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HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING. OTHER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION. ONE ANGLE OR TWO CHOPSTICKS ?. LET START WITH MORE PICTURES ILLUSTRATING VISUAL PROCESSING CONCLUSION: THE SYSTEM PRODUCES INTERPRETATION WHICH IS MOST LIKELY THAT IS CREATES STABLE REPRESENTATION. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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HUMAN INFORMATIONPROCESSING
OTHER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION
• LET START WITH MORE PICTURES
ILLUSTRATING
VISUAL PROCESSING
CONCLUSION:
THE SYSTEM PRODUCES
INTERPRETATION
WHICH IS MOST LIKELY
THAT IS CREATES STABLE
REPRESENTATION
ONE ANGLE OR
TWO
CHOPSTICKS ?
WE SEE HERE ILLUSORY CONTOURS OF OBJECTS VISUAL SYSTEM IS REALLY GOOD IN EXTRACTING THEM
JUNCTIONS ARE CRITICAL FOR OBJECTPERECPTION COMPARE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES
• VISUAL SYSTEM ASSUMES THAT LIGHT
IS COMING FROM TOP
LIGHT DIRECTION
SAME PICTURE UPSIDE DOWN
• IN ALL FIGURES GREY ELEMENTS HAVE
THEY SAME INTENSITY
BUT PERCEIVED INTENSITY DEPENDS ON THESURROUNDING AREA. VISUAL SYSTEM IS THUSNOT AN OBJECTIVE LIGHT INTENSITY MEASURINGDEVICE
• WHERE IS THE LIGHT SOURCE?
• WE CAN ESTABLISH ITS POSITION FROM
SHADOWS OF OBJECTS
• OBJECTS CAN BE EASILY RECOGNIZED FROM MOTION OF DOTS IF THEY ARE MOUNTED ON THE OBJECT
Four volunteers lived for an entire month in the strange reverse world we see while shaving or applying lipstick. Wearing special 'prism spectacles' designed to reverse their vision meant that to go left they had to turn right, and if they looked one way to catch a tennis ball, it would hit them on the back. It took three weeks of adaptation for correct answers.
BRAIN ADAPTATION TOREVERSED LEFT-RIGHTPICTURES
HERE WE HAVE EXAMPLE THAT THE SYSTEM ISALSO VERY ADAPTIVE
• VISUAL SYSTEM IS ONE IMPORANT
PART OF HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING BUT THERE ARE OTHERS:
- ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM
- HAPTIC +MOTORIC (TOUCH) WITH
VESTIBULAR (ORIENTATION IN SPACE)
- SMELL
- TASTE
• ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM HEARING + SOUND/SPEECH PRODUCTION: THIS IS MATCHED RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER SYSTEM
VESTIBULARSYSTEM
• COCHLEA – SOUND TRANSDUCER
SOUND PRESSURE IS CHANGED INTOFLUID PRESSURE
MODEL OF COHLEARTRANSDUCER
UT
OUTPUT IS MAXIMUM FOR CERTAIN FREQUENCYAT SOME POSITION ALONG THE TRANSDUCER
• HAIRS – CHANGE THE MECHANICAL
SIGNAL INTO ELECTRICAL
ACOUSTICAL SIGNALS – CAN BE ANALYZED IN
TIME AND FREQUENCY OR BOTH. AND BOTH
SYSTEMS SEEM TO BE PRESENT IN THE BRAIN
WE ARE ABLE TO DETECT PRECISELY FREQUENCY OF TONES
E.G. SINUSOIDS
AND POSITION OF SOUNDS IN TIME
E.G. CLICKS
IN THE ACOUSTICAL CORTEX THERE ARE TIME DETECTORS (PLACE) AND FREQUENCY DETECTORS. BOTH TYPE OF SYSTEMS OPERATE AT SOME FREQUENCY RANGES (TOP)
FILTERS ARE BROADLY TUNED
(BOTTOM)
• THE STRUCTURE OF HEARING SYSTEM
WE CAN SEE SEVERAL STAGES FOM COCHLEA TO
CORTEX
SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS IS THE PLACE
WHERE SPATIAL SOUND
PROCESSING STARTS
MAPPING INTO FREQUENCY
AND SPACE LOCATIONS IS
PRESENT, LIKE IN VISION
IT WAS FOR LOCAL SIGNAL
FEATURES
WE HAVE DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES FOR DIFFEERENT FREQUENCIES, HIGHEST IS IN THE MIDDLE RANGE
MUSIC FROM INSTRUMENTS CAN BE VERY EFFICIENTLY RECOGNIZED. THIS MUST BE BASED ON DETAILED FREQUENCY AND TIME ANALYSIS
LOCALIZATION OF SOUND SOURCESIN SPACE IS BASED ON MEASURINGDIFFERENCES IN TIME OF SOUND ARRIVALBETWEEN THE EARS. THIS MUST BE VERYPRECISE MEASUREMENT, ON THE ORDEROF TENS OF MICROSECONDS
SOUND LOCALIZATION IS QUITE PRECISE
BUT HEAD MOVEMENTS AND VISUAL
CUES HELP A LOT, ERRORS IN LOCATION
CAN BE SEEN IN PICTURES
MUSIC PROCESSING....
CERTAIN TONES HAVE HARMONY, THEY SOUND NICE TO US,OTHR TONES NOT. WE ARE PROBABLY BORN WITH A SYSTEMWHICH PROCESSES TONES AND THUS WE ARE PREDISPOSEDFOR CERTAIN SOUNDS WHICH ARE ”NATURAL” FOR US
• SPEECH PROCESSING SYSTEMA COMPLEX ELASTIC MECHANICAL SYSTEM CONTROLLED
ELECTRICALLY FOR REGULATION OF AIRFLOW
• BASIC UNITS OF SPEECH –PHONEMSUSING THESE UNITS SPEECH CAN BE GENERATED
HEARING AND SPEECH ARE PRECISLY MATCHED TO EACH OTHERSPEECH CAN BE RECOGNIZED EVEN AT HIGH LEVEL OF NOISEAND INTERFERENCE .EXAMPLE IS SO CALLED COCTAIL PARTY EFFECT: MANY PEOPLE ARETALKING AT THE SAME TIME BUT WE ARE ABLE TO CONCENTRATEON ONE SPEAKER.
• VESTIBULAR SYSTEMNOTE THAT THE WORLD WE SEE IS STABLE, WHILE
PICTURES ON RETINAS OF EYES ARE NOT. MOVEMENTS
ARE COMPENSATED BY SIGNALS FROM VESTIBULAR
SYSTEM (ORIENTATION IN SPACE)
EXAMPLE: WHEN PERSON IS ROTATING ON A PLATFORM INDARK ROOM, HORIZONTAL LINE WILL BE DEFLECTED
• TOUCH SYSTEM
IT HAS RECEPTORS IN THE BODY.
IN THE BRAIN THERE IS MAPPING OF
THE BODY IN THE CORTEX
• VIEW OF BASIC BRAIN STRUCTURES
• MAPPING OF BODY PARTS IN THE
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
• SKIN RECEPTORS OF TOUCH
(CAPSULES AT THE NERVE ENDINGS)
• TOUCH SENSITIVITY THRESHOLD
OVER THE BODY:
FEMALES MALES FEMALES ARE MORE SENSITIVE TO TOUCH
• PAIN SYSTEM
WHAT IS PAIN?IT IS SIGNALLING FROM THEBODY TO THE BRAIN ABOUTIMPROPER OPERATIONTHE BRAIN CHANGES ITS ACTIONTO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMTHERE IS ALSO A SYSTEM FOR IHIBITING THE PAIN SIGNALS
• ACUPUNCTUREIT IS ACTIVATION OF TOUCHAND PAIN SYSTEM IN ORDERTO STIMULATE OTHER BRAIN STRUCTURES
PERHAPS IMMUNE SYSTEM ISSTIMULATED???
INTEGRATION OF SENSESIN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
WE COULD CALL IT
”BIOLOGICAL MULTIMEDIA”
but this is ONLY A JOKE!
• PEOPLE HAVE FANTASTIC CAPABILITIES IN RECEIVING AND PRODUCING INFORMATION BY DIFFERENT SENSES AND SYSTEMS
FOR EXAMPLE THEY CAN SPEAK,
LISTEN AND DANCE AT THE SAME TIME
HOW SUCH THINGS ARE CONTROLLED
AND ORGANIZED IN THE BRAIN?
LET’S SEE FIRST SOME OF THE BRAIN CAPABILITIES (SOME OF THEM QUITE FUNNY TOO)
CROSSMODAL MATCHING
HERE THE PERSON MUST RECOGNIZE OBJECT VISUALLY,RECOGNIZE OBJECT BY TOUCH, COMPARE THEM AND MATCH
HOW THIS IS DONE? PROBABLY INFORMATION FROM DIFFERENT
SENSES IS STORED IN SOME GENERAL WAY, INEPENDENT FROM
PARTICULAR SENSE
SOME PEOPLE HAVE PECULIAR EXPERIENCE:
THEY FEEL E.G. SPECIFIC SHAPE WHEN FEEL
SPECIFIC TASTE
THIS IS CALLED SYNESTHESIA, ONE CAN SPECULATE THATSENSORY SIGNALS GET MIXED UP SOMWHERE
• VENTRILOQUISM - BY COORDINATING
MOVEMENTS OF A PUPPET WITH SPEECH,
VENTIRLOQUIST INDUCES STRONG ILLUSION
THAT THE PUPPET IS SPEAKING
• HOW THE COORDINATION IS DONE?
DEEP IN THE BRAIN THERE IS A STRUCTURE CALLED
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
• IN THIS STRUCTURE THERE ARE NEURONS REACTING TO DIFFERENT SENSORY INFORMATION: THEY ARE MULTIMODAL
• STIMULATION OF DIFFERENT SENSORY AREAS OF CORTEX WILL PRODUCE
RESPONSE FROM Superior Colliculus NEURONS:
• THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF MULTIMODAL NEURONS: SOME RESPOND TO 2 DIFFERENT SENSES AND SOME TO 3
NEURON RECEIVING SIGNALS FROMTHREE SENSES
• THESE NEURONS HAVE CONNECTIONS FROM LAYERS OF SINGLE SENSORY NEURONS
• HERE WE SEE LAYER OF VISUAL
NEURONS FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS
THEY FORM A MAP OF VISUAL SPACE
• HERE WE SEE LAYER OF AUDITORY
NEURONS THEY FORM A MAP OF AUDITORY SPACE
• THE DIFFERENT MAPS
ARE OVERLAID ON EACH
OTHER SO THEY MATCH!
• THESE NEURONS RESPOND TO OVERLAPPING AREAS FROM DIFFERENT SENSORY MAPS. THEY HAVE BROAD RESPONSE
RESPONSE PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT
BODY AREAS
• CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENTS
EAR POSITIONS
• REACTION OF VISUAL-ACOUSTICAL NEURON. REPONSE IS GREATLY ENHANCED FOR SIMULTANEOUS VISUAL-ACOUSTICAL STIMULATION
PLEASE NOTE THAT SIGNALS ARE SYNCHRONIZED I N TIME!
• RESPONSE OF VISUAL-TOUCH NEURON. RESPONSE IS ENHANCED
PLEASE NOTE THAT SIGNALS ARE SYNCHRONIZED I N TIME!
• TOUCH-VISUAL NEURON.
RESPONSE ENHANCED
PLEASE NOTE THAT SIGNALS ARE SYNCHRONIZED I N TIME!
• TRIMODAL NEURON- SENSITIVE TO 3 SENSES. RESPONSE TO TWO SENSES AT A TIME
• DEPRESSION OF RESPONSE WHEN
SIGNALS ARE NOT OPTIMALLY
SYNCHRONIZED
• RECEPTIVE FIELD OF NEURON
RESPONSE INCREASEDRESPONSEDEPRESSED
STRONGEST MULTISENSORYRESPONSE
• HOW RESPONSE DEPENDS ON THE POINT OF
STIMULATION
WE CAN SEESTRONG DEPRESSIONAND ENHANCEMENT
• RESPONSE FOR VISUAL-TOUCH NEURON
• RESPONSE FOR TOUCH-ACOUSTICAL NEURON
• VISUAL-ACOUSTICAL RESPONSE IN RELATION TO POSITION OF EARS
• WHAT HAPPENS IF STIMULATIONS ARE NOT SYNCHRONIZED?
ACOUSTICAL SIGNAL IS EARLIER
THAN TOUCH BY 400, 200, ... MS
TOUCH SIGNAL IS EARLIER
WE SEE CORRELATION OF RESPONSESWHICH IS QUITE BROAD WITH RESPECT TOTIME
• ACOUSTICAL SIGNAL IS EARLIER THAN VISUAL,
• VERY STRONG PEAK RESPONSE BETWEEN 50 AND 0 MS
• STIMULATION MUST BE SYNCHRONIZED
IN TIME AND IN SPATIAL POSITION
TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM RESPONSE
• WHY ALL THIS IS DONE? BECAUSEMUTISENSORY SIGNALS PROVIDE MORE PRECISE INFORMATION
HERE WE SEE EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF SENSES
THE DELAY OF 50 MS FOR OPTIMAL AUDIOVISUAL RESPONSE MIGHT BE COMING BECAUSEOF THE DEALAY IN SOUND PROPAGATION
IN 50 MS SOUND MAKESABOUT 20 M WHICH IS TYPICAL RANGE OF OPERATION IN BIOLOGY
• AND FINALLY LET’S LOOK INTO THE POWER
OF OBJECT RECOGNITION – WHAT IS THIS?
• AND THIS?
• AND THIS....?
If you still don’t seeanything and youlook at this fromPowerpoint, you cannow click on the loudspeaker for answer:
If you know the answerit becomes easy and automatic to interpretthis and previous pictures too
• SUMMARY OF HUMAN
INFORMATION PROCESSING• IT IS VERY COMPLEX SYSTEM, HARD TO
UNDERSTAND IN DETAILS• BASIC PROCESSING UNITS, NEURONS ARE
OFTEN BEHAVING IN STRANGE WAYS• WE OBSERVER STRUCTURES PERFORMING
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS (E.G. VISUAL, HEARING)• THESE FUNCTIONS ARE BASED ON MANY
CLEVER ALGORITHMS
• HIGHER LEVEL FUNCTIONS ARE VERY
COMPLICATED BUT STILL PERFORMED
BY SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES• ALL STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS ARE
PERFECTLY INTEGRATED• MAPPINGS OF BODY AND WORLD GIVE
RISE TO SELF AND CONSCIOUSNESS• IT SEEMS THE BRAIN IS SO COMPLEX
BECAUSE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SOLVE
THE PROBLEMS IN SIMPLER WAY.
WE COVERED UNTIL NOW HUAMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING RELATED TO SENSORY SYSTEMS, VISION MAINLY
BUT HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSINGSYSTEM HAS OTHER ASPECTS WHICHARE QUITE AMAZING.
WE WILL OVERVIEW THEM SINCE THEYWILL BE RESEARCHED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE XXI CENTURY
SUPPLEMENTARY NONMANDATORY MATERIALFOR THIS LECTURE
• SOME ADVANCED FEATURES OF HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING:
- MEMORY (BIG, CONTENT-BASED, CONTENT RETRIEVAL, ASSOCIATIONS)
- LEARNING (ADAPTATION HUGE CAPABILITIES, FORGETTING)
- INTELLIGENCE (CLEVER BEHAVIOR?) - THINKING (???)
- CONSCIOUSNESS (UNIQUE FEATURE, FEELING, EMOTIONS, SELF ???)
• SOME OF THESE FEATURES ARE BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING
- FOR EXAMPLE WHAT IS THINKING?
- HOW MEMORY WORKS?
- HARDEST OF ALL ARE QUESTIONS ABOUT: PERSONALITY, SELF AND CONSCIOUSNESS - UNTIL RECENTLY THERE WAS VERY LITTLE
WHICH COULD BE SAID ABOUT THEM
• THERE ARE QUESTIONS LIKE:- ARE ALL THESE PROPERTIES SOME KIND OF
INFORMATION PROCESSES?
- ARE THEY ALGORITHMIC PROCESSES? (CAN ALGOTITHMS BE PRODUCED FOR THEM?)
- ARE THEY BASED ON SOME UNKNOWN PRINICPLES ? MAYBE THEY ARE IMMATERIAL, SPIRITUAL OR QUANTUM PHYSICS?
- ARE THEY BEYOND OUR ABILITY TO
UNDERSTAND THEM? IS THERE MAGIC THERE?
- THESE QUESTIONS ARE VALID SINCE WE HAVE NO STRICT ANSWERS TO THEM.
• FOR EXAMPLE: HOW HUMAN MEMORY WORKS?
WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED IS THAT THERE ARETWO TYPES OF MEMORY: SHORT-TERM ANDLONG-TERM AND MAYBE SPECIFIC MEMORIES FOR SPECIFIC TASKS
INVOLVED IN THESE PROCESSES ARE TEMPORAL LOBE AND HIPPOCAMPUS. REMOVING TEMPORAL LOBE LEADS TO INABILITY OF FORMING NEW LONG-TERM MEMORIES BUT OLD MEMORIS ARE KEPT. BUT SOME TYPES OF MEMORE, E.G. MOTOR SKILLS. CAN BE STILL LEARNED.
HERE WE SEE TEMPORAL LOBE AND HIPPOCAMPUS
TEMPORAL LOBE IS INVOLVED IN CONSCIOUS MEMORIESFORMATION
• UNCONSCIOUS MEMORIES (LIKE SIMPLE REACTIONS) FORM IN THE AREAS WHERE THEY ARE PERFORMED.
• HIPPOCAMPUS IS AREA WHERE MEMORIES STAY FOR WEEKS AND THEN ARE TRANSFERRED TO CORTEX
• IT IS THOUGHT THAT MEMORIES FORM
BY MODIFYING SYNAPTICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NEURONS
• SYNAPSES ARE ’PLASTIC’ THEY CAN GROW AND MODIFY STRENGTH
• SHORT-TERM MEMORY IS WORKING MEMORY,
WHERE INFORMATION IS MANIPULATED.
THIS IS DONE IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX
DELAYED RESPONSE TASK: EYES ARE FIXED IN THE CENTER, TARGET APPEARS FOR A BRIEF MOMENT AND VANIHES. WHEN CENTER SPOT DISAPPEARS EYES TURN TO POSITIONWHERE THE TARGET WAS. THERE ARE NEURONS WHICH KEEP INFORMATION WHERE THE
TARGET WAS.
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN THAT SPECIALIZED AREAS OF MEMORY OR MEMORY FORMATION/RECALL
EXIST, E.G. FOR FACES, FOR PLACES, FOR OBJECTS.
THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE FACE MEMORY DAMAGED, CAN NOT MEMORIZE AND RECOGNIZE FACES
THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE FENOMENAL MEMORY FOR FACES AND OTHER THINGS
• SOME MECHANISM FOR ENCODING OF INFORMATION AND RETRIEVAL MUST EXIST
• ANOTHER EXAMPLE: LANGUAGE PROCESSING
NOTE AREAS INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT ASPECTSOF PROCESSING (VERBS,NOUNS,SENTENCES)
LANGUAGE AND OTHER FUNCTIONS: WORDSAND COLOR VISION
• AT OLDER AGE MEMORY, LEARNING BECOME IMPAIRED (LOSS OF NEURONS...?)
• LET’S NOW TAKE A ’SIMPLE’ ACT OF MOVING IN ENVIRONMENT. VISUAL SYSTEM MUST ESTABLISH LOCATION OF OBJECTS, NEXT A ROUTE MUST BE PLANNED TO AVOID THEM AND EXECUTED.
• THIS MUST BE ADAPTIVE PROCESS AS IT GOES ON ERRORS ARE CORRECTED AND OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY IS SELECTED
• MANY AREAS OF THE BRAIN MUST BE
ENGAGED IN THIS
THE MOST ADVANCED AND AMAZINGPROPERTIES OF THE BRAIN CONCERN - PERSONALITY (WHO WE ARE?)
- FEELINGS, EMOTIONS, MOODS, (INNER, PSYCHIC LIFE)
- THINKING, IMAGINATIONS, DREAMS
- CONSCIOUSNESS (WE ARE AWARE ABOUT OURSELVES)
• CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE MOST
AMAZING PROPERTY –
HOW WE CAN FEEL, BE AWARE OF
OURSELVES AND THE WORLD?
UNTIL RECENTLY THIS PROPERTY
WAS THOUGHT AS ”MAGIC” OR
MAYBE ’SPIRITUAL’ AND LITTLE
COULD BE SAID ABOUT ITS NATURE
• BUT PROGRESS IS BEING MADE IN THIS AREA TOO
- FIRST, WE HAVE TO NOTICE THAT AS HUMAN BEINGS WE ARE UNIQUE PERSONS WITH UNIQUE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR, WE ARE ANCHORED IN REALITY OF THE WORLD AROUND US. FROM INFANCY WE RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM OUTSIDE WORLD AND WE BECOME PERSONS – UNITS WITH SPECIFIC
BACKGROUND AND HISTORY.
- WHERE AND HOW THE BRAIN IS MAKING THIS ALL?
• THERE IS A BOOK WHICH PRESENTS MAYBE COHERENT PROPOSAL FOR TREATING THESE MATTERS:
• THE BOOK IS AN OUTGROWTH OF NEUROLOGICAL STUDIES – BEHAVIOR OF
PEOPLE WITH DAMAGES IN THE BRAIN
THE CASE OF PHINEAS GAGE, XIX CENTURY RAILROAD WORKER GOT A DAMAGE OF FRONTAL PART OF THE BRAIN (NAIL STRUCK FROM THE BOTTOM). HE SURVIVED BUT HIS PERSONALITY CHANGED. HE WAS VERY WELL MANNERED AND TEMPERED BEFORE, HE BECAME CAPRICIOUS,USING OBSCENE WORDS, MAKING UNFULFILLED PLANS, DID NOT CAREABOUT OTHER PEOPLE, UNDISCIPLINED, NOT ABLE TO WORK
• SIMILAR CONDITIONS HAPPEN E.G. IN CASES OF BRAIN TUMORS IN FRONTAL BRAIN• ONE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN THE FRONTAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN THERE ARE REGIONS TAKING PART IN INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR, PLANNING LIFE, MAKING DECISIONS, INTERACTION WITH OTHER PEOPLE. • SO WE COULD SAY THAT (PROBABLY?) EVERY ASPECT OF OUR LIFE IS PROCESSED
SOMEWHERE IN THE BRAIN. PROCESSING MIGHT BE DONE BY SPECIAL ”HARDWARE” STRUCTURES WE ARE BORN WITH. THEY ARE
PROGRAMMED AND ADAPTED DURING LIFE. SOMETIMES THEY FAIL (BIZARRE BEHAVIOR?)
• TAKE THIS ILLUSTRATION
HERE ARE REGIONS OF THE BRAININVOLVED IN PROCESSING EMOTIONS
CONVINCED MURDER HAS LESSBRAIN ACITVITY IN THE FRONTALAREA THAN TYPICAL.PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS DOES NOTPROVE THAT ALL CRIMINALS HAVEBRAIN PROBLEMS, MAYBE SOME???
• SOME OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRAIN HIDDEN OPERATION:
IMPOSTOR PROBLEM – PATIENT DENIESTHAT A PERSON WHICH HE SEES IS HISMOTHER – THE PERSON JUST PRETENDS TO BEHIS MOTHER. WHEN SPEAKING ON THE PHONE WITH HER THERE IS NO SUCH EFFECTNEGLECT – PATIENT DENIES THAT E.G. HISHAND IS PARALYZED, IT IS OK.PATIENT SEEING HIS LEG IN THE BED TRIESTO THROW IT AWAY SINCE THIS IS NOT HISLEG
• TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION POWERFUL MAGNET INDUCES ELECTRIC
CURRENT PULSES INTO CERTAIN BRAIN
AREAS- STIMULATION OF CERTAIN BRAIN AREAS
(TEMPORAL LOBE) PRODUCES RELIGIOUS (!)
EXPERIENCES, E.G. ’GOD SPEAKS’, ’DIVINE LIGHTS
ILLUMINATES ALL THINGS’, ’ULTIMATE TRUTH
FEELING’. THIS IS ALSO KNOWN TO OCCUR IN
EPILEPSY
- STIMULATION OF OTHER PARTS MAY INDUCE
LIFE-LIKE MEMORIES, BEHAVIORS
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN THAT IN PSYCHIATRIC
DISEASES CERTAIN
BRAIN REGIONS ARE
SHRINKED OR HAVE
ABNORMAL ACTIVITY
LEVELS
HERE HIPPOCAMPUS IS SHRINKED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA CASE
NORMAL
• FROM THESE EVIDENCES WE CAN ACCEPT A WORKING HYPOTHESIS THAT EVERYTHING WE OBSERVE IS A RESULT OF PROCESSING BY CERTAIN BRAIN STRUCTURES.
• THE QUESTION IS HOW THESE STRUCTURES
OPERATE? THIS HAS TO BE VERY COMPLEX.
CERTAIN BEHAVIORS ARE PROGRAMMED
(ANIMALS) BUT THERE IS SIGNIFICANT
LEARNING AND ADAPTATION ABILITY.
• IT IS KNOWN THAT NEURAL NETWORKS ARE
VERY ’PLASTIC’ BUT ON THE OTHER HAND
SOME STRUCTURES CAN BE HARDWIRED.
• HOW ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS THEN?
ACCORDING TO DAMASIO THEORY
CONSCIOUSNESS HAS ITS ROOTS IN
EMOTIONS.
WHAT IS EMOTION?
IT IS AN INTEGRATED REACTION
TO AN EVENT (SEE NEXT PAGE)
• CONSIDER THIS:
YOU WALK AND
SUDDENLY THERE
IS SOMETHING
UNEXPECTED,
AND DANGEROUS.
WHAT WILL
HAPPEN?
• THIS HAPPENS...
IMAGE IS PROCESSED AND OBJECTS
ACTIVATES AMYGDALA – AREA WHICH
GENERATES EMOTIONAL RESPONSE OF
FEAR!!!HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSUREUP,SWEATING,MUSCLES CONTRACT,
CERTAIN ACTIONPROGRAMS START
• SOME PEOPLE HAVE IMPAIRED EMOTION STRUCTURES: THEY HAVE NO OR LITTLE FEAR, FOR EXAMPLE VERY OUTGOING TO UNKNOWN PEOPLE, DOING DANGEROUS THINGS
OTHER PEOPLE FEAR VERY MUCH – PHOBIAS.
STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN EMOTION PROCESSINGARE OLD, LOW LEVEL, CONNECTED TO BASICLIFE REGULATION FUNCTIONS
• THE FEAR EMOTION IS VERY BASIC, PRIMITIVE, AUTOMATIC REACTION
• BUT WE HAVE ALSO FEELINGS OF EMOTIONS. THAT IS WE FEEL THE EMOTION
LIKE THERE WOULD BE AN INTERNAL ’COOL’ OBSERVER EVALUATING IT
THUS, FEELINGS ARE MENTAL IMAGES OF
EMOTIONAL STATE.
BUT THERE IS STILL HIGHER LEVEL ASPECT OF THIS SYSTEM:
WE KNOW THAT WE HAVE FEELINGS
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEELINGS AND KNOWING TO HAVE FEELINGS MUST BE BECAUSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS, THAT IS KNOWING ITS OWN STATE.
HERE THERE IS DIFFICULTY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
CONSIDERED AS ”INFORMATION PROCESS”
• LET’S ILLUSTRATE KNOWING OWN STATE
HAPPINESS:
MOST PEOPLE HAVE MODERATE DEGREE OF HAPPINESSWHICH MIGHT BE ADAPTATION ADVANTAGE: TOO HAPPY OR NOT HAPPY = LITTLE MOTIVATION???
• CONSCIOUSNESS MUST BE PRESENT IF FEELINGS ARE TO INFLUENCE BEYOND
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
• ON THE RIGHT ONE
CAN SEE LEVELS OF
LIFE REGULATION
CONSCIOUS LEVEL
IS WHERE FEELINGS
ARE KNOWN
• BUT WHAT IT MEANS TO ’KNOW FEELINGS’
WHO KNOWS? OR HOW THE BRAIN KNOWS?
THIS IS MULTILEVEL PROCESS:
IMAGINE GOING FROM SLEEP TO WAKEFULNESS
– SOME BASIC PROCESSES START THEN:
ATTENTION TOWARDS EXTERNAL
OBJECTS,BEHAVIORS, THIS IS
CORE CONSCIOUSNESS - AND NEXT, A MAGIC HAPPENS: WE START
FEELING SELF
• WHAT OR WHO IS THE SELF?
OR WHO WE ARE? WHO AM I?
WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED UNTIL NOW IS THAT
THE BRAIN HAS DETAILED MAPPINGS OF THE
BODY, AND STATE OF ITS PARTS. IT HAS ALSO
MAPPINGS OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS AND THE
WORLD.
IT HAS MAPPINGS OF CURRENT EMOTIONAL
STATE AND FEELINGS.
• BUT THE BRAIN MUST HAVE ALSO MAPPINGS OF ALL THINGS WHICH MAKE US UNIQUE PERSONS:
– HISTORY AND PLACES,
- NAME AND APPEARANCE,
- PEOPLE WE KNOW,
- FUNCTIONS WE DO,
- ROLES WE PLAY
LET US START FROM THE BOTTOM: OUR BODY
IS CONNECTED TO SELF THROUGH MAPPING OF
BODY PARTS AND THEIR OPERATION
• PROTO-SELF IS A COHERENTCOLLECTION OF NEURAL PATTERNS WHICH MAP, MOMENT BY MOMENT THE STATE OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISM IN ITS MANY DIMENSIONS. THE
COLLECTION HAPPENS THROUGH ACTIVATION OF MANY DIFFERENT AREAS BRAIN STEM REGULATE BODY SIGNALS
AND MAP THEM HYPOTHALAMUS AND BASAL FOREBRAIN REGULATE E.G. GLUCOSE, HORMONE AND PH LEVEL INSULAR CORTEX AND MEDIAL PARIETAL CORTEX HAVE INTEGRATED STATE OF ALL BASIC FUNCTIONS AND CURRENT BODY POSITIONS
• WHAT IS CORE CONSCIOUSNESS?
CORE CONSCIOUSNESS OCCURS WHEN THE
BRAINS’ INTERNAL REPRESENTATION
DEVICES GENERATE NONVERBAL ACCOUNT
(MAPPING) OF HOW THE ORGANISMS’ OWN STATE
IS AFFECTED BY THE ORGANISM’S PROCESSING
OF OBJECTS AND WHEN THIS PROCESS ENHANCES
THE IMAGE OF CAUSATIVE OBJECT THUS
PLACING IT SALIENTLY IN A SPATIAL AND
TEMPORAL CONTEXT.
• SO, CORE CONSCIOUSNESS IS A MAPPING OF ORGANISM STATE CHANGES AS IT REPRESENTS OBJECTS
IN THIS PROCESS, THE BASIC FEELING OF SELF APPEARS THIS IS CORE SELF CORE SELF – FEELING AT THE
REREPRESENTATION OF THE PROTO-SELF IN THE PROCESS OF BEING MODIFIED WITHIN AN ACCOUNT WHICH ESTABLISHES THE CAUSE OF
MODIFICATION
WE HAVE MEMORY OF ALL OUR
AUTOBIOGRAPHY,
IT IS CONNECTED TO PROTO-SELF AND
CORE-SELF.
AUTOBIOGRAPHICALSELF
• CORE CONSCIOUSNESS: RE-REPRESENTATION OF
PROTO-SELF AND OBJECT AND CHANGING OF
PROTO-SLEF INTO PROTO-SELF MODIFIED BY
OBJECT
HERE WE SEE MAP OF OBJECT, MAP OF PROT-SELF
AND MAP OF PROTO-SELF MODIFIED
WHEN SECOND ORDER MAP IS CREATED, THE MAP OF OBJECT BECOMES ENHANCED
• WHERE THE SECOND ORDER MAP IS CREATED?
PROBABLY IN THOSE REGIONS WHICH RECEIVE INPUTS FROM MANY PARTS OF THE BRAIN
• THE PROTO-SELF AND SECOND-ORDER MAP STRUCTURES COMBINED
• EXTENDED CONSCIOUSNESS
IT RUNS ON AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
(AUTOB) MEMORY . THUS IT WILL BE
•RE-REPRESENTATION OF
AUTOB-SELF AND OBJECT AND CHANGING OF
AUTOB-SLEF INTO AUTOB-SELF MODIFIED BY
OBJECT
BUT THIS MEANS THAT EXTENDED CONSCIOUSNESS WILL RUN OVER WHOLE LIFE MEMORIES, EVERYTHING, BECAUSE ACCESS TO MEMORY IS UNLIMITED,THE SECOND ORDER MAPPING WILL BE VERY COMPLEX
• BUT ON TOP OF EXTENDED
CONSCIOUSNESS
THERE IS ANOTHER
LEVEL OF
CONSCIENCE
IT IS
CONSCIOUNESS+
LANGUAGE+
CREATIVITY+
CIVILIZATION
WE SEE THE BRAID OF
THESE LEVELS
HERE
• CONSCIENCE IS A REAL MAGIC
ABOUT WHICH WE CAN NOT
SAY MUCH (E.G. HUMAN CREATIVITY)
• THE TECHNICAL PROBLEM IS:
IF ALL WHAT IS BRIAN DOING IS INFORMATION
PROCESSING DESCRIBED BY VERY COMPLEX ALGORITHMS, THEN WE MAY THINK THAT
SOMETIME IN THE FUTURE WE WILL FIND THOSE ALGORITHMS AND WILL IMPLEMENT
THEM IN MACHINES.
• SO WHY WE WERE TALKING ABOUT ALL THIS?
BECAUSE THESE TOPICS WILL BE LATER
IN THE XXI CENTURY INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY TOPICS. WE ARE AT THE
MOMENT AT A PRIMITIVE LEVEL OF
BASIC MEDIA PROCESSING. BUT WE MAY GUESS
THATTHERE IS A LOT TO DO FOR NEXT 100
YEARS. WE ARE JUST BEGINNING TO
ENTER THIS AREA.