Human Performance and Limitations Questions

8/9/2019 Human Performance and Limitations Questions

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040 - HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND

LIMITATIONS

040-01 HUMAN FACTORS: BASIC CONCEPTS

040-01-01 Human Factors in Aiation

1361. Between which components is an interface mismatch causing disturbance of the

biological rhythm, thus leading to reduced human performance?

A Lieware !nironment

B Lieware "ardware

# Lieware $oftware% Lieware Lieware

&ef' all

Ans' A

13(3. )hin*ing on human reliability is changing

A )he indiidual iew of safety has gradually replaced the systemic iew of

safety

B "uman errors can be aoided. All it ta*es is to be igilant and to e+tendones *nowledge

# "uman errors are now considered as being inherent to the cognitie

function of human and are generally inescapable

% t is thought that it will be possible to eliminate errors in the near future

&ef' all

Ans' #

13(-. Between which components is an interface mismatch causing an error of

interpretation by using an old threepoint altimeter?

A Lieware !nironment

B Lieware $oftware

# Lieware "ardware

% Lieware Lieware

&ef' all

Ans' #


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13(/. A pilot is s*illed when he'

1. trains or practises regularly

0. *nows how to manage himselfherself

3. possesses all the *nowledge associated with his aircraft

-. *nows how to *eep resources in resere for coping with the une+pected

A 1, 0, -

B 1, 0, 3, -

# 1, 0

% 0, 3, -

&ef' all

Ans' A

120(. )he olume percentage of o+ygen in the atmosphere is 014 which'

A increases with increasing altitude

B is dependent on the present air pressure

# is constant for all altitudes conentional airplanes can reach

% decreases with increasing altitude

&ef' all

Ans' c

120/. )he percentage of o+ygen in the air at an altitude of appro+imately 3-, ft

is'

A 014

B 24

# 1.24

% -04

&ef' all

Ans' A

16(-. 5here can you find medical fitness reuirements for pilots?

A 7A& 8A&) 61

B 9A&7#L

# 9A&:8$

% 9A&;8A

&ef' all

Ans' B


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16(2. A flight crew licence holder has completed a twoday stay at a hospital. 5hat

must heshe do before flying as a crewmember?

A nforms the authority in writing

B $ee* adice of the authority or A

# 5ait until hisher common sense says that heshe is fit for flight% ;ot fly before heshe is released by an A

&ef' all

Ans' B

0020-. !rgonomics are associated with'

A communications

B cognition

# the humanwor*place interface% information processing

&ef' all

Ans' #

0026. n 1=(0, a psychologist named !dwards presented a concept of the interface

between flight crew and other parts of the airspace enironment. 5hat is this

concept called and the names of those elements inoled'

A )he $"!L #oncept' $oftware, hardware, economy and lieware

B )he $"!L #oncept' $oftware, hardware, enironment and lieware

# )he $"!L #oncept' $oftware, harmony, enironment and location

% )he $"!L #oncept' $oftware, hardware, enironment and location

&ef' all

Ans' B

006=/. 5hat are the main sources of radiation at height?

A >alactic #osmic@ caused by galactic particles and $olar radiation caused

by solar flares

B onisation of the layers in the atmosphere due to the bombardment of

>alactic #osmic@ radiation

# $olar radiation caused by solar flares and ;uclear radiation caused by the

earths natural radiation

% >alactic #osmic@ and ;uclear radiation which are both caused by the

earths natural radiation

&ef' all

Ans' A


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00(-=. 5ho in the Aiation ndustry is responsible for flight safety'

A Aircrew

B !eryone inoled

# Aircrew and >round #rew

% round crew and A)# personnel

&ef' all

Ans' B

040-01-0! Acci"#nt statistics

1300. )he rate of accidents in commercial aiation e+cluding sabotage and acts of

terrorism@'

A has improed considerably oer the last fifteen years

B is appro+imately 1 accident per million airport moements

# is a long way short of the safety leel of road transport

% represents about fifty accidents around the world eery year

&ef' all

Ans' B

1321. As a cause of accidents, the human factor'

A which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew and A)# only

B has increased considerably since 1=/ the percentage of accident in

which this factor has been inoled has more than tripled since this date

# is cited in appro+imately ( to /4 of aiation accidents

% plays a negligible role in commercial aiation accidents. t is much more

important in general aiation

&ef' all

Ans' #

13=0. )he errors resulting from an irrational inde+ing system in an operations manual

are related to an interface mismatch between'

A Lieware "ardware

B Lieware $oftware

# Lieware !nironment

% Lieware Lieware

&ef' all

Ans' B


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6/60. 5hich of the following human error rates can be described as both realistic and

pretty good, after methodical training'

A 1 in 1 times

B 1 in 1 times# 1 in 1 times

% 1 in 1 times

&ef' all

Ans' #

6/((. Analysis of accidents inoling the human factor in aiation shows that'

A there is hardly eer a single cause responsible

B only frontline operators are inoled# only pilot training will ma*e it possible to improe the situation

% failure of the human factor is always connected with technical

brea*downs

&ef' all

Ans' A

12110. ibrations can cause blurred ision. )his is due to tuned resonance

oscillations of the'

A photosensitie cells

B eyeballs

# optic nere

% crystalline lens

&ef' all

Ans' B

1206=.


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0063=. )he distribution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide Cet aircraft

commercial fleet shows that human error is inoled in'

A all cases, one way or another

B about =4 of cases

# about 224 of cases% about (4 of cases

&ef' all

Ans' %

006((. )he trend in aeroplane hullloss rate oer the last three decades seems to be

related to'

A the number of engines

B the manufacturer# the crew

% the year of manufacture

&ef' all

Ans' #

040-01-0$ F%i&'t sa(#t) conc#*ts

13-1. n the initial phase of flight training the relationship between confidence ande+pertise can be described as'

A the pilot is competent enough to fly the aircraft at this stage, but does

neither hae a great deal of confidence in hisher abilities nor in the whole

system

B the pilot is sufficiently competent to fly and *nows at this stage what he

can and cannot do

# during this learning stage, the pilot is ery near to achieing full potential

*nowledge of the machine

% the pilot has a sphere of e+pertise which is reduced to daily use of his

s*ills

&ef' all

Ans' A


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1320. Between which components is an interface mismatch responsible for

deficiencies in conceptual aspects of warning systems?

A Lieware Lieware

B Lieware "ardware

# Lieware !nironment% Lieware $oftware

&ef' all

Ans' %

06/=. 5ith regard to the leel of automation of behaiour in the attention mechanism,

we *now that'

A the more behaiour is automated, the more it reuires attention and the

less it frees resourcesB the less behaiour is automated, the less it reuires attention and the more

it frees resources

# the more behaiour is automated, the less it reuires conscious attention

and thus the more it frees mental resources

% the more behaiour is automated, the more it reuires attention and the

more it frees resources

&ef' all

Ans' #

06=2. As a result of automation in coc*pits'

A manman communication has been significantly improed

B coordination between the members is facilitated by the proision of more

precise and more important information

# communication and coordination hae clearly improed in manman and

manmachine relations

% communication and coordination call for an een greater effort on the

part of the crew members

&ef' all

Ans' %


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6=-. 5hy must flight safety considerations consider the human error mechanism?

1. t is analysis of an incident or accident which will ma*e it possible to

identify what error has been committed and by whom. t is the process

whereby the perpetrator is made responsible which may lead to elimination

of the error0. f we hae a better understanding of the cognitie error mechanism, it will

be possible to adapt procedures, aircraft interfaces, etc

3. t is error management procedure which enables us to continuously adCust

our actions. )he better we understand the underlying mechanism of an

error, the better will be our means for detecting and adapting future errors

-. $ince error is essentially human, once it has been identified by the use of

procedures, a person will be able to anticipate and deal with it

automatically in the future

)he correct statements@ is are@'

A 0 and -

B 3 and -

# 0 and 3

% 1 and -

&ef' all

Ans' #

16(6. )he elements of the $"!L model are'

A $oftware, hardware, electronics and lieware

B $oftware, hardware, enironment and lieware

# $hareware, hardware, education and limitations

% $hareware, hardware, enironment and limitations

&ef' all

Ans' B


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16(/. 5hich is true regarding the interaction between arious elements of the $"!L

model?

A )emperature, pressure, humidity, noise and time of day can all be

reflected in performance and also in well being

B 8roficiency testing should be done on an indiidual basis to aoid $"!Lelement mismatch

# nformation processing can be stimulated by mind sets and igilance

% )he lieware is the hub of the $"!L modelD therefore the nonhuman

components should be adapted and matched to this central component

&ef' all

Ans' %

00-66. A pilot using a chec*list is an e+ample of the interaction within the $"!L

#oncept of'

A L and $

B L and L

# L and "

% L and !

&ef' all

Ans' A

00-=2. Between which components, with reference to the $"!L #oncept, coers pilot

misinterpretation of the old threepoint altimeter?

A Lieware Lieware

B Lieware $oftware

# Lieware !nironment

% Lieware "ardware

&ef' all

Ans' %

00(2. 5ith reference to the $"!L


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040-0! BASIC A+IATION PH,SIOO., AN/

HEATH

MAINTENANCE

040-0!-01 Basics o( (%i&'t *')sio%o&)

132(. &ecords of radiation are normally *ept for flights aboe'

A -, feet

B -2, feet

# -=, feet

% 22, feet

&ef' A&' atplD "!L' atpl

Ans' #

13=3. )he effects of >alactic radiation'

A decreases with altitude

B increases with altitude

# is unaffected by altitude

% remains steady up to -=, ft and thereafter increases


Ans' B

13=2. n ciil air transport, linear accelerations >+@'

1. do not e+ist

0. hae slight physiological conseuences

3. may, in the case of pullout, lead to loss of consciousness

-. cause sensory illusions on the pitch a+is

A 0, -

B 1

# 3, -

% 3

&ef' all

Ans' A


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13=(. >alactic &adiation is'

A steady and reasonably predictable

B unsteady and reasonably predictable

# steady but unpredictable

% unsteady and unpredictable


Ans' A

06(3. )he following applies for the physical properties of gases'

A at sealeel a gas has 13 of the olume it would hae at 0(, ft

B at an altitude of 1/, ft a gas olume is three times as large as it would

be at sea leel

# a water apour saturated gas at 3-, ft has 6 times its olume as itwould hae at sealeel

% at an altitude of 63, ft water will boil at temperature of 62 o#

&ef' all

Ans' A

06(-. )he chemical composition of the earths atmosphere #A: standard

atmosphere@ is'

A (14 nitrogen, 0/4 o+ygen, .=4 argon, .34 carbon dio+ide

B (/4 nitrogen, 0/4 o+ygen, .=4 carbon dio+ide, .34 argon

# (/4 nitrogen, 014 o+ygen, .=4 carbon dio+ide, .34 argon

% (/4 nitrogen, 014 o+ygen, .=4 argon, .34 carbon dio+ide

&ef' all

Ans' %

06(2. 7ollowing a rapid decompression at 3, feet, the time of useful

consciousness would be about'

A 2 to 1 minutes

B 1 to 10 minutes

# between -2 seconds and 1 minute 3 seconds

% 3 to 2 minutes


Ans' #


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06(6. "ypo+ia can be preented when the pilot

A is using additional o+ygen when flying aboe 1, feet

B is relying on the bodys built in warning system recognising any stage of

hypo+ia

# is swallowing, yawing and applying the alsala method% will not e+ceed 0, ft cabin pressure altitude

&ef' all

Ans' A

06(=. )he rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of'

A o+ygen in the cells

B water apour in the aleoli

# nitrogen in the air% carbon dio+ide in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' %

6(66. 8hysiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by'

A accelerations

B disorientation

# decreased atmospherical pressure

% increased atmospherical pressure


Ans' #

6(6(. )he aerage pulse of a healthy adult in rest is about'

A 3 to 2 beatsmin

B 6 to / beatsmin# = to 1 beatsmin

% 11 to 12 beatsmin

&ef' all

Ans' B


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6((-. 5hat is the )ime of Eseful #onsciousness?

A )he pilots reaction time when faced with hypo+ia

B )he time ta*en to become aware of hypo+ia due to gradual decompression

# )he length of time during which an indiidual can act with both mental

and physical efficiency and alertness, measured from the moment atwhich he loses his aailable o+ygen supply

% )he period of time between the start of hypo+ia and the moment that the

pilot becomes aware of it

&ef' all

Ans' #

6((2. 5ith a heart rate of (0 beats per minute and a stro*e olume of ( ml the

cardial output is about'

A 2 litresmin

B 6 litresmin

# ( litresmin

% / litresmin

&ef' A&' all

Ans' A

6((6. 5hich of the following factors may hae an influence on medical

disualification?

A "igh blood pressure only

B "igh and low blood pressure as well as a poor condition of the circulatory

system

# Blood pressure problems cannot occur in aircrew because they always can

be treated by inflight medication

% Low blood pressure only

&ef' all

Ans' B

6(((. )he effect of hypo+ia to ision'

A can only be detected when smo*ing tobacco

B is usual stronger with the cones

# is stronger with the rods

% does not depend on the leel of illumination

&ef' all

Ans' #


14/325

6(/. 5hat is meant by metabolism?

A nformation e+change

B )he transformation by which energy is made aailable for the uses of the

organism

# )ransfer of chemical messages% !+change of substances between the lung and the blood

&ef' all

Ans' B

6(/0. nhaling carbon mono+ide can be e+tremely dangerous during flying. 5hich of

the following statements@ isare correct?

A #arbon mono+ide increases the o+ygen saturation in the blood

B #arbon mono+ide is odourless and cannot be smelled# 5ith increasing altitude the negatie effects of carbon mono+ide

poisoning will be compensated

% $mall amounts of carbon mono+ide are harmless

&ef' all

Ans' B

6(/2. n airline operations decompression sic*ness symptoms'

A may deelop when being decompressed from


15/325

6(/(. 5hat could cause hyperentilation?

A !+treme low rate of breathing

B Abuse of alcohol

# 7ear, an+iety and distress

% 7atigue

&ef' all

Ans' #

6(//. >ases of physiological importance to man are'

A o+ygen and carbon dio+ide

B nitrogen and carbon dio+ide

# o+ygen and carbon mono+ide

% o+ygen, nitrogen and water apour

&ef' A&' all

Ans' A

6(=. 5hich part of the ear could be affected due to air pressure changes during climb

andor descent?

A )he cochlea

B )he semicircular canals

# )he !ustachian tube and the tympanic membrane ear drum@

% )he sacculus and utriculus

&ef' A&' all

Ans' #

6(=1. #arbon mono+ide in the human body can lead to'

1. loss of muscular power

0. headache3. impaired Cudgement

-. pain in the Coints

2. loss of consciousness

A 0 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

B 1, 0 and - are correct

# 1, 0, 3 and 2 are correct

% 1, 0, 3, - are correct

&ef' all

Ans' #


16/325

6(=0. 5hich of the following symptoms could a pilot get, when he is subCected to

hypo+ia?

1. 7atigue

0. !uphoria

3. Lac* of concentration-. 8ain in the Coints

2. $ensation of suffocation

A 1, 0, 3 and - are correct

B - and 2 are correct

# 1, 0 and 3 are correct

% :nly 2 is false

&ef' all

Ans' #

6(=-. "aemoglobin is'

A dissoled in the plasma

B in the platelets

# in the red blood cells

% in the white blood cells

&ef' all

Ans' #

6(=2. !ualisation of pressure is limited between the middle ear and the ambient,

when'

A barotraumas e+ists in the sinuses

B the nose is pinched

# you breath through the mouth

% the !ustachian tube is bloc*ed

&ef' all

Ans' %


17/325

6(=/. At a high altitude flight no cabin pressure system aailable@, a pilot gets seere

flatulence due to trapped gases. )he correct countermeasure is'

A perform alsala manoeure

B descend to lower altitude

# use supplemental o+ygen% climb to a higher altitude


Ans' B

6/2. %ecompression sic*ness symptoms may deelop due to'

A cabin pressure loss when flying at higher altitudes aboe 1/ ft@

B sudden pressure surges in the cabin at altitudes below 1/ ft

# emergency descents after a cabin pressure loss% fast flights from a highpressure Fone into a low pressure area when flying

an unpressurised aeroplane


Ans' A

6/6. )he olume of air being e+changed during a normal breathing cycle tidal

olume@ is about'

A 12 ml of air

B 32 ml of air

# 2 ml of air

% (2 ml of air

&ef' all

Ans' #

6/=. 5hat is hypo+ia?

A A state characterised by an e+cessie supply of o+ygen which may be due

to maladCustment of the mas*

B )he total absence of o+ygen in the air

# )he respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sic*ness

% Any condition where the o+ygen concentration of the body is below

normal limits or where the o+ygen aailable to the body cannot be used

due to some pathological condition

&ef' all

Ans' %


18/325

6/11. %ecompression sic*ness occurs in association with e+posure to reduced

atmospheric pressure. )he eolution of bubbles of nitrogen coming out of

solution in body tissues can be deried from'

A %alton law

B Boyle


19/325

6/0-. "ypo+ia can occur because'

A you are hyperentilating

B you are getting too much solar radiation

# you inhale too much nitrogen

% the percentage of o+ygen is lower at altitude

&ef' all

Ans' A

6/02. )he normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about'

A 16 cycles per minute

B - cycles per minute

# 30 cycles per minute

% (0 cycles per minute

&ef' all

Ans' A

6/3. >aseous e+change in the human body depends on'

1. diffusion gradients between the participating gases

0. permeable membranes

3. partial pressure of o+ygen in the aleolus air

-. acidbase balance in the blood

A 1, 0 and 3 are correct, - is false

B 1, 0, 3 and - are correct

# 0 and 3 are false

% only 1 is correct

&ef' all

Ans' B


20/325

6/33. :f the following alternaties, which obCectie effects are due to positie

acceleration G >F@?

1. %ecrease in heart rate

0. 8ooling of blood into lower parts of the body

3. %rop in blood pressure aboe heartleel-. %ownward displacement or deformation of soft or mobile organs

A 1, 0, 3

B 0, 3, -

# 1

% 1, 3, -

&ef' all

Ans' B

6/32. )he earths atmosphere consists of different gases in arious concentration.


21/325

6/3=. %ecompression symptoms are caused by'

A low carbon dio+ide pressure of inhaled air

B dissoled gases from tissues and fluids of the body

# low o+ygen pressure of inhaled air

% release of loc*ed gases from Coints


Ans' B

6/-. 5hich phenomenon is common to hypo+ia and hyperentilation?

A )ingling sensations in arms or legs

B #yanosis blueing of lips and fingernails@

# $eere headache

% !uphoria

&ef' all

Ans' A

6/-1. Hou can oercome hyperentilation by breathing into a plastic or paper bag.

)he intention is'

A to raise the leel of #:0 in the blood as fast as possible

B to preent you from e+haling too much o+ygen

# to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lung

% to reduce blood pressure

&ef' all

Ans' A

6/-0. $mo*ing cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry o+ygen. )his is

because'

A carbon mono+ide in the smo*e of cigarettes assists diffusion of o+ygen inthe aleoli

B haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon mono+ide that it has for

o+ygen

# carbon mono+ide increases the partial pressure of o+ygen in the aleoli

% the smo*e of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract

&ef' all

Ans' B


22/325

6/-3. n order to get rid of e+cess nitrogen following scuba diing, subseuent flights

should be delayed'

A 3 hours after nondecompression diing

B 0- hours

# 36 hours after any scuba diing% -/ hours after a continuous ascent in the water has been made

&ef' all

Ans' B

6/2. A human breathing 14 o+ygen at 33,( ft is euialent of breathing air at'

A 1, ft

B $ea leel

# /, ft% 01,3 ft

&ef' all

Ans' B

6/21. "ypo+ia is a situation in which the cells'

A hae a shortage of o+ygen

B are saturated with nitrogen

# are saturated with o+ygen

% hae a shortage of carbon dio+ide

&ef' all

Ans' A

(603. :ne of the substances present in the smo*e of cigarettes can ma*e it

significantly more difficult for the red blood cells to transport o+ygen and as a

conseuence contributes to hypo+ia. 5hich substance are we referring to'

A #arbon mono+ide

B #arbonic anhydride

# )ar

% #arbon dio+ide

&ef' all

Ans' A


23/325

(606. Affinity to haemoglobin is best with'

A o+ygen

B nitrogen

# carbon mono+ide

% carbon dio+ide

&ef' all

Ans' #

(63=. n the following list you will find seeral symptoms listed for hypo+ia and

carbon mono+ide poisoning. 8lease mar* those referring to carbon mono+ide

poisoning'

A "eadache, increasing nausea, diFFiness

B "igh leels of arousal, increased error proneness# !uphoria, accommodation problems, blurred ision

%


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11/=(. :n ascent the gases in the digestie tract will'

A e+pand

B be absorbed by tissues and blood

# stay the same

% shrin*

&ef' all

Ans' A

11/=/. $ymptoms of decompression sic*ness'

A are only releant when diing

B are bends, cho*es, s*in manifestations, neurological symptoms and

circulatory shoc*

# can only deelop at altitudes of more than -, ft% are flatulence and pain in the middle ear


Ans' B

11=1. )he following may occur during gradual depressurisation between 10 and

1/ ft'

A sudden isual hyperacuity associated with headache

B a rapid decrease in blood pressure which will lead to headache and also to

a loss of coordination

# a loss of coordination associated with fatigue and headache

% a rapid decrease in blood pressure leading to considerable somnolence


Ans' #

11=0. )he symptoms of hyperentilation are caused by a'

A surplus of #:0 in the blood

B surplus of :0 in the blood

# shortage of #: in the blood

% shortage of #:0 in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' %


25/325

11=-. After a rapid decompression at 32 ft, the time of useful consciousness is

about'

A 2 minutes

B 12 seconds or less

# 3 to 6 seconds% 1 minutes


Ans' #

11=11. %ecompression sic*ness can be preented by'

1. aoiding cabin altitudes about 1/ ft

0. maintaining cabin pressure below / ft when flying at high altitudes

3. performing physical e+ercises before and during the flight-. breathing 14 o+ygen and 3 min prior and during the flight

A 1, 0 and - are correct

B 1, 0 and 3 are correct

# 0 and 3 are correct, - is false

% only 3 is correct


Ans' A

11=16. After a rapid decompression at an altitude of 3, ft the first action of the

pilot shall be'

A maintaining aircraft control and preenting hypo+ia use of o+ygen mas*@

B informing A)#

# informing the cabin crew

% preenting panic of the passengers


Ans' A


26/325

11=02. A pilot who is hyperentilating for a prolonged period of time may een get

unconscious. "yperentilation is li*ely to occur, when'

A there is an increased blood flow to the brain

B there is a low #:pressure in the blood

# he is flying a tight turn% the pilot is emotionally aroused

&ef' all

Ans' %

1-613. $hort term memory can already be affected when flying as low as'

A 10 ft

B / ft

# 12 ft% 0 ft


Ans' B

1-(06. 5hich of the following statements concerning barotrauma are correct? )hey

are'

A due to pressure differentials between gases in hollow caities on the body

and the ambient pressure

B more li*ely to occur during ascent then during a rapid descent

# caused by an increase in the partial pressure of o+ygen associated with a

decrease in altitude

% mainly associated with a sin* rate which e+ceeds the ability of the body to

balance its internal pressures


Ans' A


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1-(0(. 5hen the pressureceptors signal a lowering of the bloodpressure there are

adaptation mechanisms which result in'

1. an increase of respiratory actiity

0. the arteriols to constrict

3. an increase of cardiac output-. the heart rate to rise

A 0, 3 and - are correct, 1 is false

B 1, 3 and - are correct, 0 is false

# 1, 0 and - are correct, 3 is false

% 1, 0 and 3 are correct, - is false

&ef' all

Ans' A

1-(0/. 5ith regard to the humidity of air in current in a pressurised cabin, we *now

that it'

1. aries between - and 64

0. aries between 2 and 124

3. may cause dehydration effecting the performance of the crew

-. has no special effects on crew members

A 0, 3

B 1, 3

# 0, 3, -

% 1, -


Ans' A

1-(22. %uring running your muscles are producing more #:0, raising the #:0 leel

in the blood. )he conseuence is'

A cyanosisB hyperentilation the rate and depth of breathing will increase@

# hypo+ia

% ertigo

&ef' all

Ans' B


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1-(2(. )olerance to decompression sic*ness is decreased by'

1. $#EBA%iing

0. :besity

3. Age

-. Body height

A All are correct


# 1 and 3 are correct

% 1, 0, and -

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-(2=. 5ith regard to decompression sic*ness associated with flight, we *now that'

A scuba diing does not pose any problem for a subseuent flight

B age, obesity and scuba diing are ris* factors

# se+ is the prime ris* factor, with two out of eery three women being

sensitie to it

% physical actiity after decompression reduces the ris*s of compression

sic*ness symptoms to appear


Ans' B

1-(61. %altons law e+plains the occurrence of'

A creeps

B bends

# decompression sic*ness

% altitude hypo+ia


Ans' %

1-(60. 5hich symptom of hypo+ia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight?

A %iFFiness

B )he interference of reasoning and perceptie functions

# Lac* of adaptation

% Adaptation

&ef' all

Ans' B


29/325

1-((0. After a cabin pressure loss in appro+imately 32, ft the )E# )ime of

Eseful #onsciousness@ will be appro+imately'

A 1 12 seconds

B 3 = seconds

# 3 - minutes% 2 minutes or more


Ans' B

1-((3. 5hen e+haling, the e+pired air contains'

A more o+ygen than the inhaled air

B more carbon dio+ide that the inspired air

# less water apour than the inhaled air% more nitrogen than the inhaled air

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-((6. 5hich is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression

sic*ness occur?

A :nly the prompt supply of o+ygen is necessary

B %escend to the lowest possible leel and land as soon as possible

# :nly medical treatment is of use

% %escend to the lowest possible leel and wait for the symptoms to

disappear before climbing again


Ans' B

1-(//. )he heart muscle is supplied with blood from'

A the auricles

B the coronary arteries

# entricles

% the pulmonary eins

&ef' all

Ans' B


30/325

1-(=. Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach and intestinals can

lead to'

A decompression sic*ness

B pressure pain or flatulence

# barosinusitis% barotitia


Ans' B

1-/. An+iety and fear can cause'

A spatial disorientation

B hyperentilation

# hypo+ia% hypoglycaemia

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-//. 7atigue and permanent concentration'

A increase the tolerance to hypo+ia

B do not affect hypo+ia at all

# lower the tolerance to hypo+ia

% will increase the tolerance to hypo+ia when flying below 12, feet

&ef' A&' all

Ans' #

1-/1. "yperentilation causes'

A acidosis

B an e+cess of carbon dio+ide in the blood# hypochondria

% a lac* of carbon dio+ide in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' %


31/325

1-/11. 5hich of the following statements is correct? )he bloodpressure which is

measured during flight medical chec*s is the pressure'

A in all the bloodessels of the body representing the pressure in the whole

body@

B in the muscles of the upper arm# in the artery of the upper arm representing the pressure at heart leel@

% in the eins of the upper arm

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/10. A good method to treat hyperentilation is to'

A don an o+ygen mas*

B e+ecute the alsala manoeure# tal* oneself through the releant procedure aloud to emotionally calm

down and reduce the rate of breathing simultaneously

% close the eyes and rela+

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/13. Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose aerosinusitis@'

A is only caused by the flying sport, not by the diing sport

B is an irritation of sinuses by abuse of nose sprays

# is only caused by colds and their effects

% is caused by a difference in pressure e+isting between the sinus caity and

the ambient air

&ef' all

Ans' %

1-/1-. :+ygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by'

A white blood cells

B platelets

# red blood cells

% blood plasma

&ef' all

Ans' #


32/325

1-/12. A pressurised cabin helps to preent'

1. decompression sic*ness

0. the problem of e+pansion of gases in the intestines

3. hypo+ia

-. coronary disease


B 0, 3 and - are correct


% 1, 3 and - are correct

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/01. $ymptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs, following a decompressions arecalled'

A leans

B bends

# creeps

% cho*es


Ans' %

1-/0-. %ecompression sic*ness may occur as from'

1. an altitude of more than 1/ ft

0. an altitude of more than 22 ft

3. a rate of climb of more than 2 ftmin e+ceeding 1/ ft

-. a temperature of more than 0-o#

A 1, 3

B 0, 3

# 1, 3, -% 0, -


Ans' A


33/325

1-/06. Bloodpressure depends on'

1. the cardiac output

0. the resistance of the capillaries peripheral resistance@

A 1 is correct 0 is falseB 1 and 0 are correct

# 1 is false 0 is correct

% 1 and 0 are both false

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-/0(. "yperentilation is'

A a decreased lung entilationB a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood

# an increased lung entilation

% a too high percentage of o+ygen in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/3. 5hen the pilot suffers from hypothermia loss of cabin heating@'

A his need for o+ygen will be increased as long as he stays conscious

B his o+ygen need will not be affected

# his o+ygen need will be reduced giing him a better tolerance to hypo+ia

at higher altitudes

% his o+ygen need will be raised and his tolerance to hypo+ia will be

ncreased

&ef' all

Ans' A

1-/31. 5here is the critical threshold at which a pilot not using o+ygen reaches the

critical or lethal Fone? t starts at'

A 1/, ft

B 01, ft

# 02, ft

% 3/, ft

&ef' all

Ans' B


34/325

1-/30. 5hen o+ygen is being transferred from the blood into the tissues and carbon

dio+ide from the body cells into the blood, it is called'

A entilation

B e+ternal respiration

# internal respiration% hyperentilation

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/3-. Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by'

A noises in the ear

B diFFiness

# a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing pressure% pain in the Coints

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/32. )unnel ision loss of peripherical ision@ can be obsered if a pilot is

subCected to more than'

A G3.2 >+

B 3.2 >F

# G3.2 >F

% 3.2>y

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/36. 5hich statement is correct?

A :+ygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial o+ygen pressure

B )he blood plasma is transporting the o+ygen

# )he gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sealeel

% :+ygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on their partial

o+ygen pressure gradient

&ef' all

Ans' %


35/325

1-/-0. n relation to hypo+ia, which of the following paraphrases@ is are@ correct?

A )his is a physical condition caused by a lac* of o+ygen saturation in the

blood while hyperentilating

B )his is a condition of lac*ing o+ygen in the brain causing the circulatory

system to compensate by decreasing the heart rate# "ypo+ia is often produced during steep turns when pilots turn their heads

in a direction opposite to the direction in which the aircraft is turning

% )his is a physical condition caused by a lac* of o+ygen to meet the needs

of the body tissues, leading to mental and muscular disturbances, causing

impaired thin*ing, poor Cudgement and slow reactions

&ef' all

Ans' %

1-/-=. )he type of hypo+ia which occurs at altitude is e+plained by'

A %altons law

B Boyle


36/325

1-/63. Large amounts of carbon dio+ide are eliminated from the body when

hyperentilating. )his causes the blood

A to accelerate the o+ygen supply to the brain

B to turn more acid thus eliminating more o+ygen from the haemoglobin

# to become more al*aline increasing the amount of o+ygen to be attachedto the haemoglobin at lung area

% not to change at all

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/66. 5hich statement applies to hypo+ia?

A you may become immune to hypo+ia when e+posed repeatedly to hypo+ia

B carbon mono+ide increases the tolerance of the brain to o+ygen deficiency# sensitiity and reaction to hypo+ia aries from person to person

% it is possible to prognose when, how and where hypo+ia reaction starts to

set in

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/6=. 8ain in the Coints caused by gas bubbles following a decompression is called'

A cho*es

B bends

# creeps

% leans


Ans' B

1-/(6. "yperentilation can cause unconsciousness, because'

A o+ygen saturation of the blood is increased and the brain will be supplied

with more blood than normal

B o+ygen saturation of the blood is decreased

# not enough time is left to e+change o+ygen in the lungs

% blood circulation to the brain is slowed down

&ef' all

Ans' %


37/325

1-/(=. #arbon mono+ide poisoning'

A is more li*ely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heat is technically

supplied by coating the e+haust

B is more li*ely to occur in aeroplanes with twinengines because of high

engine efficiency# only occurs in Cetdrien aeroplanes

% occurs only aboe 12 degrees :A)

&ef' all

Ans' A

1-//2. )he occurrence of pain in the Coints bends@ during decompression can be

e+plained by the principle that'

A the uantity of a gas dissoled in a fluid is proportional to the pressure ofthat gas aboe the fluid "enrys Law@

B a olume of gas is inersely proportional to the pressure of this gas at

constant temperature Boyles law@

# the total pressure of a mi+ture of gases is eual to the sum of the partial

pressures of the separate gases %altons Law@

% the molecules of a gas will moe from an area of higher concentration or

partial pressure to an area of lower concentration or partial pressure law

of diffusion@

&ef' all

Ans' A

1-//6. 5hy is hypo+ia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo'

A )he pilot may lose control when he is using the o+ygen mas*

B "ypo+ia does not cause a loss of control in steering the plane

# "ypo+ia improes ision at night, so the pilot will hae no indication of

danger

% $ince the first signs of hypo+ia are generally hard to detect hypo+ia of

the brain@, the solo pilot may not be able to react in time ie. Actiate hisemergency o+ygen system@

&ef' all

Ans' %


38/325

1-//(. Hou climb from to 2 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per

2 ft. )he absolute difference in barometric pressure is greatest between'

A 1 ft and 12 ft

B 2 ft and 1 ft

# ft and 2 ft% -2 ft and 2 ft

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-//=. )he transfer of carbon dio+ide from the blood to the aleoli can be described

by'

A Boyles Law

B the law of diffusion# %altons Law

% "enrys Law

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-/=-. 5hich of the following could a pilot e+perience when he is hyperentilating?

1. %iFFiness

0.


39/325

1-/=2. $aturation of o+ygen in the blood at sea leel is =/4. )his saturation

decreases with'

1. decreasing air pressure

0. carbon mono+ide poisoning

3. increasing altitude-. increasing air pressure


B 1, 0 and - are correct, 3 is false

# 1, 0 and 3 are correct, - is false

% 1, 3 and - are correct, 0 is false

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-/=6. nertia in the direction head IJ feet will cause the bloodpressure in the brain

to'

A remain constant

B decrease

# increase

% first increase, then decrease

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-/=(. 5hat is the )ime of Eseful #onsciousness for a rapid decompression at

02, ft?

A About 3 seconds

B About 1/ seconds

# Between 02 seconds and 1 minute 3 seconds

% Between 3 and 2 minutes depending on the physical actiities of the

subCected pilot


Ans' %


40/325

1-=. "ypo+ia is caused by'

A a higher affinity of the red blood cells haemoglobin@ to o+ygen

B reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung

# an increased number of red blood cells

% reduced partial o+ygen pressure in the lung

&ef' all

Ans' %

1-=6. 5hich of the following measures can reduce the chance of a blac*out during

positie >manoeures?

A Breathing o+ygen

B A tilt bac* seat

# $it in upright position and *eep rela+ed% "yperentilation

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-=12. $ome hours after a rapid decompression at 7L 3 you e+perience pain in the

Coints. 5hich of the following answers is correct?

A )his phenomenon is treated by breathing 14 nitrogen

B )his symptom indicates decompression sic*ness and will disappear when

you ta*e some e+ercise

# )his phenomenon is treated by physiotherapy

% Hou should as* for medical adice flight surgeon@ since this is a

symptom of decompression sic*ness

&ef' A&' atpl, "!L' atpl

Ans' %

1-=1(. )he atmospheric pressure at 1/, feet altitude is half the atmosphericpressure at sea leel. n accordance with this statement

A the o+ygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by one half also

B the o+ygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by 24 too

# the partial o+ygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to K of the

pressure of o+ygen at sea leel

% the partial o+ygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled


Ans' #


41/325

1-=1=. According to the #A: standard atmosphere, the temperature lapse rate of the

troposphere is appro+imately'

A 0o# eery 1 feet

B 1o# eery 1 feet

# 0o# eery 1 metres% constant in the troposphere

&ef' all

Ans' A

1-=03. )E# )ime of Eseful #onsciousness@ is'

A the time between the start of hypo+ia and death

B the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss

# the time after pressure loss until decompression sic*ness sets in% the length of time during which an indiidual can act with both mental

and physical efficiency and alertnessD measured from the moment at

which he is e+posed to hypo+ia


Ans' %

1-=3. 5hat countermeasure can be used against a barotrauma of the middle ear

aerotitis@?

A $top climbing, start descent

B ncrease rate of descent

# #lose the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby increasing the

pressure in the mouth and throat. At the same time try to swallow or

moe lower Caw alsala@

% 8ilots should apply anticold remedies prior eery flight to preent

barotraumas in the middle ear

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-=30. )he partial pressure of carbon dio+ide in the aleoli is'

A lower than in the blood

B almost the same as in the atmospheric air

# higher than the pressure of carbon dio+ide in the blood

% lower than the pressure of carbon dio+ide in the atmospheric air

&ef' all

Ans' A


42/325

1-=-. 7lights immediately after $#EBAdiing compressed gas mi+tures, bottles@

J1m depth@'

A should be aoided because hypo+ia may deelop

B can be performed without any danger

# are allowed, if 3/ ft are not e+ceeded% are forbidden

&ef' all

Ans' %

1-=-1. A pilot will get hypo+ia'

A after decompression to 3 feet and ta*ing 14 o+ygen ia an o+ygen

mas*

B after decompression at high altitude and not ta*ing additional o+ygen intime

# if his rate of climb e+ceeds 2 ftmin

% if he is flying an unpressuriFed airplane at an altitude of 12 ft and

breathing 14 o+ygen

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-=-0. )he !ffectie 8erformance )ime or )ime of Eseful #onsciousness after a

decompression at 32 ft is'

A appro+imately 3 minutes

B between 3 and 6 seconds

# appro+imately 2 minutes

% less than 0 seconds


Ans' B

1-=--. )he transfer of o+ygen from the aleoli to the blood can be described by'

A Boyles Law

B the law of diffusion

# %altons Law

% "enrys Law

&ef' all

Ans' B


43/325

1-=-(. 5hat could be symptoms of hypo+ia when flying without o+ygen@ aboe

10 ft?

A "eadache, thirst, somnolence, collapse

B "eadache, fatigue, diFFiness, lac* of coordination

# !uphoria, headache, improement in Cudgement, loss of consciousness% )rembling, increase in body temperature, conulsions, slowing of the rate

of breathing

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-=-/. 5hen flying aboe 1 feet hypo+ia arises because'

A the composition of the air is different from sea leel

B the composition of the blood changes# the partial o+ygen pressure is lower than at sea leel

% the percentage of o+ygen is lower than at sea leel


Ans' #

1-=-=. !arly symptoms of hypo+ia could be'

1. euphoria

0. decreased rate and depth of breathing

3. lac* of concentration

-. isual disturbances


B 1, 0, 3 and - are correct



&ef' all

Ans' %


44/325

1-=2. 5hich of the following isare symptoms@ of hypo+ia?

A 8ain in the Coints

B Lac* of concentration, fatigue, euphoria

# Low blood pressure

% !+cessie rate and depth of breathing combined with pains in the chestarea

&ef' all

Ans' B

1-=22. )he bloodpressure depends on'

1. the wor* of the heart

0. the peripheral resistance

3. the elasticity of the arterial walls-. the blood olume and iscosity

A 1, 0, 3 and - are correct

B 1, 0 and 3 are correct, - is false

# 1, 3 and - are correct, 0 is false

% 0, 3 and - are correct, 1 is false

&ef' all

Ans' A

1-=2(. 5hen suffering from "ypo+ic "ypo+ia, shortterm memory impairment starts

at appro+imately'

A 1, ft

B 10, ft

# 1-, ft

% 16, ft

&ef' all

Ans' B


45/325

1-=6. %uring a final approach under bad weather conditions, you feel diFFy, get

tingling sensations in your hands and a rapid heart rate. )hese symptoms

could indicate'

A hypo+ia

B disorientation# hyperentilation

% carbon mono+ide poisoning

&ef' all

Ans' #

1-=6(. After a decompression to -3 ft the )E# )ime of Eseful #onsciousness@

will be appro+imately'

A 6= secondsB 3-2 seconds

# -26 seconds

% 212 seconds


Ans' %

1-=(1. )he thin walls of capillaries are permeable for'

A protein

B platelets

# gases

% red blood cells

&ef' all

Ans' #

1200. Breathing 14 o+ygen at 3/, ft is euialent to breathe ambient air at'

A 1/, ft

B 1, ft

# /, ft

% 1-, ft


Ans' B


46/325

120-. At what altitude breathing 14 o+ygen without pressure@ could symptoms

of hypo+ia be e+pected?

A Appro+imately 1 to 10 ft

B 00, ft

# Appro+imately 32, ft% Appro+imately 3/ to -, ft


Ans' %

1202. Hou can surie at any altitude, proided that'

A 014 o+ygen is aailable in the air you breathe in

B pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude

# the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 1o#% enough o+ygen, pressure and heat is aailable


Ans' %

1206. )o safely supply the crew with o+ygen, at which altitude is it necessary to

breathe 14 o+ygen plus pressure after a rapid decompression?

A Appro+imately 1-, ft

B Appro+imately 0, ft

# Appro+imately -2, ft

% Appro+imately 3/, ft


Ans' %

120=. )he respiratory process consists mainly of'

A the diffusion of o+ygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood,transportation to the cells, diffusion into the cells and elimination of

carbon dio+ide from the body

B the transportation of o+ygen to the cell and the elimination of carbon

mono+ide

# the transportation of o+ygen to the cell and the elimination of nitrogen

% the transportation of carbon dio+ide to the cell and elimination of o+ygen

&ef' all

Ans' A


47/325

123. 5hich of the following applies to carbon mono+ide poisoning?

A )he human body shows no sign of carbon mono+ide poisoning

B inhaling carbon mono+ide leads to hyperentilation

# $eeral days are needed to recuperate from a carbon mono+ide poisoning

% A ery early symptom for realising carbon mono+ide poisoning iseuphoria

&ef' all

Ans' #

1230. 5hich of the following is true concerning carbon mono+ide?

A t has no physiological effect when mi+ed with o+ygen

B t is always present in the lungs

# t is to be found in the smo*e of cigarettes lifting up a smo*ersphysiological altitude

% t combines 2 times faster to the haemoglobin than o+ygen

&ef' all

Ans' #

1233. n the aleoli gas e+change ta*es place e+ternal respiration@. 5hich gas will

diffuse from the blood into the lungs?

A #arbon mono+ide

B #arbon dio+ide

# Ambient air

% :+ygen

&ef' all

Ans' B

1232. :+ygen in the blood is primarily transported by'

A the blood plasma

B attaching itself to the haemoglobin in the red blood plasma

# attaching itself to the haemoglobin in the white blood cells

% the haemoglobin in the red blood cells

&ef' all

Ans' %


48/325

1236. "ypo+ia can be caused by'

1. low partial pressure of o+ygen in the atmosphere when flying at high

altitudes without pressurisation and supplemental o+ygen

0. a decreased saturation of o+ygen in the blood due to carbon mono+ide

attached to the haemoglobin3. blood pooling in the lower e+tremities due to inertia G>F@

-. malfunction of the body cells to metabolise o+ygen ie. after a hangoer@

&ef' all

Ans' #

123(. n the following list you find some symptoms for hypo+ia and carbon

mono+ide poisoning. 8lease mar* those indicating hypo+ia'

A isual disturbances, lac* of concentration, euphoriaB ;ausea and barotitis

# %ull headache and bends

% %iFFiness, hypothermia

&ef' all

Ans' A

123/. A symptom comparison for hypo+ia and hyperentilation is'

A altitude hypo+ia is ery unli*ely at cabin pressure altitudes aboe 1 ft

B symptoms caused by hyperentilation will immediately anish when

14 o+ygen is gien

# cyanosis =blue colour of fingernail and lips@ e+ists only in hypo+ia

% there are great differences between the two

&ef' all

Ans' #

123=. "ypo+ia can also be caused by'

A a lac* of nitrogen in ambient air

B too much carbon dio+ide in the blood

# increasing o+ygen partial pressure used for the e+change of gases

% a lac* of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of the

haemoglobin to transport o+ygen

&ef' all

Ans' %


49/325

12-. Breathing 14 o+ygen will lift the pilots physiological safe altitude to

appro+imately'

A 1, ft

B 00, ft

# -2, ft% 3/, ft


Ans' %

12-1. )he most dangerous symptoms of hypo+ia at altitude are'

A breathlessness and reduced night ision

B euphoria and impairment of Cudgement

# hyperentilation% sensation of heat and blurred ision


Ans' B

12-0. 5hen consciously breathing fast or hyperentilating due to high arousal or

oerstress, the carbon dio+ide leel in the blood is lowered, resulting in '

A a delay in the onset of hypo+ia when flying at high altitudes

B the actiation of the respiratory centre, which in turn causes hypo+ia

# less o+ygen to be diffused into the cells

% a poor saturation of o+ygen in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' #

12-3. 5ith hyperentilation, caused by high leels of arousal or oerstress'

A finger nails and lips will turn blue cyanosis@B more o+ygen will reach the brain

# peripherical and scotopic ision will be improed

% an increased amount of carbon dio+ide is e+haled causing muscular

spasms and een unconsciousness

&ef' all

Ans' %


50/325

12--. :ne of the most freuent symptoms@ of decompression sic*ness emerging

after a decompression in airline operation'

A are the bends

B are the cho*es

# is a shoc*% are neurological damages to the #;$


Ans' A

12-=. 5hat eent can cause a hyperentilation not reuired by physical need@?

1. 8ressure breathing

0. An+iety or fear

3. :erstress-. $trong pain

2. 9ogging

A 1, 0, 3, - and 2 are correct

B 1 and 2 are both false

# 1, 0, 3 and - are correct, 2 is false

% :nly 0 and 3 are correct

&ef' all

Ans' #

122. At what altitude threshold for compensatory reactions@ does the human

organism start with remar*able measures to compensate for the drop in 8:0

when climbing? At about'

A / to = ft

B = to 1 ft

# 1 to 10 ft

% 6 to ( ft


Ans' %


51/325

1221. Breathing pure o+ygen without pressure@ will be sufficient up to an altitude

of'

A 3/, ft

B -2, ft

# 6, ft% /, ft


Ans' A

1223. )he time between inadeuate o+ygen supply and incapacitation is called )E#

)ime of Eseful #onsciousness@. t

A aries indiidually and depends on cabin pressure altitude

B is the same amount of time for eery person# is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure

% aries indiidually and does not depend on altitude


Ans' A

122-. 8ain in the 9oints bends@, which suddenly appear during a flight, are

symptoms of'

A hypo+ia

B decompression sic*ness

# barotraumas

% airsic*ness


Ans' B

1226. 7lying immediately following a die with $#EBA diing euipment J1 m

depth@'

A is forbidden for the flight crew, because it leads to hypo+ia

B can cause decompression sic*ness een when flying at pressure altitudes

below 1/, ft

# preents any dangers caused by aeroembolism decompression sic*ness@

when climbing to altitudes not e+ceeding 3, ft

% has no influence on altitude flights


Ans' B


52/325

122/. After a decompression at high altitude'

A temperature in the coc*pit will increase

B pressure differentials will suc* air into the cabin

# nitrogen gas bubbles can be released in the body fluids causing gas

embolismD bends and cho*es% automatically o+ygen is deployed into the cabin


Ans' #

12/1. )he symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the s*in following a

decompression are called'

A leans

B bends# cho*es

% creeps


Ans' %

12/-. %uring flight all crew members hae one or more of the following symptoms'

1. blue lips

0. mental disturbances

3. tingling sensations in arms andor legs

-. reduction of peripheral ision. 5hich is the possible cause?

A "ypothermia

B >laucoma

# "ypo+ia

% "ypoglycaemia

&ef' all

Ans' #


53/325

12/=. )he total pressure of a mi+ture of gases is eual to the sum of the partial

pressures of the gases which compose the mi+ture corresponds to'

A >rahams law

B %altons law

# "enrys law% Boyle


54/325

121/. )he first effect to be noticed on gradual e+posure to high positie radial

acceleration is'

A loss of consciousness

B greyout

# blac*out% redision

&ef' all

Ans' B

1210. %ry air is a mi+ture of gases. )heir olume percentage is about'

A 1/4 o+ygen, /4 nitrogen, 04 other gases

B 014 o+ygen, (/4 nitrogen, 14 other gases

# 1=4 o+ygen, /4 nitrogen, 14 other gases% 024 o+ygen, (-4 nitrogen, 14 other gases

&ef' all

Ans' B

12101. :ne of the most dangerous symptoms of hypo+ia concerning flight safety is'

A hyperentilation, causing emotional stress

B reduced coordination of limb moements, causing the pilot to spin

# cyanosis, reducing then pilots ability to hear

% impaired Cudgement, disabling the pilot to recognise the symptoms

&ef' all

Ans' %

12131. "ypo+ia effects isual performance. A pilot may'

A get colour blindness accompanied by seere headache

B get blurred andor tunnel ision# hae a reduction of 024 in isual acuity at / ft A>L

% be unable to maintain piercing ision below 2 ft A>L

&ef' all

Ans' B


55/325

12133. #hanges in ambient pressure and accelerations during flight are important

physiological factors limiting the pilots performance if not ta*en into

consideration. Linear accelerations along the long a+is of the body'

A are of no interest when performing aerobics

B change blood pressure and blood olume distribution in the body# will hae an effect on blood pressure and blood flow if the acceleratie

force acts across the body at right angles to the body a+is

% will not stimulate any of the estibular organs

&ef' all

Ans' B

1213(. Air at an altitude of 1/, ft contains appro+imately'

A 14 o+ygenB 24 o+ygen

# 124 o+ygen

% 014 o+ygen


Ans' %

121-0. A pilot who smo*es will lose some of his capacity to transport o+ygen

combined with haemoglobin. 5hich percentage of his total o+ygen

transportation capacity would he gie away when he smo*es one pac* of

cigarettes a day?

A 2 /4

B .2 04

# 10 1/4

% 0 024

&ef' all

Ans' A

121-3. #arbon mono+ide, a product of incomplete combustion, is to+ic because'

A it disturbs gaseous diffusion at the aleoli capillary membrane

B it competes with o+ygen in its union with haemoglobin

# it preents the absorption of food from the digestie tract

% it preents the e+cretion of catabolites in the *idneys

&ef' all

Ans' B


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121--. $ymptoms of decompression sic*ness'

A always begin immediately after the decompression during the flight

B normally ta*e 0 or 3 days to appear after e+posure to a hypobaric

atmosphere

# disappear on landing and neer appear again% sometimes can appear with a delay after the airplane is on the ground


Ans' %

121-(. t is inadisable to fly when suffering from a cold. )he reason for this is'

A swollen tissue in the inner ear will preent the air from entilating through

the tympanic membrane

B swollen tissue in the !ustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss# pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast

descents

% gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum

&ef' all

Ans' #

12121. )he barometric pressure has dropped to K of the pressure at sea leel at'

A 1/, ft

B 1, ft

# 02, ft

% 3, ft


Ans' A

12120. )he normal rate of breathing is'

A 30 to - cycles a minute

B 6 to 1 cycles a minute

# 0 to 3 cycles a minute

% 10 to 16 cycles a minute

&ef' all

Ans' %


57/325

1212-. Altitudehypo+ia, when breathing ambient air, should not occur indifferent

phase@

A between 3 m and 2 m

B between 2 m and ( m

# below 3 m% up to 2 m


Ans' #

12122. )he Bends as a symptom of decompression sic*ness consists of'

A pain in the thora+ and a bac*ing cough

B #;$disturbances

# loss of peripheral ision% pain in the Coints


Ans' %

121==. Hou suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any

decompression sic*ness symptoms. "ow long should you wait until your ne+t

flight?

A 36 hours

B 0- hours

# 10 hours

% -/ hours


Ans' #

1202. A pilot can oercome hyperentilation by'

A the use of drugs stabilising blood pressure

B depending on instruments

# increasing the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate harmful carbon

dio+ide

% controlling the rate and depth of breathing, breathing into a bag or

spea*ing with a loud oice

&ef' all

Ans' %


58/325

12010. f someone hyperentilates due to stress his blood will get'

A more al*aline

B less saturated with o+ygen

# more saturated with carbon dio+ide

% more acid

&ef' all

Ans' A

12001. Boyles law is directly applicable in case of'

A hyperentilation with increasing altitude

B the occurrence of decompression sic*ness at high altitude

# the occurrence of hypo+ia with increasing altitude

% the e+pansion of trapped gases in the human body with increasing altitude

&ef' all

Ans' %

1203-. Hou should not dispense blood without prior information from your flight

surgeon. )he most important reason for this adise is'

A you are more susceptible to hypo+ia after a blood donation

B the chance you get the bends is higher after blood donation

# your blood pressure is too low after blood donation

% your heart freuency is too low after blood donation

&ef' all

Ans' A

1203(. "yperentilation is due to an e+cessie rate of breathing and can produce the

following symptoms'

A blue finger nails and lipsB diFFiness, tingling sensation in the fingers and toes, nausea and blurred

ision

# reduced heart rate and increase in isual acuity

% a state of oerconfidence and reduced heart rate

&ef' all

Ans' B


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120-2. 5hich components@ isare transporting the o+ygen in the blood?

A "aemoglobin in the red blood cells

B 5hite blood cells

# 8lasma

% Blood fat

&ef' all

Ans' A

120-/. )he following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of

decompression of sic*ness'

1. climb to higher leel

0. descent to the higher of 1 ft or


60/325

1202/. 5hat is the procedure aboe 1, ft altitude when faced with e+plosie

decompression'

A %on an o+ygen mas* and descend to below 1, ft

B 7irst inform A)#

# %escend to below 1, ft and signal an emergency% #hec* the cabin altitude, don an o+ygen mas* and maintain leel flight

&ef' all

Ans' A

1206. ncapacitation caused by barotraumas from gaseous e+pansion after

decompression at high altitude may be associated with the following parts@ of

the body'

1. the digestie tract0. the ears

3. the eyes

-. the sinuses

A 1, 0, 3

B 1

# 0, 3, -

% 0, -


Ans' B

12062. Hou are crossing the Alps in a nonpressurised aircraft at an altitude of 12,

feet. Hou do not use the o+ygen mas* because you feel fine. )his is unsafe,

because'

A the blood pressure can get too high

B your Cudgement could be impaired

# the blood pressure can get too low

% you will get the bends


Ans' B


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1206(. )he cabin pressure in airline operation is'

A always euialent to sea leel

B normally not e+ceeding 6 to / feet

# normally not e+ceeding 0 to 3 feet

% normally not e+ceeding - to 2 feet


Ans' B

120(0. "ow can a pilot increase his tolerance to G>F?

A )a*e an upright seat position

B tighten shoulder harness

# )ightening of muscles, duc*ing the head and perform a *ind of pressure

breathing% &ela+ the muscles, duc*ing the head and lean upper body forward

&ef' all

Ans' #

120(6. 5hat are the main clinical signs of hypo+ia during e+plosie decompression?

A "eadaches, fatigue, somnolence, palpitations

B ncrease in heart and respiratory rates, euphoria, impairment of Cudgement,

memory disorders

# ncrease in heart rate, decrease in body temperature impairment of

Cudgement

% "eadaches, articular pain, speedingup of the respiratory rate, memory

disorders


Ans' B

120=1. 5hat type of acceleration has the most significant physiological effect uponthe pilot?

A )ranserse acceleration G>y@

B Linear acceleration G>+@

# &adial acceleration G>F@

% #ombined linear and transerse acceleration

&ef' all

Ans' #


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123(. )he olume percentage of o+ygen in the atmosphere at 3, feet remains at

014 but the partial pressure of o+ygen'

A decreases with decreasing barometric pressure

B remains constant, independent from altitude

# increases by e+pansion% decreases significantly with lower temperatures


Ans' A

1231/. )he main function of the red blood cells is'

A the cellular defence of the organism

B to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood

# to transport o+ygen% to contribute to the immune response of the organism

&ef' all

Ans' #

1230. 5hich of the following statements concerning hypo+ia is correct'

A t has little effect on the body, because the body can always compensate

for it

B it is neer a problem at altitudes below 02, ft

# t actiates the senses and ma*es them function better

% t s a potential threat to safety

&ef' all

Ans' %

12336. 5hat are the main limits of shortterm memory? t is'

1. ery sensitie to interruptions and interference0. difficult to access

3. limited in siFe

-. subCect to a biochemical burnin of information

A 1, 3, -

B 1, 0, 3

# 0, 3

% 0, -

&ef' all

Ans' A


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1233=. )he following occurs in man if the internal body temperature increases to

3/o#'

A impairment of physical and mental performance

B apathy

# considerable dehydration% nothing significant happens at this temperature. )he first clinical signs

only start to appear at 3=o#

&ef' all

Ans' A

123-1. )he procedure to be followed in the eent of decompression when flying

aboe 1, ft must'

A allow for the rapid supply of o+ygen in order to preent the pilotbecoming hypo+ic

B allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of o+ygen in

order to preent disorders due to hypo+ia

# ma*e it possible to preent hyperentilation owing to the inhalation of

14 o+ygen

% ma*e it possible to eliminate the ris* of fogging due to the sudden

pressure changes


Ans' A

123--. 1. !uphoria can be a symptom of hypo+ia

0. $omeone in an euphoric condition is more prone to error

A 1 is correct, 0 is not correct

B 1 is not correct, 0 is correct

# 1 and 0 are both not correct

% 1 and 0 are both correct

&ef' all

Ans' %


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123-2. )he )ime of Eseful #onsciousness may ary according to'

1. physical actiity of the subCected crew

0. the e+perience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in uestion

3. the strength and time of decompression

-. the cabin temperature

A -

B 1, 3

# 1, 0

% 3, -


Ans' B

123-6. %uring a climb, we can obsere the following with regard to the partialo+ygen pressure'

A an increase up to 1, ft followed by a sudden pressure drop aboe that

altitude

B an increase which is inersely proportional to the decrease in atmospheric

pressure

# an identical decrease to that for atmospheric pressure

% a decrease which is three times faster than the decrease in atmospheric

pressure


Ans' #

123-=. 5hich of the following statements are correct?

1.


65/325

12321. 5hat is the aerage )ime of Eseful #onsciousness after a rapid

decompression at -, ft?

A About - seconds

B


66/325

12326. 5hich data compose the #A: standard atmosphere?

1. %ensity

0. 8ressure

3. )emperature

-. "umidity

A 1, 0, 3

B 1, 0, -

# 0, 3, -

% 3, -

&ef' all

Ans' A

1232/. n the pulmonary artery there is'

A o+ygen poor and carbon dio+ide poor blood

B o+ygen rich and carbon dio+ide poor blood

# o+ygen rich and carbon dio+ide rich blood

% o+ygen poor and carbon dio+ide rich blood

&ef' all

Ans' %

1232=. )he circulatory system, among other things, allows for'

1. transportation of o+ygen and carbon dio+ide

0. transportation of information by chemical substances

A both are false

B 1 and 0 are correct

# 1 is correct and 0 is false

% 1 is false and 0 is correct

&ef' all

Ans' B


67/325

1236. )he part of blood without cell is called'

A serum

B water

# plasm

% lymph

&ef' all

Ans' #

1236-. #hanges in bloodpressure are measured by'

A arteriols

B adrenal glands

# pacema*ers

% pressureceptors

&ef' all

Ans' %

12366. )he primary factor to control the rate and depth of breathing is the'

A partial pressure of nitrogen

B partial pressure of o+ygen in the blood

# total air pressure in the blood

% pressure of carbon dio+ide in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' %

12-. )he seerity of hypo+ia depends on the'

1. rate of decompression

0. physical fitness

3. flight leel-. indiidual tolerance


B 1 and 3 are correct, 0 and - are false

# 1, 0, 3 and - are correct

% 1, 0 and 3 are correct, - is false

&ef' all

Ans' #


68/325

12-1. 5hich of the following symptoms can indicate the beginning of hypo+ia?

1. Blue lips and finger nails

0. !uphoria

3. 7latulence

-. Enconsciousness



# 0, 3 and - are correct


&ef' all

Ans' A

12-0. 5hich measures@ will help to compensate hypo+ia?

1. %escend below 1, ft

0. Breathe 14 o+ygen

3. #limb to or aboe 1, ft

-. &educe physical actiities

A 1, 0 and 3 are correct

B :nly 1 is correct

# 1 and 0 are correct, 3 and - are false


&ef' all

Ans' %

12-3. %uring final approach under bad weather conditions you are getting uneasy,

feel diFFy and get tingling sensations in your hands. 5hen hyperentilating

you should'

A descend

B apply the alsala method# use the o+ygen mas*

% control your rate and depth of breathing

&ef' all

Ans' %


69/325

12--. n the eent of rapid decompression the first action for the flight dec* crew is'

A descent to the higher of 1, ft or


70/325

12=1-. )he oFonelayer is situated in the'

A troposphere

B stratosphere

# mesosphere

% mesosphere and troposphere


Ans' B

12=06. 7lying immediately after $#EBA diing inoles the ris* of getting'

A decompression sic*ness without haing a decompression

B hyperentilation

# hypo+ia

% stress


Ans' A

12=0/. 8ain in the middle ear during descent may be eased by'

A leelling off and possibly climbing

B bloc*ing the affected ear with the palm of your hand

# increasing the rate of descent

% using an o+ygen mas*


Ans' A

1636. A barotraumas of the middle ear aerotitis@'

A is more li*ely when the pilot is flying with a respiratory infection and

during descent

B is only caused by large pressure changes during climb# causes seere pain in the sinuses

% is to be e+pected during rapid decompressions, but an emergency descent

immediately following the decompression will eliminate the problem

&ef' all

Ans' A


71/325

162-. >rey out can be obsered if a pilot is subCected to more than'

A G3 >F

B G3 >+

# 3 >F

% G3 >y

&ef' all

Ans' A

16/. )he atmosphere is a mi+ture of gases and the largest part is'

A :+ygen

B ;itrogen

# "elium

% "ydrogen

&ef' all

Ans' B

16/1. "ow much of the air is occupied by o+ygen?

A (/.4

B (/./4

# 1(4

% 0.=-4

&ef' all

Ans' %

16/0. "ow much of the air is occupied by nitrogen?

A (64

B 014

# (/./4% 0.=-4

&ef' all

Ans' #


72/325

16/3. 5hich statement about partial pressure is correct?

A 8artial pressure decreases appro+imately 04 per 1 feet

B :ne can calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mi+ture by using

Boyles law

# )he sum of the partial pressure of indiidual gases, in a mi+ture of gases,is eual to the total pressure

% 8artial pressure of o+ygen in air is always appro+imately 0

&ef' all

Ans' #

16/-. )he pressure at 1/, ft is lower than at sea leel. "ow much lower is it

appro+imately?

A KB 13

#

% (24 of the pressure at sea leel

&ef' all

Ans' A

16/2. )he total air pressure at 33,( ft is 1= mm"g. 5hat is the partial pressure

of o+ygen?

A 1-/ mm"g

B 3/ mm"g

# 0./ mm"g

% Appro+imately 3/ mm"g


Ans' %

16//. )he effects of Boyles law can cause'

A "ypo+ia

B !oled gas disorders

# )rapped gas disorders

% Bends

&ef' all

Ans' #


73/325

16=. 5hich law e+plains eoled gas problems?

A "enrys law

B %altons law

# #harles law

% Boyles law

&ef' all

Ans' A

16=1. A balloon is often used to illustrate the effects of which gas law'

A "enrys law

B %altons law

# #harles law

% Boyles law

&ef' all

Ans' %

16=0. 5hat is the purpose of respiration?

A nta*e of ;0, which the liing cells need for the metabolic process

B nta*e of #:0, which the liing cells need for the metabolic process

# nta*e of #:0, which the liing cells need for the metabolic process

% nta*e of ;:0, which the liing cells need for the metabolic process

&ef' all

Ans' B

16=3. "ow is sufficient o+ygen proided aboe -, feet?

A By breathing ambient air

B By breathing :0

# By breathing 14 :0 with positie pressure% By breathing 14 :0 and wearing fullpressure suit


Ans' #


74/325

16=-. 5hat controls the olume of breathing?

A &eceptor cells in the brain

B 8haryn+

# Angina

% Aleoli in the lungs

&ef' all

Ans' A

16=2. 5hat are the main components of the respiratory system?

A :ralnasal passage, pharyn+, laryn+, trachea, capillaries and aleoli

B :rannasal passage, pharyn+, laryn+, trachea, bronchi and aleoli

# :ralnasal passage, pharyn+, laryn+, lungs, capillaries and aleoli

% :ralnasal passage, pharyn+, laryn+, lungs, bronchi and aleoli

&ef' all

Ans' B

16=6. 5hat is hypertension?

A A bloc*age of the coronary artery

B A bloc*age of the blood supply to part of the brain

# A symptom of reduced o+ygen supply to the heart muscle

% A physiological condition inoling increased pressure on the arterial

walls

&ef' all

Ans' %

16=/. 5hat is the most correct regarding hypo+ia?

A t is an abnormal reduction of the haemoglobin content of the red blood

cellsB t is the result of insufficient o+ygen in the blood stream

# t causes chest pain

% t is caused by too much #:0 in the air

&ef' all

Ans' B


75/325

16==. "ypo+ia is the result of'

A "igh barometric pressure at higher altitudes

B !+cessie nitrogen in the blood stream

# %ecreasing amount of o+ygen as your altitude increases

% Both A and B are correct

&ef' all

Ans' #

161. 5hy is hypo+ia particularly dangerous during flights with one pilot?

A $ymptoms of hypo+ia may be difficult to recognise before the pilots

reactions are affected

B ;ight ision may be so important, that the pilot cannot see other aircraft

# )he pilot may not be able to control the aircraft een if using o+ygen% %uring multicrew operation, one pilot can fly while the other puts on

hisher o+ygen mas*

&ef' all

Ans' A

1611. 5hich statement best defines hypo+ia?

A An abnormal increase in the olume of air breathed

B A state of o+ygen deficiency in the body

# A condition of gas bubble formation around the Coints or muscles

% A condition of too low #:0 leel in the blood

&ef' all

Ans' %

1610. 5hat is angina?

A Angina is a symptom of too high o+ygen supply to the heart muscle,usually caused by enlarged coronary arteries

B Angina is a symptom of reduced o+ygen supply to the heart muscle,

usually caused by narrowing or obstruction of lung aleoli

# Angina is a symptom of reduced o+ygen supply to the brain, usually

caused by narrowing or obstruction of the coronary artery

% Angina is a symptom of reduced o+ygen supply to the heart muscle,

usually caused by narrowing or obstruction of the coronary artery

&ef' all

Ans' %


76/325

1613. 5hat is heart infarct?

A A heart infarct is a bloc*age of the coronary ein

B A heart infarct is a bloc*age of the coronary arteryD it will almost always

lead to a heart attac*

# A heart infarct is a bloc*age of the coronary arteryD it will seldom lead to a heart attac*

% A heart infarct is the same as a heart attac*

&ef' all

Ans' B

161-. 5hat is a stro*e?

A A stro*e occurs when blood supply to a certain part of the brain is cut off

B A stro*e is a blood essel rupture in the brain and internal bleeding willcause too high internal pressure

# A stro*e is caused by angina to the heart

% A stro*e occurs when blood supply to a certain part of an aleoli is cut off

&ef' all

Ans' A

1612. )he purpose of the red blood cells is to'

A )ransport #:0, nutrients and hormones

B 7ight infection

# #lot blood

% )ransport o+ygen

&ef' all

Ans' %

1616. List the four maCor types of hypo+ia, which are classified according to the

cause of the hypo+ia.

A "ypo+ic, hypaemic, stagnant and histoto+ic

B "ypo+ic, hypaemic, hyperentic and histoto+ic

# Anaemic, angina, stro*e and seiFure

% Altitude, #:, hyperentilation and selfinduced

&ef' all

Ans' A


77/325

161(. "ow can alcohol create hypo+ia?

A An indiiduals susceptibility to hypo+ia is greatl

Documents

Human Performance and Limitations Questions