
d r
estr
ictio
ns
that
pro
hib
it Ti
bet
an c
hild
ren
of a
ny a
ge
from
par
ticip
atin
g in
rel
igio
us a
ctiv
ities
or
rece
ivin
g re
ligio
us e
duc
atio
n, in
clud
ing
mea
sure
s im
pos
ed o
n m
onas
terie
s an
d n
unne
ries…
(d) I
mm
edia
tely
allo
w
an in
dep
end
ent
exp
ert
to v
isit
Ged
hun
Cho
ekyi
Nyi
ma
and
ver
ify h
is h
ealth
and
liv
ing
cond
ition
s.”
21
1 N
ovem
ber
201
1 –
A g
roup
of U
N
exp
erts
, inc
lud
ing
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Fre
edom
of R
elig
ion
or B
elie
f, S
pec
ial
Rap
por
teur
on
the
Rig
hts
to F
reed
om
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
Ass
ocia
tion,
Th
e U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur o
n th
e R
ight
to
Fre
edom
of O
pin
ion
and
Exp
ress
ion,
C
hair-
Rap
por
teur
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enf
orce
d o
r In
volu
ntar
y D
isap
pea
ranc
es,
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n,
the
Gro
up’s
Cha
ir-R
app
orte
ur a
nd
Ind
epen
den
t E
xper
t on
Min
ority
Issu
es,
rais
ed c
once
rn o
ver
crac
kdow
n an
d
rest
rictio
ns in
the
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st K
irti
mon
aste
ry a
nd t
he s
urro
und
ing
area
.22
Chi
na a
ccep
ted
in p
rinci
ple
in 2
004
a vi
sit
from
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Free
dom
of
Rel
igio
n. D
ate
of la
st le
tter
req
uest
ing
dat
es w
as S
epte
mb
er 2
006.
Vis
it re
que
st
pen
din
g.23
Art
icle
36
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
enj
oy fr
eed
om o
f re
ligio
us b
elie
f. N
o st
ate
orga
n, p
ublic
or
gani
zatio
n or
ind
ivid
ual m
ay c
omp
el
citiz
ens
to b
elie
ve in
, or
not
to b
elie
ve in
, an
y re
ligio
n; n
or m
ay t
hey
dis
crim
inat
e ag
ains
t ci
tizen
s w
ho b
elie
ve in
, or
do
not
bel
ieve
in, a
ny r
elig
ion.
The
sta
te p
rote
cts
norm
al r
elig
ious
act
iviti
es. N
o on
e m
ay
mak
e us
e of
rel
igio
n to
eng
age
in a
ctiv
ities
th
at d
isru
pt
pub
lic o
rder
, im
pai
r th
e he
alth
of
citi
zens
or
inte
rfer
e w
ith t
he e
duc
atio
nal
syst
em o
f the
sta
te. R
elig
ious
bod
ies
and
re
ligio
us a
ffairs
are
not
sub
ject
to
any
fore
ign
dom
inat
ion.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• O
ffici
al p
olic
y of
Sta
te in
terv
entio
n in
the
iden
tifica
tion
and
tra
inin
g of
Tib
etan
rei
ncar
nate
lam
as is
cea
sed
.•
Pol
icy
to im
ple
men
t “M
anag
emen
t C
omm
ittee
s” a
t re
ligio
us in
stitu
tions
is d
isb
and
ed.
• P
ract
ices
targ
eted
at T
ibet
an B
udd
hist
inst
itutio
ns w
hich
thre
aten
to e
rod
e th
e Ti
bet
an re
ligio
us c
ultu
re a
re e
nded
, suc
h as
:•
the
ban
on
relig
ious
con
stru
ctio
n w
ithou
t go
vern
men
t p
erm
issi
on;
• th
e lim
its o
n th
e nu
mb
er o
f mon
ks a
nd n
uns
per
mitt
ed p
er m
onas
tery
;•
the
scre
enin
g fo
r ad
mis
sion
of m
onks
and
nun
s on
the
bas
is o
f the
ir p
oliti
cal v
iew
s;•
gove
rnm
ent
rest
rictio
ns o
n tr
avel
bet
wee
n co
untie
s, p
refe
ctur
es a
nd p
rovi
nces
, for
the
pur
pos
e of
rel
igio
us s
tud
y
and
pilg
rimag
e;•
‘Pat
riotic
re-
educ
atio
n’ s
essi
ons,
whi
ch o
ften
incl
ude
the
den
unci
atio
n of
the
Dal
ai L
ama
• Ti
bet
ans
are
allo
wed
to
free
ly m
ark
the
Dal
ai L
ama’
s b
irthd
ay t
hrou
gh p
eace
ful a
ctiv
ities
, with
out
rep
ercu
ssio
n or
in
terf
eren
ce•
Tib
etan
s ar
e al
low
ed t
o ce
leb
rate
tra
diti
onal
Tib
etan
hol
iday
s an
d fe
stiv
als
• R
enov
atio
ns o
f mon
aste
ries
are
carr
ied
out
to
genu
inel
y p
rese
rve
and
pro
tect
the
bui
ldin
g, r
athe
r th
an m
erel
y to
imp
rove
its
ext
erna
l ap
pea
ranc
e•
Con
stru
ctio
n th
at w
ould
thr
eate
n or
cou
ld d
amag
e P
otal
a P
alac
e an
d o
ther
imp
orta
nt a
nd s
acre
d s
ites
is p
rohi
bite
d.
• R
atifi
catio
n of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d P
oliti
cal R
ight
s (IC
CP
R) i
s ca
rrie
d o
ut, e
nsur
ing
the
Cov
enan
t’s
pro
tect
ions
are
ext
end
ed t
o Ti
bet
ans,
incl
udin
g th
eir
right
to
pro
fess
and
pra
ctic
e th
eir
own
relig
ion
• U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur fo
r Fr
eed
om o
f Rel
igio
n is
allo
wed
to v
isit
Tib
et b
efor
e M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s 2
nd U
PR
).
20
Chi
nese
gov
ernm
ent
pol
icy
and
pra
ctic
e in
Tib
et le
aves
no
room
in w
hich
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s ca
n op
erat
e sa
fely
, thu
s vi
olat
ing
the
UN
Dec
lara
tion
on H
uman
Rig
hts
Def
end
ers24
. Sin
ce t
he s
tart
of t
he
occu
pat
ion
of T
ibet
in 1
950,
but
incr
easi
ngly
sin
ce 2
008,
Chi
na h
as t
arge
ted
Tib
etan
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s. T
ibet
ans
who
sp
eak
up fo
r re
ligio
us fr
eed
om, c
ultu
ral r
ight
s, a
nd o
ther
hum
an r
ight
s in
clud
ing
self
det
erm
inat
ion,
are
all
dea
lt w
ith s
ever
ely;
oft
en w
ith in
carc
erat
ion
and
tor
ture
.
Tib
etan
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s ar
e of
ten
accu
sed
of “
leak
ing
stat
e se
cret
s”, “
inci
ting
the
split
ting
of t
he
mot
herla
nd”
and
oth
er c
harg
es t
hat
do
not
cont
rave
ne in
tern
atio
nal l
aw. I
n ad
diti
on, f
abric
ated
cha
rges
ar
e of
ten
levi
ed a
t hu
man
rig
hts
def
end
ers
to s
ilenc
e th
em, a
nd p
reve
nt t
hem
car
ryin
g ou
t th
eir
wor
k. T
he
crim
inal
isat
ion
of H
RD
s of
ten
then
lead
s to
the
ir ar
bitr
ary
det
entio
n.
Des
pite
the
Chi
nese
con
stitu
tion
bei
ng s
tron
g on
free
dom
s re
qui
red
for
the
def
ence
of h
uman
rig
hts,
its
cond
ition
al c
laus
es (A
rtic
les
51-5
4) r
end
er h
uman
rig
hts
def
end
ers
extr
emel
y vu
lner
able
to
crim
inal
isat
ion.
Chi
na h
as s
o fa
r re
fuse
d t
o ac
cep
t a
req
uest
for
a vi
sit
from
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s.
Free
do
m o
f E
xpre
ssio
n, A
sso
ciat
ion,
and
Ass
emb
ly
Tib
etan
s w
ho p
rote
st n
on-v
iole
ntly
are
met
with
forc
e, a
nd a
re o
ften
sho
t at
, bea
ten
and
/or
det
aine
d. C
hina
ha
s in
crea
sed
con
trol
and
sur
veill
ance
of c
omm
unic
atio
ns, a
nd a
rres
ts T
ibet
ans
who
try
to
pas
s in
form
atio
n ab
out
hum
an r
ight
s vi
olat
ions
to
peo
ple
out
sid
e Ti
bet
.
Issu
e 2
H
uman
Rig
hts
Def
ende
rs
21
Enf
orc
ed d
isap
pea
ranc
eTh
ere
have
bee
n 41
doc
umen
ted
cas
es o
f enf
orce
d d
isap
pea
ranc
es in
Tib
et b
etw
een
Nov
emb
er 2
012
and
A
pril
201
4. T
hese
incl
ude
ind
ivid
uals
from
a w
ide
rang
e of
bac
kgro
und
s w
ho h
ave
criti
cise
d t
he g
over
nmen
t’s
pol
icie
s. D
urin
g its
201
3 U
PR
ses
sion
, Chi
na s
tate
d t
hat
“The
re is
no
arb
itrar
y d
eten
tion
or fo
rced
d
isap
pea
ranc
e in
Chi
na.”
25
Arb
itra
ry D
eten
tio
nTi
bet
ans
are
ofte
n d
etai
ned
und
er n
o ch
arge
, or
on c
harg
es t
hat
are
in v
iola
tion
of in
tern
atio
nal l
aw. T
ibet
ans
are
com
mon
ly d
enie
d le
gal r
epre
sent
atio
n an
d, b
eing
sub
ject
to
the
Chi
nese
lega
l sys
tem
, the
y ar
e al
way
s d
enie
d a
fair
tria
l. Th
ere
is n
o en
forc
eab
le r
ight
to
com
pen
satio
n in
Chi
na fo
r ar
bitr
ary
det
entio
n.
Det
rimen
tal C
hine
se la
w a
nd p
olic
yP
icki
ng Q
uarr
els
and
Pro
voki
ng T
roub
le –
Art
icle
293
(2) o
f the
Crim
inal
Law
of t
he P
eop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Chi
na. A
bro
ad la
w fr
eque
ntly
use
d t
o ta
rget
ed h
uman
rig
hts
def
end
ers.
Sp
litti
sm, E
ndan
ger
ing
Sta
te S
ecur
ity
– Fr
eque
nt g
roun
ds
for
the
crim
inal
con
vict
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts
def
end
ers.
Ad
min
istr
ativ
e d
eten
tio
n –
the
nam
es v
ary,
e.g
. leg
al e
duc
atio
n, p
atrio
tic e
duc
atio
n, p
sych
iatr
ic d
eten
tion,
et
c, b
ut a
dm
inis
trat
ive
det
entio
ns a
re fr
eque
ntly
use
d t
o ci
rcum
vent
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em a
nd d
eny
the
vict
im d
ue p
roce
ss o
f law
.
Art
icle
73
of
Cri
min
al P
roce
dur
e La
w o
f th
e P
RC
– p
erm
its t
he d
eten
tion
of p
eop
le c
harg
ed w
ith, a
mon
g ot
her
thin
gs, e
ndan
gerin
g st
ate
secu
rity,
with
out
notif
ying
the
ir fa
mily
of t
heir
loca
tion
or r
easo
n fo
r d
eten
tion.
22
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.149
. Fac
ilita
te th
e de
velo
pmen
t, in
law
and
pra
ctic
e, o
f a s
afe
and
enab
ling
envi
ronm
ent i
n w
hich
bot
h ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
nd
hum
an r
ight
s de
fend
ers
can
oper
ate
free
fr
om fe
ar, h
indr
ance
and
inse
curit
y (Ir
elan
d);
A –
186
.62.
Ens
ure
that
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s ca
n ex
erci
se t
heir
legi
timat
e ac
tiviti
es, i
nclu
din
g p
artic
ipat
ion
in
inte
rnat
iona
l mec
hani
sms,
with
out
bei
ng
sub
ject
ed t
o re
pris
als
(Sw
itzer
land
);
A –
186
.158
. Ens
ure
that
pro
per
in
vest
igat
ions
are
con
duc
ted
in a
ll ca
ses
of
atta
cks
on jo
urna
lists
, med
ia w
orke
rs a
nd
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s (P
olan
d);
A –
186
.59.
Set
up
a n
atio
nal i
nstit
utio
n in
lin
e w
ith t
he P
aris
Prin
cip
les
and
ens
ure
a cl
imat
e th
at is
favo
urab
le t
o th
e ac
tiviti
es
of h
uman
rig
hts
def
end
ers,
jour
nalis
ts a
nd
othe
r ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctor
s (T
unis
ia);
A –
186
.131
. Tak
e st
eps
to e
nsur
e la
wye
rs
and
ind
ivid
uals
wor
king
to
adva
nce
hum
an r
ight
s ca
n p
ract
ice
thei
r p
rofe
ssio
n fr
eely
, inc
lud
ing
by
pro
mp
tly in
vest
igat
ing
alle
gatio
ns o
f vio
lenc
e an
d in
timid
atio
n im
ped
ing
thei
r w
ork
(Can
ada)
;
A –
186
.150
. Allo
w n
atio
nal a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l NG
Os
to p
lay
a fu
ll an
d
activ
e ro
le in
pro
mot
ing
and
pro
tect
ing
hum
an r
ight
s, s
pec
ifica
lly b
y ex
pan
din
g re
gist
ratio
n to
all
cate
gorie
s of
NG
Os
and
soc
ial o
rgan
izat
ions
in C
hina
and
b
y ex
pan
din
g th
eir
free
dom
to
oper
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
(Net
herla
nds)
;
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee u
rges
the
Sta
te p
arty
to
pro
tect
hum
an r
ight
s an
d la
bou
r ac
tivis
ts,
as w
ell a
s th
eir
law
yers
, aga
inst
any
form
of
intim
idat
ion,
thr
eat
or r
etal
iatio
n fo
r ta
king
up
cas
es o
f vio
latio
ns o
f eco
nom
ic,
soci
al a
nd c
ultu
ral r
ight
s, a
nd t
o en
sure
full
resp
ect
for
thei
r ow
n ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cu
ltura
l rig
hts.
”26
June
201
3 –
The
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s fo
r A
rbitr
ary
det
entio
n; F
reed
om o
f E
xpre
ssio
n; F
reed
om o
f Pea
cefu
l A
ssem
bly
and
of A
ssoc
iatio
n, a
nd H
uman
R
ight
s D
efen
der
s ex
pre
ssed
con
cern
ab
out
the
arre
st a
nd s
ente
ncin
g of
Mr
Wan
gchu
k D
orje
, a T
ibet
an s
tud
ent
who
le
ad a
pea
cefu
l pro
test
in N
ovem
ber
201
2 ca
lling
for
“fre
edom
to
stud
y th
e Ti
bet
an
lang
uage
, eq
ualit
y b
etw
een
natio
nalit
ies,
an
d t
he r
etur
n of
His
Hol
ines
s th
e D
alai
La
ma
to T
ibet
.”27
The
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Hum
an R
ight
s D
efen
der
s re
que
sted
a v
isit
in 2
008,
and
se
nt a
rem
ind
er in
201
0 –
req
uest
pen
din
g.
28
Chi
na d
oes
not
reco
gnis
e th
e ex
iste
nce
of
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s in
its
cons
titut
ion.
Tabl
e 4.
Ope
ratio
nal s
pace
for
Hum
an R
ight
s D
efen
ders
23
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.149
. Fac
ilita
te th
e de
velo
pmen
t, in
law
and
pra
ctic
e, o
f a s
afe
and
enab
ling
envi
ronm
ent i
n w
hich
bot
h ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
nd
hum
an r
ight
s de
fend
ers
can
oper
ate
free
fr
om fe
ar, h
indr
ance
and
inse
curit
y (Ir
elan
d);
A –
186
.62.
Ens
ure
that
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s ca
n ex
erci
se t
heir
legi
timat
e ac
tiviti
es, i
nclu
din
g p
artic
ipat
ion
in
inte
rnat
iona
l mec
hani
sms,
with
out
bei
ng
sub
ject
ed t
o re
pris
als
(Sw
itzer
land
);
A –
186
.158
. Ens
ure
that
pro
per
in
vest
igat
ions
are
con
duc
ted
in a
ll ca
ses
of
atta
cks
on jo
urna
lists
, med
ia w
orke
rs a
nd
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s (P
olan
d);
A –
186
.59.
Set
up
a n
atio
nal i
nstit
utio
n in
lin
e w
ith t
he P
aris
Prin
cip
les
and
ens
ure
a cl
imat
e th
at is
favo
urab
le t
o th
e ac
tiviti
es
of h
uman
rig
hts
def
end
ers,
jour
nalis
ts a
nd
othe
r ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctor
s (T
unis
ia);
A –
186
.131
. Tak
e st
eps
to e
nsur
e la
wye
rs
and
ind
ivid
uals
wor
king
to
adva
nce
hum
an r
ight
s ca
n p
ract
ice
thei
r p
rofe
ssio
n fr
eely
, inc
lud
ing
by
pro
mp
tly in
vest
igat
ing
alle
gatio
ns o
f vio
lenc
e an
d in
timid
atio
n im
ped
ing
thei
r w
ork
(Can
ada)
;
A –
186
.150
. Allo
w n
atio
nal a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l NG
Os
to p
lay
a fu
ll an
d
activ
e ro
le in
pro
mot
ing
and
pro
tect
ing
hum
an r
ight
s, s
pec
ifica
lly b
y ex
pan
din
g re
gist
ratio
n to
all
cate
gorie
s of
NG
Os
and
soc
ial o
rgan
izat
ions
in C
hina
and
b
y ex
pan
din
g th
eir
free
dom
to
oper
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
(Net
herla
nds)
;
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee u
rges
the
Sta
te p
arty
to
pro
tect
hum
an r
ight
s an
d la
bou
r ac
tivis
ts,
as w
ell a
s th
eir
law
yers
, aga
inst
any
form
of
intim
idat
ion,
thr
eat
or r
etal
iatio
n fo
r ta
king
up
cas
es o
f vio
latio
ns o
f eco
nom
ic,
soci
al a
nd c
ultu
ral r
ight
s, a
nd t
o en
sure
full
resp
ect
for
thei
r ow
n ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cu
ltura
l rig
hts.
”26
June
201
3 –
The
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s fo
r A
rbitr
ary
det
entio
n; F
reed
om o
f E
xpre
ssio
n; F
reed
om o
f Pea
cefu
l A
ssem
bly
and
of A
ssoc
iatio
n, a
nd H
uman
R
ight
s D
efen
der
s ex
pre
ssed
con
cern
ab
out
the
arre
st a
nd s
ente
ncin
g of
Mr
Wan
gchu
k D
orje
, a T
ibet
an s
tud
ent
who
le
ad a
pea
cefu
l pro
test
in N
ovem
ber
201
2 ca
lling
for
“fre
edom
to
stud
y th
e Ti
bet
an
lang
uage
, eq
ualit
y b
etw
een
natio
nalit
ies,
an
d t
he r
etur
n of
His
Hol
ines
s th
e D
alai
La
ma
to T
ibet
.”27
The
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Hum
an R
ight
s D
efen
der
s re
que
sted
a v
isit
in 2
008,
and
se
nt a
rem
ind
er in
201
0 –
req
uest
pen
din
g.
28
Chi
na d
oes
not
reco
gnis
e th
e ex
iste
nce
of
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s in
its
cons
titut
ion.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• E
ffect
ive
mea
sure
s ha
ve b
een
take
n to
pro
tect
, pro
mot
e an
d re
spec
t hum
an ri
ghts
def
ende
rs a
nd th
eir a
ctiv
ities
, ena
blin
g su
ch
indi
vidu
als,
gro
ups
and
asso
ciat
ions
to fr
eely
car
ry o
ut th
eir w
ork.
Suc
h m
easu
res
coul
d in
clud
e:•
Effe
ctiv
e m
easu
res
are
take
n to
pre
vent
att
acks
on
or h
aras
smen
t of
hum
an r
ight
s d
efen
der
s, in
clud
ing
swift
, in
dep
end
ent
and
effe
ctiv
e in
vest
igat
ion
of s
uch
acts
, and
pro
sect
utio
n of
acc
used
per
pet
rato
rs•
Legi
slat
ion
on fr
eed
om o
f ass
ocia
tion,
pea
cefu
l ass
emb
ly a
nd e
xpre
ssio
n in
Tib
et c
onfo
rms
with
inte
rnat
iona
lly
reco
gnis
ed h
uman
rig
hts
stan
dar
ds
• To
rtur
e is
pro
hib
ited
and
all
alle
gatio
ns o
f tor
ture
are
req
uire
d t
o b
e in
vest
igat
ed b
y an
ind
epen
den
t b
ody
• In
dep
end
ent
third
par
ty (U
nite
d N
atio
ns, N
GO
) are
allo
wed
to
sup
ervi
se p
rison
s an
d d
eten
tion
faci
litie
s•
The
right
to
the
pre
sum
ptio
n of
inno
cenc
e an
d t
he p
rohi
biti
on a
gain
st s
elf-
incr
imin
atio
n ar
e b
oth
reco
gniz
ed a
nd
enfo
rced
• Th
e ju
dic
ial s
yste
ms
are
stre
ngth
ened
and
effe
ctiv
e re
med
ies
for
thos
e w
hose
rig
hts
and
free
dom
s ar
e vi
olat
ed a
re
pro
vid
ed•
The
pun
ishm
ent
of la
wye
rs fo
r re
pre
sent
ing
unp
opul
ar c
lient
s is
pro
hib
ited
• Th
e ju
dic
iary
is a
ble
to
oper
ate
ind
epen
den
tly, a
s ev
iden
ced
by
the
jud
icia
ry m
akin
g p
oliti
cally
unp
opul
ar d
ecis
ions
• U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur fo
r H
uman
Rig
hts
Def
end
ers
is a
llow
ed t
o vi
sit
Tib
et b
efor
e M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s
2nd
UP
R).
• U
N C
omm
issi
oner
for
Hum
an R
ight
s is
allo
wed
to
visi
t an
d g
rant
ed fu
ll ac
cess
to
all a
reas
of T
ibet
bef
ore
Mar
ch 2
015
(mid
-ter
m o
f Chi
na’s
2nd
UP
R).
• C
hina
rat
ifies
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d P
oliti
cal R
ight
s (IC
CP
R),
ensu
ring
its p
rote
ctio
ns a
re e
xten
ded
to
Tib
etan
s, b
y M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s 2
nd U
PR
).
24
Tabl
e 5.
Crim
inal
isat
ion
of H
uman
Rig
hts
Def
ende
rs
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.131
. Tak
e st
eps
to e
nsur
e la
wye
rs
and
ind
ivid
uals
wor
king
to
adva
nce
hum
an r
ight
s ca
n p
ract
ice
thei
r p
rofe
ssio
n fr
eely
, inc
lud
ing
by
pro
mp
tly in
vest
igat
ing
alle
gatio
ns o
f vio
lenc
e an
d in
timid
atio
n im
ped
ing
thei
r w
ork
(Can
ada)
;
A –
186
.136
. Exp
edite
lega
l and
in
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
s to
fully
pro
tect
in la
w
and
in p
ract
ice
free
dom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
asso
ciat
ion
and
ass
emb
ly, a
nd r
elig
ion
and
b
elie
f (A
ustr
alia
);
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
Non
e re
leva
nt s
ince
HR
AP
-T m
onito
ring
beg
an in
Oct
ober
201
3.N
one
rele
vant
sin
ce H
RA
P-T
mon
itorin
g b
egan
in O
ctob
er 2
013.
Art
icle
38
– Th
e p
erso
nal d
igni
ty o
f citi
zens
of
the
Peo
ple
’s R
epub
lic o
f Chi
na is
in
viol
able
. Ins
ult,
lib
el, f
alse
acc
usat
ion
or
fals
e in
crim
inat
ion
dire
cted
aga
inst
citi
zens
b
y an
y m
eans
is p
rohi
bite
d.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• E
vid
ence
of t
he im
ple
men
tatio
n of
pro
tect
ive
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
Tib
etan
HR
Ds
are
free
from
arr
est
and
har
assm
ent.
•
Evi
den
ce o
f pro
mp
t, t
horo
ugh
and
imp
artia
l inv
estig
atio
n of
all
viol
atio
ns, i
nclu
din
g fa
lse
accu
satio
ns, a
gain
st T
ibet
an
HR
Ds.
• E
nsur
e a
safe
env
ironm
ent
for
civi
l rig
hts
law
yers
to
rep
rese
nt T
ibet
an H
RD
s w
ithou
t ha
rass
men
t.•
Evi
den
ce o
f a s
ubst
antia
l dec
reas
e in
num
ber
of T
ibet
ans
bei
ng c
harg
ed w
ith t
he c
rime
of “
leak
ing
stat
e se
cret
s” a
nd
“sp
littis
m”
by
Mar
ch 2
015.
• R
atifi
catio
n of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d P
oliti
cal R
ight
s •
(ICC
PR
), en
surin
g its
pro
tect
ions
are
ext
end
ed t
o Ti
bet
ans
be
agre
ed b
y M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s 2
nd U
PR
)
25
26
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.118
. Ens
ure
that
any
ref
orm
ed
pris
on o
r co
mp
ulso
ry c
are
syst
em m
eets
in
tern
atio
nal h
uman
rig
hts
stan
dar
ds,
an
d a
bol
ish
syst
em o
f arb
itrar
y d
eten
tion,
in
clud
ing
Re-
educ
atio
n Th
roug
h La
bou
r (S
wed
en);
CR
C 2
013
“35.
The
Com
mitt
ee is
…fu
rthe
r co
ncer
ned
ab
out
rep
orts
of d
eten
tion
and
imp
rison
men
t of
Tib
etan
chi
ldre
n ac
cuse
d o
f “in
citin
g” s
elf-
imm
olat
ions
, an
d o
f har
assm
ent
and
intim
idat
ion
of fa
mili
es o
f vic
tims,
whi
ch c
ould
ex
acer
bat
e th
e si
tuat
ion
and
lead
to
mor
e se
lf-im
mol
atio
ns. T
he C
omm
ittee
urg
es
the
Sta
te p
arty
to
enga
ge in
a g
enui
ne
dia
logu
e w
ith c
hild
ren,
rel
igio
us a
nd
com
mun
ity le
ader
s in
Tib
et A
uton
omou
s R
egio
n in
an
effo
rt t
o ha
lt se
lf-im
mol
atio
ns
and
pro
tect
the
inhe
rent
rig
ht t
o lif
e,
surv
ival
and
dev
elop
men
t of
all
Tib
etan
ch
ildre
n. It
sp
ecifi
cally
rec
omm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty:…
(c) R
efra
in fr
om
arre
stin
g an
d d
etai
ning
Tib
etan
chi
ldre
n an
d im
ple
men
ting
secu
rity
mea
sure
s th
at
may
exa
cerb
ate
the
situ
atio
n, a
nd e
nsur
e th
at c
hild
ren
arre
sted
or
sent
ence
d fo
r “i
nstig
atin
g” o
r “i
nciti
ng”
self-
imm
olat
ion
can
gain
full
acce
ss t
o th
eir
right
to
lega
l ai
d a
nd fa
ir tr
ial.”
29
Feb
ruar
y 20
14 –
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s on
Arb
itra
ry D
eten
tio
n; C
ultu
ral R
ight
s;
Dis
app
eara
nces
; Fre
edom
of E
xpre
ssio
n;
Free
dom
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
of
Ass
ocia
tion;
Fre
edom
of R
elig
ion;
and
M
inor
ity Is
sues
sen
d C
hina
a jo
int
urge
nt
app
eal r
eque
stin
g in
form
atio
n on
the
w
here
abou
ts a
nd c
ond
ition
of t
en T
ibet
an
mus
icia
ns b
elie
ved
to
be
in a
rbitr
ary
det
entio
n.30
1 N
ovem
ber
201
1 –
A g
roup
of U
N
exp
erts
, inc
lud
ing
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Fre
edom
of R
elig
ion
or B
elie
f, S
pec
ial
Rap
por
teur
on
the
Rig
hts
to F
reed
om
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
Ass
ocia
tion,
Th
e U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur o
n th
e R
ight
to
Fre
edom
of O
pin
ion
and
Exp
ress
ion,
C
hair-
Rap
por
teur
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enf
orce
d o
r In
volu
ntar
y D
isap
pea
ranc
es,
Wo
rkin
g G
roup
on
Arb
itra
ry D
eten
tio
n an
d a
n In
dep
end
ent
Exp
ert
on M
inor
ity
Issu
es r
aise
d c
once
rn o
ver
crac
kdow
n an
d
rest
rictio
ns in
the
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st K
irti
mon
aste
ry a
nd t
he s
urro
und
ing
area
.31
Art
icle
37
– Fr
eed
om o
f the
per
son
of
citiz
ens
of t
he P
eop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
is
invi
olab
le.
No
citiz
en m
ay b
e ar
rest
ed e
xcep
t w
ith
the
app
rova
l or
by
dec
isio
n of
a p
eop
le’s
p
rocu
rato
rate
or
by
dec
isio
n of
a p
eop
le’s
co
urt,
and
arr
ests
mus
t b
e m
ade
by
a p
ublic
sec
urity
org
an.
Unl
awfu
l det
entio
n or
dep
rivat
ion
or
rest
rictio
n of
citi
zens
’ fre
edom
of t
he
per
son
by
othe
r m
eans
is p
rohi
bite
d, a
nd
unla
wfu
l sea
rch
of t
he p
erso
n of
citi
zens
is
pro
hib
ited
.
Art
icle
39
– Th
e re
sid
ence
s of
citi
zens
of
the
Peo
ple
’s R
epub
lic o
f Chi
na a
re
invi
olab
le. U
nlaw
ful s
earc
h of
, or
intr
usio
n in
to, a
citi
zen’
s re
sid
ence
is p
rohi
bite
d.
Tabl
e 6.
Arb
itrar
y D
eten
tion
27
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.118
. Ens
ure
that
any
ref
orm
ed
pris
on o
r co
mp
ulso
ry c
are
syst
em m
eets
in
tern
atio
nal h
uman
rig
hts
stan
dar
ds,
an
d a
bol
ish
syst
em o
f arb
itrar
y d
eten
tion,
in
clud
ing
Re-
educ
atio
n Th
roug
h La
bou
r (S
wed
en);
CR
C 2
013
“35.
The
Com
mitt
ee is
…fu
rthe
r co
ncer
ned
ab
out
rep
orts
of d
eten
tion
and
imp
rison
men
t of
Tib
etan
chi
ldre
n ac
cuse
d o
f “in
citin
g” s
elf-
imm
olat
ions
, an
d o
f har
assm
ent
and
intim
idat
ion
of fa
mili
es o
f vic
tims,
whi
ch c
ould
ex
acer
bat
e th
e si
tuat
ion
and
lead
to
mor
e se
lf-im
mol
atio
ns. T
he C
omm
ittee
urg
es
the
Sta
te p
arty
to
enga
ge in
a g
enui
ne
dia
logu
e w
ith c
hild
ren,
rel
igio
us a
nd
com
mun
ity le
ader
s in
Tib
et A
uton
omou
s R
egio
n in
an
effo
rt t
o ha
lt se
lf-im
mol
atio
ns
and
pro
tect
the
inhe
rent
rig
ht t
o lif
e,
surv
ival
and
dev
elop
men
t of
all
Tib
etan
ch
ildre
n. It
sp
ecifi
cally
rec
omm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty:…
(c) R
efra
in fr
om
arre
stin
g an
d d
etai
ning
Tib
etan
chi
ldre
n an
d im
ple
men
ting
secu
rity
mea
sure
s th
at
may
exa
cerb
ate
the
situ
atio
n, a
nd e
nsur
e th
at c
hild
ren
arre
sted
or
sent
ence
d fo
r “i
nstig
atin
g” o
r “i
nciti
ng”
self-
imm
olat
ion
can
gain
full
acce
ss t
o th
eir
right
to
lega
l ai
d a
nd fa
ir tr
ial.”
29
Feb
ruar
y 20
14 –
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s on
Arb
itra
ry D
eten
tio
n; C
ultu
ral R
ight
s;
Dis
app
eara
nces
; Fre
edom
of E
xpre
ssio
n;
Free
dom
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
of
Ass
ocia
tion;
Fre
edom
of R
elig
ion;
and
M
inor
ity Is
sues
sen
d C
hina
a jo
int
urge
nt
app
eal r
eque
stin
g in
form
atio
n on
the
w
here
abou
ts a
nd c
ond
ition
of t
en T
ibet
an
mus
icia
ns b
elie
ved
to
be
in a
rbitr
ary
det
entio
n.30
1 N
ovem
ber
201
1 –
A g
roup
of U
N
exp
erts
, inc
lud
ing
the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Fre
edom
of R
elig
ion
or B
elie
f, S
pec
ial
Rap
por
teur
on
the
Rig
hts
to F
reed
om
of P
eace
ful A
ssem
bly
and
Ass
ocia
tion,
Th
e U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur o
n th
e R
ight
to
Fre
edom
of O
pin
ion
and
Exp
ress
ion,
C
hair-
Rap
por
teur
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enf
orce
d o
r In
volu
ntar
y D
isap
pea
ranc
es,
Wo
rkin
g G
roup
on
Arb
itra
ry D
eten
tio
n an
d a
n In
dep
end
ent
Exp
ert
on M
inor
ity
Issu
es r
aise
d c
once
rn o
ver
crac
kdow
n an
d
rest
rictio
ns in
the
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st K
irti
mon
aste
ry a
nd t
he s
urro
und
ing
area
.31
Art
icle
37
– Fr
eed
om o
f the
per
son
of
citiz
ens
of t
he P
eop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
is
invi
olab
le.
No
citiz
en m
ay b
e ar
rest
ed e
xcep
t w
ith
the
app
rova
l or
by
dec
isio
n of
a p
eop
le’s
p
rocu
rato
rate
or
by
dec
isio
n of
a p
eop
le’s
co
urt,
and
arr
ests
mus
t b
e m
ade
by
a p
ublic
sec
urity
org
an.
Unl
awfu
l det
entio
n or
dep
rivat
ion
or
rest
rictio
n of
citi
zens
’ fre
edom
of t
he
per
son
by
othe
r m
eans
is p
rohi
bite
d, a
nd
unla
wfu
l sea
rch
of t
he p
erso
n of
citi
zens
is
pro
hib
ited
.
Art
icle
39
– Th
e re
sid
ence
s of
citi
zens
of
the
Peo
ple
’s R
epub
lic o
f Chi
na a
re
invi
olab
le. U
nlaw
ful s
earc
h of
, or
intr
usio
n in
to, a
citi
zen’
s re
sid
ence
is p
rohi
bite
d.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• N
o m
ore
case
s of
arb
itrar
y ar
rest
s, o
r ar
bitr
ary
dep
rivat
ion
of li
ber
ty (i
nclu
din
g p
ost-
tria
l det
entio
ns) o
f Tib
etan
s ar
e re
por
ted
. 32
• C
hina
rat
ifies
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d P
oliti
cal R
ight
s (IC
CP
R),
ensu
ring
its p
rote
ctio
ns a
re e
xten
ded
to
Tib
etan
s. T
his
wou
ld id
eally
be
agre
ed b
y M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s 2
nd U
PR
).•
UN
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n is
allo
wed
to
carr
y ou
t a
full
inve
stig
atio
n in
Tib
et w
ith fu
ll ac
cess
to
all a
reas
of
TAR
and
TA
Ps
bef
ore
Mar
ch 2
015
(mid
-ter
m o
f Chi
na’s
2nd
UP
R).
28
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.170
. Inc
reas
e tr
ansp
aren
cy o
f its
tr
aditi
onal
and
soc
ial m
edia
by
guar
ante
eing
th
e rig
hts
of C
hine
se c
itize
ns t
o fr
eely
cr
itiq
ue a
ny s
tate
org
an o
r fu
nctio
nary
(A
ustr
alia
);
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
A –
186
.154
. Mak
e fu
rthe
r ef
fort
s to
war
ds
safe
guar
din
g th
e fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
of
all c
itize
ns (N
orw
ay);
A –
186
.155
. Ref
orm
legi
slat
ion
and
law
en
forc
emen
t in
ord
er t
o en
sure
free
dom
of
opin
ion
and
exp
ress
ion,
incl
udin
g on
the
in
tern
et (G
erm
any)
;
A –
186
.157
. Str
engt
hen
the
mea
sure
s ai
med
at
gua
rant
eein
g fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n an
d
freed
om o
f the
pre
ss (C
ôte
d’Iv
oire
);
A –
186
.167
. Ref
rain
from
imp
edin
g ci
vil
soci
ety
and
res
pec
t its
inte
rnat
iona
l ob
ligat
ions
on
the
right
to
free
dom
of
pea
cefu
l ass
emb
ly (G
erm
any)
;
A –
186
.169
. Con
tinue
str
engt
heni
ng t
he
pro
tect
ion
and
pro
mot
ion
of t
he r
ight
of
all c
itize
ns t
o p
ublic
ly e
xpre
ss t
heir
bel
iefs
an
d o
pin
ions
(Chi
le);
A –
186
.136
. Exp
edite
lega
l and
in
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
s to
fully
pro
tect
in la
w
and
in p
ract
ice
free
dom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
asso
ciat
ion
and
ass
emb
ly, a
nd r
elig
ion
and
b
elie
f (A
ustr
alia
);
CR
C S
essi
on 6
4“4
3. T
he C
omm
ittee
is d
eep
ly c
once
rned
ab
out
the
freq
uent
ly r
epor
ted
pra
ctic
e of
tor
ture
and
ill-
trea
tmen
t of
chi
ldre
n fr
om c
erta
in r
elig
ious
and
eth
nic
grou
ps
in m
ainl
and
Chi
na fo
r ex
erci
sing
the
ir fu
ndam
enta
l rig
hts
to fr
eed
om o
f rel
igio
n,
asse
mb
ly a
nd e
xpre
ssio
n, n
otab
ly T
ibet
an
and
Uig
hur
child
ren…
the
Com
mitt
ee
stro
ngly
urg
es t
he S
tate
par
ty t
o: (a
) Im
med
iate
ly c
arry
out
an
ind
epen
den
t in
qui
ry in
to a
ll al
lege
d c
ases
of t
ortu
re a
nd
ill-t
reat
men
t of
chi
ldre
n an
d p
ublic
ly r
epor
t on
tho
se c
ases
; (b
) Ens
ure
that
all
thos
e w
ho h
ave
bee
n or
der
ing,
con
don
ing
or
faci
litat
ing
thes
e p
ract
ices
at
all l
evel
s of
d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
be
bro
ught
to
just
ice
and
b
e p
unis
hed
with
pen
altie
s co
mm
ensu
rate
w
ith t
he g
ravi
ty o
f the
ir cr
imes
; (c)
Ens
ure
that
chi
ldre
n w
ho h
ave
bee
n vi
ctim
s of
to
rtur
e an
d il
l-tr
eatm
ent
obta
in r
edre
ss
and
ad
equa
te r
epar
atio
n, in
clud
ing
phy
sica
l and
psy
chol
ogic
al r
ecov
ery
and
gu
aran
tees
of n
on-r
epet
ition
.”33
June
201
3 –
In tw
o se
par
ate
com
mun
icat
ions
sen
t to
Chi
na, t
he
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s fo
r A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n; F
reed
om o
f Exp
ress
ion;
Fr
eed
om o
f Pea
cefu
l Ass
emb
ly a
nd o
f A
sso
ciat
ion,
and
Hum
an R
ight
s D
efen
der
s ex
pre
ssed
con
cern
ab
out t
he a
rres
t and
se
nten
cing
of M
r W
angc
huk
Dor
je, a
Ti
bet
an s
tud
ent w
ho h
ad le
ad a
pea
cefu
l p
rote
st in
Nov
emb
er 2
012
calli
ng fo
r “f
reed
om to
stu
dy
the
Tib
etan
lang
uage
, eq
ualit
y b
etw
een
natio
nalit
ies,
and
the
retu
rn o
f His
Hol
ines
s th
e D
alai
Lam
a to
Ti
bet
.34
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Free
dom
of
Pea
cefu
l Ass
ocia
tion
and
Ass
emb
ly
req
uest
ed a
vis
it in
201
1, a
nd s
ent a
re
min
der
on
on 3
0 O
ct. 2
013
– re
que
st
pen
din
g
Art
icle
35
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
enj
oy fr
eed
om o
f sp
eech
, of
the
pre
ss, o
f ass
emb
ly, o
f ass
ocia
tion,
of
pro
cess
ion
and
of d
emon
stra
tion.
Art
icle
40
– Fr
eed
om a
nd p
rivac
y of
co
rres
pon
den
ce o
f citi
zens
of t
he P
eop
le’s
R
epub
lic o
f Chi
na a
re p
rote
cted
by
law
. N
o or
gani
zatio
n or
ind
ivid
ual m
ay, o
n an
y gr
ound
, inf
ringe
up
on c
itize
ns’ f
reed
om a
nd
priv
acy
of c
orre
spon
den
ce, e
xcep
t in
case
s w
here
, to
mee
t the
nee
ds
of s
tate
sec
urity
or
of c
rimin
al in
vest
igat
ion,
pub
lic s
ecur
ity
or p
rocu
rato
rial o
rgan
s ar
e p
erm
itted
to
cens
or c
orre
spon
den
ce in
acc
ord
ance
with
p
roce
dur
es p
resc
ribed
by
law
.
Art
icle
41
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
hav
e th
e rig
ht to
crit
iciz
e an
d m
ake
sugg
estio
ns re
gard
ing
any
stat
e or
gan
or fu
nctio
nary
. Citi
zens
hav
e th
e rig
ht
to m
ake
to re
leva
nt s
tate
org
ans
com
pla
ints
or
cha
rges
aga
inst
, or
exp
osur
es o
f, an
y st
ate
orga
n or
func
tiona
ry fo
r vi
olat
ion
of
the
law
or
der
elic
tion
of d
uty;
but
fab
ricat
ion
or d
isto
rtio
n of
fact
s fo
r p
urp
oses
of
libel
or
fals
e in
crim
inat
ion
is p
rohi
bite
d.
The
stat
e or
gan
conc
erne
d m
ust d
eal
with
com
pla
ints
, cha
rges
or
exp
osur
es
mad
e b
y ci
tizen
s in
a re
spon
sib
le m
anne
r af
ter
asce
rtai
ning
the
fact
s. N
o on
e m
ay
sup
pre
ss s
uch
com
pla
ints
, cha
rges
an
d e
xpos
ures
or
reta
liate
aga
inst
the
citiz
ens
mak
ing
them
. Citi
zens
who
hav
e su
ffere
d lo
sses
as
a re
sult
of in
frin
gem
ent
of th
eir
civi
c rig
hts
by
any
stat
e or
gan
or
func
tiona
ry h
ave
the
right
to c
omp
ensa
tion
in a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith th
e la
w.
Tabl
e 7.
Fre
edom
of E
xpre
ssio
n, A
ssem
bly
and
Mov
emen
t
29
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.170
. Inc
reas
e tr
ansp
aren
cy o
f its
tr
aditi
onal
and
soc
ial m
edia
by
guar
ante
eing
th
e rig
hts
of C
hine
se c
itize
ns t
o fr
eely
cr
itiq
ue a
ny s
tate
org
an o
r fu
nctio
nary
(A
ustr
alia
);
A –
186
.138
. Tak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
that
the
rig
hts
to fr
eed
om
of r
elig
ion,
cul
ture
and
exp
ress
ion
are
fully
ob
serv
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
in e
very
ad
min
istr
ativ
e en
tity
of C
hina
(Pol
and
);
A –
186
.154
. Mak
e fu
rthe
r ef
fort
s to
war
ds
safe
guar
din
g th
e fr
eed
om o
f exp
ress
ion
of
all c
itize
ns (N
orw
ay);
A –
186
.155
. Ref
orm
legi
slat
ion
and
law
en
forc
emen
t in
ord
er t
o en
sure
free
dom
of
opin
ion
and
exp
ress
ion,
incl
udin
g on
the
in
tern
et (G
erm
any)
;
A –
186
.157
. Str
engt
hen
the
mea
sure
s ai
med
at
gua
rant
eein
g fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n an
d
freed
om o
f the
pre
ss (C
ôte
d’Iv
oire
);
A –
186
.167
. Ref
rain
from
imp
edin
g ci
vil
soci
ety
and
res
pec
t its
inte
rnat
iona
l ob
ligat
ions
on
the
right
to
free
dom
of
pea
cefu
l ass
emb
ly (G
erm
any)
;
A –
186
.169
. Con
tinue
str
engt
heni
ng t
he
pro
tect
ion
and
pro
mot
ion
of t
he r
ight
of
all c
itize
ns t
o p
ublic
ly e
xpre
ss t
heir
bel
iefs
an
d o
pin
ions
(Chi
le);
A –
186
.136
. Exp
edite
lega
l and
in
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
s to
fully
pro
tect
in la
w
and
in p
ract
ice
free
dom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
asso
ciat
ion
and
ass
emb
ly, a
nd r
elig
ion
and
b
elie
f (A
ustr
alia
);
CR
C S
essi
on 6
4“4
3. T
he C
omm
ittee
is d
eep
ly c
once
rned
ab
out
the
freq
uent
ly r
epor
ted
pra
ctic
e of
tor
ture
and
ill-
trea
tmen
t of
chi
ldre
n fr
om c
erta
in r
elig
ious
and
eth
nic
grou
ps
in m
ainl
and
Chi
na fo
r ex
erci
sing
the
ir fu
ndam
enta
l rig
hts
to fr
eed
om o
f rel
igio
n,
asse
mb
ly a
nd e
xpre
ssio
n, n
otab
ly T
ibet
an
and
Uig
hur
child
ren…
the
Com
mitt
ee
stro
ngly
urg
es t
he S
tate
par
ty t
o: (a
) Im
med
iate
ly c
arry
out
an
ind
epen
den
t in
qui
ry in
to a
ll al
lege
d c
ases
of t
ortu
re a
nd
ill-t
reat
men
t of
chi
ldre
n an
d p
ublic
ly r
epor
t on
tho
se c
ases
; (b
) Ens
ure
that
all
thos
e w
ho h
ave
bee
n or
der
ing,
con
don
ing
or
faci
litat
ing
thes
e p
ract
ices
at
all l
evel
s of
d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
be
bro
ught
to
just
ice
and
b
e p
unis
hed
with
pen
altie
s co
mm
ensu
rate
w
ith t
he g
ravi
ty o
f the
ir cr
imes
; (c)
Ens
ure
that
chi
ldre
n w
ho h
ave
bee
n vi
ctim
s of
to
rtur
e an
d il
l-tr
eatm
ent
obta
in r
edre
ss
and
ad
equa
te r
epar
atio
n, in
clud
ing
phy
sica
l and
psy
chol
ogic
al r
ecov
ery
and
gu
aran
tees
of n
on-r
epet
ition
.”33
June
201
3 –
In tw
o se
par
ate
com
mun
icat
ions
sen
t to
Chi
na, t
he
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
s fo
r A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n; F
reed
om o
f Exp
ress
ion;
Fr
eed
om o
f Pea
cefu
l Ass
emb
ly a
nd o
f A
sso
ciat
ion,
and
Hum
an R
ight
s D
efen
der
s ex
pre
ssed
con
cern
ab
out t
he a
rres
t and
se
nten
cing
of M
r W
angc
huk
Dor
je, a
Ti
bet
an s
tud
ent w
ho h
ad le
ad a
pea
cefu
l p
rote
st in
Nov
emb
er 2
012
calli
ng fo
r “f
reed
om to
stu
dy
the
Tib
etan
lang
uage
, eq
ualit
y b
etw
een
natio
nalit
ies,
and
the
retu
rn o
f His
Hol
ines
s th
e D
alai
Lam
a to
Ti
bet
.34
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Free
dom
of
Pea
cefu
l Ass
ocia
tion
and
Ass
emb
ly
req
uest
ed a
vis
it in
201
1, a
nd s
ent a
re
min
der
on
on 3
0 O
ct. 2
013
– re
que
st
pen
din
g
Art
icle
35
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
enj
oy fr
eed
om o
f sp
eech
, of
the
pre
ss, o
f ass
emb
ly, o
f ass
ocia
tion,
of
pro
cess
ion
and
of d
emon
stra
tion.
Art
icle
40
– Fr
eed
om a
nd p
rivac
y of
co
rres
pon
den
ce o
f citi
zens
of t
he P
eop
le’s
R
epub
lic o
f Chi
na a
re p
rote
cted
by
law
. N
o or
gani
zatio
n or
ind
ivid
ual m
ay, o
n an
y gr
ound
, inf
ringe
up
on c
itize
ns’ f
reed
om a
nd
priv
acy
of c
orre
spon
den
ce, e
xcep
t in
case
s w
here
, to
mee
t the
nee
ds
of s
tate
sec
urity
or
of c
rimin
al in
vest
igat
ion,
pub
lic s
ecur
ity
or p
rocu
rato
rial o
rgan
s ar
e p
erm
itted
to
cens
or c
orre
spon
den
ce in
acc
ord
ance
with
p
roce
dur
es p
resc
ribed
by
law
.
Art
icle
41
– C
itize
ns o
f the
Peo
ple
’s
Rep
ublic
of C
hina
hav
e th
e rig
ht to
crit
iciz
e an
d m
ake
sugg
estio
ns re
gard
ing
any
stat
e or
gan
or fu
nctio
nary
. Citi
zens
hav
e th
e rig
ht
to m
ake
to re
leva
nt s
tate
org
ans
com
pla
ints
or
cha
rges
aga
inst
, or
exp
osur
es o
f, an
y st
ate
orga
n or
func
tiona
ry fo
r vi
olat
ion
of
the
law
or
der
elic
tion
of d
uty;
but
fab
ricat
ion
or d
isto
rtio
n of
fact
s fo
r p
urp
oses
of
libel
or
fals
e in
crim
inat
ion
is p
rohi
bite
d.
The
stat
e or
gan
conc
erne
d m
ust d
eal
with
com
pla
ints
, cha
rges
or
exp
osur
es
mad
e b
y ci
tizen
s in
a re
spon
sib
le m
anne
r af
ter
asce
rtai
ning
the
fact
s. N
o on
e m
ay
sup
pre
ss s
uch
com
pla
ints
, cha
rges
an
d e
xpos
ures
or
reta
liate
aga
inst
the
citiz
ens
mak
ing
them
. Citi
zens
who
hav
e su
ffere
d lo
sses
as
a re
sult
of in
frin
gem
ent
of th
eir
civi
c rig
hts
by
any
stat
e or
gan
or
func
tiona
ry h
ave
the
right
to c
omp
ensa
tion
in a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith th
e la
w.
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• C
rack
dow
ns o
n p
eace
ful a
ssem
bly
, ass
ocia
tion
and
exp
ress
ion
in T
ibet
end
. No
furt
her
inci
den
ts a
re r
epor
ted
.•
Free
dom
of e
xpre
ssio
n an
d p
rivac
y of
cor
resp
ond
ence
of T
ibet
ans
are
pro
tect
ed, a
s gu
aran
teed
in t
he C
hine
se
Con
stitu
tion.
• Ti
bet
ans
are
able
to
asse
mb
le a
nd p
rote
st n
on-v
iole
ntly
with
out
det
rimen
tal c
onse
que
nce
• Ti
bet
an w
riter
s ca
n op
enly
pub
lish
liter
atur
e th
at s
pea
ks c
ritic
ally
of c
urre
nt is
sues
in T
ibet
– e
ither
offi
cial
ly o
r se
lf-p
ublis
hed
– w
ithou
t p
unis
hmen
t•
Chi
na r
atifi
es t
he In
tern
atio
nal C
oven
ant
on C
ivil
and
Pol
itica
l Rig
hts
(ICC
PR
), en
surin
g its
pro
tect
ions
are
ext
end
ed t
o Ti
bet
ans,
Thi
s w
ill b
e ag
reed
by
Mar
ch 2
015
(mid
-ter
m o
f Chi
na’s
2nd
UP
R)
• U
N S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur fo
r P
eace
ful A
ssoc
iatio
n an
d A
ssem
bly
is a
llow
ed t
o vi
sit
Tib
et b
efor
e M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of
Chi
na’s
2nd
UP
R)
30
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
Chi
na d
id n
ot a
ccep
t an
y re
late
d
reco
mm
end
atio
n an
d s
tate
d “
Ther
e is
no
arb
itrar
y d
eten
tion
or fo
rced
d
isap
pea
ranc
e in
Chi
na”.
35
Non
e re
leva
nt s
ince
HR
AP
-T m
onito
ring
beg
an in
Oct
ober
201
3.1
Nov
emb
er 2
011
– A
gro
up o
f UN
ex
per
ts, i
nclu
din
g th
e S
pec
ial R
app
orte
ur
on F
reed
om o
f Rel
igio
n or
Bel
ief,
Sp
ecia
l R
app
orte
ur o
n th
e R
ight
s to
Fre
edom
of
Pea
cefu
l Ass
emb
ly a
nd A
ssoc
iatio
n,
The
UN
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
the
Rig
ht
to F
reed
om o
f Op
inio
n an
d E
xpre
ssio
n,
Cha
ir-R
app
ort
eur
of
the
Wo
rkin
g
Gro
up o
n E
nfo
rced
or
Invo
lunt
ary
Dis
app
eara
nces
, Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n, t
he G
roup
’s C
hair-
Rap
por
teur
, Ind
epen
den
t E
xper
t on
m
inor
ity is
sues
, rai
sed
con
cern
ove
r cr
ackd
own
and
res
tric
tions
in t
he
Tib
etan
Bud
dhi
st K
irti m
onas
tery
and
the
su
rrou
ndin
g ar
ea.36
Req
uest
for
a vi
sit
mad
e b
y W
orki
ng
Gro
up o
n E
nfor
ced
Dis
app
eara
nces
on
19
Feb
ruar
y 20
13 –
req
uest
pen
din
g.37
Ther
e is
not
hing
in t
he C
hine
se
cons
titut
ion
that
exp
licitl
y re
fere
nces
en
forc
ed d
isap
pea
ranc
e.
Tabl
e 8.
Enf
orce
d D
isap
pear
ance
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• E
nfor
ced
dis
app
eara
nce
of T
ibet
ans
due
to
arre
st, d
eten
tion,
ab
duc
tion
or a
ny o
ther
form
of d
epriv
atio
n of
lib
erty
by
Chi
nese
aut
horit
ies
end
s. N
o fu
rthe
r ca
ses
are
rep
orte
d.
• In
form
atio
n is
mad
e av
aila
ble
to
gove
rnm
ents
and
UN
bod
ies
abou
t th
e w
here
abou
ts o
f all
Tib
etan
s w
ho h
ave
bee
n d
epriv
ed o
f the
ir lib
erty
, con
ceal
ed, o
r ar
e ot
herw
ise
dis
app
eare
d.
• C
hina
rat
ifies
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d P
oliti
cal R
ight
s (IC
CP
R),
ensu
ring
its p
rote
ctio
ns a
re e
xten
ded
to
Tib
etan
s. T
his
wou
ld id
eally
be
agre
ed b
y M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s 2
nd U
PR
)•
UN
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n E
nfor
ced
Dis
app
eara
nces
is a
llow
ed t
o ca
rry
out
a fu
ll in
vest
igat
ion
in T
ibet
with
full
acce
ss t
o al
l ar
eas
of T
AR
and
TA
Ps,
idea
lly b
efor
e M
arch
201
5 (m
id-t
erm
of C
hina
’s 2
nd U
PR
)
31
32
Chi
na r
isks
vio
latin
g th
e ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts
of o
ver
a th
ird o
f the
Tib
etan
pop
ulat
ion
(2.3
m
illio
n p
eop
le) b
y en
d 2
014
thro
ugh
its r
eset
tlem
ent
pro
gram
s of
nom
ads
and
rur
al r
esid
ents
. Chi
na ju
stifi
es
thes
e va
rious
pol
icie
s in
ter
ms
of t
he e
nviro
nmen
t, a
cces
s to
res
ourc
es, p
oliti
cal c
ontr
ol a
nd “
Bui
ldin
g a
New
S
ocia
list
Cou
ntry
sid
e”. T
ibet
ans
are
rese
ttle
d in
con
cret
e se
ttle
men
ts, d
ivor
ced
from
the
ir tr
aditi
onal
way
of
life
and
live
lihoo
ds.
Hum
an R
ight
s vi
olat
ed:
Rig
ht t
o H
ousi
ng,
Rig
ht t
o C
ultu
ral R
ight
s,
Rig
ht t
o Fr
eed
om o
f Mov
emen
tR
ight
to
Food
Det
rimen
tal C
hine
se la
w a
nd p
olic
y
From
the
201
2 re
por
t on
Chi
na o
f the
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Food
, Mr
Oliv
ier
de
Sch
utte
r:“S
ince
198
5, t
he C
hine
se a
utho
ritie
s ha
ve im
ple
men
ted
a r
ange
of p
olic
ies
in t
he w
este
rn p
rovi
nces
an
d a
uton
omou
s re
gion
s –
Tib
et A
uton
omou
s R
egio
n, S
ichu
an, Q
ingh
ai, I
nner
Mon
golia
and
Xin
jiang
–
oste
nsib
ly a
imin
g at
mod
erni
zing
the
ani
mal
hus
ban
dry
ind
ustr
y to
war
ds
com
mod
ifica
tion,
whi
le a
t th
e sa
me
time
add
ress
ing
the
deg
rad
atio
n of
pas
ture
land
s an
d p
reve
ntin
g na
tura
l dis
aste
rs in
the
low
land
s of
Chi
na. I
n tim
e, t
hese
pol
icie
s ha
ve b
een
exp
and
ed t
o in
clud
e ot
her
obje
ctiv
es, s
uch
as p
rovi
din
g m
ore
com
fort
able
hou
sing
and
bet
ter
acce
ss t
o el
ectr
icity
, wat
er, t
rans
por
tatio
n, s
choo
ling
and
hea
lth c
are,
as
Issu
e 3
Tibe
tan
Nom
ads:
Non
-vol
unta
ry R
eset
tlem
ent
33
wel
l as
brin
ging
eth
nic
min
oriti
es c
onsi
der
ed e
cono
mic
ally
bac
kwar
d in
to t
he m
oder
niza
tion
and
eco
nom
ic
dev
elop
men
t ex
per
ienc
ed b
y ot
her
regi
ons.
In fa
ct, t
hese
pol
icie
s re
sult
in t
he s
ettle
men
t of
her
dsm
en a
nd
thei
r ab
and
onm
ent
of n
omad
ic li
fe. T
he G
rass
land
Law
ad
opte
d in
198
5 ha
s b
een
com
ple
men
ted
by
a ra
nge
of p
olic
ies
and
pro
gram
mes
, inc
lud
ing
tuim
u hu
anca
o (re
mov
ing
anim
als
to g
row
gra
ss) a
nd t
uige
ng h
uanl
in
(retu
rnin
g fa
rmla
nd t
o fo
rest
), w
hich
are
par
t of
the
199
9 W
este
rn D
evel
opm
ent
Str
ateg
y (x
ibu
da
kaifa
). Th
ese
pro
gram
mes
incl
ude
mea
sure
s su
ch a
s gr
azin
g b
ans
on s
ever
ely
deg
rad
ed p
astu
res
and
gra
zing
mor
ator
ia
on m
ediu
m-d
egra
ded
pas
ture
s, c
omb
ined
with
res
eed
ing
for
the
upgr
adin
g of
deg
rad
ed p
astu
res.
Whi
le
herd
ers
affe
cted
by
pas
ture
clo
sure
s re
ceiv
e su
bsi
die
s to
buy
gra
in fe
ed (t
he a
mou
nt o
f whi
ch w
as in
crea
sed
m
ost
rece
ntly
in A
ugus
t 20
11),
the
pro
gram
mes
in fa
ct le
d t
o th
e sl
augh
ter
or s
ale
of a
nim
al li
vest
ock
and
the
ab
and
onm
ent
of s
easo
nal m
igra
tions
. The
res
ettle
men
t p
olic
y co
nduc
ted
in t
he T
ibet
Aut
onom
ous
Reg
ion
has
exp
and
ed t
o no
n-he
rder
s, a
nd is
aim
ed a
t re
sett
ling,
rel
ocat
ing
or r
ehou
sing
a m
ajor
ity o
f the
Tib
etan
rur
al
pop
ulat
ion
into
new
ly b
uilt
conc
entr
ated
set
tlem
ents
, und
er a
Com
fort
able
Hou
sing
pol
icy
that
cal
ls fo
r th
e d
estr
uctio
n an
d r
econ
stru
ctio
n of
uns
uita
ble
dw
ellin
gs.”
34
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bod
ies
UN
Spe
cial
Pro
cedu
res
Chi
nese
Con
stitu
tion
A –
186
.196
. Con
tinue
ad
vanc
ing
the
right
to
hou
sing
for
farm
ers
and
her
dsm
en
(Nep
al)
Aut
hor’s
not
e:
It is
imp
orta
nt t
o no
te t
hat
the
right
to
hou
sing
in t
his
inst
ance
sho
uld
be
inte
rpre
ted
in li
ne w
ith in
tern
atio
nal
law
, the
SR
on
Food
’s 2
012
reco
mm
end
atio
nsn38
and
the
CE
SC
R’s
M
ay 2
014
conc
lud
ing
obse
rvat
ions
39 s
o th
at t
he T
ibet
an n
omad
s’ r
ight
to
cultu
rally
ap
pro
pria
te h
ousi
ng a
nd fo
od is
up
held
an
d t
hey
are
cons
ulte
d o
n al
l cha
nges
, to
whi
ch t
hey
can
dec
ide
to g
ive,
or
not,
the
ir fr
ee, p
rior
and
info
rmed
con
sent
.
CE
SC
R 2
014
“The
Com
mitt
ee u
rges
the
Sta
te
par
ty t
o ta
ke a
ll ne
cess
ary
mea
sure
s to
imm
edia
tely
hal
t no
n-vo
lunt
ary
rese
ttle
men
t of
nom
adic
her
der
s fr
om
thei
r tr
aditi
onal
land
s an
d n
on-v
olun
tary
re
loca
tion
or r
e-ho
usin
g p
rogr
amm
es
for
othe
r ru
ral r
esid
ents
. The
Com
mitt
ee
reco
mm
end
s th
at t
he S
tate
par
ty c
arry
out
m
eani
ngfu
l con
sulta
tions
with
the
affe
cted
co
mm
uniti
es in
ord
er t
o ex
amin
e an
d
eval
uate
all
avai
lab
le o
ptio
ns”.
40
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
the
Rig
ht t
o Fo
od,
Chi
na v
isit
15-2
3 D
ecem
ber
201
0 –
Rec
omm
end
atio
n (a
)
Sus
pen
d t
he n
on-v
olun
tary
res
ettle
men
t of
nom
adic
her
der
s fr
om t
heir
trad
ition
al
land
s an
d t
he n
on-v
olun
tary
rel
ocat
ion
or r
ehou
sing
pro
gram
mes
of o
ther
rur
al
resi
den
ts, i
n or
der
to
allo
w fo
r m
eani
ngfu
l co
nsul
tatio
ns t
o ta
ke p
lace
with
the
af
fect
ed c
omm
uniti
es, p
erm
ittin
g p
artie
s to
exa
min
e al
l ava
ilab
le o
ptio
ns, i
nclu
din
g re
cent
str
ateg
ies
of s
usta
in41
39
Art
icle
42:
Citi
zens
of t
he P
eop
le’s
R
epub
lic o
f Chi
na h
ave
the
right
as
wel
l as
the
dut
y to
wor
k. T
hrou
gh v
ario
us
chan
nels
, the
sta
te c
reat
es c
ond
ition
s fo
r em
plo
ymen
t, e
nhan
ces
occu
pat
iona
l sa
fety
and
hea
lth, i
mp
rove
s w
orki
ng
cond
ition
s an
d, o
n th
e b
asis
of e
xpan
ded
p
rod
uctio
n, in
crea
ses
rem
uner
atio
n fo
r w
ork
and
wel
fare
ben
efits
. Wor
k is
a
mat
ter
of h
onor
for
ever
y ci
tizen
who
is
ab
le t
o w
ork.
All
wor
king
peo
ple
in
stat
e en
terp
rises
and
in u
rban
and
rur
al
econ
omic
col
lect
ives
sho
uld
ap
pro
ach
thei
r w
ork
as t
he m
aste
rs o
f the
cou
ntry
th
at t
hey
are.
The
sta
te p
rom
otes
soc
ialis
t la
bor
em
ulat
ion,
and
com
men
ds
and
re
war
ds
mod
el a
nd a
dva
nced
wor
kers
. Th
e st
ate
enco
urag
es c
itize
ns t
o ta
ke
par
t in
vol
unta
ry la
bor
. The
sta
te p
rovi
des
ne
cess
ary
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g fo
r ci
tizen
s b
efor
e th
ey a
re e
mp
loye
d.
Tabl
e 9:
Hou
sing
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• Th
e p
olic
y to
rem
ove
Tib
etan
nom
ads
and
rur
al r
esid
ents
from
the
gra
ssla
nds
and
the
ir ho
mes
is s
usp
end
ed.
• N
ew c
ultu
rally
sen
sitiv
e p
olic
ies
are
imp
lem
ente
d t
hat
sup
por
t th
e Ti
bet
an n
omad
s in
the
ir lif
esty
le, a
nd in
clud
e ef
fect
ive
pov
erty
alle
viat
ion.
The
se c
ould
incl
ude:
• S
elf-
gove
rnin
g p
astu
re u
ser
grou
ps
run
by
and
incl
udin
g lo
cal T
ibet
an n
omad
s.•
Cre
atio
n of
urb
an m
arke
ts fo
r Ti
bet
an d
airy
pro
duc
ts.
• P
rovi
sion
of s
tate
fund
ing
for
Tib
etan
nom
ad c
omm
uniti
es t
o re
hab
ilita
te d
egra
ded
gra
ssla
nd a
reas
.•
Trai
ning
in a
nd p
rovi
sion
of v
eter
inar
y se
rvic
es, p
est
man
agem
ent,
and
oth
er li
nked
ser
vice
s as
a p
over
ty a
llevi
atio
n an
d in
com
e ge
nera
tion
pro
gram
.•
Dec
entr
alis
atio
n of
hea
lth c
are
and
ed
ucat
ion
to T
ibet
an n
omad
ic c
omm
uniti
es (v
ia m
obile
sch
ools
and
clin
ics)
, and
p
rovi
sion
of q
ualifi
ed t
each
ers
and
hea
lthca
re s
taff.
• A
cces
s is
pro
vid
ed t
o ap
pro
pria
te s
olar
and
win
d e
nerg
y su
ited
to
Tib
etan
nom
adic
com
mun
ities
.•
Sp
ecia
l Rap
por
teur
on
Ad
equa
te H
ousi
ng is
allo
wed
to
visi
t Ti
bet
bef
ore
Mar
ch 2
015
(mid
-ter
m o
f Chi
na’s
2nd
UP
R).
35Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
2.4.1 Statement by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on Demonstrations in Tibet Autonomous Region in China, 14 March 200842
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour today expressed concern about escalating tensions between protestors and security forces in the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding areas in China. (…)The High Commissioner urges the Government of China to allow demonstrators to exercise their right to freedom of expression and assembly, to refrain from any excessive use of force while maintaining order, and to ensure those arrested are not ill-treated and are accorded due process in line with international standards.
2.4.2 Statement by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: China must urgently address deep-rooted frustrations with human rights in Tibetan areas, 2 November 2012.43
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay on Friday urged Chinese authorities to promptly address the longstanding grievances that have led to an alarming escalation in desperate forms of protest, including self-immolations, in Tibetan areas.
The UN human rights chief said she was disturbed by “continuing allegations of violence against Tibetans seeking to exercise their fundamental human rights of freedom of expression, association and religion,” and pointed to “reports of detentions and disappearances, of excessive use of force against peaceful demonstrators, and curbs on the cultural rights of Tibetans.” (…) “I call on the Government to respect the rights to peaceful assembly and expression, and to release all individuals detained for merely exercising these universal rights.”
The High Commissioner urged the Government, as a confidence-building measure, to allow independent and impartial monitors to visit and assess the actual conditions on the ground, and to lift restrictions on media access to the region. She noted that there are 12 outstanding requests for official visits to China by UN Special Rapporteurs on various human rights issues, including one by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion and belief. During the Universal Periodic Review of China’s human rights record before the UN Human Rights Council, the State pledged to step up cooperation with Special Procedures. Pillay called on the Government to facilitate their access. (…)“Deep underlying issues need to be addressed, and I call on the Government to seriously consider the recommendations made to it by various international human rights bodies, as well as to avail itself of the expert advice being offered by the UN’s independent experts on human rights.”
Among the recommendations made by international human rights bodies to the Government of China on Tibet are the following:
– UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter, recommended a suspension of non-voluntary resettlement of nomadic herders, who make up the majority of the Tibetan population, and called for a meaningful consultation.
– The UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination (CERD) recommended to China that any policies or incentives offered that may result in a substantial alteration of the demographic composition of autonomous minority areas be reviewed. CERD also recommended that the State party carefully consider the root causes of the unrest in March 2008, including inter-ethnic violence, and the reasons why the situation escalated.
– The UN Committee Against Torture in November 2008 recommended that China conduct a thorough and independent inquiry into events surrounding the protests in March 2008, including the reported excessive use of force against peaceful demonstrators, notably monks, in Kardze county, Ngaba county, and Lhasa; and into allegations of torture and ill-treatment against those arrested and detained.
Annex 1
36 Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
Notes
1. Our references to Tibet encompass the three original provinces of U-Tsang, Kham and Amdo, which are incorporated into the Chinese regions of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and the Provinces of Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan.
2. A – 186.32. Consider ratifying the ICCPR and establishing a National Human Rights Institution (Zambia)
3. http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/2007-11/15/content_1372962.htm
4. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-06/11/c_131645029.htm
5. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/countryvisitsa-e.aspx
6. Full text: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/14/ares14.htm
7. Full text: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/16/ares16.htm
8. Full text: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/20/ares20.htm
9. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/language-04222014150658.html
10. http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/china-holds-tibetanlivelihood-to-ransom-to-secure-political-stability-2/#_edn1
11. See complete CESCR recommendation table Appendix A, Original Text, Article 14, Page 4, and Articles 36 and 37 on page 12: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/049/83/PDF/G1404983.pdf?OpenElement
12. CRC, 2013 concluding observations, para 5, http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/SessionDetails1.aspx?SessionID=856&Lang=en
13. http://freetibet.org/news-media/na/un-forces-china-respond-jailed-singers http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session26/Documents/A_HRC_26_21_ENG.doc
14. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/countryvisitsa-e.aspx
15. See complete CESCR recommendation table Appendix A, Original Text, Page 12, Article 36: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/049/83/PDF/G1404983.pdf?OpenElement
16. CRC, 2013 concluding observations, para 5, http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/SessionDetails1.aspx?SessionID=856&Lang=en
17. http://tibet.net/2014/03/05/un-special-rapporteurs-raised-human-rights-in-tibet-with-china/
18. The official language in classrooms across Tibet is Mandarin, despite the fact that Mandarin is not the primary language of the majority of Tibetan children (around 80% of whom do not speak Mandarin).
19. According to the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2005, TAR’s education level is the lowest of all provinces under PRC rule. The education index for Tibet ranks last among all 31 PRC provinces with illiteracy running at around 45%. The average literacy across China is currently predicted to be 91.6%.
20. See complete CESCR recommendation table Appendix A, Original Text, Page 12, Article 36: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/049/83/PDF/G1404983.pdf?OpenElement
21. www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC_C_CHN_CO_3-4.doc
22. Full text: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11555&LangID=E
37Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet (HRAP-T)
23. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/countryvisitsa-e.aspx
24. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/SRHRDefenders/Pages/Declaration.aspx
25. Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review of China, Dec 2013 para. 87, page 8. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Upr/Pages/CNSession17.aspx
26. See complete CESCR recommendation table Appendix A, Original Text, Page 12, Article 38: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/049/83/PDF/G1404983.pdf?OpenElement
27. http://tibet.net/2014/03/05/un-special-rapporteurs-raised-human-rights-in-tibet-with-china/
28. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/countryvisitsa-e.aspx
29. www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC_C_CHN_CO_3-4.doc
30. http://freetibet.org/news-media/na/un-forces-china-respond-jailed-singers; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session26/Documents/A_HRC_26_21_ENG.doc
31. Full text: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11555&LangID=E
32. A person can be said to be deprived of his/her liberty when he/she is subjected to ‘detention’, ‘arrest’, ‘incarceration’ ‘apprehension’, ‘prison’, ‘custody’, ‘reclusion’ or ‘remand’ etc – see UN factsheet www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/FactSheet26en.pdf
33. www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC_C_CHN_CO_3-4.doc
34. http://tibet.net/2014/03/05/un-special-rapporteurs-raised-human-rights-in-tibet-with-china/
35. UPR Review outcome – http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Upr/Pages/CNSession17.aspx
36. Full text: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11555&LangID=E
37. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/countryvisitsa-e.aspx
38. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter Mission to China, 20 January 2012, para 37, page 16. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/19session/A.HRC.19.59.Add.1.pdf
39. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fCHN%2fCO%2f2&Lang=en
40. See complete CESCR recommendation table Appendix A, Original Text, Page 9-10, Article 30 and 31: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/049/83/PDF/G1404983.pdf?OpenElement
41. Full Text: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/19session/A.HRC.19.59.Add.1.pdf
42. Full Text, 14 March 2008: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=9273&LangID=E
43. Full text, 2 November 2012: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12729&LangID=E
www.HumanRightsTibet.org
2014
Advisors:
International Human Rights Program, Boston University School of Law with research input from Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy
Contact: [email protected]
