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The Human Intranet: Where Humans and Swarms Meet
IEEE Computer Society Santa Clara -‐ February 17, 2015
Jan M. Rabaey Distinguished Lecturer IEEE SSCS
SWARM LabUC BERKELEY
We just witnessed an
IoT eruption!
The Momentum is There …
TSensors Summit Page 1 of 7
Objective The TSensors Summit is an event being organized as a forum for world sensor visionaries to present their views on which sensor applications and sensor types have potential to fuel sensor market growth to trillions by 2023, and why. Their visions will form a foundation for a Trillion Sensor Roadmap, which sensor experts consider instrumental in acceleration of development and commercialization of sensors supporting global changes in the coming decade, thus accelerating Abundance1.
The Summit will be held at Stanford University on October 21-23, 2013, the site of the 2010 MEMS Technology Summit which generated an inspiration for the Trillion Sensor Roadmap.
Why TSensors Summit Sensor absorption in the mobile market (cell phones, tablets, games, cameras, etc.) exploded from 10 million units in 2007 (triggered by the emergence of the iPhone and WII gaming console) to 3.5 billion in 2012. Interestingly, none of market research organizations projected such growth in 2007.
Currently, select visionary organizations foresee the sensor demand growing from billions in 2012 to trillions within the next decade. The demand is expected to be driven by emergence of sensor based smart systems fusing the computing, communication and sensing. Such systems target supporting global evolution and solutions of global problems (hence large volumes) ranging from integration of more sensing functions into mobile devices, to elimination of hunger on earth, reduction of global warming, development of green energy and clean water, slowdown of global population growth, reduction of skyrocketing cost (and lack of) medical care, etc..
Similarly to 2007, none of the market research organizations has a trillion sensor forecast, although, as shown in Figure 1, but a number of visionary organizations do.
Historically, sensor technologies have had long development cycles, about 20 years to volume production. Such long commercialization cycles result from deployed “multi-physics” and “multi-bio-chemistry” complexity, and lack of
1 Concept of Abundance was introduced by Peter Diamandis of XPrize Foundation in his book “Abundance”. Abundance is defined as equality between supply and demand for goods and services on Earth. http://www.abundancethebook.com/
Trillion Sensor RoadmapTSensors Summit
Figure 1. Mobile sensor market for volumes not envisioned by leading market research organizations in 2007, grew exponentially over 200%/y between 2007 and 2012.
Several organizations presented their visions for a continued growth to trillion(s). Market research companies don’t yet see this growth (see Yole’s forecast). So the explosion to trillion(s) is likely to be driven by applications not yet envisioned by leading market research organization.
As sensor development has been historically much longer than pure semiconductor technologies, TSensors Roadmap development is being launched to improve visibility of needed sensors to enable their accelerated development.
Tsensors Summit Stanford, Oct 13
!!!!!!!!!!Internet!of!Things!(IoT)!
Industry!4.0! The!Industrial!Internet!
Internet!of!Everything!
Smarter!Planet!
Machine!to!Machine!(M2M)!
The!Swarm!
TSensors!(Trillion!Sensors)!
The!Fog!
The Buzz around the Swarm
A Fundamental Transformation in Engineering
Pre-1950’s: Engineering the physical world (industrial revolutions)
Post 2000: “Cyberphysical Systems” bridging the two, engaging society at large
1950-2000’s: Engineering abstract objects (the “cyber world”)
Why Now?
[Courtesy: K. Pister, UC Berkeley]
Origin: Wireless Sensor Nets And Smartdust Mid 1990’s
Forked plethora of research activities in ultra low-power circuits, sensors, energy harvesting, ad-hoc wireless networks, data fusion, …
Yet … got little industrial traction
Technology Barriers Are Being Scaled “General Purpose” low-power wireless sensor platforms
Networks and network Integration
Examples: Bosch, ST Micro, TI
Bluetooth LE, ANT
Open-source Internet ofThings wireless meshnetworking software:• Data reliability > 99.9%• Battery life > 5 years for
routers and leaf nodes• Scalability > 500 nodes• IETF/IEEE open standards
only
Get it at http://openwsn.org
Yet … Huge Hurdles Remain
VentureBeat, January 2015
http://venturebeat.com/2015/01/08/what-to-expect-next-a-cloud-platform-for-the-internet-of-things/
Scalable, reliable and safe?
The “Missing Link”
Scalable, Robust and Safe
Self-driving cars
Plant Automation
Energy-efficient homes
Health monitoring
Apps
Resources Sensors/ Input devs
Actuators/ Output devs
Networks
Storage
Computing
SWARM-OS
Similar to Unix and Android, but …
Mediation Layer
Enabling the Swarm: The Ubiquitous SwarmLab at Berkeley*
“Create an open and universal plaGorm to foster the creaIon and distribuIon of a broad range of innovaIve swarm applicaIons”
*Funded by consortium of companies (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Samsung, NEC, Toshiba, IHI, Visa) Also part of multi-university FCRP “TerraSwarm Research Center”
[8 PI, 50 Graduate Students]
The Swarm Vision (2025) - Integrated components will be approaching
molecular limits and/or may cover complete walls - Every object will have a wireless connection,
hence leading to trillions of connected devices, - Opportunistically collaborating to present unique
experiences or to fulfill common goals
THE CLOUD
What Makes the Swarm Vision Unique?
*[F. Bonomi, Cisco, “Cloud and Fog Computing”– EON June 11]
THE FOG*
§ Open shared platform avoids stovepiping of “sensor nets”
THE SWARM § Opportunistic acquisition of just
enough resources avoids the Internet of IoT
§ The Cloud as a companion
The SwarmLab Landscape
Swarm Ecosystem
SwarmLets
Innovative Swarm Applications from Immersive Humans over building-sized networks to Distributed Autonomous Systems
Human-immersive aystems as prime application domain
The unraveling of the mobile! The unPad* Blurring the boundaries between the physical and the cyber world
* Term coined by BWRC Directors [2010]
The Wearable Era is on the Brink
[Wired Magazine, January 2014]
[Time Magazine, September 2014]
Wearable: An Extended Definition
Any object or tool that moves in concert with human (includes bicycle, car, drill, medical kit, or exoskeleton …)
Empowered humans in an augmented world
An alternative :
THE HUMAN INTRANET* An open scalable platform § Seamlessly integrating ever-increasing number of sensor, actuation,
computation, storage, communication and energy nodes located around, on, or in human body
§ Acting in symbiosis with functions provided by the body itself,
§ Fundamentally altering ways humans operate, and interact with physical world around them and cyberworld beyond.
Wearables today – A stovepiped model Again!
*[J. Rabaey, “The Human Intranet: Where swarms and humans meet”, IEEE Pervasive Computing 2014]
The Human Intranet in a nutshell
Key properties: Distributed, formfitting and comfortable, extended operational periods, broad range of devices ranging from energy-rich to energy-starved, diverse interconnect strategies, adaptive and self-learning.
Brain-machine interfaces as driving example
Some Crucial Challenges
Intertwining of energy and information distribution
Organically formed mesh network routes energy and data from sources to sinks
Dynamically configured based on needs and availability
Heterogeneous physical links (wired/wireless, electromagnetic, inductive, resistive, acoustic, …)
Symbiotic to natural nervous and capillary system
Challenge: Energy sparsity
Adaptive and evolutionary systems
§ Combining local information extraction and decision making with centralized global learning and optimization
§ Supporting long-range and global functions such as feature extraction, sensor fusion, machine learning
§ Integrating empowered hub nodes with energy-frugal local processing
B
B
A
A
B
A: Hubs B: Sensor clusters
Challenge: Dynamically changing conditions
Inherently fail-safe
Challenge: Retain basic or partial functionality under all circumstances
• Implicit baselining and fall-back modes
• Redundancy in network and compute resources
• Adaptivity and reconfiguration If the system cannot restore balance, it can
lead to death! [Credit: tollecausom.com]
Homeostatis is a balancing act that can
be thrown out of whack by environmental
challenges
Human firewall
Challenge: Secure and private
• Every link to be encrypted • Keys generated from local
observations (channel properties, biomarkers)
• Creation of virtual cloak using deliberate self-interference
• Adaptivity to avoid spamming [René Margritte]
Some High-order bits § Wearables extend far beyond current
industrial/commercial offering § Need open and scalable, yet safe
and reliable platform to unleash creativity
§ Stretches technology to the limits
Required Reading: Peter Hamilton, Pandora’s Star
[OCtattoos]
10mm
§ Potential impact hard to overestimate § Needs broader societal discussion
URGENTLY
[Flexible skin electrodes, J. Rogers, UIUC]
Humans out of the loop: Action Swarms Swarms of drones and other UAVs are being hatched…
Lexus Swarms
Navy Swarms
New UAV Applications New UAV applications
[Amazon] [Google]
1. Safety2. Simplicity3. Ability to adapt to new information
[NASA]• Collision avoidance system• Forced landing system
[PI: C. Tomlin, UCB]
New York scenario: Up to 1,000 drones simultaneously
Current Work• Analysis and control of hybrid systems
– Safety, from reachability analysis– Simplicity, from hybrid system representation– UAV safety from reach-avoid games [NASA]
• Ability to learn from new information [Kene]– Safe learning– Local updates– Forced Landing System [NASA]
Collision avoidance systems Forced landing scenarios § Safety § Simplicity § Adapt to new information
min$$speed$
avg$speed$
hold$
detour$ shortcut$
VFS$alt$
change$
max$speed$
Small nudging control actions
SwarmDev § Explore innovative physical/biological world interfaces § Build integrative platforms around them § Develop new enabling technologies
Crowd Sourcing the Swarm
Invention Lab
fellows launch
Indiegogo
campaign, raise
$1m+
Critical MakingSpring 2015
Providing knowledge, tools and support to rapidly design and prototype novel interactive products, embedded sensing systems and integrated mobile devices
[B. Hartmann, E. Paulos]
Sketching the SwarmDesigning Behaviors for the Swarm Cesar Torres
Designing behaviors for the Swarm
Updates from the Field: Interactive Device Design
Interactive Device Design
Swarm Makers
[B. Hartmann, E. Paulos]
Innovative sensing platforms
Low cost airborne particle sensor System Architecture: Transducers
SiSi
Si Top ElectrodePiezoelectric Layer Bottom ElectrodeSiO2
–
+
Force
Y. Lu, S. Shelton and D.A. Horsley, "High Frequency and High Fill Factor Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers based on Cavity SOI Wafers," Proc. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head 2014, pp. 131-134
70 µm
Top electrode
1mm
Top electrode
Transducer area
70 µm
50 µm
Piezoelectric MicromachinedUltrasonic Transducer
PMUT
Integrated ultrasound body-fat measurement
IR Rcvr. Improved PCB enables mass production of hardware
Battery
IR Rcvr.
MSP430MSP430
IR Reflector
Visual stimulation of small flying Insects
Flexible Wearable Sensors for Human Intranet Cheap, compliant, flexible, robust … Organic Optoelectronic Pulse Oximetry System
11
Heart rate (HR) (magenta line) was obtained by timing the systolic peaks in the PPG signals. The ratio of the
transmitted light at two wavelengths (Ros) (blue line) is converted to arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) (yellow
line) using Beer-Lambert’s Law in conjunction with an empirical correction.
The organic sensor accurately measures pulse rate and oxygenation with errors of 1% and 2%, respectively.
The PPG signal obtained using
red and infrared light for the
commercially available probe
The PPG signal obtained using
red and green light for the
organic probe
Oximeter probe
[Organic optoelectronic pulse oximetry system, C. Lochner et al, Nature]
Also: EMG, ECG, motion, tactile, strain , stress, humidity, …
University*of**California**Berkeley*
" Individual$Components:$" BaBery$" LEDs$and$photodiodes$" Antenna$" ECG$or$bioGimpedance$electrodes$
" Photoplethysmogram$(PPG)$
Towards Wearable Medical Devices Pulse Oximetry
3
• Pulse oximetry measures blood oxygenation. Using spectrophotometry of absorptivity of blood at two distinct wavelengths, blood oxygen saturation is quantified.
• Can detect hypoxemia, ie. lower than normal blood oxygenation.
ECG
Pulse Ox
Respiration
Blood Pressure
Temperature
• SO2 The saturation of oxygen in blood, • CHbO2 Concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2),• CHb Concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb).
Combined ECG/Thermistor sensors
Impedance Sensing Device to Monitor Pressure Ulcers
Amy LiaoMichel Maharbiz GroupJanuary 15, 2014
1
Impedance sensor for pressure ulcers
[Courtesy: A. Arias]
Intranet sensing needs extend far beyond Energy delivery, harvesting and storage …
Antenna
Voltage Doubler
Load (LED) Impedance Matcher
1 cm
RFID-like energy harvester [J. Rogers, UIUC]
Inductor
Capacitors
Resistor
IC Interconnects
Hole transport layer Active layer
Transparent anode Plastic substrate
Cathode
Current collector Encapsulation
Current collector Encapsulation
Separator Anode
Cathode Silver Resistor (carbon or polymer) Polymer dielectric Via to PV module
PV layer
Battery layer
Electronics layer
MPPT and charge control ICs are bonded to substrate
FULL PA
PER
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (9 of 11) 1401389wileyonlinelibrary.comAdv. Energy Mater. 2014, 1401389
www.MaterialsViews.comwww.advenergymat.de
in R A cannot be related to structural changes in the passiva-tion layer ( R pas ). From the author’s experience, delamination of the current collector from the active layer leads to a signifi cant increase in the Ohmic potential drop during the start of charge and discharge cycle. The comparison of the charge/discharge curves of the battery before and after fl exing (Figure 9 B) shows no Ohmic potential drop. Hence, the increase in R A cannot be related to delamination of the current collector ( R cc ). Zheng et al. showed that the radius of the fi rst semicircle loop increases with the porosity of the electrode. [ 64 ] Electrodes calendared to lower porosity have low contact resistance (R A ) . The increase in R A observed in our cells after fl exing can be related to an increase in the porosity of the electrode (R c ). [ 77 ] The electrochemical data suggests that the increase in porosity is not suffi cient high to cause a drop in capacity. A slight increase in porosity can be benefi cial to improve the transport of electrolyte through the electrode. A detailed analysis of the increase in porosity of the electrode with fl ex extent and micros-copy study of the electrode after fl exing is beyond the scope of this paper and these issues will be addressed in future publica-tions. For current cell design, the electrochemical and EIS data suggest that fl exing leads to a slight increase in the porosity of the electrode. But the increase in porosity is not suffi ciently high to lead to a drop in capacity of the battery.
Figure 11 A–C shows optical images of the fl exible lithium-ion battery connected to a voltmeter. The potential of the bat-tery was constant (2.617 V) after fl exing fi fty times to a bend radius of 4 mm. Figure 11 D and E show optical images of the
fl exible battery connected in series with a 200Ω resistor and a green light-emitting diode (LED). The battery powered the LED continuously after fl exing fi fty times to a bend radius of 4 mm. The brightness of the LED was constant during this period.
3. Conclusion
We have demonstrated a technique to fabricate fl exible recharge-able lithium-ion batteries with high areal capacity by printing thick active layers supported in a porous membrane. The mem-brane supports the active mix and prevents cracking during fl exing. The tensile strength of the electrode was an order of magnitude higher than standard electrodes. A freestanding CNT based current collector minimized the thickness of inactive com-ponents within the battery. The lithium cobalt oxide and lithium titanate oxide based batteries with CNT as current collector have excellent capacity retention and were cycled for more than 450 cycles with a nominal capacity of ≈1 mAh cm −2 and they were able to maintain their capacity after repeated fl exing to a bending radius of 10 mm. The areal capacity (mAh cm −2 ) of the battery with membrane support was 3–4 times higher than other reports on fl exible lithium-ion batteries with LTO and LCO as the active materials. [ 26,33,35,40,44 ] Batteries with high areal capacity and fl exibility are important for powering future generation of fl exible and mobile electronics devices. The technique demon-strated here can be easily used with other batteries chemistry with higher energy density and operating voltages. [ 27,35,41,44,54 ]
Figure 11. Optical images of the fl exible lithium-ion battery, connected to a voltmeter A) when fl at, B) after fl exing once, and C) after fl exing for 50 cycles to a bending radius of 4 mm, respectively. D) Demonstration of the fl exible lithium-ion battery connected in series with a 200 Ω resistor and a green light-emitting diode (LED). The battery was able to power the green-LED continuously even after fl exing 50 times to a bend radius of 4 mm (E).Flexible Lithium-Ion Battery
[Gaikwad, Steingart and Arias, Materials Reviews, 2014]
[Courtesy: A. Arias]
Augmented neural sensing
[DJ Seo et al, Neuroscience Methods, 2014]
Successfully reconstructed compound action potential via backscattering
First in-vitro results (Rat PNS)
12/24/14
[DARPA Haptix award starting 15]
SwarmWare
An open software infrastructure
SwarmWare
Execution Plane
Control Plane
Global Data Plane
Swarmlets as interconnected graphs of services
A
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Add Yourself Here Alphabetically 1, Edward A. Lee 1
1noname,[email protected]
1University of California, Berkeley,
ABSTRACTFIXME
1. INTRODUCTIONFIXME: Instructions for accessing this paper to edit it are
athttp://www.terraswarm.org/swarmos/wiki/Main/SwarmOSPapersSVNRepository.
FIXME: Pointer to the many evolving standards, proto-
cols, open-source software e↵orts, OMG and IEEE stan-
dardization e↵orts, and related project (see http://www.
terraswarm.org/platforms/wiki/).
2. PRINCIPLESFIXME: Pictures of SwarmOS narrow waist and Swar-
mOS services.3. TERMINOLOGYFIXME: Service, client, server, owner, etc.
4. ACCESSORSAn
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r is a component class that a swarmlet in-
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p
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can be or callbacks or “push” notifications. In fact, an ac-
cessor need not even have any inputs.
4.1 Examples of Accessors
To help make the idea concrete, consider a simple example
shown in Figure?
?. The accessor provides a single output,
price, and a single parameter, symbol. When the accessor
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: This work was supported in part by
the TerraSwarm Research Center, one of six centers admin-
istered by the STARnet phase of the Focus Center Research
Program (FCRP) a Semiconductor Research Corporation
program sponsored by MARCO and DARPA.P
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1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf -8"?>
2<sw:class name="StockTick" extends="JavaScript">
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name="symbol"
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value="YHOO" type="string"/>
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SwarmOS: Service-based architecture providing utility guarantees to multiple swarmlets operating on distributed platform under dynamically varying conditions
Applications as Connected Graphs of Services
Example: Personalizable entertainment environment based on proximity, authentication, preferences and synthesis
Component-based model of computation
Applications consist of interacting services
Explicitly asynchronous/non-blocking
Services can be run local, remote or distributed
Global Dataplane (GDP) as Integrating Platform
Virtualize Access to Information: Propagate, Replicate and Protect Large flat location-independent contents-based address space
First prototype release: March 1, 2015
[Courtesy: J. Kubiatowicz]
Archival Storage and Optimized Streaming
Personal Cache
Aggregate/Filter Universal Tivo
Cloud Services Cloud Services
GDP and Security § All Data is Encrypted while within the network
§ Requires careful key management infrastructures
§ All Data is Signed for authenticity § Helps to ensure the integrity/provenance of data
§ Consequently: Two Completely Different uses of Keys in the GDP § Each LOG associated with an Owner public key § Each LOG associated with one or more keys for Encryption
§ Writer has sole control over integrity of data § LOG servers may deny existence of data, but can never forge
data
The cost of security (or lack thereof) I don’t need security
• Lighting control– “We’re just doing lighting control”
• Industrial rotation rate sensor– “It’s just an input”
• Home temperature sensor– “Thieves target houses with <your
company> thermostats set on ‘vacation’ ”
Natanz Nuclear Facility, Iran(Wikipedia)
Shared Key Cipher
• AES Advanced Encryption Standard– Approved by NSA for US Top Secret docs
• Software– 1ms, 10uJ
• Hardware– 1us, 1nJ
AES128encrypt
128
Plaintext
128
ciphertext
128Key
AES128decrypt
128
Plaintext
128Key
A state of denial
The cost is low: SW: 1 ms, 10 uJ HW: 1 us, 1 nJ
[Courtesy: K. Pister]
Control Plane: Ensuring Resource Availibility
[Courtesy: John Kubiatowicz, J. Rabaey, UCB]
Application1
QoS-aware Scheduler
Sensor Service
QoS-aware Scheduler
Network Service
QoS-aware Scheduler
Display Service
Channel
Running System (Data Plane)
Application2
Channel
Performance Reports
Contracts
Resource Allocation (Control Plane)
Brokerage Discovery
and Modeling Policies
Cell
Services, Cells, and Resources
Service A Service B Service C
Service D Software:
Scheduling Management of A, B and C
Cell
%A
%B %C
Service E Software:
Scheduling Management
% of resource D
Cell
%D
Service F Software:
Scheduling Management
% of resource D
Cell %D
SwarmLet A Software:
Scheduling Management
% of resource E Cell %E
SwamLet B Software:
Scheduling Management
% of resource F Cell %F
Execution Plane
GDP and CP provide transport, QoS, and archiving to distributed swarmlets.
Accessors as means of composing swarmlets [Courtesy; E. Lee]
Enabling Advanced Services
TerraSwarm Research Center
191/15/2015
Swarmlet Composition
Enabling machine learning for the swarm [Joint projects between E. Lee and IHI]
[Library toolkit]
Advanced Services - Example Application: The Connected Car
[Wasicek et al. (2015)]
sensors
Vehicle Swarmlet HostData Collection Swarmlet
Dashboard Swarmlet
Cloud Swarmlet HostDriving Analytics Swarmlet
VehicleLTEWiFi Cloud
KeyValue Store
telemetry data
driving feedback
Machine learning to classify driver behavior
Swarm EcoSystem
• Allow Anyone Anywhere to Deploy Swarms • Building on Berkeley Strengths to Address
Broad Scope of Problems (BWRC, BSAC, CNEP, Invention Lab, AMP, Trust)
Extending the Swarm Reach: TerraSwarms
[Courtesy: E. Lee]
Multi-University Research Center on All Aspects of Swarms Funded by StarNet Consortium (FCRP)
Concluding Reflections
§ Swarms offer unprecedented opportunity for integration of information into the daily fabric of our lives and the way we run businesses
§ Will impact EVERY facet of society § Many of the building blocks are already
here – what is needed is integration and creativity
§ Still many challenges: connectivity, energy, miniaturization, reliability and security
§ The time is NOW!
friend
[Warner Bros, 1978]
