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Respiration
� involves _________________ (remember aerobic and anaerobic means to
produce adenosine triphosphate—ATP
from glucose!)
� involves __________________ (the actual act of breathing/gas exchange)—
__________________________________
Respiration
RESPIRATION IN HUMANSthe respiratory system is composed of a network
of passageways which permit air to flow from the
external environment to the internal environment 1) nasal cavity:� air enters the body through the
nostrils and winds up in these
passageways
� lined with ________________________
Parts of Respiratory System
� lined with ________________________
which ___________________________
2) pharynx:� where the oral cavity and the nasal
cavity meet
3) trachea:� main airway in the human respiratory
system
� contains rings of a tough tissue (
_________ ), which keeps this
Parts of Respiratory System
_________ ), which keeps this
passageway open
� lined with ________________________
A. larynx:� otherwise known as the ____________
B. epiglottis� _________________________________
_________________________________
4) bronchi:� two major subdivisions that branch off
the trachea
� ringed with ___________
� lined with ciliated mucus membranes
Parts of Respiratory System
� lined with ciliated mucus membranes
� _________________________________
_________________________________
5) bronchioles:� smaller air passages in the lungs
� _________________________________
� lined with ciliated mucus membranes
6) alveoli: � _________________________________
_________________________________
� _________________________________
Parts of Respiratory System
� Lungs
spongy texture � high surface area
� more absorption of O2
� alveoli
Parts of Respiratory System
� alveoli� small air sacs
�moist lining� __________________________________________
� covered by cilia� __________________________________________
capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle
HOW GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS
blood lungs
CO2
O2
CO2
O2
blood body
CO2
O2
CO2
O2
Moving gases into bloodstream
� Inhale
� _____________
_____________
_____________
� Exhale
� _____________
_____________
_____________
How Breathing Occurs (humans)
� ____________________________________� the lungs are highly elastic and respond to the actions of the diaphragm and rib
cage
A. diaphragm:A. diaphragm:� __________________
__________________B. rib cage:� __________________
__________________ __________________
Negative pressure breathing
� air flows from higher pressure to lower
pressure, rushing into the lungs
alveoli
Breathing and Homeostasis
� Homeostasis
� keeping the internal environment of the
body balanced
� need to balance O2 in and CO2 out
� need to balance energy (ATP) production
ATP
� need to balance energy (ATP) production
� Exercise
� breathe faster
� need more ATP
� bring in more O2 & remove more CO2
� Disease
� poor lung or heart function = breathe faster
� need to work harder to bring in O2 & remove CO2
O2 CO2
1) Bronchitis:� _______________________________
_______________________________2) Asthma:
� various stimuli can cause responses
MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
� various stimuli can cause responses characterized by the _____________ _______________________________
3) Emphysema:� a general deterioration of the lungs � _______________________________
______________________________________________________________
4) Pneumonia:� ____________________________________
________________, preventing the normal
exchange of gases
� can be life threatening!
MALFUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
5) Lung Cancer:� when ______ (abnormal
masses or growth of
cells or tissues) form in
the lungs
Warm, dilute
ocean waters
Warm, dilute
ocean waters
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Review
• All cells in direct contact
with environment
• All cells can easily get
nutrients in & waste out
by diffusion
• Internal cells not in direct
contact with environment
• Internal cells can’t get
nutrients in & waste out
• Need organ systems
Unicellular Multicellular
Keeping an animal alive
� Had to evolve organ systems for:
� getting materials in &
around
� digestive system� digestive system
� respiratory system
� circulatory system
� removing wastes
� respiratory system
� excretory system
� _________________� from digestive system to circulatory system
� _________________
sugar
CO2
nutrients
MOLECULAR MOVEMENT REVIEWAnimal cells move material across the cell
membrane by diffusion!
� _________________� from circulatory system to cells
� _________________� from respiratory system to circulatory system to cells
� _________________� urea from cells to excretory system
� CO2 to circulatory system to respiratory system
O2
sugar nutrients
CO2
urea
O2
Excretion
� ________________________________________________________________________
METABOLIC
ACTIVITY
HUMAN WASTES
PRODUCED
respiration
other metabolic
processes
respiration
dehydration
synthesis
protein
metabolism
� The kind of waste
you make depends
on where you live
� Freshwater
� ammonia
Nitrogen waste
� Land
� urea
� Egg layer
� uric acid
1) lungs:� are responsible for the excretion of
________________________ (waste
products of aerobic cellular respiration
� these are removed as gases during the
What organs do what?
� these are removed as gases during the
process of ______________
2) liver:� site of amino acid breakdown ����
_________________ (contains N)
� also recycles worn out red blood cells
3) skin (sweat glands):� _____ (98%), _____ and a small amount
of _____ diffuse from the blood into the
sweat glands—excreted by sweating!
� __________________________________
__________________________________
4) kidneys:� __________________________________
� __________________________________
____________________
kidneynephronsnephrons
� filtered out (all that is small)
� ________
� ________
� ________
� ________
The Nephron = The Kidney’s Filter
nephron
� ________
� ________
� not filtered out
� ________
� ________
� reabsorbed
� _______________________
↓↓↓↓
to
bladder
1) kidneys:� site of urine formation
2) ureter:� urine flows from collecting tubes in
kidney down the ureter to the kidney
Pathway of Urine
kidney down the ureter to the kidney
3) urinary bladder:� urine is temporarily stored in this
muscular sac
4) urethra:� tube where urine leaves the body
1) bones:� 206 in the human body
� arranged in an internal skeleton—an
___________________
� __________________________________
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
� __________________________________
__________________________________
� _______________ sites for muscles
� produces __________________________
Human
endoskeleton
ball & socket
206 bones
hinge
pivot
2) cartilage:� a flexible connective tissue
� __________________________________
� ___________________
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
3) muscles:� have the ability to ___________________
by sliding fibers over one another
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
evolved first
A. skeletal muscle:� is striped in appearance
� __________________________________
� __________________________________
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
A. skeletal muscle:� is striped in appearance
� moves the bones of the skeletal system
� controlled by motor neurons
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
� _____________ bring bones together
_____________ moves bones away � _____________ moves bones away
Muscle limits� Muscle fatigue
� lack of sugar� lack of ATP
� low O2
� lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with protein function
nerve fatigue� nerve fatigue� loss of chemical transmitter
� Muscle cramps� build up of lactic acid
� lack of energy (ATP)
� ion imbalance� massage or stretching increases circulation
� ALS
� amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
� Lou Gehrig’s disease
�motor neurons degenerate
Diseases of Muscle Tissue
� Myasthenia gravis
� auto-immune
� antibodies to
nerve transmitter
chemical
Stephen Hawking
� Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin
� blocks release of nerve transmitter
� but botulism can be fatal! muscle
Botox’s Effect on Muscles
B. smooth (visceral) muscle:� not striped
� ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
C.
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
C. cardiac muscle:� has stripes
� controls the ______________ heartbeat—
___________________________________
4) tendons:� connective tissue connecting _________
___________________
� when they become inflammed it is called
_______________
5)
Parts of the Human Locomotive System
5) ligaments:� tough elastic connective tissue that
connects ______________ at movable
joints
� when joints become inflammed, it is
called ___________