Human Relations in a Human Relations in a Diverse SocietyDiverse Society

Lesson 1, Chapter 1Lesson 1, Chapter 1Prof. William ForbesProf. William Forbes

Source: Harris, Levine, Shusta, and Wong (2005) unless notedSource: Harris, Levine, Shusta, and Wong (2005) unless noted

Independence, MissouriIndependence, Missouri

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Your graded assignments: •Introduce Yourself•Seminar•Discussion

•Read Chapters 1 and 4•(read before seminar)

SeminarsSeminars

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SeminarsSeminars

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actual seminar)actual seminar)

SeminarsSeminars

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Discussion RequirementsDiscussion Requirements

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more than “I agree” or “good job”more than “I agree” or “good job”

DiscussionsDiscussions

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Seminar QuestionsSeminar Questions

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QuestionsQuestions

►What does the term What does the term “multiculturalism” mean?“multiculturalism” mean?

The 21The 21stst Century Century

The 21The 21stst century will be the century century will be the century in which we redefine ourselves as in which we redefine ourselves as the first country in world history the first country in world history which is literally made up of every which is literally made up of every part of the world.part of the world.

--Mr. Kenneth Prewitt, Director of U.S. Census Bureau, 1998-2001--Mr. Kenneth Prewitt, Director of U.S. Census Bureau, 1998-2001

MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

►A community (or organization) A community (or organization) comprised of many different ethnic and comprised of many different ethnic and racial groupsracial groups Not a movementNot a movement Not a political forceNot a political force Not “anti-American”Not “anti-American”

►Because American society is truly Because American society is truly multicultural, law enforcement (and multicultural, law enforcement (and management) plays a significant role in management) plays a significant role in dealing with intolerancedealing with intolerance

What is Culture?What is Culture? A way of life developed and communicated by a group of A way of life developed and communicated by a group of

peoplepeople

Consciously or unconsciously, to subsequent generationsConsciously or unconsciously, to subsequent generations It consists of ideas, habits, attitudes, customs, and It consists of ideas, habits, attitudes, customs, and

traditionstraditions

That help people to create standards for a group of That help people to create standards for a group of people to coexist, making a group of people uniquepeople to coexist, making a group of people unique

In its most basic sense, culture is a set of patterns for In its most basic sense, culture is a set of patterns for survival and successsurvival and success

That a particular group of people has developed That a particular group of people has developed

What is Culture?What is Culture?

►Beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, Beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior, & everyday customs that behavior, & everyday customs that have been passed on from generation have been passed on from generation to generationto generation

►Learned, not inheritedLearned, not inherited►Developed by age 5 or 6Developed by age 5 or 6►““Layers of culture”, exists in the Layers of culture”, exists in the

subconscious mindsubconscious mind

Why Learn about Cultures?Why Learn about Cultures?

►A lack of knowledge can result in an A lack of knowledge can result in an inadvertent violation of one’s rights, or inadvertent violation of one’s rights, or at the very least offensive behaviorat the very least offensive behavior

►One should understand his or her One should understand his or her biases and learn to acknowledge thembiases and learn to acknowledge them

The Interface of Diversity The Interface of Diversity and Law Enforcementand Law Enforcement

► Law enforcement is under a powerful Law enforcement is under a powerful microscope in terms of how citizens are microscope in terms of how citizens are treatedtreated

► Law enforcement increases its cultural Law enforcement increases its cultural competence with awareness, cultural competence with awareness, cultural knowledge and skillsknowledge and skills

Cultural CompetenceCultural Competence►Developed by:Developed by:

Developing principles, attitudes, policies, Developing principles, attitudes, policies, & structures that enable all to work & structures that enable all to work effectively & equitably across cultureseffectively & equitably across cultures

Develop the capacity to:Develop the capacity to:►Acquire and apply cross-cultural knowledgeAcquire and apply cross-cultural knowledge►Respond to and communicate effectively Respond to and communicate effectively

within the cultural contexts that the within the cultural contexts that the organization servesorganization serves

QuestionQuestion

►In Chapter One, the text In Chapter One, the text mentioned that America is more mentioned that America is more like a mosaic than a melting pot. like a mosaic than a melting pot. Would you describe the area you Would you describe the area you

live in as more of a melting pot, or live in as more of a melting pot, or a mosaic, and why? a mosaic, and why?

““Melting Pot” MythMelting Pot” Myth

►America has never been homogenousAmerica has never been homogenous►Historically, many Historically, many

races/creeds/cultures have been races/creeds/cultures have been excludedexcluded

►A better description:A better description: ““Tapestry”Tapestry” ““Mosaic”Mosaic”

Diversity (continued):Diversity (continued):

►Diversity has come to include age, race, Diversity has come to include age, race, ethnicity, gender, education, job level, ethnicity, gender, education, job level, disability, sexual orientation, and other disability, sexual orientation, and other dimensions of similarities and differences dimensions of similarities and differences among peopleamong people

►Diversity: All the ways that we are the same Diversity: All the ways that we are the same or differentor different

The Dimensions of The Dimensions of DiversityDiversity

Diversity: Past & PresentDiversity: Past & Present

►Criticisms of immigrants (past & Criticisms of immigrants (past & present):present): ““They hold on to their cultures”They hold on to their cultures” ““They don’t learn our language”They don’t learn our language” ““Their customs and behavior are strange”Their customs and behavior are strange” ““They form cliques”They form cliques”

►These same comments were likely at These same comments were likely at one time levied at the ethnic forefathers one time levied at the ethnic forefathers of those who spoke themof those who spoke them

►Many who fled to America did so without Many who fled to America did so without much of a choicemuch of a choice

Changing PopulationsChanging Populations

How to “Protect” DiversityHow to “Protect” Diversity

►The Advisory Board to the President’s The Advisory Board to the President’s Initiative on Race (1998):Initiative on Race (1998): Strengthen Civil Rights EnforcementStrengthen Civil Rights Enforcement Improve data collection on racial and Improve data collection on racial and

ethnic discriminationethnic discrimination Strengthen laws and enforcement against Strengthen laws and enforcement against

hate crimeshate crimes

What is Race?What is Race?

► A group of persons of (or regarded as of) common A group of persons of (or regarded as of) common ancestryancestry

► Physical characteristics are often used to identify Physical characteristics are often used to identify people of different racespeople of different races

► These characteristics should not be used to identify These characteristics should not be used to identify ethnic groups, which can cross racial linesethnic groups, which can cross racial lines

What is an Ethnic group?What is an Ethnic group?

►Group of people who conceive of Group of people who conceive of themselves and who are regarded by themselves and who are regarded by others as alike because of their others as alike because of their common ancestry, language, and common ancestry, language, and physical characteristicsphysical characteristics

What is Ethnicity?What is Ethnicity?

►Refers to the background of a group Refers to the background of a group with unique language, ancestral, often with unique language, ancestral, often religious, and physical characteristicsreligious, and physical characteristics

►Broadly characterizes a religious, Broadly characterizes a religious, racial, national, or cultural groupracial, national, or cultural group

Race/Culture/Ethnicity Race/Culture/Ethnicity OverlapOverlap

► Census estimates likely fall short of truly Census estimates likely fall short of truly counting the varying ethnicities and culturescounting the varying ethnicities and cultures

► Race and ethnic backgrounds are not Race and ethnic backgrounds are not necessarily mutually exclusivenecessarily mutually exclusive Example: Tiger WoodsExample: Tiger Woods

► In 1860, 3 census categories offered for In 1860, 3 census categories offered for race; in 2000, 63 offeredrace; in 2000, 63 offered

Shifting DemographicsShifting Demographics

►By 2050:By 2050: The non-Hispanic white population will The non-Hispanic white population will

decline to 53% from 70% in 2000decline to 53% from 70% in 2000 25% will be of Hispanic origin25% will be of Hispanic origin 15% will be African-American15% will be African-American 9% will be Asian and Pacific Islander9% will be Asian and Pacific Islander 1% American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut1% American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut

Immigration to America Immigration to America in the 20th Centuryin the 20th Century

Foreign Born PopulationsForeign Born Populations

Undocumented ImmigrantsUndocumented Immigrants► Two types:Two types:

Those who cross the U.S. border without Those who cross the U.S. border without proper documentationproper documentation►Not only from Latin America, but from Asia, CanadaNot only from Latin America, but from Asia, Canada

Those who cross with proper documentation Those who cross with proper documentation and stay longer than legally permittedand stay longer than legally permitted

► U.S. Government has at times “legalized” U.S. Government has at times “legalized” certain immigrant populationscertain immigrant populations

► Some have sought political asylumSome have sought political asylum

Undocumented ImmigrantsUndocumented Immigrants

►Population: 7,000,000 (January 2000)Population: 7,000,000 (January 2000)►Growth: 350,000 annuallyGrowth: 350,000 annually►Highest states: California, Texas, New Highest states: California, Texas, New

York, Illinois, and FloridaYork, Illinois, and Florida

Undocumented ImmigrantsUndocumented Immigrants► Concerns:Concerns:

HousingHousing EducationEducation SafetySafety EmploymentEmployment Spousal ViolenceSpousal Violence Health CareHealth Care Fear of deportation, lack of crime reportingFear of deportation, lack of crime reporting Vulnerable to predator crimesVulnerable to predator crimes

►Does department have a policy regarding Does department have a policy regarding reporting to Immigration and Customs reporting to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE, formerly INS)?Enforcement (ICE, formerly INS)?

ImmigrantsImmigrants

►Officer’s interactions:Officer’s interactions: When officers are under pressure, When officers are under pressure,

negative biases are likely to surfacenegative biases are likely to surface Recognition of these biases helps Recognition of these biases helps

overcome themovercome them The more direct contact officers have with The more direct contact officers have with

ethnic and immigrant communities, the ethnic and immigrant communities, the more knowledge they will gain about more knowledge they will gain about cultural differences and how they impact cultural differences and how they impact law enforcementlaw enforcement

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism

►A barrier to accepting that there is A barrier to accepting that there is another way, another belief, another another way, another belief, another communication style, another custom, communication style, another custom, or another value that can lead to or another value that can lead to culturally different behavior. Often culturally different behavior. Often causes a person to assign a potentially causes a person to assign a potentially incorrect meaning or attribute or incorrect meaning or attribute or incorrect motivation to a given act.incorrect motivation to a given act.

►For legal acts, it is often to assign a For legal acts, it is often to assign a “rightness or “wrongness” to a cultural “rightness or “wrongness” to a cultural activityactivity

QuestionQuestion

►What is the difference What is the difference between prejudice and between prejudice and

discrimination?discrimination?

PrejudicePrejudice

►Defined: Prejudice is a judgment or opinion Defined: Prejudice is a judgment or opinion formed before facts are known, usually formed before facts are known, usually involving negative or unfavorable thoughts involving negative or unfavorable thoughts about groups of peopleabout groups of people

►Discrimination is action based on prejudiced Discrimination is action based on prejudiced thoughtthought

►Whenever two groups are from entirely Whenever two groups are from entirely different ethnic or racial backgrounds, there different ethnic or racial backgrounds, there is the possibility that prejudice exists is the possibility that prejudice exists (because of fear, lack of contact, ignorance, (because of fear, lack of contact, ignorance, and stereotypes)and stereotypes)

PrejudicePrejudice►Discrimination on the part of law Discrimination on the part of law

enforcement, however, IS illegal and can enforcement, however, IS illegal and can lead to bad consequenceslead to bad consequences Citizen humiliationCitizen humiliation LawsuitsLawsuits Loss of jobsLoss of jobs Damage to police-community relationsDamage to police-community relations Personal tragedyPersonal tragedy

PrejudicePrejudice

►The history of American law The history of American law enforcement is one that needs to be enforcement is one that needs to be overcome, as far as discrimination is overcome, as far as discrimination is concernedconcerned►Officers must thus go out of their way to Officers must thus go out of their way to

dispel this beliefdispel this belief

Steps to Reduce Steps to Reduce DiscriminationDiscrimination

►Eliminate any hint of prejudice in Eliminate any hint of prejudice in contactscontacts

►Discourage any speech motivated by Discourage any speech motivated by prejudiceprejudice

►Encourage positive community-police Encourage positive community-police relationsrelations

Community-Based PolicingCommunity-Based Policing

►AKA Community Oriented Policing, AKA Community Oriented Policing, Problem Oriented PolicingProblem Oriented Policing

►Reaching out to community groups to Reaching out to community groups to improve relations with the police improve relations with the police department and include citizens in department and include citizens in problem solving; problem solving;

►““We don’t know the community as well We don’t know the community as well as the community does”as the community does” Must be ongoingMust be ongoing Must be conclusiveMust be conclusive

Language Barriers and Language Barriers and Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement

► Changing demographics and Changing demographics and multicultural multicultural communities communities

► Limited number of bilingual officersLimited number of bilingual officers

► Serious and tragic consequences Serious and tragic consequences resulting from language and resulting from language and communication barrierscommunication barriers

► Cross-cultural communication skills Cross-cultural communication skills are needed by all officersare needed by all officers

High- and Low-Context High- and Low-Context CommunicationCommunication

Higher context communications Higher context communications tendencies:tendencies:– – Tendency to avoid saying “no”Tendency to avoid saying “no”

– – Tendency to avoid conflictTendency to avoid conflict

– – Difficulty answering “yes” and “no” and either/orDifficulty answering “yes” and “no” and either/or

questions (tend to see in many shades of gray)questions (tend to see in many shades of gray)

– – Concerned about saving face in self and othersConcerned about saving face in self and others

– – Focus on the “wide context” of interactionFocus on the “wide context” of interaction

– – Preference for getting to the point indirectlyPreference for getting to the point indirectly

High- and Low-Context High- and Low-Context CommunicationCommunication

Lower context communications Lower context communications tendencies:tendencies:– “– “Yes” equals “yes” and “no” equals “no”Yes” equals “yes” and “no” equals “no”

– – Ease with direct communication and Ease with direct communication and respondingresponding

directly to conflictdirectly to conflict

– – Focus more on words and what is verbalizedFocus more on words and what is verbalized

(do not tend to “read between the lines”)(do not tend to “read between the lines”)

– – Preference for getting right to the pointPreference for getting right to the point

Language ErrorsLanguage Errors

► Using Language or Style to Become Just Like One of Using Language or Style to Become Just Like One of “Them”“Them” ►Conveys discomfort and possible insincerity or Conveys discomfort and possible insincerity or

phoninessphoniness► Walking on EggshellsWalking on Eggshells

►Overcompensating not to offendOvercompensating not to offend►Being too sensitive Being too sensitive ►Need to be sincere and authenticNeed to be sincere and authentic

► Some of My Best Friends Are…Some of My Best Friends Are…►Comes across as extremely naïveComes across as extremely naïve► Perceived as being prejudicedPerceived as being prejudiced► People from multicultural communities are not People from multicultural communities are not

impressedimpressed

Language ErrorsLanguage Errors

► ““You People”, or the “We-They”You People”, or the “We-They”► ““You People” displays possible prejudiceYou People” displays possible prejudice►Statements reflect exaggerated generalizations or Statements reflect exaggerated generalizations or

stereotypesstereotypes► ““You Stopped Me Because I’m Black, Mexican….”You Stopped Me Because I’m Black, Mexican….”

►Verbal Judo suggested responses are:Verbal Judo suggested responses are:► -“I appreciate that, but (calmly state the violation)”-“I appreciate that, but (calmly state the violation)”►Known as “verbal deflectors” (Dr. George Thompson Known as “verbal deflectors” (Dr. George Thompson

conceived of the concept)conceived of the concept)

Unit #2Unit #2

►Read Chapters 2 and 3Read Chapters 2 and 3►SeminarSeminar►Discussion BoardDiscussion Board►Written ProjectWritten Project

Questions?Questions?

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