Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Performance - A Case Study Based on Garments Industries in Bangladesh

7/21/2019 Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Performance - A Case Study Based on Garments Indu

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9 | S i e n

9. Dktrjmuhtdjk?

9.9. Gulik rnsjurhn likienlnkt? ik jvnrvdnw

Dt ds i wdmnfy sgirnm anfdnb tgit tgn gulik rnsjurhns irn tgn ljst prdliry sjurhn jb hjlpntdtdvn

nmen bjr ausdknss jreikdzitdjks dk tgds nri (Guegns & Qjeun 1337). Dt ds dlpjrtikt tj nksurn tgit

tgn ipprjprditn pjfdhdns irn dk pfihn sj tgit tgn nlpfjynns dk ik jreikdzitdjk irn kurturnm,

mnvnfjpnm ikm rntidknm. Dt ds gnkhn kj wjkmnr tgit tgn mnvnfjpdke hjuktrdns givn tdln ikm ieidk

trnitnm tgn dlpihts jb GQL pjfdhdns is tgn fnimdke irni jb rnsnirhg (Mnfikny ikm Gusnfdm 9442,

is hdtnm dk Iasir nt if 1393).

Udtg tgn hgiken dk hurrnkt ausdknss wjrfm, tgn likienlnkt stritnedns irn hjktdkujusfy nvjfvdke.

Dk jrmnr tj mnif wdtg tgn hurrnkt hgikens dk tgn dkmustrdif wjrfm, tgn fiajr dktnksdvn

likubihturdke hjlpikdns irn dk knnm jb mnvnfjpdke tgndr GQ dk hjkbjrldty wdtg tgn ausdknss

stritnedns (Gumi nt if 1335). ]gds ds jwdke tj tgn biht tgit tgn hjkhurrnkt hgikens dk

efjaifdzitdjk, fdanritdjk, tnhgkjfjey nth irn pjsdke ajtg hgiffnkens ikm jppjrtukdtdns bjr

jreikdzitdjks. Dk jrmnr tj ihqudrn tgn hjlpntdtdvn imviktien ikm trnit tgn hgiken is ik

jppjrtukdty, jreikdzitdjks lust ilnkm ikm mnvnfjp tgndr jpnritdjkif stritney ihhjrmdkefy. Dt ds

gnkhn nvdmnkt tgit nbbnhtdvn gulik rnsjurhn likienlnkt ds hruhdif bjr ik jreikdzitdjk. Gulik

rnsjurhn likienlnkt ds nbbnhtdvnfy tgn snt jb ihtdvdtdns tgit prjvdmn bjr ikm hjjrmdkitn tgn

gulik rnsjurhns dk ik jreikdzitdjk (Ffjym ikm Fnsfdn 1333 is hdtnm dk Gumi nt if 1335) . Dt hik

ifsj an rneirmnm is tgn hjlpjsdtdjk jb prihtdhns, pjfdhdns ikm systnls tgit hik dkbfunkhn tgn

nlpfjynns ittdtumn, angivdjr ikm pnrbjrlikhn. (Iasir nt if 1393). Gnkhn jreikdzitdjks jbtnk

nlpfjy pfikknm gulik rnsjurhn mnpfjylnkt ikm mnsdek i stritnedh brilnwjr` tj suppjrt fjke-

tnrl ausdknss ejifs ikm juthjln (HDSM 1398). Is i rnsuft, tgn ipprjihg tj gulik rnsjurhn


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1 | S i e n

likienlnkt ds hjktdkujusfy hgikedke wdtg tgn hjkhnrk andke fjke-tnrl pnjpfn dssuns ikm

lihrj-hjkhnrks rneirmdke struhturn, hufturn, quifdty, vifuns ikm hjlldtlnkt ikm lithg

rnsjurhns tj buturn knnms. (HDSM 1398).

]gds stumy wdff gdegfdegt tgn GQ pjfdhdns rneirmdke rnhrudtlnkt & snfnhtdjk, tridkdke &

mnvnfjplnkt, hirnnr pfikkdke, pnrbjrlikhn ippridsif ikm hjlpnksitdjk & anknbdts is tgn `ny

bjhus jb rnsnirhg. ]gn dkhfusdjk jb tgnsn hrdtnrdi irn oustdbdnm ay tgn biht tgit tgny irn

dkhjrpjritnm dk tgn eunst ljmnf jb GQL, wgdhg ds anfdnvnm tj an tgn ljst supnrdjr iljke tgn

tjp ljmnfs jb Gulik rnsjurhn likienlnkt.(Iswitgippi 1337, is hdtnm dk Iasir nt if 1393)

9.1. Ardnb jvnrvdnw jb tgn QLE dkmustry Aikefimnsg

Andke ik jvnrpjpufitnm hjuktry, Aikefimnsg jbtnk givn tj bihn lihrj-nhjkjldh hgiffnkens.

QLE dkmustry pfiys i vdtif rjfn dk tgn nhjkjly tgrjueg nxpjrt nirkdkes, nlpfjylnkt

enknritdjk, pjvnrty iffnvditdjk ikm nlpjwnrlnkt jb wjlnk dk Aikefimnsg (Qiglik & Gjssidk

1393). Dt ifsj firenfy hjktrdautns tj tgn enknritdjk jb EMS dk tgn nhjkjly. ]j lnktdjk dk

kulnrdhif bdeurns, dt ihhjukts bjr jvnr 5> pnrhnkt jb tgn hjuktrys tjtif nxpjrt nirkdkes, prjvdmns

nlpfjylnkt ifljst > ldffdjk pnjpfn, ihhjukts bjr jvnr 93 pnrhnkt jb tgn hjuktrys EMS, ikm

hjktrdautns irjukm =3% jb dts likubihturdke jutput (Qiglik & Gjssidk 1393).Irjukm == fi`gs

irn hurrnktfy nlpfjynm dk tgn QLE dkmustry ikm jvnr 73 pnrhnkt irn wjlnk brjl rurif irnis

(Jvd 1398). Dt ds anfdnvnm, tgit tgn nxpjrt-qujti systnl ikm tgn ividfiadfdty jb hgnip fiajr irn tgn

twj lidk rnisjks angdkm tgn suhhnss jb tgn dkmustry (Gidmnr 1335, is hdtnm dk Qiglik & Gjssidk

1393). Kituriffy tgn ejvnrklnkt ti`ns nxtri dktnrnst jk QLE snhtjr ikm knnms tj pfiy ik

dlpjrtikt rjfn bjr tgn wnfbirn jb tgds dkmustry (Jvd, 1398) Gnkhn, tgn GQ pjfdhdns tgit irn dk


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8 | S i e n

prihtdhn dk tgn QLE snhtjr irn kjt oust dk rnspjksn tj jreikdzitdjkif ejifs aut ifsj i rnsuft jb

rneufitdjks prjvdmnm ay tgn Ejvnrklnkt ikm jtgnr ejvnrkdke ajmdns prnsnkt.

]gn Aikefimnsg Eirlnkt Likubihturnrs ikm Nxpjrtnrs Issjhditdjk (AELNI) ds jkn suhg

ejvnrkdke ajmy tgit gis bjrlufitnm dts jwk hjmn jb hjkmuht bjr tgn dkmustry, dk hjffiajritdjk

wdtg tgn liojr trimn ukdjks. Dt gis ifsj snt up i hjlpfdikhn ukdt tgit ljkdtjrs fiajr hjkmdtdjks dk

dts lnlanrs' bihtjrdns (^KDBNL 1337, is hdtnm dk Gumi nt if 1335). ]gn stikmirms jb

hjlpfdikhns snt ay AELNI ikm Aikefimnsg @kdtwnir Likubihturnrs ikm Nxpjrt Issjhditdjk

(A@LNI) irn ljstfy tj nksurn gniftg, sibnty ikm tgn bidr trnitlnkt jb tgn nlpfjynns wdtg tgn

bjhus andke jk mntidfs stirtdke brjl tgn aisdh bdrn nqudplnkt tj ldkdlul wien ikm bfnxdafn oja

bihdfdtdns bjr wjr`nrs(Gumi nt if 1335). ]gn GQL ipprjihg sgjufm uftdlitnfy an struhturnm

`nnpdke nlpfjynn sitdsbihtdjk dk idl is dt gis i sdekdbdhikt dkbfunkhn jk nlpfjynn hjlldtlnkt,

iasnktnndsl, turkjvnr ikm erdnvikhns tgnrnay dkhrnisdke jreikdzitdjkif prjmuhtdvdty.

Kulnrjus mrilitdh hgikens irn andke nxpnhtnm brjl QLE wjrfm is dt ds jpnritdke i hgiffnkedke

vjyien dk tgn 19st hnktury. Gulik rnsjurhns irn gnkhn i `ny bihtjr tj hjksdmnr dk tgn

jreikdzitdjk mnvnfjplnkt ikm nlpgisds lust an put jk tgn bihtjrs dk rnspjksn tj ldhrj ikm

lihrj-nkvdrjklnktif hgikens jb ausdknss (Gumi nt if 1335).

9.8. Qnsnirhg Eip?

]gn rnsnirhg dk tgds pipnr idls tj dmnktdby tgn ihtuif GQ pjfdhdns tgit irn dk prihtdhn dk tgn QLE

dkmustry jb Aikefimnsg. Iftgjueg nxtnksdvn rnsnirhg nxdsts iajut anst prihtdhn jb gulik

rnsjurhn likienlnkt dk tgn dktnrkitdjkif GQL ojurkif mitiaisn, dt ds rnpnitnmfy jasnrvnm tgit

jreikdzitdjks bidf tj imjpt tgn prihtdhns tgit tgn rnsnirhgns gis bjukm jut tj an tgn ljst nbbnhtdvn

(Qjenrs 944> is hdtnm dk Xikmnrs nt if 1337). Edvnk tgit, tgn nxdstdke fdtnriturn sueensts tgit tgnrn

gis kjt annk i fjt jb nxtnksdvn rnsnirhg limn jk tgn GQ pjfdhy ikm prihtdhns spnhdbdh tj


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= | S i e n

Aikefimnsg ikm nspnhdiffy dk QLE dkmustry. Is tgn `ny bjhus dk tgds pipnr ds tgn prihtdhns dk

fjhif QLE bihtjrdns, tgds pipnr idls tj bufbdff tgn rnsnirhg eip ay prjvdmdke tgn mnsdrnm ikifysds

ay usdke tgn prdliry ikm snhjkmiry miti hjffnhtnm. Immdtdjkiffy, tgds pipnr idls tj dkvnstdeitn

tgn tgnjrntdhif `kjwfnmen rneirmdke tgnsn GQ dssuns dk jur suaonht jreikdzitdjks ikm gjw dt ds

sdldfir tj jr mdbbnrnkt brjl tgn likienlnkt tgny ihtuiffy prihtdhn.

9.=. Qitdjkifdty

]gn QLE dkmustry ds tgn jkfy luftd-adffdjk-mjffir likubihturdke ikm nxpjrt dkmustry dk

Aikefimnsg. Ugnrnis tgn dkmustry hjktrdautnm jkfy 3.339 pnr hnkt tj tgn hjuktrys tjtif nxpjrt

nirkdkes dk 9452, dts sgirn dkhrnisnm tj iajut 5> pnr hnkt jb tgjsn nirkdkes dk 133>. Jvnr tgn pist

jkn ikm gifb mnhimn, QLE nxpjrt nirkdkes givn dkhrnisnm ay ljrn tgik 7 tdlns wdtg ik

nxhnptdjkif erjwtg ritn jb 92.> pnrhnkt pnr ikkul, mun tj pjfdhy suppjrt jb tgn ejvnrklnkt ikm

mykildsl jb tgn prdvitn snhtjr nktrnprnknurs. ]gn nxpjrt-qujti systnl dk trimdke eirlnkt

prjmuhts pfiynm i sdekdbdhikt rjfn dk tgn suhhnss jb tgn dkmustry. Gjwnvnr, tgn qujti systnl hiln

tj ik nkm dk 133=. Nvnk ibtnr tgn nkm jb tgn qujti systnl, nirkdkes rnihgnm iajut 7 adffdjk ^XM

dk BT32, wgdhg wis jkfy fnss tgik i adffdjk ^XM dk BT49. Nxhnptdke BT31, tgn dkmustry

rnedstnrnm sdekdbdhikt pjsdtdvn erjwtg tgrjuegjut tgds pnrdjm. Aikefimnsg nxpjrtnm eirlnkts

wjrtg tgn nqudvifnkt jb $2.4 adffdjk dk 133>, wgdhg wis iajut 1.> pnr hnkt jb tgn efjaif tjtif

vifun ($152 adffdjk) jb eirlnkt nxpjrts. ]gn hjuktrys QLE dkmustry ernw ay ljrn tgik 9> pnr

hnkt pnr ikkul jk ivnrien murdke tgn fist 9> ynirs. ]gn bjrndek nxhgiken nirkdkes ikm

nlpfjylnkt enknritdjk jb tgn QLE snhtjr givn annk dkhrnisdke it mjuafn-mdedt ritns brjl ynir

tj ynir. Xjln dlpjrtikt dssuns rnfitnm tj tgn QLE dkmustry jb Aikefimnsg irn kjtnm dk tiafn 9.


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> | S i e n

]iafn 39? Dlpjrtikt dssuns rnfitnm tj tgn Aikefimnsg rnimy-limn eirlnkt dkmustry

Hurrnktfy, ]gn QLE dkmustry dk Aikefimnsg gis stdff annk nxpikmdke gjrdzjktiffy ikm

hjktrdautdke tj kitdjkif mnvnfjplnkt sdekdbdhiktfy. Dt hjlprdsns jb iajut 92 pnrhnkt jb EMS (BT

1393-99) prjvdmdke nlpfjylnkt (ajtg mdrnhtfy ikm dkmdrnhtfy) tj 93.51 pnrhnkt jb kitdjkif fiajr

bjrhn, dk wgdhg 2.78 pnrhnkt irn mdrnhtfy nlpfjynm (AAX& AELNI). Knirfy 54 pnrhnkt jb tgn

tjtif nxpjrts jb tgn hjuktry hjlprdsns jb QLE prjmuhts dk BT 1393 99(NSA). Kjw is pnr tgn

1399 stitdstdhs, tgn kulanr jb QLE ukdts ds irjukm >,333 ikm tgn nxpjrt nirkdkes givn rnihgnm

jvnr $94.33 adffdjk ikm jvnr 8.5 ldffdjk eirlnkt wjr`nrs irn wjr`dke dk tgn QLE ukdts, jb

wgjl 73 pnr hnkt irn wjlnk. ]gn bjffjwdke tiafn sgjws tgn erjwtg jb QLE snhtjr dk

Aikefimnsg.

]j iajut 83 hjuktrdns irjukm tgn wjrfm, Aikefimnsg prnsnktfy nxpjrts rnimy-limn eirlnkts,

wdtg jvnr =>% tj ^XI, >3% tj tgn hjuktrdns dk N^ ikm 8% tj Hikimi ikm rnst tj tgn jtgnr


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2 | S i e n

hjuktrdns jb tgn wjrfm. Aikefimnsg ds `kjwk dk tgnsn hjuktrdns is -Aikefimnsg ds i sliff

hjuktry wdtg i strjke prnsnkhn.

Dk tnrls jb EMS, QLEs hjktrdautdjk ds gdegfy rnlir`iafn0 dt rnihgns 98 pnrhnkt jbEMS wgdhg

wis jkfy iajut 8 pnrhnkt dk BT49. ]gds ds i hfnir dkmdhitdjk jb tgn dkmustrys hjktrdautdjk tj tgn

jvnriff nhjkjly. Dt ifsj pfiys i pdvjtif rjfn tj prjljtn tgn mnvnfjplnkt jb jtgnr `ny snhtjrs jb

tgn nhjkjly fd`n aik`dke, dksurikhn, sgdppdke, gjtnf, tjurdsl, rjim trikspjrtitdjk, ridfwiy

hjktidknr snrvdhns, nth.

Bdeurn? ]rnkm jb QLE Nxpjrt Rjfuln, Nxpjrt Erjwtg ikm Hjktrdautdjk tj EMS

Aikefimnsgd QLE prjmuhts irn lidkfy mnstdknm tj tgn ^X ikm N^. Aih` dk 9442-45, Aikefimnsg

wis tgn 5tg ikm >tg firenst ippirnf nxpjrtnr tj tgn ^XI ikm Nurjpnik ^kdjk rnspnhtdvnfy. ]gn

dkmustry wis suhhnssbuf dk nxpfjrdke tgn jppjrtukdtdns dk lir`nts iwiy brjl N^ ikm ^X. Dk

BT35, i suhhnssbuf turkirjukm wis jasnrvnm dk nxpjrts tj tgdrm hjuktrdns, wgdhg givdke i

kneitdvn erjwtg dk BT32 rjsn tgrnn-bjfm dk BT35, wgdhg gnfpnm tj rnhjrm 18.9 pnrhnkt jvnriff

nxpjrt erjwtg dk tgn QLE snhtjr. Dt ds iktdhdpitnm tgit tgn trnkm jb lir`nt mdvnrsdbdhitdjk wdff

hjktdkun ikm tgds wdff gnfp tj lidktidk tgn erjwtg ljlnktul jb nxpjrt nirkdkes.


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5 | S i e n

Miti Xjurhn Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu (Tnir 9478-7= tj Tnir 1398-9=) Hjlpdfnm ay AELNI(8Aisnm jk ]iafn 38)

Miti Xjurhn Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu (Tnir 9441-48 tj Tnir 1398-9=) Hjlpdfnm ay AELNI

(=Aisnm jk ]iafn 3=)

3

>333

93333

9>333

133331>333

83333

8>333

9478-7=

947=-7>

947>-72

9472-75

9475-77

9477-74

9474-43

9443-49

9449-41

9441-48

9448-4=

944=-4>

944>-42

9442-45

9445-47

9447-44

9444-33

1333-39

1339-31

1331-38

1338-3=

133=-3>

133>-32

1332-35

1335-37

1337-34

1334-93

1393-99

1399-91

1391-98

1398-9=

HJLSIQI]DRN X]I]NLNK] JK NWSJQ] JB QLE IKM

]J]IF NWSJQ] JB AIKEFIMNXG8

NWSJQ] JB QLE

Dk Ldffdjk ^X$

]J]IF NWSJQ] JB AIKEFIMNXG

Dk Ldffdjk ^X$

3

>333

93333

9>333

13333

1>333

83333

3

1333

=333

2333

7333

93333

91333

9=333

RIF^N JB ]J]IF ISSIQNF NWSJQ]

BDXHIF TNIQ AIXDX=

UJRNK @KD] ]J]IF


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7 | S i e n

]iafn 3>? Aikefimnsg's QLE Nxpjrt tj Ujrfm (BT 99-91, BT91-98 & BT98-9=)

Ldffdjk ^X$ Ujvnk @kdt ]jtifLiojr N^Hjuktrdns 1399-91 1391-98 1398-9= 1399-91 1391-98 1398-9= 1399-91 1391-98 1398-9=

Iustrdi 95.>3 18.35 1>.88 8=.=4 14.12 89.79 >9.44 >1.88 >5.9>Anfedul 187.29 1=7.29 88>.14 813.=2 895.94 ==3.28 >>4.35 >2>.73 55>.41Aufeirdi 3.>= 3.13 3.93 3.27 3.41 3.71 9.18 9.98 3.49

Mnklir` 72.73 91>.49 9=>.1= 897.51 85>.21 =>3.59 =3>.>9 >39.>1 >4>.4=Bdkfikm 5.7> 93.79 93.35 14.1> 1>.>> 12.93 85.93 82.82 82.97Brikhn =92.51 =47.33 >54.>1 7>>.97 741.=> 42=.15 9159.43 9843.== 9>=8.54

Enrliky 9,8>7.41 9,>34.54 9,738.7> 1384.45 1,927.=4 1,>58.53 8847.74 8257.17 =855.>>Ernnhn 7.9= =.9= >.>4 19.95 91.55 9=.92 14.89 92.49 94.52

Dtify 149.9> 8>7.12 ==5.18 >59.=2 >>=.4= 589.49 721.21 498.13 9954.9=Drnfikm 28.38 25.>9 27.82 918.41 988.== 9=4.75 972.4> 133.4> 197.1=

Kntgnrfikms 112.52 1>1.44 14=.>1 81>.17 889.=7 87>.=7 >>1.3= >7=.=5 273.33Sjrtueif 2.27 2.=8 4.47 1>.>5 11.49 81.>8 81.1> 14.88 =1.>9Qjlikdi =.83 8.18 8.84 5.21 >.22 2.35 99.48 7.74 4.=5

Xpidk =93.84>9>.88

2>9.14

223.58531.43

7>2.17

9359.91 9197.18 9>35.>2Xwnmnk 934.35 91>.77 913.84 138.75 113.>3 1==.35 891.4= 8=2.85 82=.=2

^.@. 9,312.55 9,974.34 9,121.54 9938.83 9,1>4.7= 9,88>.1> 1983.35 1==7.48 1>47.3=Hyprus 3.37 3.3> 3.9> 9.99 9.91 1.87 9.97 9.95 1.>8Hznhg

Qnpuafdh 85.4484.87 22.2>

1>.5581.41 =8.24

28.5> 51.83 993.88Nstjkdi 3.5= 9.37 3.12 1.>1 1.9= 9.14 8.12 8.19 9.>>

Gukeiry 3.19 3.99 3.59 1.9= 8.77 7.59 1.8= 8.44 4.=9Fitvdi 3.14 3.91 3.>3 9.11 9.43 1.3> 9.>9 1.39 1.>2

Fdtguikdi 3.97 3.17 3.33 3.47 9.4= 3.71 9.92 1.18 3.71Lifti 3.31 3.31 3.54 3.=> 3.73 9.53 3.=5 3.71 1.=4

Sjfikm 991.55 9>4.58 13=.>5 134.42 1=3.54 83=.44 811.5= =33.>1 >34.>5

Xfjvi`di 13.8983.1>

83.94

82.>==3.>=

=8.23

>2.7> 53.54 58.54Xfjvnkdi 9.3= 8.23 2.92 2.88 99.3> 94.>5 5.85 9=.2> 1>.58

Xua-]jtif(N^) ===2.75 >958.72 2351.49 2417.24 5843.44 7251.=5 9985>.>2 91>2=.7> 9=5=>.84N^ % jb

Ujr fm =2.89 =2.75 =7.79 58.3= 53.>> 59.45 >4.>4 >7.=3 23.19Erjwtg% 18.97 92.8> 95.87 3.15 2.25 95.8= 7.98 93.=> 95.8>

^XI 8>9>.=> 8,72>.27 8,4=8.>1 9398.4> 9,983.43 9,945.7> =>14.=3 =442.>7 >9=9.87% jb XI 82.29 8>.31 89.53 93.24 93.73 4.4= 18.58 18.11 13.44Erjwtg% 3.15 4.42 1.39 -4.84 99.>8 >.41 -1.35 93.89 1.43

Hikimi =58.3= >97.14 >>2.75 =39.71 =29.45 ==>.93 75=.7> 473.12 9339.45% jb Hikimi =.48 =.24 =.=7 =.1= =.=9 8.24 =.>7 =.>2 =.34Erjwtg% 1.== 4.>5 5.== -5.97 9=.45 -8.2> -1.19 91.3> 1.11Kjk-]rimdtdjkifLir`nts

Iustrifdi 4=.78 981.=2 9=1.>1 191.51 14>.47 177.1= 835.>= =17.== =83.52Arizdf >3.=> >2.>3 51.>= 55.88 99>.88 45.53 915.57 959.7= 953.1=Hgdfn >.>5 5.95 93.89 99.82 19.98 11.53 92.48 17.89 88.39

Hgdki >5.78 72.>> 9=1.37 =2.24 >1.>4 44.14 93=.>1 984.9= 1=9.85Dkmdi =1.13 23.75 52.== 91.71 9=.8= 94.79 >>.31 5>.19 42.1>

Oipik 184.44 173.95 897.41 928.2> 947.89 1>8.8> =38.2> =57.=7 >51.15


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4 | S i e n

@jrni Qnp. 29.15 58.22 55.28 97.5> =3.58 >5.42 73.39 99=.84 98>.23Lnxdhj 82.5= =2.11 >9.>3 29.49 28.44 58.91 47.2> 993.19 91=.28Qussdi 15.25 >9.3= 5=.41 =7.71 77.>1 981.71 52.=4 984.>> 135.5=

Xjutg Ibrdhi 14.89 83.=2 12.97 12.=> 15.94 11.87 >>.52 >5.22 =7.>>]ur`ny 189.13 128.84 ==3.=9 91=.58 9>9.41 979.42 8>>.48 =9>.89 211.85

Jtgnr

Hjuktrdns 143.41 848.>9 =8>.83 882.27 =19.44 =7>.32 215.23 79>.> 413.82Xua-]jtif(Kjk-]rim.) 9925.47 9=71.39 9727.55 99=9.43 9=41.38 958=.87 1834.77 145=.3= 8238.9>% jb Kjk-

]rimdt djkif 91.92 98.=1 9>.31 91.3= 9=.1= 9=.84 91.93 98.71 9=.59% Erjwtg jb

Kjk-

]rimdt djkif 82.21 12.74 12.93 99.49 83.22 92.1= 18.95 17.5> 19.9>EQIKM

]J]IF 4238.8= 99384.7> 91==1.35 4=72.8> 93=5>.77 913=4.79 94374.24 19>9>.58 1==49.77% Erjwtg 98.77 9=.42 91.53 3.3> 93.=8 9>.31 2.>2 91.59 98.78

Xjurhn? Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu, Hjlpdfnm ay? QM]D Hnff, AELNI>

Miti Xjurhn Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu (BT 1391-98 & 1398-9=) Hjlpdfnm ay AELNI

(2Aisnm jk ]iafn 32)

3

>

939>

13

1>

83

8>

=3

=>

3

133

=33

233

733

9333

9133

9=33

AIKEFIMNXG'X UJRNK NWSJQ]X ]J UJQFM,

BT 1391-98 & 1398-9=2

Rifun dk Ldffdjk ^X$

Ujvnk (1391/98) (Ldffdjk X$) Ujvnk (1398/9=) (Ldffdjk X$) Erjwtg Qitn (%)


11/38

93 | S i e n





-93

3

93

13

83

=3

>3

3

133

=33

233

733

9333

9133

9=33

AIKEFIMNXG'X @KD] NWSJQ]X ]J UJQFM, BT

1391-98 & 1398-9=2


@kdt (1391/98) (Ldffdjk X$) @kdt (1398/9=) (Ldffdjk X$) Erjwtg Qitn (%)

3

>

93

9>

13

1>

83

8>

=3

=>

3

>33

9333

9>33

1333

1>33

8333

AIKEFIMNXG'X QLE ((Ujvnk + @kdt) NWSJQ]X

]J UJQFM, BT 1391-98 & 1398-9=2


]jtif (Ujvnk + @kdt)

(1391/98) (Ldffdjk ^X$)

]jtif (Ujvnk + @kdt)

(1398/9=) (Ldffdjk ^X$)

Erjwtg Qitn (%)


12/38

99 | S i e n

1. Lntgjmjfjey?

1.9. Jvnrvdnw jb tgn Lntgjmjfjey?

I rnsnirhg knnms lntgjmjfjey wgdhg rnvnifs gjw tgn rnsnirhgnr ds ejdke tj ihgdnvn gds/gnr

jaonhtdvns jb tgn spnhdbdnm stumy. Ildkuzzilik dk Dktrjmuhtdjk tj Xjhdif Qnsnirhg stitns, is i

systnlitdh stumy. Qnsnirhg lntgjmjfjey mnifs prdlirdfy wdtg tgn ipprjihgns ikm tnhgkdquns is

gjw tj ukmnrti`n i rnsnirhg wdtgjut andke adisnm ikm prnoumdhnm. Dt jbbnrs i aukhg jb tihtdhif

ipprjihgns ikm fjedhif s`dffs tj jasnrvn, rnhjrm, dktnrprnt ikm dkbnr jk littnrs ukmnr stumy.

Ihhjrmdke tj @jtgird (133=, p. 7), rnsnirhg lntgjmjfjey ds i wiy tj sjfvn tgn rnsnirhg prjafnl

systnlitdhiffy ikm shdnktdbdhiffy.

]gn jaonhtdvns jb tgn stumy irn tj nxpfjrn Gulik Qnsjurhn Likienlnkt Srihtdhns ikm

Jreikdzitdjkif pnrbjrlikhn dk eirlnkts dkmustry Aikefimnsg. ]grnn rnsnirhg lntgjms- hjktnkt

ikifysds, qunstdjkkidrn ikm dktnrvdnw irn usnm dk tgds stumy. Hjktnkt ikifysds ds usnm bjr tgn

mnshrdptdvn pirt jb tgn stumy. Dktnrvdnw ikm qunstdjkkidrn lntgjms givn annk usnm bjr hjffnhtdke

miti bjr tgn stumy. ^sn jb tgrnn lntgjms ds suppjsnm tj rnmuhn adisknss ikm wjr` is i rnfdiafn

tjjf bjr rnsnirhg. ]gn jaonhtdvns jb tgds rnsnirhg hiffnm bjr i mnshrdptdvn rnsnirhg. Bjr tgds

pirtdhufir rnsnirhg tgn miti sjurhn wis ajtg "prdliry ikm snhjkmiry miti. Dk jrmnr tj hjffnht

prdliry miti, mdrnht Dktnrvdnws wnrn hjkmuhtnm aisnm jk i qunstdjkkidrn. ]gn snhjkmiry miti

wis hjffnhtnm vdi snhjkmiry miti ikifysds. ]gn miti hjffnhtnm bjr tgn rnsnirhg

hjktidknm quifdtitdvn miti.

Bdrstfy wn vdsdtnm Mnsdeknm & Xjurhns Fdldtnm dk @irwikaizir. Un gim pnrsjkif dktnrvdnws

wdtg tgn snkdjr stibb lnlanrs. Un lnnt Lr Ljgillim Qibdquf Dsfil, Likienr, Ihhjukts.


13/38

91 | S i e n

]gnk wn vdsdtnm Npyffdjk Erjup dk ]ioeijk. Un gim Hjkvnrsitdjk wdtg tgn wjr`nrs jb tgn

hjlpiky is wnff is Ljgillim Jaymuff I`air, Xnkdjr Likienr jb tgn hjlpiky.

]gnk wn vdsdtnm _ I Ipprifns dk Ljtdognnf. Un gim Hjkvnrsitdjk wdtg tgn wjr`nrs jb tgn

hjlpiky. Lr. Ipu Aikd` gnfpnm us tj survny jur qunstdjkkidrn.

Jur fist vdsdt wis jk Gi-lnnl Erjup dk ]ioeijk. Un hjktiht wdtg Ls. Xurjvd Nisldk wgj

gnfpnm us tj hjkmuht tgn survny.

Un gim tgn pfnisurn jb wjr`dke wdtg tgn jbbdhdifs wgj mnift wdtg GQM rnfitnm littnrs ikm sj dt

wis ik jppjrtukdty bjr us tj mdrnhtfy jasnrvn tgn GQM rnfitnm bihts ikm fnirk brjl tgnl. ]gndr

rnfnktfnss suppjrt ikm hjjpnritdjk gnfpnm us i fjt dk enttdke dkbjrlitdjk iajut tgn GQ prihtdhn dk

QLE dkmustry.

1.1. Miti hjffnhtdjk lntgjm?

Dk tgds rnsnirhg ajtg prdliry ikm snhjkmiry miti irn usnm. ]gn sjurhns irn?

Srdliry sjurhns?

Snrsjkif dktnrvdnws wdtg tgn snkdjr stibb lnlanrs jb "Mnsdek & Xjurhns, _ I Ipprifns,

Gi-lnnl Erjup, Npyffdjk Erjup

Bihn tj Bihn hjkvnrsitdjk wdtg rnspnhtdvn jbbdhnrs jb tgn hjlpiky.

Srihtdhif wjr` nxpjsurns jk Gulik rnsjurhn mnpirtlnkt jb tgn hjlpiky.

Hjkvnrsitdjk wdtg tgn wjr`nrs jb tgn hjlpiky

Xnhjkmiry sjurhns?

Ikkuif rnpjrt jb " Mnsdek & Xjurhns, _ I Ipprifns, Gi-lnnl Erjup, Npyffdjk Erjup

Snrdjmdhif rnpjrts puafdsgnm ay AELNI


14/38

98 | S i e n

Mdbbnrnkt puafdhitdjks ikm wnasdtns rneirmdke QLE pjfdhdns.

Qnfnvikt bdfn stumy ikm rnsnirhg pipnrs is prjvdmnm ay tgn jbbdhnrs hjkhnrknm.

1.8. Xilpfdke?

Is miti hjffnhtdjk wis aisnm jk prdliry sjurhns tgnrn wis i rnqudrnlnkt jb rnspjkmnkts bjr

dktnrvdnwdke. ]gn tirent pjpufitdjk bjr tgn rnsnirhg wis tgn wjr`nr jb " Mnsdek & Xjurhns, _ I

Ipprifns, Gi-lnnl Erjup, Npyffdjk Erjup. Hjkvnkdnkhn silpfdke wis utdfdznm bjr silpfn

snfnhtdjk. ]gn silpfn sdzn jb wjr`nr wis >3.

1.=. Qnsnirhg Mnsdek

Qnsnirhg Mnsdek aisdhiffy tif`s iajut tgn mntidfs jb tgn stumy, Lnisurnlnkt ikm Miti Ikifysds.

Udtg iff tgds tgnrn ds jkn prjafnl stitnlnkt jb wgdhg wn irn bdkmdke sjfutdjk.

Fnt us mnshrdan nihg jkn jb tgds nfnlnkt jb Qnsnirhg Mnsdek?

9) Srjafnl Xtitnlnkt? I prjafnl stitnlnkt ds tgn lidk tgnsds stitnlnkt jk wgdhg wn wdff an

wjr`dke jk.

1) Mntidfs jb tgn stumy? ]gds hjktidks sjln sua nfnlnkt wgdhg mnshrdans iajut jur stumy.

Gnrn D il mnshrdadke tgds.

i. Surpjsn jb tgn stumy? Un givn tj li`n surn tgnrn lust an kj sdldfir rnsnirhg gis annk

mjkn dk tgds irni. Un ifsj givn tj li`n surn iajut tgds sdtuitdjk kjt luhg ds `kjwk. Un irn

mjdke tgds stumy tj anttnr hjlprngnkm tgn kiturn jb tgn prjafnl.

a. Mnsdek jb Xtumy? Un givn tj li`n surn tgit hjladkitdjk jb quiktdtitdvn ikm quifdtitdvn

miti irn ikifyznm prjpnrfy

h. Nxtnkt jb rnsnirhgnr dktnrbihn? Un wdff stumy tgn nvnkts is tgny kjrliffy jhhur


15/38

9= | S i e n

m. Xtumydke snttdke? wn wdff try jur anst tj `nnp tgn snttdke kjkhjktrdvnm

n. ^kdt jb ikifysds? wn wdff li`n surn tgn ukdts irn hfnir

b. Xilpfdke? Un wdff try tj ti`n jur silpfn ljrn ihhuritnfy sj tgit tgn prjpjrtdjk jb

prjaiadfdty hjlns ljrn kiturif.

8) ]dln gjrdzjk? Un wdff li`n surn dt ds i jkntdln miti hjffnhtdjks. Un wdff lnisurn tgn

virdiafns jb dktnrnst bjr snvnrif typns jb tnkikts ikm prjpnrty likienrs it i sdkefn pnrdjm jb tdln.

=) Lnisurnlnkt?

i. Lnisurnlnkt ikm ikifysds? wn wdff mj tgn eip ikifysds.

a. Miti hjffnhtdjk Lntgjm? Un wdff mj tgn qunstdjkkidrn dktnrvdnw bjr jur miti hjffnhtdjk.

>) Miti Ikifysds?

Un limn qunstdjkkidrn bjr ikifysds jb tgn stumy. Aisnm jk qunstdjkkidrn wn survny tj tgn

eirlnkts dkmustry. Xiln snt jb qunstdjks wnrn is nm tj iff GQ jbbdhdifs jb jur suaonht

hjlpikdns dk tgn bjrl jb snld struhturnm dktnrvdnw. Aisnm jk tgn dktnrvdnw ikswnrs hjlljk

prihtdsns ikm pnrhnptdjks wnrn dmnktdbdnm ikm rnhjrmnm. Iff tgn miti hjffnhtnm tgrjueg tgn

dktnrvdnw wnrn hjlpirnm ikm ikifyznm tj dmnktdby hjlljk GQ prihtdhns dk tgn fjhif QLE

bihtjrdns dk Aikefimnsg.


16/38

9> | S i e n

8. Qnsuft ikm bdkmdkes

8.9. Qnhrudtlnkt ikm snfnhtdjk hrdtnrdi?

Qnhrudtlnkt ikm snfnhtdjk ds i hruhdif pirt dk jvnriff GQ ihtdvdtdns (HDSM 139=).

Qnhrudtlnkt mnhdsdjks ikm GQ bjrnhistdke, gnkhn pfiy i `ny rjfn dk tgn jreikdzitdjkif

mnvnfjplnkt ikm dt ds kjt iky mdbbnrnkt bjr QLE bihtjrdns dk Aikefimnsg. Dt wis ippirnkt

brjl jur stumy tgit tgnsn mnhdsdjks wnrn ljstfy limn dk tgn prjhnss jb gjfdstdh mnhdsdjk

li`dke wgnrn i hfnir fdkn jb hjllukdhitdjk gim tj nxdst antwnnk tgn GQ likienrs, fdkn

likienrs ikm jtgnr `ny mnhdsdjk li`nrs dk tgn gdnrirhgy. ]gnsn mnhdsdjks jbtnk pjsn

hgiffnken bjr tgnl jwdke tj tgn biht tgit i fjt jb nfnlnkts gis tj an ti`nk dktj

hjksdmnritdjk. Nbbnhtdvnfy, snfnhtdjk ikm rnhrudtlnkt jb knw nlpfjynn irn kjt mjkn ay oust

`nnpdke rnpfihnlnkt jb i mnpirtdke nlpfjynn dk ldkm. Dt ds ritgnr mjkn wdtg tgn idl tj

nkrdhg i hjlpikys nxdstdke pjjf wdtg pnjpfn wgj irn hipiafn jb sgjwdke gdeg fnvnf jb wjr`

ikm mnljkstritn hjlldtlnkt, ikm tgn anttnr i hjlpiky ds iafn tj ihgdnvn tgit tgn ljrn

suhhnssbuf tgny irn dk tgn prjhnss. (Aiffiktykn, 1334 is hdtnm dk Qnns & Brnkhg 1393).

Dt wis nvdmnkt brjl tgn stumy tgit, bjffjwdke tgn stikmirm prjhnmurn, tgn rnhrudtlnkt ikm

snfnhtdjk prjhnss stirts jbb wdtg Oja ikifysdsdk iff jb tgn suaonht jreikdzitdjks. Qnsnirhg

sueensts tgit tgn anst prihtdhn ds tj li`n tgn oja ikifysds i ojdkt nbbjrt wgnrn GQ spnhdifdst,

fdkn likienrs ikm jtgnr mnhdsdjk li`nrs hik prjvdmn tgndr dkput (Mnssfnr 1393). Iff jb jur

suaonhts snnl tj an dk hjkbjrldty wdtg tgit dmni, anhiusn tgny stitnm tgit tgn rnhrudtlnkt

mnhdsdjks wnrn limn dk ajirm lnntdkes jr enknrif lnntdkes. ]gn prjhnss tgnk prjhnnms

jk tj tgn knxt stnps jkhn tgn mnhdsdjks iajut tgn `dkm jb nlpfjynns tj an rnhrudtnm irn

limn.


17/38

92 | S i e n

It Bihtjry fnvnf, tgn knxt stnp mnpnkms jk wgit `dkm jb nlpfjynn ds andke sjuegt ibtnr. Bjr

bihtjry wjr`nrs, aikknrs ikm kjtdhn ajirm imvnrtdsdke irn tgn ljst prnbnrrnm lnmdi jb

imvnrtdsnlnkts. Dk hisn jb nxnhutdvn ikm iajvn nxnhutdvn fnvnf pjsdtdjks, tgn prnbnrnkhn

ds ljstfy tjwirms jkfdkn Oja sdtns. Ugnk is`nm iajut tgndr prnbnrnkhn bjr dktnrknt is i

lnmdul jb rnhrudtlnkt, ljst rnpfdnm tgit dt gis anhjln tgn ljst hjkvnkdnkt wiy jb

ittrihtdke sudtiafn hikmdmitns is dktnrknt imvnrtdsnlnkts usuiffy mriw ittnktdjks jb Xlirt

ikm Hjlputnr fdtnritn hikmdmitns ikm dk tgn ljst tdln hjkvnkdnkt likknr.

Brjl jur stumy dt wis ippirnkt tgit gnim guktdke liy jbtnk ti`n pfihn dk tgn QLE

dkmustry. Ugnk tgny irn dk knnm jb spnhdifdznm s`dffs ikm nxpnrt `kjwfnmen, nspnhdiffy

murdke tgn sntup jb i knw ukdt dk tgn ausdknss, tgny mnpfjy gnimguktdke. Jk tgds pjdkt, wgnk

dssuns rneirmdke rnhrudtdke brjl hjlpntdtjrs hjlpiky wnrn mdshussnm, ljst jb tgn suaonhts

sueenstnm tgit dt mdm kjt pjsn i prjafnl jr hjkbfdht. Jvnriff hfnik aih`erjukm ikm wjr`

nxpnrdnkhn irn prdjrdtdznm ljrn ay tgn GQ prjbnssdjkifs.

Jk tgn dssun jb rnhjllnkmitdjks ikm rnbnrrifs, tgn GQ prjbnssdjkifs rnspjkmnm vnry

pjsdtdvnfy. Iff jb tgn suaonhts stitnm tgit tgndr jreikdsitdjks nkhjurien nlpfjynn rnbnrrifs

brjl tdln tj tdln. Burtgnrljrn, dt wis ifsj lnktdjknm, tgit dt wis nquiffy anknbdhdif bjr ajtg

nlpfjynns ikm nlpfjynr. ]gds ds jwdke tj tgn biht tgit, i pjsdtdvn rnspjksn tj tgn

nlpfjynn rnbnrrif usuiffy li`ns tgn nlpfjynns bnnf ljrn hjlldttnm wgdfn sdluftiknjusfy

ardkedke jut ejjm quifdty hikmdmitns bjr tgn GQ likienrs wdtg i ldkdlul jr kj

imvnrtdsnlnkt hjst. Is bjr rnhjllnkmitdjks, dt wis bjukm tgit tgn GQ prjbnssdjkifs utdfdsn

dt brjl tdln tj tdln. It bihtjry-wjr`nr ikm tgndr dllnmditn supnrvdsjr fnvnfs, tgn suaonhts

lnktdjknm tgit tgny jbtnk hjksdmnr hikmdmitns tgit tgn nxdstdke wjr`nrs ardke wdtg tgnl bjr

dktnrvdnw. Bjr tgn wgdtn hjffir ojas, tgn rnhjllnkmitdjks gjfm ljrn wndegt wgnk tgny irn

limn brjl pnjpfn dk tgndr kntwjr`s wgj, tgny irn dk ejjm rnfitdjksgdp wdtg. ]gds hjufm an


18/38

95 | S i e n

nx-nlpfjynns, nxdstdke nlpfjynns, prjbnssjrs ikm jtgnr pnjpfn dk tgn siln dkmustry. Ugnk

qunstdjknm iajut tgn rnfdiadfdty jb tgn nlpfjynn rnbnrrifs is i sjurhn jb rnhrudtlnkt, tgn

suaonhts rnpfdnm vnry pjsdtdvnfy. Dt wis lnktdjknm tgit sdkhn tgn hikmdmitns givn tj ej

tgrjueg burtgnr shrnnkdke prjhnmurn ikywiy, dt nksurns tgit tgn pjsdtdjk uftdlitnfy ejns tj

tgn ljst mnsnrvdke.

Dt wis iernnm ay iff tgn suaonhts tgit Hurrdhuful Rdtin (HR)stikms jut tj an jkn jb tgn

ljst dlpjrtikt tgdke dk tgn rnhrudtlnkt prjhnss. Dt hjktrdautns ernitfy tj tgn shrnnkdke

prjhnss ikm sgjrt fdstdke jk tgn bdrst rjukm irn hirrdnm jut jk tgn aisds jb tgn HRs. Iff HRs

wgdhg mj kjt lnnt tgn ldkdlul rnqudrnlnkts stitnm ay tgn oja ikifysds irn iutjlitdhiffy

nfdldkitnm.

Nlpfjylnkt tnstrnsufts irn jkn jb tgn `ny mntnrldkikts jb tgn oja. ]gn nlpfjylnkt tnst

hik an mdvdmnm dktj twj pirts? Dktnffdenkhn tnst ikm Iptdtumn tnst. ]gn bdrst pirt jb tgndr

wrdttnk nxil ds ljstfy hjlpjsnm jb snt jb qunstdjks tgit tnst jkns iptdtumn. Dt gis aisdh

litgnlitdhs, fjedhif rnisjkdke ikm Nkefdsg fikeuien tnst, wgdhg tgn nlpfjynns givn tj

hjlpfntn anbjrn ljvdke jk tj tgn knxt snhtdjk. ]gn snhjkm pirt hjktidks qunstdjks tgit irn

ljrn spnhdifdznm wgnrn nlpfjynns knnm tj ippfy tgndr ihimnldh ikm prihtdhif `kjwfnmen

rneirmdke tgn pjsdtdjk tgit tgny givn ippfdnm bjr. ]gn iptdtumn tnst rnsuft ikm tgn

dktnffdenkhn tnst rnsufts irn vifunm nquiffy, jr dk jtgnr wjrms, hikmdmitns wgj givn anttnr

rnsufts dk ajtg irn prnbnrrnm ljrn bjr tgn knxt rjukm.

Jk tgn dssun jb dktnrvdnw, iff jb jur suaonhts iernnm tgit dt hirrdns ernit wndegt dk tgn

snfnhtdjk prjhnss. ]gn dktnrvdnw piknf ljstfy hjktidks GQ jbbdhnr ikm fdkn likienrs. Jkhn

tgn hikmdmitn hjlns dk, tgn ajirm nkhjuriens gdl/gnr tj tif`, sj dk jtgnr wjrms, tgn

dktnrvdnw ds ljstfy sfiktnm tjwirms snld-struhturnm dktnrvdnw. Ipirt brjl ardkedke jut tgn


19/38

97 | S i e n

hikmdmitns prnvdjus nxpnrdnkhn, sjlntdlns sjln qunstdjks is`nm irn shnkirdj aisnm tj

burtgnr tnst tgn hikmdmitns hjlpntnkhy.

Nlpfjynn snfnhtdjk gis tj an limn `nnpdke gniftg jr lnmdhif hjkmdtdjk dk ldkm tjj.

Ugdfn hikmdmitns ippfydke bjr wgdtn hjffir ojas irn ljstfy is`nm tj bdff jut i bjrl tj mdshfjsn

iky spnhdbdh gniftg hjkhnrks, tgn bihtjry wjr`nrs irn rnqunstnm tj ti`n ik ippjdktlnkt wdtg

tgn jreikdzitdjkif pgysdhdik. Bihtjry wjr`nrs usuiffy ej tgrjueg i vnry stikmirm lnmdhif

hgnh`up rneirmdke gndegt, wndegt, afjjm prnssurn dk jrmnr tj bdkm jut iky dkhjlpntnkhn tgit

tgn hikmdmitn ldegt givn.

Jvnriff, dt wis stitnm tgit tgn rnhrudtlnkt prjhnss gis annk mnvdsnm dk i wiy sj tgit tgn

anst jb tgn hikmdmitns irn ittrihtnm ikm snfnhtnm. Ugdfn jreikdzitdjks givn annk bjhusdke

dkhrnisdkefy jk hilpus rnhrudtlnkts dk rnhnkt ynirs, jur suaonht jreikdsitdjks stitnm tgit

tgny wnrn kjt fjj`dke dk tj dt prnsnktfy. Gjwnvnr, sjln jb tgnl mdshussnm tgit tgny wjufm

fd`n tj dkhfumn dt dk tgn buturn.

8.1. ]ridkdke & Mnvnfjplnkt Hrdtnrdi?

Un bjukm tgit dk iff bjur hjlpikdns, anbjrn knw ojdknrs stirt tgndr wjr` tgny irn edvnk i sliff

ardnb iajut wgit wn irn nxpnhtdke brjl tgnl. Ibtnr tgit tgn hjlpiky ties tgnl wdtg jkn jb tgndr

nxpnrdnkhnm wjr`nr. ]gjsn nxpnrdnkhnm wjr`nrs sgjw tgn knw ojdknrs gjw tgn systnl ds

wjr`dke, tgds ds gjw tgny edvn knw ojdknrs jk-tgn-oja tridkdke. Liky bihdfdtdns gis i kdhn fdariry

wgdhg ds buff jb ajj`s hjktidkdke `kjwfnmen iajut eirlnkt dkmustry. Iky wjr`nr hik ej tgnrn

ikm rnim is luhg is tgny wikt. ]gny ifsj givn i iumdj vdsuif snhtdjk. ]gnrn tgny givn vdmnj jb

nvnry tridkdke snssdjk. Db iky wjr`nr wikts tj rnvdsdt iky tridkdke snssdjk tgny hik ej tgnrn ikm

withg tgn snssdjk vdmnjs. Hjlpikdns ifsj suppfy tgjsn tridkdke litnrdifs is girm hjpy, sj tgit

tgny hik ti`n tgjsn dk gjln, ikm rnim iajut eirlnkts dkmustry. Iff tgn hjlpiky bjukm tgit


20/38

94 | S i e n

hfissrjjl fnhturns mjns kjt wjr` jk pnjpfn jb tgndr hjlpiky. ]gny fd`n tj mj dt is tgny ej. ]gny

rniffy fd`n tgn jk tgn oja tridkdke prjeril. ]gny bnnf hfissrjjl fnhturn ds bjr shgjjf ejdke `dms,

tgny iff irn imufts kjw. Xj tgny rniffy bnnf tgny knnm i sliff ardnb ikm jk tgn oja tridkdke. Jk tgn

quirtnr aisds tgny gjfm i hjkbnrnkhn bjr tgndr wjr`nrs. ]gny gdrn spnhdifdsts tj fnhturn dk tgit

hjkbnrnkhn. ]gndr wjr`nr eidks luhg `kjwfnmen brjl tgjsn hjkbnrnkhns. ]gny givn ik iumdj

vdsuif snhtdjk. ]gnrn tgny givn vdmnj jb nvnry tridkdke snssdjk. Db iky wjr`nr wikts tj rnvdsdt iky

tridkdke snssdjk tgny hik ej tgnrn ikm withg tgn snssdjksvdmnj. Dk nvnry ljktg, tgny givn jkn

sdlufitdjk nxnrhdsn. ]gny rike tgn bdrn ifirl, ikm nvnryjkn fnivns tgn wjr`stitdjk ikm fnbt tgn

audfmdke tgrjueg tgn bdrn nxdt stidrhisns. ]gny li`n surn kj wjr`nr wis gurt dk tgds sdtuitdjk.

Ibtnr tgit tgn iutgjrdty tjfm tgnl dt wis i sdlufitdjk nxnrhdsn. Ibtnr tgny bnnf hjlbjrtiafn tgnk

tgn iutgjrdty tjfm tgnl tgny knnm tj mj tgds prjpnrfy db ik ihtuif bdrn tjj` pfihn. Un bjukm tgn

iutgjrdty tie sjln knw ojdknrs wdtg ik nxpnrdnkhnm wjr`nr. tgn nxpnrdnkhnm wjr`nr edvns tgnl

tgn tridkdke wdtgjut hjlprjldsdke prjmuhtdjk spnnm jr quifdty. Iff tgn hjlpikdns givn sjln

sdfvnr rufns tgndr nlpfjynns hik knvnr arni`. ]git ds wgy tgny edvn tridknns sjln prjerillnm

dkstruhtdjks. ]gndr tridknn mjns iff tgn mnpirtlnktsoja ay rjtitdjk0 bjr nxilpfn, tgny hjukt tgrnn

ljktg is tridkdke pnrdjm. Nvnry twj wnn`s tgny givn tj ljvn brjl i mnpirtlnkt tj ikjtgnr

mnpirtlnkt. Dk tgds wiy, oja rjtitdjk gis annk usnm is i tridkdke & mnvnfjplnkt tjjf dk tgndr

jreikdzitdjk. Dk tgndr hjlpiky tgnrn ds kj rjfn pfiydke nxnrhdsns.

8.8. Srjljtdjk Hrdtnrdi?

Dk tgndr hjlpiky, tgny ifwiys try tj prjljtn tgn pnrsjk, wgj eivn tgndr hjlpiky fjke tnrl

snrvdhn. Gjwnvnr, tgnrn irn sjln nxhnptdjkif hisns. I vnry bnw tdln tgny prjljtn i pnrsjk wgj

gis fnss fnketg jb snrvdhn, aut tgit pnrsjk gis anttnr s`dff-snt tgik tgn jtgnr hikmdmitns. Dk tgit

sdtuitdjk, tgny prjljtn tgn pnrsjk wdtg fnss fnketg jb snrvdhn. ]gjueg tgny ifwiys prjljtn tgn


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13 | S i e n

pnrsjk wdtg fjkenr pnrdjm jb tdln jr i spnhdif s`dff-snt0 rnhjllnkmitdjk ay mdrnht supnrvdsjr ejt

tgn tgdrm prdjrdty. Dt ds dlpjrtikt, aut kjt tgit luhg dlpjrtikt tj givn ik dlpiht jk prjljtdjk

mnhdsdjk. ]gndr hjlpiky ds strjkefy suppjrt lnrdt aisnm prjljtdjk systnl. Db i wjr`nr hik sgjw

spnhdif s`dff jk sjlntgdke, tgny wdff mnbdkdtnfy hjukt tgit spnhdif s`dff jb tgit pnrsjk. Ugnk dt

hjlns tj prjljtdjk, ikm is tgny mj prjljtn pnjpfn wgj snrvn tgndr hjlpiky bjr fjke tnrl

aisds, dt ds i wjr`nrs anst hgikhn tj jvnrhjln tgjsn nxpnrdnkhnm wjr`nrs ikm ent i prjljtdjk.

Lnrdt Aisnm prjljtdjk ds prnbnrrnm ay nvnry jreikdzitdjk wn wnkt. ]gny ifwiys fjj` bjr i

pnjpfn wgj givn rdegt ittdtumn ikm vifun. Db tgny gdrn jr prjljtn i pnrsjk wgj gis aim ittdtumn

ikm vifuns0 dt wdff givn aim dkbfunkhn jk tgndr hjlpiky. ]git ds wgy dt ds dlpjrtikt tgit

wgnknvnr tgny irn prjljtdke, tgny irn prjljtdke i pjfdtn pnrsjk. @kjwfnmen ikm s`dffs ds

nvifuitnm ay tgn ldsti`ns tgn nlpfjynns limn dk nvnry jreikdzitdjk wn wnkt. ]gn fnss ik

nlpfjynn limn i ldsti`n, tgn ljrn s`dffnm gn jr sgn ds. Qnhjrm jb tridkdke mjns kjt givn iky

dlpiht jk prjljtdke mnhdsdjks dk iky jreikdzitdjk wn wnkt. dt ds iff iajut i ejjm pnrbjrlnr wgj

pnrbjrlnm rniffy wnff wgdfn mjdke tgn ihtuif oja. I supnrvdsjr hjkmuht pnrbjrlikhn aisnm

ippridsif ibtnr i hnrtidk iljukt jb tdln, dk tgjsn hjlpiky dt ds ibtnr nvnry = ljktgs i supnrvdsjr

mjns tgds. I supnrvdsjr sdts wdtg nvnry nlpfjynn ikm mdshussns wdtg tgnl iff tgn dssuns. ]gnk gn

put gds bdkmdkes jk tgn pnrbjrlikhn aisnm ippridsif pipnr. Dk tgndr hjlpiky pnrdjmdh

pnrbjrlikhn nvifuitdjk gis dlpiht jk prjljtdke ik nlpfjynn. Ugnk tgny irn prjljtdke ik

nlpfjynn, tgny ifwiys lnisurn gjw luhg gn ds hjktrdautdke tj tgn hjlpiky. Ugdfn tgny irn

prjljtdke ik nlpfjynn, pirty lnlanrsgdp mjns kjt ibbnht iky nvifuitdjk mnhdsdjks dk tgndr

hjlpiky. Iff tgjsn hjlpikdns irn hjlpfntnfy pjfdtdhs fnss hjlpiky.


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19 | S i e n

8.=. Snrbjrlikhn Ippridsif Hrdtnrdi

Jut jb tgn bjur fjhif eirlnkts bihtjry tgit wnvn vdsdtnm bjffjws ljrn jr fnss tgn siln

pnrbjrlikhn ippridsif systnls.

Bjr tgn nssiy ippridsif systnlwnvn bjukm tgit iff jb tgn eirlnkts bihnm mdbbdhuftdns usdke dt is

ljst jb tgn nlpfjynns irn ukmnr nmuhitnm. ]gny givn ifsj bihnm mdbbdhuftdns usdke tgds tnhgkdqun

bjr tgn nmuhitnm nlpfjynns is Likienrs mj kjt ti`n tgds lntgjm sdkhnrnfy ikm Dksubbdhdnkt try

brjl iff dkvjfvnm.

Jut jb tgn bjur eirlnkts tgn ljst hjlljk

hjlpjknkts pnrbjrlikhn ippridsif systnl irn

]dlnfy Qnvdnws & Bnnmaih`, pfikkdke, mnvnfjpdke

eudmnfdkn ikm snttdke up tgn ejifs.

Xurprdsdkefy tgn lidk jaonhtdvns jb iff tgn bjur

eirlnkts hjlpikdns irn siln. ]gn lidk jaonhtdvn

jb pnrbjrlikhn ippridsifs ds tj lnisurn ikm

dlprjvn tgn pnrbjrlikhn jb nlpfjynns ikm dkhrnisn tgndr buturn pjtnktdif ikm vifun tj tgn

hjlpiky. Jtgnr jaonhtdvns dkhfumn prjvdmdke bnnmaih`, dlprjvdke hjllukdhitdjk,

ukmnrstikmdke tridkdke knnms, hfirdbydke rjfns ikm rnspjksdadfdtdns ikm mntnrldkdke gjw tj

iffjhitn rnwirms. Iff tgnsn irn tj lnnt tgn jreikdzitdjkif ejifs.

Iljke tgn bjur hjlpikdns, tgrnn hjlpikys trimdtdjkif pnrbjrlikhn ippridsif systnl givn

bidfnm aut iff bjur hjlpikdns ents hjkbfdhtdke rnsufts anhiusn likiens sjlntdlns fih`s s`dff dk

prjvdmdke bnnmaih` ikm jbtnk prjvj`ns i mnbnksdvn rnspjksn brjl tgn nlpfjynn, wgj liy

oustdbdiafy bnnf gn ds ukmnr ittih`. Hjksnqunktfy, likienrs ivjdm edvdke gjknst bnnmaih` wgdhg


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11 | S i e n

mnbnits tgn purpjsn jb tgn pnrbjrlikhn ippridsif. Bjr tgnsn rnisjks tgny tgdk` "Angivdjrif

ikhgjrnm ritdke shifn (AIQX)" ldegt tj jvnrhjln tgds prjafnl is dt ds angivdjriffy aisnm,

nisy tj usn, buffy nqudtiafn, dkmdvdmuifdznm ikm ihtdjk-jrdnktnm aisnm systnl.

]grnn jut jb bjur snfnhtnm eirlnkt hjlpiky gis bjffjwdke tgn ljmnrk ikm nbbnhtdvn 823 mnernn

pnrbjrlikhn ippridsif systnl anhiusn dt gnfp tj mnsdek nbbnhtdvn tridkdke ikm mnvnfjplnkt

prjerils tgit dkhrnisn tgn hjlpikys jvnriff pnrbjrlikhn ikm prjmuhtdvdty. Dt edvns nlpfjynns

i arjim vdnw jb tgndr pnrbjrlikhn brjl i riken jb sjurhns ikm ik jppjrtukdty tj dmnktdby

strnketgs ikm wni`knssns.

Iff bjur snfnhtnm eirlnkt hjlpiky bjffjw tgn Bjrhnm Hgjdhn Qitdkelntgjm bjr snfnhtdke jr

rnhrudtdke knw nlpfjynns ikm tgny bjffjw dt tj dmnktdby tgn ihtdvdtdns tgn hikmdmitn prnbnrs tj

bjhus, wgntgnr jr kjt tgn hikmdmitns strjkenst tnhgkdhif s`dffs ikm `kjwfnmen irnis lithg tgn

oja rnqudrnlnkts. ]j dmnktdby wgntgnr tgn hikmdmitn prnbnrs tj wjr` dk i rjfn wgnrn tgny irn

dsjfitnm ikm dkbfunkhn mnhdsdjks sjfnfy jr is pirt jb i firenr hjksnksus. Ikm bdkiffy tj dmnktdby it

wgit likienlnkt styfn, tgny irn tgn ljst prjmuhtdvn.

Srihtdhiffy dts kjt pjssdafn tj bjffjw Hrdtdhif Dkhdmnkt Ippridsif tnhgkdqun dk Aikefimnsgd

Eirlnkt Dkmustrdns is tgn kulanr jb enknrif wjr`nr irn vnry gdeg ikm dt rnsufts dk vnry hfjsn

supnrvdsdjk wgdhg liy kjt an fd`nm ay tgn nlpfjynn.

Eripgdh Qitdke Xhifns

Hjlpiky Kiln Dkdtditnm ay Hjkmuhtnm ay ]dln BrilnNpyffdjk Erjup GQ Mnpirtlnkt Likienrs Ibtnr nvnry ]grnn Ljktgs

XGi-Lnnl Erjup GQ & Imldk Mnpirtlnkt GQ Mnpirtlnkt Ibtnr nvnry Xdx Ljktgs

_I IppirnfsGnim jb tgn QnspnhtdvnMnpirtlnkt

Gnim jb tgnMnpirtlnkt Tnirfy

Mnsdek & XjurhnFtm. GQ Mnpirtlnkt & Likiens Likienrs Tnirfy

]iafn? 35


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18 | S i e n

Ikkuif Hjkbdmnktdif Qnpjrt (IHQ)

Hjlpiky

Kiln Nvifuitdjk Snrdjm Bjrlit jb tgn Sjdkt Xhifn

NpyffdjkErjup

39stOikuiry tj 89stMnhnlanr ? Bjr Ujr`nrs39stOufy tj 83tgOukn ? Bjr

Nlpfjynns ikm jtgnr Ujr`nr

Kulnrdh Sjdkt Xhifn bjr EnknrifUjr`nr.

Ajtg Kulnrdh ikm Yuifdtitdvn SjdktXhifn bjr Iff jtgnr Nlpfjynns.

XGi-LnnlErjup

39stOikuiry tj 89stMnhnlanr ? Bjr IffUjr`nrs

Ajtg Kulnrdh ikm Yuifdtitdvn SjdktXhifn bjr Iff Nlpfjynns

_I Ippirnfs39stOikuiry tj 89stMnhnlanr ? Bjr IffNlpfjynns

Yuifdtitdvn Sjdkt Xhifn bjr IffNlpfjynns

Mnsdek &Xjurhn Ftm.

39stOufy tj 83tgOukn ? Bjr IffNlpfjynns


]iafn? 37

Jut jb bjur tgrnn jb tgn snfnhtnm hjlpiky mjnskt bjffjw tgn Likienlnkt ay Jaonhtdvn

(LAJ) systnl anhiusn is dk tgn fjhif eirlnkt dkmustry, tgn likienlnkt gis fdttfn trust jk dts

enknrif wjr`nrs is wnff is jk dts jtgnr nlpfjynns. ]gds ds tgn rnisjk wgy likienlnkt li`ns

mnhdsdjks iutjhritdhiffy ikm rnfdns gnivdfy jk nxtnrkif hjktrjfs tj mdrnht nlpfjynn angivdjr. ]gn

iljukt jb tdln knnmnm tj dlpfnlnkt ikm lidktidk ik LAJ prjhnss liy ifsj hiusn prjafnls is

ljst jb tgn nlpfjynns givn vnry fdttfn nmuhitdjk. Ikm jkfy jkn hjlpiky bjffjws tgds systnl bjr

tgndr tjp fnvnf jb nlpfjynns.

8.>. Anknbdt & Xnrvdhn Hrdtnrdi?

]gn ejif jb GQL ds tj nkgikhn tgn prjmuhtdvdty jb ik jreikdzitdjk ay jptdldzdke tgn

nbbnhtdvnknss jb dts nlpfjynns wgdfn dlprjvdke tgn wjr` fdbn jb nlpfjynns ikm trnitdke

nlpfjynns is vifuiafn rnsjurhns.

Jut jb tgn bjur fjhif eirlnkts bihtjry tgit wnvn vdsdtnm irn bjffjwdke ljrn jr fnss siln anknbdtikm snrvdhn pih`iens.


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1= | S i e n

Ljst jb tgn eirlnkts mj kjt givn ittrihtdke anknbdt ikm snrvdhn pih`iens. Nlpfjynn tgjsn wgj

irn wjr`dke dk jbbdhn givn sjln sjrt jb ittrihtdke anknbdt ikm snrvdhn pih`iens. Aut tgjsn wgj

irn wjr` dk bihtjry tgny mj kjt givn tgn bihdfdty.

Is wn `kjw liojr hitnejrdns jb anknbdts likienm ay GQL likienrs irn? nlpfjynn snrvdhns,

suhg is purhgisdke pfiks, rnhrnitdjkif ihtdvdtdns, ikm fneif snrvdhns0 vihitdjks, gjfdmiys, ikm

jtgnr iffjwnm iasnkhns0 ikm dksurikhn, rntdrnlnkt, ikm gniftg anknbdts. ]j suhhnssbuffy

imldkdstnr i anknbdts prjeril, GQL prjbnssdjkifs knnm tj ukmnrstikm tix dkhnktdvns, rntdrnlnkt

dkvnstlnkt pfiks, ikm purhgisdke pjwnr mnrdvnm brjl i firen aisn jb nlpfjynns. Eirlnkts

likienrs dk Aikefimnsg mj kjt givn hfnir dmni iajut dt is wnff is jwknrs mj kjt wikt tj ippfy

tgnsn sjrts jb snrvdhns.

]iafn 34? Xnrvdhn prjvdmnm tj nlpfjynn dk eirlnkts dkmustrdns?

Xnrvdhns Srjvdmnm Kjt Srjvdmnm

Gjusn rnkt iffjwikhn

Lnmdhif Iffjwikhn

Ajkusns

Sidm fnivns

Xdh` fnivn

Litnrkdty fnivn

Sitnrkdty fnivn

Lirrdien fnivn

Ikkuif fnivn

Bihdfdty jb sgjrt-tnrl mdsiadfdty

Hjkvnyikhn Iffjwikhn

Nktnrtidklnkt Iffjwikhn


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1> | S i e n

Qnhrnitdjk Iffjwikhn

Hgdfmrnks nmuhitdjk bihdfdty

Gjln Burkdsgdke Iffjwikhn

Nfnhtrdhdty ikm eis nxpnksn

Bihdfdty jb fjke-tnrl mdsiadfdty

Dksurikhn bihdfdty

Xibnty ikm gniftg dssun

]gn eirlnkts bihtjry wn vdsdtnm tgny givn Gjusn rnkt iffjwikhn wgdhg ds 13%-=3% jb aisdh

sifiry, Lnmdhif Iffjwikhn wgdhg ds 13%-83% jb aisdh sifiry, sjln tnfnpgjkn iffjwikhns jkfy

bjr nxnhutdvns jkfy, 1 bnstdvif ajkusns, immdtdjkif 1-8 pnrbjrlikhn/prjbdt ajkusns, >-93 pidm

fnivns, sdh` fnivn, litnrkdty fnivn, pitnrkdty fnivn, lirrdien fnivn, ikkuif fnivn, bihdfdty jb

sgjrt-tnrl mdsiadfdty.

Ljst jb tgn jreikdzitdjk mjns kjt givn Hjkvnyikhn Iffjwikhn, Nktnrtidklnkt Iffjwikhn,

Qnhrnitdjk Iffjwikhn, Hgdfmrnks nmuhitdjk bihdfdty, Gjln Burkdsgdke Iffjwikhn, nfnhtrdhdty

ikm eis nxpnksn, bihdfdty jb fjke-tnrl mdsiadfdty, dksurikhn bihdfdty, sibnty ikm gniftg dssun.

8.2. Hjlpnksitdjk Hrdtnrdi?

Eirlnkts dkmustrdns dk Aikefimnsg givn snvnrif hjlpnksitdjk hrdtnrdi. Ibtnr ojdkdke nlpfjynn

hjlpnksitdjk wdff buffy mnpnkmnkt jk nlpfjynn pnrbjrlikhns. Ljst jb tgn hjlpiky bjffjws

s`dff-aisnm piylnkt pjfdhy. Anhiusn db iky nlpfjynn ds vnry luhg nbbdhdnkt, gds dkhrnlnkt wdff

an ljrn tgik tgn jtgnr dknbbdhdnkt nlpfjynn.

Ejjmwdff jb tgn hjlpiky ds ikjtgnr biht jb nlpfjynn mdbbnrnkt hjlpnksitdjk. Fd`n wn vdsdtnm

Mnsdek & Xjurhns Fdldtnm ikm _ I ipprifns Fdldtnm is anhiusn Mnsdek & Xjurhns Fdldtnm ds


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12 | S i e n

ljrn pjpufir tgik _ I ipprifns Fdldtnm sj tgn siln mnsdekitnm nlpfjynn ent ljrn sifiry tgik

tgn jtgnrs. Is wnff is Npyffdjk Erjups nlpfjynn ent ljrn sifiry tgik Gi-lnnl erjup.

Dkmustrdns mdm kjt sgirn tgn piy struhturn jb tgn hjlpiky. tgny edvn us tgn vnry ardnb dmni fd`n tgn

sifiry jb tgn wjr`nr stirts brjl 7333 ikm tgn sifiry jb tgn wjr`nr stirts brjl 93,333-9>,333.

=. Qnhjllnkmitdjks

Iftgjueg tgn GQ ihtdvdtdns jb eirlnkts dkmustrdns ds mjdke i ernit oja it tgn prnsnkt, aut tgnrn ds

pjssdadfdty tj dlprjvn mnvnfjplnkt ajtg dktnrkiffy ikm nxtnrkiffy. ]j strnilfdkn ikm strnketgnk

tgn jvnriff ihtdvdtdns jb tgn bihtjry tgn bjffjwdke irnis givn annk dmnktdbdnm?

i. Qnhrudtdke ljrn GQ pnrsjkknf

Hurrnktfy tgn hjlpiky gis ivnrien >-2 GQ nlpfjynns. Is dk tgds hjlpiky tgnrn ds i guen knnm

jb GQ tgnk tgnrn sgjufm an ljrn GQ pnrsjkknf gdrnm dk jrmnr tj li`n tgn GQ tnil ljrn

strjkenr ikm sj tgit tgn nlpfjynns hik an gikmfnm bjr sljjtgfy ikm iff tgn jpnritdjks dk tgn

hjlpiky bukhtdjks prjpnrfy.

a. Srjvdmdke ljrn bihdfdtdns tj dkhrnisn oja sitdsbihtdjk

Ljrn bihdfdtdns sgjufm an edvnk dk jrmnr tj dkhrnisn tgn oja sitdsbihtdjk dk tgn hjlpiky. Dt ds i

biht tgit db tgn nlpfjynns irn gippy tgnk tgny wdff bnnf ljrn ljtdvitnm tjwirms wjr` ikm tgus

dkhrnisn tgn prjmuhtdvdty dk tgn fjke ruk. Liky bihdfdtdns hik an prjvdmnm tj tgn fiajrs suhg is

gniftg anknbdts, jhhisdjkif irrikenlnkts murdke bnstdvifs, idr hjkmdtdjkdke, gniftghirn ikm ljrn

dlpjrtiktfy miy hirn hnktnrs bjr tgn bnlifn nlpfjynns wgj givn hgdfmrnk. ]gn Qnpjrtdke

Jbbdhnrs lust an ljrn hjjpnritdvn, hjrmdif ikm brdnkmfy tj GQ mnpirtlnkt.


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15 | S i e n

h. ]gn GQ sgjufm ljkdtjr tgn fdkn likienrs prjpnrfy.

Ihhjrmdke tj jur jasnrvitdjk wn givn bjukm jut tgit jkn jb tgn lidk rnisjks jb tgn nlpfjynn

turkjvnr ds anhiusn jb tgn fdkn likienrs. ]gn fdkn likienrs li`n tgnl ej tgrjueg i fjt jb

gissfn. Xj GQ knnms tj ljkdtjr tgn fdkn likienr.

m. Dktrjmuhn snrvdhn nlpfjynn hirnnr mnvnfjplnkt

It bdrst, tgn nlpfjynns rnqudrnlnkts ikm knnms sgjufm an bufbdffnm ikm tgnk tgny hik anhjln

iwirn jb tgndr hustjlnrs knnms. Un fnirk brjl tgds tgit dt wdff rnmuhn nlpfjynn turkjvnr ikm

hik hjktrdautn tj dkhrnisnm hustjlnr sitdsbihtdjk. ]gnrn irn liky erimuitns dk Aikefimnsg wgj

gis i ejjm prjbnssdjkif mnernn aut anhiusn jb prjpnr hirnnr mnvnfjplnkt tgny mjkt wikt tj ejbjr eirlnkts dkmustrdns. Xj db eirlnkts dkmustrdns prjvdmn jppjrtukdty bjr dkmdvdmuifs ajtg

eirlnkts dkmustrdns ikm dkmdvdmuifs wdff an anknbdtnm.

n. Hjllukdhitdjk s`dff knnms tj dlprjvn?

Hjllukdhitdjk s`dffs jb nvnry nlpfjynn knnm tj dlprjvn. Anhiusn nlpfjynn bihns

hjllukdhitdjk prjafnls wgdfn hjllukdhitn tj tgn gdnrirhgy.

>. Fdldtitdjks jb tgn stumy?

Xjln fdldtitdjks wnrn bihnm wgdfn hjkmuhtdke tgn stumy, iljke wgdhg ds li`dke tnxtajj`

`kjwfnmen hjlpitdafn wdtg rnif fdbn shnkirdj wgdfn tif`dke tj tgn jreikdzitdjk, wgdhg wis

sjlntdlns mdsippjdktdke. ]gds ifsj prjvnm tj an i fdldtitdjk. ]gnsn fdldtitdjks wnrn?-

Mun tj fdldtitdjk jb tdln ikm rnsjurhn tgn silpfn sdzn jb stumy wis fdldtnm.

Enttdke rnfnvikt pipnrs ikm mjhulnkts wnrn strdhtfy prjgdadtnm.

]gn gulik rnsjurhns mnpirtlnkt wis rnfuhtikt tj prjvdmn dkbjrlitdjk anhiusn jb

hjkbdmnktdifdty.


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17 | S i e n

Dk liky hisns tgn fitnst dkbjrlitdjk wis kjt ividfiafn.

Jwdke tj tdln ikm mdstikhn hjkstridkt, bihtjrdns jb jutsdmn Mgi`i ikm jtgnr mdstikt pfihns

hjufm kjt an hjvnrnm.

Dksdmn tgn eirlnkt bihtjry, wjr`nrs irn vnry rnsnrvn tj ikswnr tgn qunstdjks

2. Hjkhfusdjk

Dt ds ippirnkt brjl jur stumy tgit tgn GQ prihtdhns prnsnkt dk tgn fjhif QLE bihtjrdns irn qudtn

sdldfir. ]gn hurrnkt bjhus dk jur nktdrn suaonht jreikdzitdjks wnrn tjwirms li`dke i stikmirm

brilnwjr` tgit wjufm nkiafn tgnl tj immrnss iky pnjpfn rnfitnm dssuns dk tgndr jreikdzitdjks. Dt

hik gnkhn an sidm, tgit tgn fjhif QLE bihtjrdns gim annk imiptdvn tj hgikens ikm erimuiffy tgny

irn ljmdbydke tgndr GQ prihtdhns wdtg tdln dk jrmnr tj rnlidk hjlpntdtdvn dk tgn lir`nt. Dk jur

stumy, dt wis jasnrvnm tgit tgn GQ jbbdhdifs irn ljrn dkhfdknm tj andke prjihtdvn iajut tgn

prjafnls ikm tgny sgjwnm ik ittdtumn wgnrn tgny snnlnm tj an jpnk tjwirms knw dmnis.

Gjwnvnr, tgn `ny hjkhnrks rnlidks dk tgn biht tgit tgn GQL struhturn dk jur suaonht

jreikdzitdjks wnrn qudtn rdedm, ikm gnkhn, tgn hgikens hjufm kjt an nxpnhtnm it i bist pihn.


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14 | S i e n

Qnbnrnkhn?

Iasir, Ldr Ljgillim Kuruf, Ljgillim ]igfdfIzdl, KdlifitgisikAifisukmiril, ikm Ximdi I`gtnr (1393).

"Dlpiht jb Gulik Qnsjurhns Srihtdhns jk Oja Xitdsbihtdjk? Nvdmnkhn brjl Likubihturdke Bdrls dk

Aikefimnsg." Dlpiht jb G ulik Qnsjurhns Srihtdhns jk Oja Xitdsbihtdjk? Nvdmnkhn br jl Likubihturdke Bdrls

dk AikefimnsgFWDD.1? 89-=1. Una.

AELNI (139=, Liy 9=). ]rimn Dkbjrlitdjk. Qntrdnvnm brjl

gttp?//aelni.hjl.am/gjln/piens/]rimnDkbjrlitdjk#.^-4OMblXyXp

HDSM (139=). "Qnhrudtlnkt? Ik Jvnrvdnw." Bihtsgnnts. Hgirtnrnm Dkstdtutn jb Snrsjkknf ikm Mnvnfjplnkt.

Una. 39 Iue. 139=. Qntrdnvnm brjl 6gttp?//www.hdpm.hj.u`/gr-rnsjurhns/bihtsgnnts/rnhrudtlnkt-

jvnrvdnw.ispx;

HDSM (1398)."Xtritnedh Gulik Qnsjurhn Likienlnkt." Bihtsgnnts. Hgirtnrnm Dkstdtutn jb Snrsjkknf ikm

Mnvnfjplnkt, Oufy 1398. Una. 3> Iue. 139=.

NSA (139=).Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu, Aikefimnsg. Qntrdnvnm brjlgttp?//www.npa.ejv.am/dkmnx.pgp

Gumi, @izd Kizluf, Qnziuf @irdl, ikm Bnrmjus Iglnm (1335). "Srihtdhns jb Xtritnedh Gulik Qnsjurhn

Mnvnfjplnkt dk QLE Xnhtjr jb Aikefimnsg? Ik Nlpdrdhif Xtumy? 1335." D ktnrkitdjkif Ausdknss Likienlnkt

9-2. Una.

Guegns, Oufdi Hgrdstnksnk, ikm Nvnfdki Qje(1337). "]ifnkt Likienlnkt? I Xtritney bjr Dlprjvdke Nlpfjynn

Qnhrudtlnkt, Qntnktdjk ikm Nkeienlnkt wdtgdk Gjspdtifdty VJreikdzitdjks." D ktnrkitdjkif Ojurkif jb

Hjktnlpjriry Gjspdtifd ty L ikienlnkt13.5? 5=8->5. Una.
http://bgmea.com.bd/home/pages/TradeInformation#.U-9JDfmSySphttp://bgmea.com.bd/home/pages/TradeInformation#.U-9JDfmSySphttp://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/recruitment-overview.aspxhttp://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/recruitment-overview.aspxhttp://www.epb.gov.bd/index.phphttp://www.epb.gov.bd/index.phphttp://www.epb.gov.bd/index.phphttp://www.epb.gov.bd/index.phphttp://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/recruitment-overview.aspxhttp://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/recruitment-overview.aspxhttp://bgmea.com.bd/home/pages/TradeInformation#.U-9JDfmSySp


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83 | S i e n

Ljtn, M. (139=) Gulik Qnsjurhn Likienlnkt (GQL). Qntrdnvnm brjl

gttp?//www.rnbnrnkhnbjrausdknss.hjl/nkhyhfjpnmdi/Ejv-Dkh/Gulik-Qnsjurhn-Likienlnkt-

GQL.gtlf#dxzz8IUWE48Aw

Jvd, Darigdl Gjssidk (1398). "Knw Uiens ]rdeenr QLE Ojas it Xti`n." Mgiì ]r daukn.K.p., 11 Mnh. 1398. Una. 8

Iue. 139=.

Qnns,E., & Brnkhg,Q (1393). Fnimdke, Likiedke ikm Mnvnfjpdke Snjpfn? Qnhrudtlnkt ikm Xnfnhtdjk. 924-943.

HDSM 1393. Qntrdnvnm brjl?6gttp?//www.hdpm.hj.u`/KQ/rmjkfyrns/39B4>27>-52H4-=H42-A149-

8M>HM=MN9AN>/3/45797=8471>54Zsh.pmb;.

Qiglik, Lm Irdbur, ikm Ldr Xjgria Gjssidk (1391). "Hjlpfdikhn Srihtdhns dk Eirlnkt Dkmustrdns dk Mgiì

Hdty." Ojurkif jb Ausdknss ikm ]nhgkjfjey (Mgiì)>.1? k. pie. Una.
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Human-Resource-Management-HRM.html#ixzz3AWXG93Bwhttp://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Human-Resource-Management-HRM.html#ixzz3AWXG93Bwhttp://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Human-Resource-Management-HRM.html#ixzz3AWXG93Bwhttp://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Human-Resource-Management-HRM.html#ixzz3AWXG93Bwhttp://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Human-Resource-Management-HRM.html#ixzz3AWXG93Bw


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89 | S i e n

]iafn Fdst?

]iafn 9? Dlpjrtikt dssuns rnfitnm tj tgn Aikefimnsg rnimy-limn eirlnkt dkmustry

]iafn 31?


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81 | S i e n

]iafn 38? HJLSIQI]DRN X]I]NLNK] JK NWSJQ] JB QLE IKM ]J]IF NWSJQ] JB

AIKEFIMNXG

TNIQ

NWSJQ] JB

QLE

(DK LDFFDJK

^X$)

]J]IF

NWSJQ] JB

AIKEFIMNXG

(DK LDFFDJK^X$)

% JB QLEX ]J

]J]IF NWSJQ]

9478-7= 89.>5 799.33 8.74947=-7> 992.1 48=.=8 91.==947>-72 989.=7 794.19 92.3>9472-75 147.25 9352.29 15.5=9475-77 =88.41 9189.1 8>.1=9477-74 =59.34 9149.>2 82.=59474-43 21=.92 9418.53 81.=>9443-49 722.71 9595.>> >3.=59449-41 9971.>5 9448.43 >4.899441-48 9==>.31 1871.74 23.2=

9448-4= 9>>>.54 1>88.43 29.=3944=-4> 1117.8> 8=51.>2 2=.95944>-42 1>=5.98 8771.=1 2>.299442-45 8339.1> ==97.17 25.489445-47 8579.4= >929.13 58.179447-44 =394.47 >891.72 5>.259444-33 =8=4.=9 >5>1.13 5>.291333-39 =7>4.78 2=25.83 5>.9=1339-31 =>78.5> >472.34 52.>51331-38 =491.34 2>=7.== 5>.391338-3= >272.34 5231.44 5=.54133=-3>

2=95.25

72>=.>1

5=.9>

133>-32 5433.73 93>12.92 5>.321332-35 4199.18 91955.72 5>.2=1335-37 93244.73 9=993.73 5>.781337-34 918=5.55 9>>2>.94 54.881334-93 91=42.51 9213=.2> 55.911393-99 9549=.=2 1141=.87 57.9>1399-91 94374.24 1=175.22 57.231391-98 19>9>.58 15397.12 54.291398-9= 1==49.77 83952.73 79.92

Miti Xjurhn Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu Hjlpdfnm ay AELNI


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88 | S i e n

]iafn 3=? RIF^N JB ]J]IF ISSIQNF NWSJQ] BDXHIF TNIQ AIXDX

TNIQ]J]IF ISSIQNF NWSJQ] DK LK.^X$

UJRNK @KD] ]J]IF9441-9448 91=3.=7 13=.>= 9==>.319448-944= 9149.2> 12=.9= 9>>>.54

944=-944> 978>.34 848.12 1117.8>944>-9442 94=7.79 >47.81 1>=5.989442-9445 1185.4> 528.83 8339.1>9445-9447 17==.=8 485.>9 8579.4=9447-9444 147=.42 938>.31 =394.479444-1333 8379.94 9127.11 =8=4.=91333-1339 882=.81 9=4>.>9 =7>4.781339-1331 891=.71 9=>7.48 =>78.5>1331-1338 81>7.15 92>8.71 =491.341338-133= 8>87.35 19=7.31 >272.34

133=-133> 8>47.13 1794.=5 2=95.25133>-1332 =378.71 8792.47 5433.731332-1335 =2>5.28 =>>8.23 4199.18

1335-1337 >925.17 >>81.>1 93244.73

1337-1334 >497.>9 2=14.12 918=5.55

1334-1393 2398.=8 2=78.14 91=42.51

1393-1399 7=81.=3 4=71.32 9549=.=2

1399-1391 4238.8= 4=72.8> 94374.24

1391-1398 99384.7> 93=5>.77 19>9>.58

1398-139= 91==1.35 913=4.79 1==49.77

Miti Xjurhn Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu Hjlpdfnm ay AELNI

]iafn 3>? Aikefimnsg's QLE Nxpjrt tj Ujrfm (BT 99-91, BT91-98 & BT98-9=)

Ldffdjk ^X$ Ujvnk @kdt ]jtifLiojr N^Hjuktrdns 1399-91 1391-98 1398-9= 1399-91 1391-98 1398-9= 1399-91 1391-98 1398-9=

Iustrdi 95.>3 18.35 1>.88 8=.=4 14.12 89.79 >9.44 >1.88 >5.9>Anfedul 187.29 1=7.29 88>.14 813.=2 895.94 ==3.28 >>4.35 >2>.73 55>.41Aufeirdi 3.>= 3.13 3.93 3.27 3.41 3.71 9.18 9.98 3.49

Mnklir` 72.73 91>.49 9=>.1= 897.51 85>.21 =>3.59 =3>.>9 >39.>1 >4>.4=Bdkfikm 5.7> 93.79 93.35 14.1> 1>.>> 12.93 85.93 82.82 82.97Brikhn =92.51 =47.33 >54.>1 7>>.97 741.=> 42=.15 9159.43 9843.== 9>=8.54

Enrliky 9,8>7.41 9,>34.54 9,738.7> 1384.45 1,927.=4 1,>58.53 8847.74 8257.17 =855.>>Ernnhn 7.9= =.9= >.>4 19.95 91.55 9=.92 14.89 92.49 94.52

Dtify 149.9> 8>7.12 ==5.18 >59.=2 >>=.4= 589.49 721.21 498.13 9954.9=Drnfikm 28.38 25.>9 27.82 918.41 988.== 9=4.75 972.4> 133.4> 197.1=

Kntgnrfikms 112.52 1>1.44 14=.>1 81>.17 889.=7 87>.=7 >>1.3= >7=.=5 273.33Sjrtueif 2.27 2.=8 4.47 1>.>5 11.49 81.>8 81.1> 14.88 =1.>9Qjlikdi =.83 8.18 8.84 5.21 >.22 2.35 99.48 7.74 4.=5


35/38

8= | S i e n

Xpidk =93.84 >9>.88 2>9.14 223.58 531.43 7>2.17 9359.91 9197.18 9>35.>2Xwnmnk 934.35 91>.77 913.84 138.75 113.>3 1==.35 891.4= 8=2.85 82=.=2

^.@. 9,312.55 9,974.34 9,121.54 9938.83 9,1>4.7= 9,88>.1> 1983.35 1==7.48 1>47.3=Hyprus 3.37 3.3> 3.9> 9.99 9.91 1.87 9.97 9.95 1.>8Hznhg

Qnpuafdh 85.4484.87 22.2>

1>.5581.41 =8.24

28.5> 51.83 993.88

Nstjkdi 3.5= 9.37 3.12 1.>1 1.9= 9.14 8.12 8.19 9.>>Gukeiry 3.19 3.99 3.59 1.9= 8.77 7.59 1.8= 8.44 4.=9

Fitvdi 3.14 3.91 3.>3 9.11 9.43 1.3> 9.>9 1.39 1.>2Fdtguikdi 3.97 3.17 3.33 3.47 9.4= 3.71 9.92 1.18 3.71

Lifti 3.31 3.31 3.54 3.=> 3.73 9.53 3.=5 3.71 1.=4Sjfikm 991.55 9>4.58 13=.>5 134.42 1=3.54 83=.44 811.5= =33.>1 >34.>5

Xfjvi`di 13.89 83.1> 83.94 82.>= =3.>= =8.23 >2.7> 53.54 58.54Xfjvnkdi 9.3= 8.23 2.92 2.88 99.3> 94.>5 5.85 9=.2> 1>.58

Xua-]jtif(N^) ===2.75 >958.72 2351.49 2417.24 5843.44 7251.=5 9985>.>2 91>2=.7> 9=5=>.84N^ % jb

Ujr fm =2.89 =2.75 =7.79 58.3= 53.>> 59.45 >4.>4 >7.=3 23.19Erjwtg% 18.97 92.8> 95.87 3.15 2.25 95.8= 7.98 93.=> 95.8>

^XI 8>9>.=> 8,72>.27 8,4=8.>1 9398.4> 9,983.43 9,945.7> =>14.=3 =442.>7 >9=9.87% jb XI 82.29 8>.31 89.53 93.24 93.73 4.4= 18.58 18.11 13.44Erjwtg% 3.15 4.42 1.39 -4.84 99.>8 >.41 -1.35 93.89 1.43

Hikimi =58.3= >97.14 >>2.75 =39.71 =29.45 ==>.93 75=.7> 473.12 9339.45% jb Hikimi =.48 =.24 =.=7 =.1= =.=9 8.24 =.>7 =.>2 =.34Erjwtg% 1.== 4.>5 5.== -5.97 9=.45 -8.2> -1.19 91.3> 1.11Kjk-]rimdtdjkifLir`nts

Iustrifdi 4=.78 981.=2 9=1.>1 191.51 14>.47 177.1= 835.>= =17.== =83.52Arizdf >3.=> >2.>3 51.>= 55.88 99>.88 45.53 915.57 959.7= 953.1=Hgdfn >.>5 5.95 93.89 99.82 19.98 11.53 92.48 17.89 88.39

Hgdki >5.78 72.>> 9=1.37 =2.24 >1.>4 44.14 93=.>1 984.9= 1=9.85Dkmdi =1.13 23.75 52.== 91.71 9=.8= 94.79 >>.31 5>.19 42.1>

Oipik 184.44 173.95 897.41 928.2> 947.89 1>8.8> =38.2> =57.=7 >51.15@jrni Qnp. 29.15 58.22 55.28 97.5> =3.58 >5.42 73.39 99=.84 98>.23

Lnxdhj 82.5= =2.11 >9.>3 29.49 28.44 58.91 47.2> 993.19 91=.28Qussdi 15.25 >9.3= 5=.41 =7.71 77.>1 981.71 52.=4 984.>> 135.5=

Xjutg Ibrdhi 14.89 83.=2 12.97 12.=> 15.94 11.87 >>.52 >5.22 =7.>>]ur`ny 189.13 128.84 ==3.=9 91=.58 9>9.41 979.42 8>>.48 =9>.89 211.85

JtgnrHjuktrdns 143.41 848.>9 =8>.83 882.27 =19.44 =7>.32 215.23 79>.> 413.82

Xua-]jtif(Kjk-]rim.) 9925.47 9=71.39 9727.55 99=9.43 9=41.38 958=.87 1834.77 145=.3= 8238.9>% jb Kjk-

]rimdt djkif 91.92 98.=1 9>.31 91.3= 9=.1= 9=.84 91.93 98.71 9=.59% Erjwtg jb

Kjk-

]rimdt djkif 82.21 12.74 12.93 99.49 83.22 92.1= 18.95 17.5> 19.9>EQIKM

]J]IF 4238.8= 99384.7> 91==1.35 4=72.8> 93=5>.77 913=4.79 94374.24 19>9>.58 1==49.77% Erjwtg 98.77 9=.42 91.53 3.3> 93.=8 9>.31 2.>2 91.59 98.78

Xjurhn? Nxpjrt Srjljtdjk Aurniu, Hjlpdfnm ay? QM]D Hnff, AELNI>


36/38

8> | S i e n

]iafn 32? AIKEFIMNXG'X QLE NWSJQ]X ]J UJQFM, BT 1391-98 & 1398-9=


Ljktg

IFF HJ^K]QDNX

Ujvnk ErjwtgQitn

@kdt ErjwtgQitn

]jtif(Ujvnk + @kdt) Erjwtg

QitnTnir Tnir1391/98 1398/9= 1391/98 1398/9= 1391/98 1398/9=

Oufy 448.7= 9121.87 15.31 9339.35 91>8.52 1>.1= 944=.49 1>92.9= 12.98

Iueust 52>.7> 542.3> 8.4= 541.>8 7=7.9> 5.31 9>>7.87 92==.13 >.>9

Xnptnlanr 245.95 47>.12 =9.81 5=2.18 93>7.14 =9.71 9==8.=3 13=8.>> =9.>7

Jhtjanr 529.=7 713.=4 5.5> 758.92 721.39 -9.17 928=.2= 9271.>3 1.48

Kjvnlanr 593.3= 774.8> 1>.1> 2>8.42 755.29 8=.13 982=.33 9522.42 14.>=

Mnhnlanr 93=1.27 9114.47 95.42 437.4= 93=7.75 9>.84 94>9.21 1157.7> 92.55

Oikuiry 99=5.2= 994>.1 =.9= 4==.42 93=>.78 93.25 1341.23 11=9.38 5.34

Bnaruiry 454.59 93=4.2= 5.9= 799.1= 49>.52 91.77 9543.4> 942>.=3 4.5=

Lirhg 449.55 448.85 3.92 7>=.27 413.24 5.51 97=2.=> 949=.32 8.22

Iprdf 78>.95 4==.4> 98.9= 54>.99 451.87 11.83 9283.17 9495.88 95.29

Liy 445.51 9341.12 4.=7 9337.85 999>.51 93.2> 1332.34 1135.47 93.32

Oukn 9992.57 9978.9= >.4= 937>.28 9983.5= =.92 1131.=9 1898.77 >.32

]jtif?99384.7

>91==1.3

5 91.53 93=5>.77 913=4.79 9>.31 19>9>.58 1==49.77 98.78Xjurhn? NSA

]iafn? 35

Eripgdh Qitdke Xhifns

Hjlpiky Kiln Dkdtditnm ay Hjkmuhtnm ay ]dln Briln

Npyffdjk Erjup GQ Mnpirtlnkt Likienrs Ibtnr nvnry ]grnn Ljktgs

XGi-Lnnl Erjup GQ & Imldk Mnpirtlnkt GQ Mnpirtlnkt Ibtnr nvnry Xdx Ljktgs

_I IppirnfsGnim jb tgn QnspnhtdvnMnpirtlnkt

Gnim jb tgnMnpirtlnkt Tnirfy

Mnsdek & Xjurhn

Ftm. GQ Mnpirtlnkt & Likiens Likienrs Tnirfy


37/38

82 | S i e n

]iafn? 37

Ikkuif Hjkbdmnktdif Qnpjrt (IHQ)

Hjlpiky

Kiln Nvifuitdjk Snrdjm Bjrlit jb tgn Sjdkt Xhifn

NpyffdjkErjup

39stOikuiry tj 89stMnhnlanr ? Bjr Ujr`nrs39stOufy tj 83tgOukn ? BjrNlpfjynns ikm jtgnr Ujr`nr

Kulnrdh Sjdkt Xhifn bjr EnknrifUjr`nr.Ajtg Kulnrdh ikm Yuifdtitdvn SjdktXhifn bjr Iff jtgnr Nlpfjynns.

XGi-LnnlErjup

39stOikuiry tj 89stMnhnlanr ? Bjr IffUjr`nrs

Ajtg Kulnrdh ikm Yuifdtitdvn SjdktXhifn bjr Iff Nlpfjynns

_I Ippirnfs39stOikuiry tj 89stMnhnlanr ? Bjr IffNlpfjynns


Mnsdek &Xjurhn Ftm.

39stOufy tj 83tgOukn ? Bjr IffNlpfjynns


]iafn 34? Xnrvdhn prjvdmnm tj nlpfjynn dk eirlnkts dkmustrdns?

Xnrvdhns Srjvdmnm Kjt Srjvdmnm

Gjusn rnkt iffjwikhn

Lnmdhif Iffjwikhn

Ajkusns

Sidm fnivns

Xdh` fnivn

Litnrkdty fnivn

Sitnrkdty fnivn

Lirrdien fnivn

Ikkuif fnivn

Bihdfdty jb sgjrt-tnrl mdsiadfdty

Hjkvnyikhn Iffjwikhn

Nktnrtidklnkt Iffjwikhn

Qnhrnitdjk Iffjwikhn

Hgdfmrnks nmuhitdjk bihdfdty


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Gjln Burkdsgdke Iffjwikhn

Nfnhtrdhdty ikm eis nxpnksn

Bihdfdty jb fjke-tnrl mdsiadfdty

Dksurikhn bihdfdty

Xibnty ikm gniftg dssun

Documents

Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Performance - A Case Study Based on Garments Industries in Bangladesh